[Footnote78:BesidestheLivesofEugeniusIV。，RerumItalic。
tom。iii。P。i。p。869，andtom。xxv。p。256，theDiariesofPaulPetroniandStephenInfessuraarethebestoriginalevidencefortherevoltoftheRomansagainstEugeniusIV。Theformer，wholivedatthetimeandonthespot，speaksthelanguageofacitizen，equallyafraidofpriestlyandpopulartyranny。]
[Footnote79:ThecoronationofFredericIII。isdescribedbyLenfant，ConciledeBasle，tom。ii。p。276—288，fromAeneasSylvius，aspectatorandactorinthatsplendidscene。]
[Footnote80:TheoathoffidelityimposedontheemperorbythepopeisrecordedandsanctifiedintheClementines，l。ii。tit。
ix。；andAeneasSylvius，whoobjectstothisnewdemand，couldnotforesee，thatinafewyearsheshouldascendthethrone，andimbibethemaxims，ofBonifaceVIII。]Acitizenhasremarked，withprideandpleasure，thatthekingoftheRomans，afterpassingwithaslightsalutethecardinalsandprelateswhomethimatthegate，distinguishedthedressandpersonofthesenatorofRome；andinthislastfarewell，thepageantsoftheempireandtherepublicwereclaspedinafriendlyembrace。^81
AccordingtothelawsofRome，^82herfirstmagistratewasrequiredtobeadoctoroflaws，analien，ofaplaceatleastfortymilesfromthecity；withwhoseinhabitantshemustnotbeconnectedinthethirdcanonicaldegreeofbloodoralliance。
Theelectionwasannual:aseverescrutinywasinstitutedintotheconductofthedepartingsenator；norcouldheberecalledtothesameofficetillaftertheexpirationoftwoyears。A
liberalsalaryofthreethousandflorinswasassignedforhisexpenseandreward；andhispublicappearancerepresentedthemajestyoftherepublic。Hisrobeswereofgoldbrocadeorcrimsonvelvet，orinthesummerseasonofalightersilk:heboreinhishandanivorysceptre；thesoundoftrumpetsannouncedhisapproach；andhissolemnstepswereprecededatleastbyfourlictorsorattendants，whoseredwandswereenvelopedwithbandsorstreamersofthegoldencolororliveryofthecity。HisoathintheCapitolproclaimshisrightanddutytoobserveandassertthelaws，tocontroltheproud，toprotectthepoor，andtoexercisejusticeandmercywithintheextentofhisjurisdiction。Intheseusefulfunctionshewasassistedbythreelearnedstrangers；thetwocollaterals，andthejudgeofcriminalappeals:theirfrequenttrialsofrobberies，rapes，andmurders，areattestedbythelaws；andtheweaknessoftheselawsconnivesatthelicentiousnessofprivatefeudsandarmedassociationsformutualdefence。Butthesenatorwasconfinedtotheadministrationofjustice:theCapitol，thetreasury，andthegovernmentofthecityanditsterritory，wereintrustedtothethreeconservators，whowerechangedfourtimesineachyear:themilitiaofthethirteenregionsassembledunderthebannersoftheirrespectivechiefs，orcaporioni；andthefirstofthesewasdistinguishedbythenameanddignityoftheprior。ThepopularlegislatureconsistedofthesecretandthecommoncouncilsoftheRomans。Theformerwascomposedofthemagistratesandtheirimmediatepredecessors，withsomefiscalandlegalofficers，andthreeclassesofthirteen，twenty—six，andforty，counsellors:amountinginthewholetoaboutonehundredandtwentypersons。Inthecommoncouncilallmalecitizenshadarighttovote；andthevalueoftheirprivilegewasenhancedbythecarewithwhichanyforeignerswerepreventedfromusurpingthetitleandcharacterofRomans。Thetumultofademocracywascheckedbywiseandjealousprecautions:exceptthemagistrates，nonecouldproposeaquestion；nonewerepermittedtospeak，exceptfromanopenpulpitortribunal；alldisorderlyacclamationsweresuppressed；thesenseofthemajoritywasdecidedbyasecretballot；andtheirdecreeswerepromulgatedinthevenerablenameoftheRomansenateandpeople。Itwouldnotbeeasytoassignaperiodinwhichthistheoryofgovernmenthasbeenreducedtoaccurateandconstantpractice，sincetheestablishmentoforderhasbeengraduallyconnectedwiththedecayofliberty。Butintheyearonethousandfivehundredandeightytheancientstatuteswerecollected，methodizedinthreebooks，andadaptedtopresentuse，underthepontificate，andwiththeapprobation，ofGregorytheThirteenth:^83thiscivilandcriminalcodeisthemodernlawofthecity；and，ifthepopularassemblieshavebeenabolished，aforeignsenator，withthethreeconservators，stillresidesinthepalaceoftheCapitol。^84ThepolicyoftheCaesarshasbeenrepeatedbythepopes；andthebishopofRomeaffectedtomaintaintheformofarepublic，whilehereignedwiththeabsolutepowersofatemporal，aswellasaspiritual，monarch。
[Footnote81:LosenatorediRoma，vestitodibrocartoconquellaberetta，econquellemaniche，etornamentidipelle，co\'qualivaallefestediTestaccioeNagone，mightescapetheeyeofAeneasSylvius，butheisviewedwithadmirationandcomplacencybytheRomancitizen，DiariodiStephanoInfessura，p。1133。]
[Footnote82:See，inthestatutesofRome，thesenatorandthreejudges，l。i。c。3—14，theconservators，l。i。c。15，16，17，l。iii。c。4，thecaporionil。i。c。18，l。iii。c。8，thesecretcouncil，l。iii。c。2，thecommoncouncil，l。iii。c。
3。Thetitleoffeuds，defiances，actsofviolence，&c。，isspreadthroughmanyachapterc。14—40ofthesecondbook。]
[Footnote83:StatutaalmoeUrbisRomoeAuctoritateS。D。N。
GregoriiXIIIPont。Max。aSenatuPopuloqueRom。reformataetedita。Romoe，1580，infolio。Theobsolete，repugnantstatutesofantiquitywereconfoundedinfivebooks，andLucasPaetus，alawyerandantiquarian，wasappointedtoactasthemodernTribonian。YetIregrettheoldcode，withtheruggedcrustoffreedomandbarbarism。]
[Footnote84:Inmytime1765andinM。Grosley\'s，Observationssurl\'Italietorn。ii。p。361，thesenatorofRomewasM。Bielke，anobleSwedeandaproselytetotheCatholicfaith。Thepope\'srighttoappointthesenatorandtheconservatorisimplied，ratherthanaffirmed，inthestatutes。]
Itisanobvioustruth，thatthetimesmustbesuitedtoextraordinarycharacters，andthatthegeniusofCromwellorRetzmightnowexpireinobscurity。ThepoliticalenthusiasmofRienzihadexaltedhimtoathrone；thesameenthusiasm，inthenextcentury，conductedhisimitatortothegallows。ThebirthofStephenPorcarowasnoble，hisreputationspotless:histonguewasarmedwitheloquence，hismindwasenlightenedwithlearning；
andheaspired，beyondtheaimofvulgarambition，tofreehiscountryandimmortalizehisname。Thedominionofpriestsismostodioustoaliberalspirit:everyscruplewasremovedbytherecentknowledgeofthefableandforgeryofConstantine\'sdonation；PetrarchwasnowtheoracleoftheItalians；andasoftenasPorcarorevolvedtheodewhichdescribesthepatriotandheroofRome，heappliedtohimselfthevisionsofthepropheticbard。HisfirsttrialofthepopularfeelingswasatthefuneralofEugeniustheFourth:inanelaboratespeechhecalledtheRomanstolibertyandarms；andtheylistenedwithapparentpleasure，tillPorcarowasinterruptedandansweredbyagraveadvocate，whopleadedforthechurchandstate。Byeverylawtheseditiousoratorwasguiltyoftreason；butthebenevolenceofthenewpontiff，whoviewedhischaracterwithpityandesteem，attemptedbyanhonorableofficetoconvertthepatriotintoafriend。TheinflexibleRomanreturnedfromAnagniwithanincreaseofreputationandzeal；and，onthefirstopportunity，thegamesoftheplaceNavona，hetriedtoinflamethecasualdisputeofsomeboysandmechanicsintoageneralrisingofthepeople。YetthehumaneNicholaswasstillaversetoaccepttheforfeitofhislife；andthetraitorwasremovedfromthesceneoftemptationtoBologna，withaliberalallowanceforhissupport，andtheeasyobligationofpresentinghimselfeachdaybeforethegovernorofthecity。ButPorcarohadlearnedfromtheyoungerBrutus，thatwithtyrantsnofaithorgratitudeshouldbeobserved:theexiledeclaimedagainstthearbitrarysentence；apartyandaconspiracyweregraduallyformed:hisnephew，adaringyouth，assembledabandofvolunteers；andontheappointedeveningafeastwaspreparedathishouseforthefriendsoftherepublic。Theirleader，whohadescapedfromBologna，appearedamongtheminarobeofpurpleandgold:hisvoice，hiscountenance，hisgestures，bespokethemanwhohaddevotedhislifeordeathtothegloriouscause。Inastudiedoration，heexpiatedonthemotivesandthemeansoftheirenterprise；thenameandlibertiesofRome；theslothandprideoftheirecclesiasticaltyrants；theactiveorpassiveconsentoftheirfellow—citizens；threehundredsoldiers，andfourhundredexiles，longexercisedinarmsorinwrongs；thelicenseofrevengetoedgetheirswords，andamillionofducatstorewardtheirvictory。Itwouldbeeasy，hesaid，onthenextday，thefestivaloftheEpiphany，toseizethepopeandhiscardinals，beforethedoors，oratthealtar，ofSt。Peter\'s；toleadtheminchainsunderthewallsofSt。Angelo；toextortbythethreatoftheirinstantdeathasurrenderofthecastle；toascendthevacantCapitol；toringthealarmbell；andtorestoreinapopularassemblytheancientrepublicofRome。Whilehetriumphed，hewasalreadybetrayed。Thesenator，withastrongguard，investedthehouse:thenephewofPorcarocuthiswaythroughthecrowd；buttheunfortunateStephenwasdrawnfromachest，lamentingthathisenemieshadanticipatedbythreehourstheexecutionofhisdesign。Aftersuchmanifestandrepeatedguilt，eventhemercyofNicholaswassilent。Porcaro，andnineofhisaccomplices，werehangedwithoutthebenefitofthesacraments；and，amidstthefearsandinvectivesofthepapalcourt，theRomanspitied，andalmostapplauded，thesemartyrsoftheircountry。^85Buttheirapplausewasmute，theirpityineffectual，theirlibertyforeverextinct；and，iftheyhavesinceriseninavacancyofthethroneorascarcityofbread，suchaccidentaltumultsmaybefoundinthebosomofthemostabjectservitude。
[Footnote85:Besidesthecurious，thoughconcise，narrativeofMachiavel，IstoriaFlorentina，l。vi。Opere，tom。i。p。210，211，edit。Londra，1747，in4to。thePorcarianconspiracyisrelatedintheDiaryofStephenInfessura，Rer。Ital。tom。iii。
P。ii。p。1134，1135，andinaseparatetractbyLeoBaptistaAlberti，Rer。Ital。tom。xxv。p。609—614。Itisamusingtocomparethestyleandsentimentsofthecourtierandcitizen。
Facinusprofectoquo……nequepericulohorribilius，nequeaudaciadetestabilius，nequecrudelitatetetrius，aquoquamperditissimouspiamexcogitatumsit……Perdettelavitaquell\'
huomodabene，eamatoredellobeneelibertadiRoma。]
Buttheindependenceofthenobles，whichwasfomentedbydiscord，survivedthefreedomofthecommons，whichmustbefoundedinunion。AprivilegeofrapineandoppressionwaslongmaintainedbythebaronsofRome；theirhouseswereafortressandasanctuary:andtheferocioustrainofbandittiandcriminalswhomtheyprotectedfromthelawrepaidthehospitalitywiththeserviceoftheirswordsanddaggers。Theprivateinterestofthepontiffs，ortheirnephews，sometimesinvolvedtheminthesedomesticfeuds。UnderthereignofSixtustheFourth，Romewasdistractedbythebattlesandsiegesoftherivalhouses:aftertheconflagrationofhispalace，theprothonotaryColonnawastorturedandbeheaded；andSavelli，hiscaptivefriend，wasmurderedonthespot，forrefusingtojoinintheacclamationsofthevictoriousUrsini。^86ButthepopesnolongertrembledintheVatican:theyhadstrengthtocommand，iftheyhadresolutiontoclaim，theobedienceoftheirsubjects；
andthestrangers，whoobservedthesepartialdisorders，admiredtheeasytaxesandwiseadministrationoftheecclesiasticalstate。^87
[Footnote86:ThedisordersofRome，whichweremuchinflamedbythepartialityofSixtusIV。areexposedintheDiariesoftwospectators，StephenInfessura，andananonymouscitizen。Seethetroublesoftheyear1484，andthedeathoftheprothonotaryColonna，intom。iii。P。ii。p。1083，1158。]
[Footnote87:Esttoutelaterredel\'eglisetroubleepourcettepartialitedesColonnesetdesUrsinscomenousdirionsLuceetGrammont，ouenHollandeHoucetCaballan；etquandceneseroitcedifferendlaterredel\'egliseseroitlaplusheureusehabitationpourlessujetsquisoitdanstoutelemondecarilsnepayentnitaillesnigueresautreschoses，etseroienttoujoursbienconduits，cartoujourslespapessontsagesetbienconsellies；maistressouventenadvientdegrandsetcruelsmeurtresetpilleries。]
ThespiritualthundersoftheVaticandependontheforceofopinion；andifthatopinionbesupplantedbyreasonorpassion，thesoundmayidlywasteitselfintheair；andthehelplesspriestisexposedtothebrutalviolenceofanobleoraplebeianadversary。ButaftertheirreturnfromAvignon，thekeysofSt。
PeterwereguardedbytheswordofSt。Paul。Romewascommandedbyanimpregnablecitadel:theuseofcannonisapowerfulengineagainstpopularseditions:aregularforceofcavalryandinfantrywasenlistedunderthebannersofthepope:hisamplerevenuessuppliedtheresourcesofwar:and，fromtheextentofhisdomain，hecouldbringdownonarebelliouscityanarmyofhostileneighborsandloyalsubjects。^88SincetheunionoftheduchiesofFerraraandUrbino，theecclesiasticalstateextendsfromtheMediterraneantotheAdriatic，andfromtheconfinesofNaplestothebanksofthePo；andasearlyasthesixteenthcentury，thegreaterpartofthatspaciousandfruitfulcountryacknowledgedthelawfulclaimsandtemporalsovereigntyoftheRomanpontiffs。Theirclaimswerereadilydeducedfromthegenuine，orfabulous，donationsofthedarkerages:thesuccessivestepsoftheirfinalsettlementwouldengageustoofarinthetransactionsofItaly，andevenofEurope；thecrimesofAlexandertheSixth，themartialoperationsofJuliustheSecond，andtheliberalpolicyofLeotheTenth，athemewhichhasbeenadornedbythepensofthenoblesthistoriansofthetimes。^89Inthefirstperiodoftheirconquests，tilltheexpeditionofCharlestheEighth，thepopesmightsuccessfullywrestlewiththeadjacentprincesandstates，whosemilitaryforcewasequal，orinferior，totheirown。ButassoonasthemonarchsofFrance，GermanyandSpain，contendedwithgiganticarmsforthedominionofItaly，theysuppliedwithartthedeficiencyofstrength；andconcealed，inalabyrinthofwarsandtreaties，theiraspiringviews，andtheimmortalhopeofchasingtheBarbariansbeyondtheAlps。ThenicebalanceoftheVaticanwasoftensubvertedbythesoldiersoftheNorthandWest，whowereunitedunderthestandardofCharlestheFifth:thefeebleandfluctuatingpolicyofClementtheSeventhexposedhispersonanddominionstotheconqueror；andRomewasabandonedsevenmonthstoalawlessarmy，morecruelandrapaciousthantheGothsandVandals。^90Afterthisseverelesson，thepopescontractedtheirambition，whichwasalmostsatisfied，resumedthecharacterofacommonparent，andabstainedfromalloffensivehostilities，exceptinahastyquarrel，whenthevicarofChristandtheTurkishsultanwerearmedatthesametimeagainstthekingdomofNaples。^91TheFrenchandGermansatlengthwithdrewfromthefieldofbattle:Milan，Naples，Sicily，Sardinia，andthesea—coastofTuscany，werefirmlypossessedbytheSpaniards；anditbecametheirinteresttomaintainthepeaceanddependenceofItaly，whichcontinuedalmostwithoutdisturbancefromthemiddleofthesixteenthtotheopeningoftheeighteenthcentury。TheVaticanwasswayedandprotectedbythereligiouspolicyoftheCatholicking:hisprejudiceandinterestdisposedhimineverydisputetosupporttheprinceagainstthepeople；andinsteadoftheencouragement，theaid，andtheasylum，whichtheyobtainedfromtheadjacentstates，thefriendsofliberty，ortheenemiesoflaw，wereenclosedonallsideswithintheironcircleofdespotism。ThelonghabitsofobedienceandeducationsubduedtheturbulentspiritofthenoblesandcommonsofRome。Thebaronsforgotthearmsandfactionsoftheirancestors，andinsensiblybecametheservantsofluxuryandgovernment。Insteadofmaintainingacrowdoftenantsandfollowers，theproduceoftheirestateswasconsumedintheprivateexpenseswhichmultiplythepleasures，anddiminishthepower，ofthelord。^92TheColonnaandUrsiniviedwitheachotherinthedecorationoftheirpalacesandchapels；andtheirantiquesplendorwasrivalledorsurpassedbythesuddenopulenceofthepapalfamilies。InRomethevoiceoffreedomanddiscordisnolongerheard；and，insteadofthefoamingtorrent，asmoothandstagnantlakereflectstheimageofidlenessandservitude。
[Footnote88:BytheoeconomyofSixtusV。therevenueoftheecclesiasticalstatewasraisedtotwomillionsandahalfofRomancrowns，Vita，tom。ii。p。291—296；andsoregularwasthemilitaryestablishment，thatinonemonthClementVIII。couldinvadetheduchyofFerrarawiththreethousandhorseandtwentythousandfoot，tom。iii。p。64SincethattimeA。D。1597thepapalarmsarehappilyrusted:buttherevenuemusthavegainedsomenominalincrease。
Note:OnthefinancialmeasuresofSixtusV。seeRanke，DioRomischenPapste，i。p。459。—M。]
[Footnote89:MoreespeciallybyGuicciardiniandMachiavel；inthegeneralhistoryoftheformer，intheFlorentinehistory，thePrince，andthepoliticaldiscoursesofthelatter。These，withtheirworthysuccessors，FraPaoloandDavila，werejustlyesteemedthefirsthistoriansofmodernlanguages，till，inthepresentage，Scotlandarose，todisputetheprizewithItalyherself。]
[Footnote90:InthehistoryoftheGothicsiege，IhavecomparedtheBarbarianswiththesubjectsofCharlesV。，vol。iii。p。
289，290；ananticipation，which，likethatoftheTartarconquests，Iindulgedwiththelessscruple，asIcouldscarcelyhopetoreachtheconclusionofmywork。]
[Footnote91:TheambitiousandfeeblehostilitiesoftheCaraffapope，PaulIV。maybeseeninThuanusl。xvi。—xviii。andGiannone，tom。ivp。149—163。ThoseCatholicbigots，PhilipII。andthedukeofAlva，presumedtoseparatetheRomanprincefromthevicarofChrist，yettheholycharacter，whichwouldhavesanctifiedhisvictorywasdecentlyappliedtoprotecthisdefeat。
Note:ButcompareRanke，DieRomischenPapste，i。p。289。—
M]
[Footnote92:ThisgradualchangeofmannersandexpenseisadmirablyexplainedbyDr。AdamSmith，WealthofNations，vol。
i。p。495—504，whoproves，perhapstooseverely，thatthemostsalutaryeffectshaveflowedfromthemeanestandmostselfishcauses。]
AChristian，aphilosopher，^93andapatriot，willbeequallyscandalizedbythetemporalkingdomoftheclergy；andthelocalmajestyofRome，theremembranceofherconsulsandtriumphs，mayseemtoimbitterthesense，andaggravatetheshame，ofherslavery。Ifwecalmlyweighthemeritsanddefectsoftheecclesiasticalgovernment，itmaybepraisedinitspresentstate，asamild，decent，andtranquilsystem，exemptfromthedangersofaminority，thesalliesofyouth，theexpensesofluxury，andthecalamitiesofwar。Buttheseadvantagesareoverbalancedbyafrequent，perhapsaseptennial，electionofasovereign，whoisseldomanativeofthecountry；
thereignofayoungstatesmanofthreescore，inthedeclineofhislifeandabilities，withouthopetoaccomplish，andwithoutchildrentoinherit，thelaborsofhistransitoryreign。Thesuccessfulcandidateisdrawnfromthechurch，andeventheconvent；fromthemodeofeducationandlifethemostadversetoreason，humanity，andfreedom。Inthetrammelsofservilefaith，hehaslearnedtobelievebecauseitisabsurd，torevereallthatiscontemptible，andtodespisewhatevermightdeservetheesteemofarationalbeing；topunisherrorasacrime，torewardmortificationandcelibacyasthefirstofvirtues；toplacethesaintsofthecalendar^94abovetheheroesofRomeandthesagesofAthens；andtoconsiderthemissal，orthecrucifix，asmoreusefulinstrumentsthantheploughortheloom。Intheofficeofnuncio，ortherankofcardinal，hemayacquiresomeknowledgeoftheworld，buttheprimitivestainwilladheretohismindandmanners:fromstudyandexperiencehemaysuspectthemysteryofhisprofession；butthesacerdotalartistwillimbibesomeportionofthebigotrywhichheinculcates。ThegeniusofSixtustheFifth^95burstfromthegloomofaFranciscancloister。Inareignoffiveyears，heexterminatedtheoutlawsandbanditti，abolishedtheprofanesanctuariesofRome，^96formedanavalandmilitaryforce，restoredandemulatedthemonumentsofantiquity，andafteraliberaluseandlargeincreaseoftherevenue，leftfivemillionsofcrownsinthecastleofSt。Angelo。Buthisjusticewassulliedwithcruelty，hisactivitywaspromptedbytheambitionofconquest:afterhisdeceasetheabusesrevived；
thetreasurewasdissipated；heentailedonposteritythirty—fivenewtaxesandthevenalityofoffices；and，afterhisdeath，hisstatuewasdemolishedbyanungrateful，oraninjured，people。
^97ThewildandoriginalcharacterofSixtustheFifthstandsaloneintheseriesofthepontiffs；themaximsandeffectsoftheirtemporalgovernmentmaybecollectedfromthepositiveandcomparativeviewoftheartsandphilosophy，theagricultureandtrade，thewealthandpopulation，oftheecclesiasticalstate。
Formyself，itismywishtodepartincharitywithallmankind，noramIwilling，intheselastmoments，tooffendeventhepopeandclergyofRome。^98
[Footnote93:Mr。HumeHist。ofEngland，vol。i。p。389toohastilyconcludethatifthecivilandecclesiasticalpowersbeunitedinthesameperson，itisoflittlemomentwhetherhebestyledprinceorprelatesincethetemporalcharacterwillalwayspredominate。]
[Footnote94:AProtestantmaydisdaintheunworthypreferenceofSt。FrancisorSt。Dominic，buthewillnotrashlycondemnthezealorjudgmentofSixtusV。，whoplacedthestatuesoftheapostlesSt。PeterandSt。PaulonthevacantcolumnsofTrajanandAntonine。]
[Footnote95:AwanderingItalian，GregorioLeti，hasgiventheVitadiSisto—Quinto，Amstel。1721，3vols。in12mo。，acopiousandamusingwork，butwhichdoesnotcommandourabsoluteconfidence。Yetthecharacteroftheman，andtheprincipalfacts，aresupportedbytheannalsofSpondanusandMuratori，A。D。1585—1590，andthecontemporaryhistoryofthegreatThuanus，l。lxxxii。c。1，2，l。lxxxivc。10，l。c。c。8。
Note:TheindustryofM。Rankehasdiscoveredthedocument，akindofscandalouschronicleofthetime，fromwhichLetiwroughtuphisamusingromances。SeealsoM。Ranke\'sobservationsontheLifeofSixtus。byTempesti，b。iii。p。317，324。—M。]
[Footnote96:Theseprivilegedplaces，thequartieriorfranchises，wereadoptedfromtheRomannoblesbytheforeignministers。JuliusII。hadonceabolishedtheabominandumetdetestandumfranchitiarumhujusmodinomen:andafterSixtusV。
theyagainrevived。IcannotdiscerneitherthejusticeormagnanimityofLouisXIV。，who，in1687，senthisambassador，themarquisdeLavardin，toRome，withanarmedforceofathousandofficers，guards，anddomestics，tomaintainthisiniquitousclaim，andinsultPopeInnocentXI。intheheartofhiscapital，VitadiSistoV。tom。iii。p。260—278。Muratori，Annalid\'Italia，tom。xv。p。494—496，andVoltaire，SiccledeLouisXIV。tom。i。c。14，p。58，59。]
[Footnote97:Thisoutrageproducedadecree，whichwasinscribedonmarble，andplacedintheCapitol。Itisexpressedinastyleofmanlysimplicityandfreedom:Siquis，siveprivatus，sivemagistratumgerensdecollocandavivopontificistatuamentionemfacereausit，legitimoS。P。Q。R。decretoinperpetuuminfamisetpublicorummunerumexpersesto。MDXC。menseAugusto，VitadiSistoV。tom。iii。p。469。Ibelievethatthisdecreeisstillobserved，andIknowthateverymonarchwhodeservesastatueshouldhimselfimposetheprohibition。]
[Footnote98:Thehistoriesofthechurch，Italy，andChristendom，havecontributedtothechapterwhichInowconclude。IntheoriginalLivesofthePopes，weoftendiscoverthecityandrepublicofRome:andtheeventsofthexivthandxvthcenturiesarepreservedintherudeanddomesticchronicleswhichIhavecarefullyinspected，andshallrecapitulateintheorderoftime。
1。MonaldeschiLudoviciBoncomitisFragmentaAnnaliumRoman。A。D。1328，intheScriptoresRerumItalicarumofMuratori，tom。xii。p。525。N。B。Thecreditofthisfragmentissomewhathurtbyasingularinterpolation，inwhichtheauthorrelateshisowndeathattheageof115years。
2。FragmentaHistoriaeRomanaevulgoThomasFortifioccae
inRomanaDialectovulgari，A。D。1327—1354，inMuratori，Antiquitat。MediiAeviItaliae，tom。iii。p。247—548；theauthenticgroundworkofthehistoryofRienzi。
3。DelphiniGentilisDiariumRomanum，A。D。1370—1410，
intheRerumItalicarum，tom。iii。P。ii。p。846。4。AntoniiPetriDiariumRom，A。D。1404—1417，tom。xxiv。p。699。
5。PetroniPauliMiscellaneaHistoricaRomana，A。D。1433
—1446，tom。xxiv。p。1101。
6。VolaterraniJacob。DiariumRom。，A。D。1472—1484，
tom。xxiiip。81。
7。AnonymiDiariumUrbisRomae，A。D。1481—1492，tom。
iii。P。ii。p。1069。
8。InfessuraeStephaniDiariumRomanum，A。D。1294，or1378—1494，tom。iii。P。ii。p。1109。
9。HistoriaArcanaAlexandriVI。siveExcerptaexDiarioJoh。Burcardi，A。D。1492—1503，editaaGodefr。Gulielm。
Leibnizio，Hanover，697，in4to。ThelargeandvaluableJournalofBurcardmightbecompletedfromtheMSS。indifferentlibrariesofItalyandFrance，M。deFoncemagne，intheMemoiresdel\'Acad。desInscrip。tom。xvii。p。597—606。
Exceptthelast，allthesefragmentsanddiariesareinsertedintheCollectionsofMuratori，myguideandmasterinthehistoryofItaly。Hiscountry，andthepublic，areindebtedtohimforthefollowingworksonthatsubject:1。RerumItalicarumScriptores，A。D。500—1500，quorumpotissimaparsnuncprimuminlucemprodit，&c。，xxviii。vols。infolio，Milan，1723—1738，1751。Avolumeofchronologicalandalphabeticaltablesisstillwantingasakeytothisgreatwork，whichisyetinadisorderlyanddefectivestate。2。AntiquitatesItaliaeMediiAevi，vi。
vols。infolio，Milan，1738—1743，inlxxv。curiousdissertations，onthemanners，government，religion，&c。，oftheItaliansofthedarkerages，withalargesupplementofcharters，chronicles，&c。3。DissertazionisopraleAntiquitaItaliane，iii。vols。in4to。，Milano，1751，afreeversionbytheauthor，whichmaybequotedwiththesameconfidenceastheLatintextoftheAntiquities。Annalid\'Italia，xviii。vols。inoctavo，Milan，1753—1756，adry，thoughaccurateanduseful，abridgmentofthehistoryofItaly，fromthebirthofChristtothemiddleofthexviiithcentury。5。Dell\'AntichitaEstenseedItaliane，ii。vols，infolio，Modena，1717，1740。Inthehistoryofthisillustriousrace，theparentofourBrunswickkings，thecriticisnotseducedbytheloyaltyorgratitudeofthesubject。Inallhisworks，Muratoriapproveshimselfadiligentandlaboriouswriter，whoaspiresabovetheprejudicesofaCatholicpriest。
Hewasbornintheyear1672，anddiedintheyear1750，afterpassingnear60yearsinthelibrariesofMilanandModena，VitadelPropostoLudovicoAntonioMuratori，byhisnephewandsuccessorGian。FrancescoSoliMuratoriVenezia，1756m4to。]