[Footnote16:IshouldquoteThuroczius，theoldestgeneralhistorianparsii。c。74，p。150inthe1stvolumeoftheScriptoresRerumHungaricarum，didnotthesamevolumecontaintheoriginalnarrativeofacontemporary，aneye—witness，andasufferer，M。Rogerii，Hungari，VaradiensisCapituliCanonici，Carmenmiserabile，seuHistoriasuperDestructioneRegniHungariaeTemporibusBelaeIV。RegisperTartarosfacta，p。292—
321；thebestpicturethatIhaveeverseenofallthecircumstancesofaBarbaricinvasion。]
[Footnote17:MatthewParishasrepresented，fromauthenticdocuments，thedangeranddistressofEurope，consultthewordTartariinhiscopiousIndex。Frommotivesofzealandcuriosity，thecourtofthegreatkhaninthexiiithcenturywasvisitedbytwofriars，JohndePlanoCarpini，andWilliamRubruquis，andbyMarcoPolo，aVenetiangentleman。TheLatinrelationsofthetwoformerareinsertedinthe1stvolumeofHackluyt；theItalianoriginalorversionofthethirdFabric。
Bibliot。Latin。MediiAevi，tom。ii。p。198，tom。v。p。25maybefoundinthesecondtomeofRamusio。]
[Footnote18:InhisgreatHistoryoftheHuns，M。deGuigneshasmostamplytreatedofZingisKhanandhissuccessors。Seetom。
iii。l。xv。—xix。，andinthecollateralarticlesoftheSeljukiansofRoum，tom。ii。l。xi。，theCarizmians，l。xiv。，andtheMamalukes，tom。iv。l。xxi。；consultlikewisethetablesofthe1stvolume。Heiseverlearnedandaccurate；yetIamonlyindebtedtohimforageneralview，andsomepassagesofAbulfeda，whicharestilllatentintheArabictext。
Note:TothiscatalogueofthehistoriansoftheMogulsmaybeaddedD\'Ohson，HistoiredesMongols；HistoiredesMongols，fromArabicandPersianauthorities，Paris，1824。Schmidt，GeschichtederOstMongolen，St。Petersburgh，1829。Thiscuriouswork，bySsanangSsetsenChungtaidschi，publishedintheoriginalMongol，waswrittenaftertheconversionofthenationtoBuddhism:itisenrichedwithveryvaluablenotesbytheeditorandtranslator；but，unfortunately，isverybarrenofinformationabouttheEuropeanandeventhewesternAsiaticconquestsoftheMongols。—M。]
ChapterLXIV:Moguls，OttomanTurkds。
PartII。
ThearmsofZingisandhislieutenantssuccessivelyreducedthehordesofthedesert，whopitchedtheirtentsbetweenthewallofChinaandtheVolga；andtheMogulemperorbecamethemonarchofthepastoralworld，thelordofmanymillionsofshepherdsandsoldiers，whofelttheirunitedstrength，andwereimpatienttorushonthemildandwealthyclimatesofthesouth。
HisancestorshadbeenthetributariesoftheChineseemperors；
andTemuginhimselfhadbeendisgracedbyatitleofhonorandservitude。ThecourtofPekinwasastonishedbyanembassyfromitsformervassal，who，inthetoneofthekingofnations，exactedthetributeandobediencewhichhehadpaid，andwhoaffectedtotreatthesonofheavenasthemostcontemptibleofmankind。Ahaughtyanswerdisguisedtheirsecretapprehensions；
andtheirfearsweresoonjustifiedbythemarchofinnumerablesquadrons，whopiercedonallsidesthefeeblerampartofthegreatwall。Ninetycitieswerestormed，orstarved，bytheMoguls；tenonlyescaped；andZingis，fromaknowledgeofthefilialpietyoftheChinese，coveredhisvanguardwiththeircaptiveparents；anunworthy，andbydegreesafruitless，abuseofthevirtueofhisenemies。HisinvasionwassupportedbytherevoltofahundredthousandKhitans，whoguardedthefrontier:
yethelistenedtoatreaty；andaprincessofChina，threethousandhorses，fivehundredyouths，andasmanyvirgins，andatributeofgoldandsilk，werethepriceofhisretreat。Inhissecondexpedition，hecompelledtheChineseemperortoretirebeyondtheyellowrivertoamoresouthernresidence。ThesiegeofPekin^19waslongandlaborious:theinhabitantswerereducedbyfaminetodecimateanddevourtheirfellow—citizens；whentheirammunitionwasspent，theydischargedingotsofgoldandsilverfromtheirengines；buttheMogulsintroducedaminetothecentreofthecapital；andtheconflagrationofthepalaceburntabovethirtydays。ChinawasdesolatedbyTartarwaranddomesticfaction；andthefivenorthernprovinceswereaddedtotheempireofZingis。
[Footnote19:MoreproperlyYen—king，anancientcity，whoseruinsstillappearsomefurlongstothesouth—eastofthemodernPekin，whichwasbuiltbyCublaiKhan，Gaubel，p。146。Pe—kingandNan—kingarevaguetitles，thecourtsofthenorthandofthesouth。TheidentityandchangeofnamesperplexthemostskilfulreadersoftheChinesegeography，p。177。
Note:AndlikewiseinChinesehistory—seeAbelRemusat，Mel。Asiat。2dtom。ii。p。5。—M。]
IntheWest，hetouchedthedominionsofMohammed，sultanofCarizime，whoreignedfromthePersianGulftothebordersofIndiaandTurkestan；andwho，intheproudimitationofAlexandertheGreat，forgottheservitudeandingratitudeofhisfatherstothehouseofSeljuk。ItwasthewishofZingistoestablishafriendlyandcommercialintercoursewiththemostpowerfuloftheMoslemprinces:norcouldhebetemptedbythesecretsolicitationsofthecaliphofBagdad，whosacrificedtohispersonalwrongsthesafetyofthechurchandstate。ArashandinhumandeedprovokedandjustifiedtheTartararmsintheinvasionofthesouthernAsia。^!AcaravanofthreeambassadorsandonehundredandfiftymerchantswerearrestedandmurderedatOtrar，bythecommandofMohammed；norwasittillafterademandanddenialofjustice，tillhehadprayedandfastedthreenightsonamountain，thattheMogulemperorappealedtothejudgmentofGodandhissword。OurEuropeanbattles，saysaphilosophicwriter，^20arepettyskirmishes，ifcomparedtothenumbersthathavefoughtandfalleninthefieldsofAsia。SevenhundredthousandMogulsandTartarsaresaidtohavemarchedunderthestandardofZingisandhisfoursons。InthevastplainsthatextendtothenorthoftheSihonorJaxartes，theywereencounteredbyfourhundredthousandsoldiersofthesultan；andinthefirstbattle，whichwassuspendedbythenight，onehundredandsixtythousandCarizmianswereslain。Mohammedwasastonishedbythemultitudeandvalorofhisenemies:hewithdrewfromthesceneofdanger，anddistributedhistroopsinthefrontiertowns；trustingthattheBarbarians，invincibleinthefield，wouldberepulsedbythelengthanddifficultyofsomanyregularsieges。ButtheprudenceofZingishadformedabodyofChineseengineers，skilledinthemechanicarts；informedperhapsofthesecretofgunpowder，andcapable，underhisdiscipline，ofattackingaforeigncountrywithmorevigorandsuccessthantheyhaddefendedtheirown。ThePersianhistorianswillrelatethesiegesandreductionofOtrar，Cogende，Bochara，Samarcand，Carizme，Herat，Merou，Nisabour，Balch，andCandahar；andtheconquestoftherichandpopulouscountriesofTransoxiana，Carizme，andChorazan。ThedestructivehostilitiesofAttilaandtheHunshavelongsincebeenelucidatedbytheexampleofZingisandtheMoguls；andinthismoreproperplaceIshallbecontenttoobserve，that，fromtheCaspiantotheIndus，theyruinedatractofmanyhundredmiles，whichwasadornedwiththehabitationsandlaborsofmankind，andthatfivecenturieshavenotbeensufficienttorepairtheravagesoffouryears。TheMogulemperorencouragedorindulgedthefuryofhistroops:thehopeoffuturepossessionwaslostintheardorofrapineandslaughter；andthecauseofthewarexasperatedtheirnativefiercenessbythepretenceofjusticeandrevenge。ThedownfallanddeathofthesultanMohammed，whoexpired，unpitiedandalone，inadesertislandoftheCaspianSea，isapooratonementforthecalamitiesofwhichhewastheauthor。CouldtheCarizmianempirehavebeensavedbyasinglehero，itwouldhavebeensavedbyhissonGelaleddin，whoseactivevalorrepeatedlycheckedtheMogulsinthecareerofvictory。Retreating，ashefought，tothebanksoftheIndus，hewasoppressedbytheirinnumerablehost，till，inthelastmomentofdespair，Gelaleddinspurredhishorseintothewaves，swamoneofthebroadestandmostrapidriversofAsia，andextortedtheadmirationandapplauseofZingishimself。ItwasinthiscampthattheMogulconqueroryieldedwithreluctancetothemurmursofhiswearyandwealthytroops，whosighedfortheenjoymentoftheirnativeland。EucumberedwiththespoilsofAsia，heslowlymeasuredbackhisfootsteps，betrayedsomepityforthemiseryofthevanquished，anddeclaredhisintentionofrebuildingthecitieswhichhadbeensweptawaybythetempestofhisarms。AfterhehadrepassedtheOxusandJaxartes，hewasjoinedbytwogenerals，whomhehaddetachedwiththirtythousandhorse，tosubduethewesternprovincesofPersia。Theyhadtrampledonthenationswhichopposedtheirpassage，penetratedthroughthegatesofDerbent，traversedtheVolgaandthedesert，andaccomplishedthecircuitoftheCaspianSea，byanexpeditionwhichhadneverbeenattempted，andhasneverbeenrepeated。ThereturnofZingiswassignalizedbytheoverthrowoftherebelliousorindependentkingdomsofTartary；andhediedinthefulnessofyearsandglory，withhislastbreathexhortingandinstructinghissonstoachievetheconquestoftheChineseempire。
[Footnote!:Seetheparticularaccountofthistransaction，fromtheKholauesutAkbaur，inPrice，vol。ii。p。402。—M。]
[Footnote20:M。deVoltaire，Essaisurl\'HistoireGenerale，tom。
iii。c。60，p。8。HisaccountofZingisandtheMogulscontains，asusual，muchgeneralsenseandtruth，withsomeparticularerrors。]
[Footnote*:Everywheretheymassacredallclasses，excepttheartisans，whomtheymadeslaves。Hist。desMongols。—M。]
[Footnote*:Theirfirstduty，whichhebequeathedtothem，wastomassacrethekingofTangcouteandalltheinhabitantsofNinhia，thesurrenderofthecitybeingalreadyagreedupon，Hist。desMongols。vol。i。p。286。—M。]
TheharemofZingiswascomposedoffivehundredwivesandconcubines；andofhisnumerousprogeny，foursons，illustriousbytheirbirthandmerit，exercisedundertheirfathertheprincipalofficesofpeaceandwar。Toushiwashisgreathuntsman，Zagatai^21hisjudge，Octaihisminister，andTulihisgeneral；andtheirnamesandactionsareoftenconspicuousinthehistoryofhisconquests。Firmlyunitedfortheirownandthepublicinterest，thethreebrothersandtheirfamilieswerecontentwithdependentsceptres；andOctai，bygeneralconsent，wasproclaimedgreatkhan，oremperoroftheMogulsandTartars。
HewassucceededbyhissonGayuk，afterwhosedeaththeempiredevolvedtohiscousinsMangouandCublai，thesonsofTuli，andthegrandsonsofZingis。Inthesixty—eightyearsofhisfourfirstsuccessors，theMogulsubduedalmostallAsia，andalargeportionofEurope。Withoutconfiningmyselftotheorderoftime，withoutexpatiatingonthedetailofevents，Ishallpresentageneralpictureoftheprogressoftheirarms；I。IntheEast；II。IntheSouth；III。IntheWest；andIV。IntheNorth。
[Footnote21:ZagataigavehisnametohisdominionsofMaurenahar，orTransoxiana；andtheMogulsofHindostan，whoemigratedfromthatcountry，arestyledZagataisbythePersians。
Thiscertainetymology，andthesimilarexampleofUzbek，Nogai，&c。，maywarnusnotabsolutelytorejectthederivationsofanational，fromapersonal，name。
Note:SeeacuriousanecdoteofTschagatai。Hist。desMongols，p。370。M]
I。BeforetheinvasionofZingis，ChinawasdividedintotwoempiresordynastiesoftheNorthandSouth；^22andthedifferenceoforiginandinterestwassmoothedbyageneralconformityoflaws，language，andnationalmanners。TheNorthernempire，whichhadbeendismemberedbyZingis，wasfinallysubduedsevenyearsafterhisdeath。AfterthelossofPekin，theemperorhadfixedhisresidenceatKaifong，acitymanyleaguesincircumference，andwhichcontained，accordingtotheChineseannals，fourteenhundredthousandfamiliesofinhabitantsandfugitives。Heescapedfromthencewithonlysevenhorsemen，andmadehislaststandinathirdcapital，tillatlengththehopelessmonarch，protestinghisinnocenceandaccusinghisfortune，ascendedafuneralpile，andgaveorders，that，assoonashehadstabbedhimself，thefireshouldbekindledbyhisattendants。ThedynastyoftheSong，thenativeandancientsovereignsofthewholeempire，survivedaboutforty—fiveyearsthefalloftheNorthernusurpers；andtheperfectconquestwasreservedforthearmsofCublai。Duringthisinterval，theMogulswereoftendivertedbyforeignwars；and，iftheChineseseldomdaredtomeettheirvictorsinthefield，theirpassivecouragepresentedandendlesssuccessionofcitiestostormandofmillionstoslaughter。Intheattackanddefenceofplaces，theenginesofantiquityandtheGreekfirewerealternatelyemployed:theuseofgunpowderincannonandbombsappearsasafamiliarpractice；^23andthesiegeswereconductedbytheMahometansandFranks，whohadbeenliberallyinvitedintotheserviceofCublai。Afterpassingthegreatriver，thetroopsandartillerywereconveyedalongaseriesofcanals，tilltheyinvestedtheroyalresidenceofHamcheu，orQuinsay，inthecountryofsilk，themostdeliciousclimateofChina。Theemperor，adefencelessyouth，surrenderedhispersonandsceptre；
andbeforehewassentinexileintoTartary，hestruckninetimesthegroundwithhisforehead，toadoreinprayerorthanksgivingthemercyofthegreatkhan。YetthewaritwasnowstyledarebellionwasstillmaintainedinthesouthernprovincesfromHamcheutoCanton；andtheobstinateremnantofindependenceandhostilitywastransportedfromthelandtothesea。ButwhenthefleetoftheSongwassurroundedandoppressedbyasuperiorarmament，theirlastchampionleapedintothewaveswithhisinfantemperorinhisarms。\"Itismoreglorious，\"hecried，\"todieaprince，thantoliveaslave。\"AhundredthousandChineseimitatedhisexample；andthewholeempire，fromTonkintothegreatwall，submittedtothedominionofCublai。
HisboundlessambitionaspiredtotheconquestofJapan:hisfleetwastwiceshipwrecked；andthelivesofahundredthousandMogulsandChineseweresacrificedinthefruitlessexpedition。
Butthecircumjacentkingdoms，Corea，Tonkin，Cochinchina，Pegu，Bengal，andThibet，werereducedindifferentdegreesoftributeandobediencebytheeffortorterrorofhisarms。HeexploredtheIndianOceanwithafleetofathousandships:theysailedinsixty—eightdays，mostprobablytotheIsleofBorneo，undertheequinoctialline；andthoughtheyreturnednotwithoutspoilorglory，theemperorwasdissatisfiedthatthesavagekinghadescapedfromtheirhands。
[Footnote22:InMarcoPolo，andtheOrientalgeographers，thenamesofCathayandMangidistinguishthenorthernandsouthernempires，which，fromA。D。1234to1279，werethoseofthegreatkhan，andoftheChinese。ThesearchofCathay，afterChinahadbeenfound，excitedandmisledournavigatorsofthesixteenthcentury，intheirattemptstodiscoverthenorth—eastpassage。]
[Footnote23:IdependontheknowledgeandfidelityofthePereGaubil，whotranslatestheChinesetextoftheannalsoftheMogulsorYuen，p。71，93，153；butIamignorantatwhattimetheseannalswerecomposedandpublished。ThetwounclesofMarcoPolo，whoservedasengineersatthesiegeofSiengyangfou，l。
ii。61，inRamusio，tom。ii。SeeGaubil，p。155，157musthavefeltandrelatedtheeffectsofthisdestructivepowder，andtheirsilenceisaweighty，andalmostdecisiveobjection。I
entertainasuspicion，thattheirrecentdiscoverywascarriedfromEuropetoChinabythecaravansofthexvthcenturyandfalselyadoptedasanoldnationaldiscoverybeforethearrivalofthePortugueseandJesuitsinthexvith。YetthePereGaubilaffirms，thattheuseofgunpowderhasbeenknowntotheChineseabove1600years。
Note:Sou—houng—kian—lon。AbelRemusat。—M。
Note:Lapoudreacanonetd\'autrescompositionsinflammantes，dontilsseserventpourconstruiredespiecesd\'artificed\'uneffetsuprenant，leuretaientconnuesdepuistreslong—temps，etl\'oncroitquedesbombardesetdespierriers，dontilsavaientenseignel\'usageauxTartares，ontpudonnerenEuropel\'ideed\'artillerie，quoiquelaformedesfusilsetdescanonsdontilsseserventactuellement，leuraiteteapporteeparlesFrancs，ainsiquel\'attestentlesnomsmemesqu\'ilsdonnentacessortesd\'armes。AbelRemusat，MelangesAsiat。2dsertom。i。p。23。—M。]
II。TheconquestofHindostanbytheMogulswasreservedinalaterperiodforthehouseofTimour；butthatofIran，orPersia，wasachievedbyHolagouKhan，thegrandsonofZingis，thebrotherandlieutenantofthetwosuccessiveemperors，MangouandCublai。Ishallnotenumeratethecrowdofsultans，emirs，andatabeks，whomhetrampledintodust；buttheextirpationoftheAssassins，orIsmaelians^24ofPersia，maybeconsideredasaservicetomankind。AmongthehillstothesouthoftheCaspian，theseodioussectarieshadreignedwithimpunityaboveahundredandsixtyyears；andtheirprince，orImam，establishedhislieutenanttoleadandgovernthecolonyofMountLibanus，sofamousandformidableinthehistoryofthecrusades。^25WiththefanaticismoftheKorantheIsmaelianshadblendedtheIndiantransmigration，andthevisionsoftheirownprophets；anditwastheirfirstdutytodevotetheirsoulsandbodiesinblindobediencetothevicarofGod。ThedaggersofhismissionarieswerefeltbothintheEastandWest:theChristiansandtheMoslemsenumerate，andpersonsmultiply，theillustriousvictimsthatweresacrificedtothezeal，avarice，orresentmentoftheoldmanashewascorruptlystyledofthemountain。Butthesedaggers，hisonlyarms，werebrokenbytheswordofHolagou，andnotavestigeisleftoftheenemiesofmankind，exceptthewordassassin，which，inthemostodioussense，hasbeenadoptedinthelanguagesofEurope。TheextinctionoftheAbbassidescannotbeindifferenttothespectatorsoftheirgreatnessanddecline。
SincethefalloftheirSeljukiantyrantsthecaliphshadrecoveredtheirlawfuldominionofBagdadandtheArabianIrak；
butthecitywasdistractedbytheologicalfactions，andthecommanderofthefaithfulwaslostinaharemofsevenhundredconubines。TheinvasionoftheMogulsheencounteredwithfeeblearmsandhaughtyembassies。\"Onthedivinedecree，\"saidthecaliphMostasem，\"isfoundedthethroneofthesonsofAbbas:andtheirfoesshallsurelybedestroyedinthisworldandinthenext。WhoisthisHolagouthatdarestoriseagainstthem?Ifhebedesirousofpeace，lethiminstantlydepartfromthesacredterritory；andperhapshemayobtainfromourclemencythepardonofhisfault。\"Thispresumptionwascherishedbyaperfidiousvizier，whoassuredhismaster，that，eveniftheBarbarianshadenteredthecity，thewomenandchildren，fromtheterraces，wouldbesufficienttooverwhelmthemwithstones。ButwhenHolagoutouchedthephantom，itinstantlyvanishedintosmoke。
Afterasiegeoftwomonths，BagdadwasstormedandsackedbytheMoguls；andtheirsavagecommanderpronouncedthedeathofthecaliphMostasem，thelastofthetemporalsuccessorsofMahomet；
whosenoblekinsmen，oftheraceofAbbas，hadreignedinAsiaabovefivehundredyears。Whatevermightbethedesignsoftheconqueror，theholycitiesofMeccaandMedina^26wereprotectedbytheArabiandesert；buttheMogulsspreadbeyondtheTigrisandEuphrates，pillagedAleppoandDamascus，andthreatenedtojointheFranksinthedeliveranceofJerusalem。Egyptwaslost，hadshebeendefendedonlybyherfeebleoffspring；buttheMamalukeshadbreathedintheirinfancythekeennessofaScythianair:equalinvalor，superiorindiscipline，theymettheMogulsinmanyawell—foughtfield；anddrovebackthestreamofhostilitytotheeastwardoftheEuphrates。^!ButitoverflowedwithresistlessviolencethekingdomsofArmenia^!!