IhaveexpatiatedonthepersonalanecdoteswhichmarkthecharacteroftheMogulhero；butIshallbrieflymention，^36
thatheerectedontheruinsofBagdadapyramidofninetythousandheads；againvisitedGeorgia；encampedonthebanksofAraxes；andproclaimedhisresolutionofmarchingagainsttheOttomanemperor。Consciousoftheimportanceofthewar，hecollectedhisforcesfromeveryprovince:eighthundredthousandmenwereenrolledonhismilitarylist；^37butthesplendidcommandsoffive，andten，thousandhorse，mayberatherexpressiveoftherankandpensionofthechiefs，thanofthegenuinenumberofeffectivesoldiers。^38InthepillageofSyria，theMogulshadacquiredimmenseriches:butthedeliveryoftheirpayandarrearsforsevenyearsmorefirmlyattachedthemtotheImperialstandard。
[Footnote33:SeethereignsofBarkokandPharadge，inM。DeGuignes，tom。iv。l。xxii。，who，fromtheArabictextsofAboulmahasen，EbnSchounah，andAintabi，hasaddedsomefactstoourcommonstockofmaterials。]
[Footnote34:Fortheserecentanddomestictransactions，Arabshah，thoughapartial，isacredible，witness，tom。i。c。
64—68，tom。ii。c。1—14。TimourmusthavebeenodioustoaSyrian；butthenotorietyoffactswouldhaveobligedhim，insomemeasure，torespecthisenemyandhimself。HisbittersmaycorrecttheluscioussweetsofSherefeddin，l。v。c。17—29]
[Footnote35:TheseinterestingconversationsappeartohavebeencopiedbyArabshahtom。i。c。68，p。625—645fromthecadhiandhistorianEbnSchounah，aprincipalactor。Yethowcouldhebealiveseventy—fiveyearsafterwards?D\'Herbelot，p。792。]
[Footnote36:ThemarchesandoccupationsofTimourbetweentheSyrianandOttomanwarsarerepresentedbySherefeddinl。v。c。
29—43andArabshah，tom。ii。c。15—18。]
[Footnote37:Thisnumberof800，000wasextractedbyArabshah，orratherbyEbnSchounah，exrationarioTimuri，onthefaithofaCarizmianofficer，tom。i。c。68，p。617；anditisremarkableenough，thataGreekhistorianPhranza，l。i。c。29
addsnomorethan20，000men。Poggiusreckons1，000，000；anotherLatincontemporaryChron。Tarvisianum，apudMuratori，tom。xix。
p。8001，100，000；andtheenormoussumof1，600，000isattestedbyaGermansoldier，whowaspresentatthebattleofAngora，Leunclay。adChalcondyl。l。iii。p。82。Timour，inhisInstitutions，hasnotdeignedtocalculatehistroops，hissubjects，orhisrevenues。]
[Footnote38:Awidelatitudeofnon—effectiveswasallowedbytheGreatMogulforhisownprideandthebenefitofhisofficers。Bernier\'spatronwasPenge—Hazari，commanderof5000
horse；ofwhichhemaintainednomorethan500，Voyages，tom。i。
p。288，289。]
DuringthisdiversionoftheMogularms，Bajazethadtwoyearstocollecthisforcesforamoreseriousencounter。Theyconsistedoffourhundredthousandhorseandfoot，^39whosemeritandfidelitywereofanunequalcomplexion。WemaydiscriminatetheJanizaries，whohavebeengraduallyraisedtoanestablishmentoffortythousandmen；anationalcavalry，theSpahisofmoderntimes；twentythousandcuirassiersofEurope，cladinblackandimpenetrablearmor；thetroopsofAnatolia，whoseprinceshadtakenrefugeinthecampofTimour，andacolonyofTartars，whomhehaddrivenfromKipzak，andtowhomBajazethadassignedasettlementintheplainsofAdrianople。
Thefearlessconfidenceofthesultanurgedhimtomeethisantagonist；and，asifhehadchosenthatspotforrevenge，hedisplayedhisbannerneartheruinsoftheunfortunateSuvas。Inthemeanwhile，TimourmovedfromtheAraxesthroughthecountriesofArmeniaandAnatolia:hisboldnesswassecuredbythewisestprecautions；hisspeedwasguidedbyorderanddiscipline；andthewoods，themountains，andtherivers，werediligentlyexploredbytheflyingsquadrons，whomarkedhisroadandprecededhisstandard。FirminhisplanoffightingintheheartoftheOttomankingdom，heavoidedtheircamp；dexterouslyinclinedtotheleft；occupiedCaesarea；traversedthesaltdesertandtheRiverHalys；andinvestedAngora:whilethesultan，immovableandignorantinhispost，comparedtheTartarswiftnesstothecrawlingofasnail；^40hereturnedonthewingsofindignationtothereliefofAngora:andasbothgeneralswerealikeimpatientforaction，theplainsroundthatcitywerethesceneofamemorablebattle，whichhasimmortalizedthegloryofTimourandtheshameofBajazet。ForthissignalvictorytheMogulemperorwasindebtedtohimself，tothegeniusofthemoment，andthedisciplineofthirtyyears。Hehadimprovedthetactics，withoutviolatingthemanners，ofhisnation，^41whoseforcestillconsistedinthemissileweapons，andrapidevolutions，ofanumerouscavalry。Fromasingletrooptoagreatarmy，themodeofattackwasthesame:aforemostlinefirstadvancedtothecharge，andwassupportedinajustorderbythesquadronsofthegreatvanguard。Thegeneral\'seyewatchedoverthefield，andathiscommandthefrontandrearoftherightandleftwingssuccessivelymovedforwardsintheirseveraldivisions，andinadirectorobliqueline:theenemywaspressedbyeighteenortwentyattacks；andeachattackaffordedachanceofvictory。Iftheyallprovedfruitlessorunsuccessful，theoccasionwasworthyoftheemperorhimself，whogavethesignalofadvancingtothestandardandmainbody，whichheledinperson。^42ButinthebattleofAngora，themainbodyitselfwassupported，ontheflanksandintherear，bythebravestsquadronsofthereserve，commandedbythesonsandgrandsonsofTimour。TheconquerorofHindostanostentatiouslyshowedalineofelephants，thetrophies，ratherthantheinstruments，ofvictory；theuseoftheGreekfirewasfamiliartotheMogulsandOttomans；buthadtheyborrowedfromEuropetherecentinventionofgunpowderandcannon，theartificialthunder，inthehandsofeithernation，musthaveturnedthefortuneoftheday。^43InthatdayBajazetdisplayedthequalitiesofasoldierandachief:buthisgeniussunkunderastrongerascendant；and，fromvariousmotives，thegreatestpartofhistroopsfailedhiminthedecisivemoment。HisrigorandavaricehadprovokedamutinyamongtheTurks；andevenhissonSolimantoohastilywithdrewfromthefield。TheforcesofAnatolia，loyalintheirrevolt，weredrawnawaytothebannersoftheirlawfulprinces。
HisTartarallieshadbeentemptedbythelettersandemissariesofTimour；^44whoreproachedtheirignobleservitudeundertheslavesoftheirfathers；andofferedtotheirhopesthedominionoftheirnew，orthelibertyoftheirancient，country。IntherightwingofBajazetthecuirassiersofEuropecharged，withfaithfulheartsandirresistiblearms:butthesemenofironweresoonbrokenbyanartfulflightandheadlongpursuit；andtheJanizaries，alone，withoutcavalryormissileweapons，wereencompassedbythecircleoftheMogulhunters。Theirvalorwasatlengthoppressedbyheat，thirst，andtheweightofnumbers；
andtheunfortunatesultan，afflictedwiththegoutinhishandsandfeet，wastransportedfromthefieldonthefleetestofhishorses。HewaspursuedandtakenbythetitularkhanofZagatai；
and，afterhiscapture，andthedefeatoftheOttomanpowers，thekingdomofAnatoliasubmittedtotheconqueror，whoplantedhisstandardatKiotahia，anddispersedonallsidestheministersofrapineanddestruction。MirzaMehemmedSultan，theeldestandbestbelovedofhisgrandsons，wasdespatchedtoBoursa，withthirtythousandhorse；andsuchwashisyouthfulardor，thathearrivedwithonlyfourthousandatthegatesofthecapital，afterperforminginfivedaysamarchoftwohundredandthirtymiles。Yetfearisstillmorerapidinitscourse；andSoliman，thesonofBajazet，hadalreadypassedovertoEuropewiththeroyaltreasure。Thespoil，however，ofthepalaceandcitywasimmense:theinhabitantshadescaped；butthebuildings，forthemostpartofwood，werereducedtoashesFromBoursa，thegrandsonofTimouradvancedtoNice，everyetafairandflourishingcity；andtheMogulsquadronswereonlystoppedbythewavesofthePropontis。Thesamesuccessattendedtheothermirzasandemirsintheirexcursions；andSmyrna，defendedbythezealandcourageoftheRhodianknights，alonedeservedthepresenceoftheemperorhimself。Afteranobstinatedefence，theplacewastakenbystorm:allthatbreathedwasputtothesword；
andtheheadsoftheChristianheroeswerelaunchedfromtheengines，onboardoftwocarracks，orgreatshipsofEurope，thatrodeatanchorintheharbor。TheMoslemsofAsiarejoicedintheirdeliverancefromadangerousanddomesticfoe；andaparallelwasdrawnbetweenthetworivals，byobservingthatTimour，infourteendays，hadreducedafortresswhichhadsustainedsevenyearsthesiege，oratleasttheblockade，ofBajazet。^45
[Footnote39:Timourhimselffixesat400，000mentheOttomanarmy，Institutions，p。153，whichisreducedto150，000byPhranza，l。i。c。29，andswelledbytheGermansoldierto1，400，000。ItisevidentthattheMogulswerethemorenumerous。]
[Footnote40:ItmaynotbeuselesstomarkthedistancesbetweenAngoraandtheneighboringcities，bythejourneysofthecaravans，eachoftwentyortwenty—fivemiles；toSmyrnaxx。，toKiotahiax。，toBoursax。，toCaesarea，viii。，toSinopex。，toNicomedaix。，toConstantinoplexii。orxiii。，seeTournefort，VoyageauLevant，tom。ii。lettrexxi。]
[Footnote41:SeetheSystemsofTacticsintheInstitutions，whichtheEnglisheditorshaveillustratedwithelaborateplans，p。373—407。]
[Footnote42:ThesultanhimselfsaysTimourmustthenputthefootofcourageintothestirrupofpatience。ATartarmetaphor，whichislostintheEnglish，butpreservedintheFrench，versionoftheInstitutes，p。156，157。]
[Footnote43:TheGreekfire，onTimour\'sside，isattestedbySherefeddin，l。v。c。47；butVoltaire\'sstrangesuspicion，thatsomecannon，inscribedwithstrangecharacters，musthavebeensentbythatmonarchtoDelhi，isrefutedbytheuniversalsilenceofcontemporaries。]
[Footnote*:SeeV。Hammer，vol。i。p。310，forthesingularhintswhichwereconveyedtohimofthewisdomofunlockinghishoardedtreasures。—M。]
[Footnote44:TimourhasdissembledthissecretandimportantnegotiationwiththeTartars，whichisindisputablyprovedbythejointevidenceoftheArabian，tom。i。c。47，p。391，Turkish，Annal。Leunclav。p。321，andPersianhistorians，Khondemir，apudd\'Herbelot，p。882。]
[Footnote45:ForthewarofAnatoliaorRoum，IaddsomehintsintheInstitutions，tothecopiousnarrativesofSherefeddinl。
v。c。44—65andArabshah，tom。ii。c。20—35。OnthispartonlyofTimour\'shistoryitislawfultoquotetheTurks，Cantemir，p。53—55，Annal。Leunclav。p。320—322，andtheGreeks，Phranza，l。i。c。59，Ducas，c。15—17，Chalcondyles，l。iii。]
TheironcageinwhichBajazetwasimprisonedbyTamerlane，solongandsooftenrepeatedasamorallesson，isnowrejectedasafablebythemodernwriters，whosmileatthevulgarcredulity。^46TheyappealwithconfidencetothePersianhistoryofSherefeddinAli，whichhasbeengiventoourcuriosityinaFrenchversion，andfromwhichIshallcollectandabridgeamorespeciousnarrativeofthismemorabletransaction。NosoonerwasTimourinformedthatthecaptiveOttomanwasatthedoorofhistent，thanhegraciouslysteppedforwardstoreceivehim，seatedhimbyhisside，andmingledwithjustreproachesasoothingpityforhisrankandmisfortune。\"Alas!\"saidtheemperor，\"thedecreeoffateisnowaccomplishedbyyourownfault；itisthewebwhichyouhavewoven，thethornsofthetreewhichyourselfhaveplanted。Iwishedtospare，andeventoassist，thechampionoftheMoslems；youbravedourthreats；youdespisedourfriendship；youforcedustoenteryourkingdomwithourinvinciblearmies。Beholdtheevent。Hadyouvanquished，Iamnotignorantofthefatewhichyoureservedformyselfandmytroops。ButIdisdaintoretaliate:yourlifeandhonoraresecure；andIshallexpressmygratitudetoGodbymyclemencytoman。\"Theroyalcaptiveshowedsomesignsofrepentance，acceptedthehumiliationofarobeofhonor，andembracedwithtearshissonMousa，who，athisrequest，wassoughtandfoundamongthecaptivesofthefield。TheOttomanprinceswerelodgedinasplendidpavilion；andtherespectoftheguardscouldbesurpassedonlybytheirvigilance。OnthearrivaloftheharemfromBoursa，TimourrestoredthequeenDespinaandherdaughtertotheirfatherandhusband；buthepiouslyrequired，thattheServianprincess，whohadhithertobeenindulgedintheprofessionofChristianity，shouldembracewithoutdelaythereligionoftheprophet。Inthefeastofvictory，towhichBajazetwasinvited，theMogulemperorplacedacrownonhisheadandasceptreinhishand，withasolemnassuranceofrestoringhimwithanincreaseofglorytothethroneofhisancestors。
Buttheeffectofhispromisewasdisappointedbythesultan\'suntimelydeath:amidstthecareofthemostskilfulphysicians，heexpiredofanapoplexyatAkshehr，theAntiochofPisidia，aboutninemonthsafterhisdefeat。Thevictordroppedatearoverhisgrave:hisbody，withroyalpomp，wasconveyedtothemausoleumwhichhehaderectedatBoursa；andhissonMousa，afterreceivingarichpresentofgoldandjewels，ofhorsesandarms，wasinvestedbyapatentinredinkwiththekingdomofAnatolia。
[Footnote46:ThescepticismofVoltaireEssaisurl\'HistoireGenerale，c。88isreadyonthis，asoneveryoccasion，torejectapopulartale，andtodiminishthemagnitudeofviceandvirtue；andonmostoccasionshisincredulityisreasonable。]
Suchistheportraitofagenerousconqueror，whichhasbeenextractedfromhisownmemorials，anddedicatedtohissonandgrandson，nineteenyearsafterhisdecease；^47and，atatimewhenthetruthwasrememberedbythousands，amanifestfalsehoodwouldhaveimpliedasatireonhisrealconduct。Weightyindeedisthisevidence，adoptedbyallthePersianhistories；^48yetflattery，moreespeciallyintheEast，isbaseandaudacious；andtheharshandignominioustreatmentofBajazetisattestedbyachainofwitnesses，someofwhomshallbeproducedintheorderoftheirtimeandcountry。1。ThereaderhasnotforgotthegarrisonofFrench，whomthemarshalBoucicaultleftbehindhimforthedefenceofConstantinople。Theywereonthespottoreceivetheearliestandmostfaithfulintelligenceoftheoverthrowoftheirgreatadversary；anditismorethanprobable，thatsomeofthemaccompaniedtheGreekembassytothecampofTamerlane。Fromtheiraccount，thehardshipsoftheprisonanddeathofBajazetareaffirmedbythemarshal\'sservantandhistorian，withinthedistanceofsevenyears。^492。ThenameofPoggiustheItalian^50isdeservedlyfamousamongthereviversoflearninginthefifteenthcentury。Hiselegantdialogueonthevicissitudesoffortune^51wascomposedinhisfiftiethyear，twenty—eightyearsaftertheTurkishvictoryofTamerlane；
^52whomhecelebratesasnotinferiortotheillustriousBarbariansofantiquity。OfhisexploitsanddisciplinePoggiuswasinformedbyseveralocularwitnesses；nordoesheforgetanexamplesoappositetohisthemeastheOttomanmonarch，whomtheScythianconfinedlikeawildbeastinanironcage，andexhibitedaspectacletoAsia。ImightaddtheauthorityoftwoItalianchronicles，perhapsofanearlierdate，whichwouldproveatleastthatthesamestory，whetherfalseortrue，wasimportedintoEuropewiththefirsttidingsoftherevolution。^533。AtthetimewhenPoggiusflourishedatRome，AhmedEbnArabshahcomposedatDamascusthefloridandmalevolenthistoryofTimour，forwhichhehadcollectedmaterialsinhisjourneysoverTurkeyandTartary。^54WithoutanypossiblecorrespondencebetweentheLatinandtheArabianwriter，theyagreeinthefactoftheironcage；andtheiragreementisastrikingproofoftheircommonveracity。AhmedArabshahlikewiserelatesanotheroutrage，whichBajazetendured，ofamoredomesticandtendernature。HisindiscreetmentionofwomenanddivorceswasdeeplyresentedbythejealousTartar:inthefeastofvictorythewinewasservedbyfemalecupbearers，andthesultanbeheldhisownconcubinesandwivesconfoundedamongtheslaves，andexposedwithoutaveiltotheeyesofintemperance。Toescapeasimilarindignity，itissaidthathissuccessors，exceptinasingleinstance，haveabstainedfromlegitimatenuptials；andtheOttomanpracticeandbelief，atleastinthesixteenthcentury，isassertedbytheobservingBusbequius，^55ambassadorfromthecourtofViennatothegreatSoliman。4。Suchistheseparationoflanguage，thatthetestimonyofaGreekisnotlessindependentthanthatofaLatinoranArab。IsuppressthenamesofChalcondylesandDucas，whoflourishedinthelatterperiod，andwhospeakinalesspositivetone；butmoreattentionisduetoGeorgePhranza，^56protovestiareofthelastemperors，andwhowasbornayearbeforethebattleofAngora。Twenty—twoyearsafterthatevent，hewassentambassadortoAmuraththeSecond；andthehistorianmightconversewithsomeveteranJanizaries，whohadbeenmadeprisonerswiththesultan，andhadthemselvesseenhiminhisironcage。5。Thelastevidence，ineverysense，isthatoftheTurkishannals，whichhavebeenconsultedortranscribedbyLeunclavius，Pocock，andCantemir。^57Theyunanimouslydeplorethecaptivityoftheironcage；andsomecreditmaybeallowedtonationalhistorians，whocannotstigmatizetheTartarwithoutuncoveringtheshameoftheirkingandcountry。
[Footnote47:SeetheHistoryofSherefeddin，l。v。c。49，52，53，59，60。ThisworkwasfinishedatShiraz，intheyear1424，anddedicatedtoSultanIbrahim，thesonofSharokh，thesonofTimour，whoreignedinFarsistaninhisfather\'slifetime。]
[Footnote48:AftertheperusalofKhondemir，EbnSchounah，&c。，thelearnedD\'HerbelotBibliot。Orientale，p。882mayaffirm，thatthisfableisnotmentionedinthemostauthentichistories；
buthisdenialofthevisibletestimonyofArabshahleavessomeroomtosuspecthisaccuracy。]
[Footnote49:Etfutlui—memeBajazetpris，etmeneenprison，enlaquellemourutdeduremort!MemoiresdeBoucicault，P。i。
c。37。TheseMemoirswerecomposedwhilethemarshalwasstillgovernorofGenoa，fromwhencehewasexpelledintheyear1409，byapopularinsurrection，Muratori，Annalid\'Italia，tom。xii。
p。473，474。]
[Footnote50:ThereaderwillfindasatisfactoryaccountofthelifeandwritingsofPoggiusinthePoggiana，anentertainingworkofM。Lenfant，andintheBibliothecaLatinaMediaeetInfimaeAetatisofFabricius，tom。v。p。305—308。Poggiuswasbornintheyear1380，anddiedin1459。]
[Footnote51:ThedialoguedeVarietateFortunae，ofwhichacompleteandeleganteditionhasbeenpublishedatParisin1723，in4to。，wascomposedashorttimebeforethedeathofPopeMartinV。，p。5，andconsequentlyabouttheendoftheyear1430。]