[Footnote103:SeeDeGuignes，Hist。GeneratedesHuns，tom。i。
p。369—373andCardonne，Hist。del\'Afrique，&c。，souslaDominationdesArabestom。ii。p。70—144。TheircommonoriginalappearstobeNovairi。]
[Footnote104:TripolisaystheNubiangeographer，ormoreproperlytheSherifalEdrisiurbsfortis，saxeomurovallata，sitapropelittusmarisHancexpugnavitRogerius，quimulieribuscaptivisductis，virosperemit。]
[Footnote105:SeethegeographyofLeoAfricanus，inRamusiotom。i。fol。74verso。fol。75，recto，andShaw\'sTravels，p。
110，theviithbookofThuanus，andthexithoftheAbbedeVertot。ThepossessionanddefenceoftheplacewasofferedbyCharlesV。andwiselydeclinedbytheknightsofMalta。]
[Footnote106:PagihasaccuratelymarkedtheAfricanconquestsofRogerandhiscriticismwassuppliedbyhisfriendtheAbbedeLongueruewithsomeArabicmemorials，A。D。1147，No。26，27，A。D。1148，No。16，A。D。1153，No。16。]
[Footnote107:AppulusetCalaber，SiculusmihiservitetAfer。
Aproudinscription，whichdenotes，thattheNormanconquerorswerestilldiscriminatedfromtheirChristianandMoslemsubjects。]
[Footnote108:HugoFalcandusHist。Sicula，inMuratori，Script。
tom。vii。p。270，271ascribestheselossestotheneglectortreacheryoftheadmiralMajo。]
SincethedeceaseofRobertGuiscard，theNormanshadrelinquished，abovesixtyyears，theirhostiledesignsagainsttheempireoftheEast。ThepolicyofRogersolicitedapublicandprivateunionwiththeGreekprinces，whosealliancewoulddignifyhisregalcharacter:hedemandedinmarriageadaughteroftheComnenianfamily，andthefirststepsofthetreatyseemedtopromiseafavorableevent。Butthecontemptuoustreatmentofhisambassadorsexasperatedthevanityofthenewmonarch；andtheinsolenceoftheByzantinecourtwasexpiated，accordingtothelawsofnations，bythesufferingsofaguiltlesspeople。
^109Withthefleetofseventygalleys，George，theadmiralofSicily，appearedbeforeCorfu；andboththeislandandcityweredeliveredintohishandsbythedisaffectedinhabitants，whohadyettolearnthatasiegeisstillmorecalamitousthanatribute。Inthisinvasion，ofsomemomentintheannalsofcommerce，theNormansspreadthemselvesbysea，andovertheprovincesofGreece；andthevenerableageofAthens，Thebes，andCorinth，wasviolatedbyrapineandcruelty。OfthewrongsofAthens，nomemorialremains。Theancientwalls，whichencompassed，withoutguarding，theopulenceofThebes，werescaledbytheLatinChristians；buttheirsoleuseofthegospelwastosanctifyanoath，thatthelawfulownershadnotsecretedanyrelicoftheirinheritanceorindustry。OntheapproachoftheNormans，thelowertownofCorinthwasevacuated；theGreeksretiredtothecitadel，whichwasseatedonaloftyeminence，abundantlywateredbytheclassicfountainofPirene；animpregnablefortress，ifthewantofcouragecouldbebalancedbyanyadvantagesofartornature。Assoonasthebesiegershadsurmountedthelabortheirsolelaborofclimbingthehill，theirgeneral，fromthecommandingeminence，admiredhisownvictory，andtestifiedhisgratitudetoHeaven，bytearingfromthealtarthepreciousimageofTheodore，thetutelarysaint。
Thesilkweaversofbothsexes，whomGeorgetransportedtoSicily，composedthemostvaluablepartofthespoil；andincomparingtheskilfulindustryofthemechanicwiththeslothandcowardiceofthesoldier，hewasheardtoexclaimthatthedistaffandloomweretheonlyweaponswhichtheGreekswerecapableofusing。Theprogressofthisnavalarmamentwasmarkedbytwoconspicuousevents，therescueofthekingofFrance，andtheinsultoftheByzantinecapital。Inhisreturnbyseafromanunfortunatecrusade，LouistheSeventhwasinterceptedbytheGreeks，whobaselyviolatedthelawsofhonorandreligion。ThefortunateencounteroftheNormanfleetdeliveredtheroyalcaptive；andafterafreeandhonorableentertainmentinthecourtofSicily，LouiscontinuedhisjourneytoRomeandParis。
^110Intheabsenceoftheemperor，ConstantinopleandtheHellespontwereleftwithoutdefenceandwithoutthesuspicionofdanger。TheclergyandpeopleforthesoldiershadfollowedthestandardofManuelwereastonishedanddismayedatthehostileappearanceofalineofgalleys，whichboldlycastanchorinthefrontoftheImperialcity。TheforcesoftheSicilianadmiralwereinadequatetothesiegeorassaultofanimmenseandpopulousmetropolis；butGeorgeenjoyedthegloryofhumblingtheGreekarrogance，andofmarkingthepathofconquesttothenaviesoftheWest。Helandedsomesoldierstoriflethefruitsoftheroyalgardens，andpointedwithsilver，ormostprobablywithfire，thearrowswhichhedischargedagainstthepalaceoftheCaesars。^111ThisplayfuloutrageofthepiratesofSicily，whohadsurprisedanunguardedmoment，Manuelaffectedtodespise，whilehismartialspirit，andtheforcesoftheempire，wereawakenedtorevenge。TheArchipelagoandIonianSeawerecoveredwithhissquadronsandthoseofVenice；butIknownotbywhatfavorableallowanceoftransports，victuallers，andpinnaces，ourreason，orevenourfancy，canbereconciledtothestupendousaccountoffifteenhundredvessels，whichisproposedbyaByzantinehistorian。Theseoperationsweredirectedwithprudenceandenergy:inhishomewardvoyageGeorgelostnineteenofhisgalleys，whichwereseparatedandtaken:afteranobstinatedefence，Corfuimploredtheclemencyofherlawfulsovereign；norcouldaship，asoldier，oftheNormanprince，befound，unlessasacaptive，withinthelimitsoftheEasternempire。TheprosperityandthehealthofRogerwerealreadyinadecliningstate:whilehelistenedinhispalaceofPalermotothemessengersofvictoryordefeat，theinvincibleManuel，theforemostineveryassault，wascelebratedbytheGreeksandLatinsastheAlexanderortheHerculesoftheage。
[Footnote109:ThesilenceoftheSicilianhistorians，whoendtoosoon，orbegintoolate，mustbesuppliedbyOthoofFrisingen，aGerman，deGestisFredericiI。l。i。c。33，inMuratori，Script。tom。vi。p。668，theVenetianAndrewDandulus，Id。tom。xii。p。282，283andtheGreekwritersCinnamusl。
iii。c。2—5andNicetas，inManuel。l。iii。c。1—6。]
[Footnote110:TothisimperfectcaptureandspeedyrescueI
applyCinnamus，l。ii。c。19，p。49。Muratori，ontolerableevidence，Annalid\'Italia，tom。ix。p。420，421，laughsatthedelicacyoftheFrench，whomaintain，marisquenulloimpedientepericuloadregnumpropriumreversumesse；yetIobservethattheiradvocate，Ducange，islesspositiveasthecommentatoronCinnamus，thanastheeditorofJoinville。]
[Footnote111:Inpalatiumregiumsagittasigneasinjecit，saysDandulus；butNicetasl。ii。c。8，p。66transformsthem，andadds，thatManuelstyledthisinsult。Thesearrows，bythecompiler，VincentdeBeauvais，areagaintransmutedintogold。]
ChapterLVI:TheSaracens，TheFranksAndTheNormans。
PartV。
AprinceofsuchatempercouldnotbesatisfiedwithhavingrepelledtheinsolenceofaBarbarian。Itwastherightandduty，itmightbetheinterestandglory，ofManueltorestoretheancientmajestyoftheempire，torecovertheprovincesofItalyandSicily，andtochastisethispretendedking，thegrandsonofaNormanvassal。^112ThenativesofCalabriawerestillattachedtotheGreeklanguageandworship，whichhadbeeninexorablyproscribedbytheLatinclergy:afterthelossofherdukes，ApuliawaschainedasaservileappendagetothecrownofSicily；thefounderofthemonarchyhadruledbythesword；andhisdeathhadabatedthefear，withouthealingthediscontent，ofhissubjects:thefeudalgovernmentwasalwayspregnantwiththeseedsofrebellion；andanephewofRogerhimselfinvitedtheenemiesofhisfamilyandnation。Themajestyofthepurple，andaseriesofHungarianandTurkishwars，preventedManuelfromembarkinghispersonintheItalianexpedition。TothebraveandnoblePalaeologus，hislieutenant，theGreekmonarchintrustedafleetandarmy:thesiegeofBariwashisfirstexploit；and，ineveryoperation，goldaswellassteelwastheinstrumentofvictory。Salerno，andsomeplacesalongthewesterncoast，maintainedtheirfidelitytotheNormanking；buthelostintwocampaignsthegreaterpartofhiscontinentalpossessions；andthemodestemperor，disdainingallflatteryandfalsehood，wascontentwiththereductionofthreehundredcitiesorvillagesofApuliaandCalabria，whosenamesandtitleswereinscribedonallthewallsofthepalace。TheprejudicesoftheLatinsweregratifiedbyagenuineorfictitiousdonationunderthesealoftheGermanCaesars；^113butthesuccessorofConstantinesoonrenouncedthisignominiouspretence，claimedtheindefeasibledominionofItaly，andprofessedhisdesignofchasingtheBarbariansbeyondtheAlps。Bytheartfulspeeches，liberalgifts，andunboundedpromises，oftheirEasternally，thefreecitieswereencouragedtopersevereintheirgenerousstruggleagainstthedespotismofFredericBarbarossa:thewallsofMilanwererebuiltbythecontributionsofManuel；andhepoured，saysthehistorian，ariverofgoldintothebosomofAncona，whoseattachmenttotheGreekswasfortifiedbythejealousenmityoftheVenetians。^114ThesituationandtradeofAnconarendereditanimportantgarrisonintheheartofItaly:itwastwicebesiegedbythearmsofFrederic；theimperialforcesweretwicerepulsedbythespiritoffreedom；thatspiritwasanimatedbytheambassadorofConstantinople；andthemostintrepidpatriots，themostfaithfulservants，wererewardedbythewealthandhonorsoftheByzantinecourt。^115TheprideofManueldisdainedandrejectedaBarbariancolleague；hisambitionwasexcitedbythehopeofstrippingthepurplefromtheGermanusurpers，andofestablishing，intheWest，asintheEast，hislawfultitleofsoleemperoroftheRomans。Withthisview，hesolicitedtheallianceofthepeopleandthebishopofRome。SeveralofthenoblesembracedthecauseoftheGreekmonarch；thesplendidnuptialsofhisniecewithOdoFrangipanisecuredthesupportofthatpowerfulfamily，^116andhisroyalstandardorimagewasentertainedwithduereverenceintheancientmetropolis。^117
DuringthequarrelbetweenFredericandAlexandertheThird，thepopetwicereceivedintheVaticantheambassadorsofConstantinople。Theyflatteredhispietybythelong—promisedunionofthetwochurches，temptedtheavariceofhisvenalcourt，andexhortedtheRomanpontifftoseizethejustprovocation，thefavorablemoment，tohumblethesavageinsolenceoftheAlemanniandtoacknowledgethetruerepresentativeofConstantineandAugustus。^118
[Footnote112:FortheinvasionofItaly，whichisalmostoverlookedbyNicetasseethemorepolitehistoryofCinnamus，l。iv。c。1—15，p。78—101，whointroducesadiffusenarrativebyaloftyprofession，iii。5。]
[Footnote113:TheLatin，Otho，deGestisFredericiI。l。ii。c。
30，p。734，atteststheforgery；theGreek，Cinnamus，l。iv。c。
1，p。78，claimsapromiseofrestitutionfromConradandFrederic。AnactoffraudisalwayscrediblewhenitistoldoftheGreeks。]
[Footnote114:QuodAncontianiGraecumimperiumnimisdiligerent……VenetispecialiodioAnconamoderunt。Thecauseoflove，perhapsofenvy，werethebeneficia，flumenaureumoftheemperor；andtheLatinnarrativeisconfirmedbyCinnamus，l。
iv。c。14，p。98。]
[Footnote115:MuratorimentionsthetwosiegesofAncona；thefirst，in1167，againstFredericI。inpersonAnnali，tom。x。p。
39，&c。；thesecond，in1173，againsthislieutenantChristian，archbishopofMentz，amanunworthyofhisnameandoffice，p。
76，&c。Itisofthesecondsiegethatwepossessanoriginalnarrative，whichhehaspublishedinhisgreatcollection，tom。
vi。p。921—946。]
[Footnote116:WederivethisanecdotefromananonymouschronicleofFossaNova，publishedbyMuratori，Script。Ital。
tom。vii。p。874。]
[Footnote117:Cinnamusl。iv。c。14，p。99issusceptibleofthisdoublesense。AstandardismoreLatin，animagemoreGreek。]
[Footnote118:Nihilominusquoquepetebat，utquiaoccasiojustaettemposopportunumetacceptabileseobtulerant，Romanicoronaimperiiasanctoapostolosibiredderetur；quoniamnonadFredericiAlemanni，sedadsuumjusasseruitpertinere，Vit。
AlexandriIII。aCardinal。Arragoniae，inScript。RerumItal。
tom。iii。par。i。p。458。Hissecondembassywasaccompaniedcumimmensamultitudinepecuniarum。]
ButtheseItalianconquests，thisuniversalreign，soonescapedfromthehandoftheGreekemperor。HisfirstdemandswereeludedbytheprudenceofAlexandertheThird，whopausedonthisdeepandmomentousrevolution；^119norcouldthepopebeseducedbyapersonaldisputetorenouncetheperpetualinheritanceoftheLatinname。AfterthereunionwithFrederic，hespokeamoreperemptorylanguage，confirmedtheactsofhispredecessors，excommunicatedtheadherentsofManuel，andpronouncedthefinalseparationofthechurches，oratleasttheempires，ofConstantinopleandRome。^120ThefreecitiesofLombardynolongerrememberedtheirforeignbenefactor，andwithoutpreservingthefriendshipofAncona，hesoonincurredtheenmityofVenice。^121Byhisownavarice，orthecomplaintsofhissubjects，theGreekemperorwasprovokedtoarrestthepersons，andconfiscatetheeffects，oftheVenetianmerchants。
Thisviolationofthepublicfaithexasperatedafreeandcommercialpeople:onehundredgalleyswerelaunchedandarmedinasmanydays；theysweptthecoastsofDalmatiaandGreece:butaftersomemutualwounds，thewarwasterminatedbyanagreement，inglorioustotheempire，insufficientfortherepublic；andacompletevengeanceoftheseandoffreshinjurieswasreservedforthesucceedinggeneration。ThelieutenantofManuelhadinformedhissovereignthathewasstrongenoughtoquellanydomesticrevoltofApuliaandCalabria；butthathisforceswereinadequatetoresisttheimpendingattackofthekingofSicily。
Hisprophecywassoonverified:thedeathofPalaeologusdevolvedthecommandonseveralchiefs，alikeeminentinrank，alikedefectiveinmilitarytalents；theGreekswereoppressedbylandandsea；andacaptiveremnantthatescapedtheswordsoftheNormansandSaracens，abjuredallfuturehostilityagainstthepersonordominionsoftheirconqueror。^122YetthekingofSicilyesteemedthecourageandconstancyofManuel，whohadlandedasecondarmyontheItalianshore；herespectfullyaddressedthenewJustinian；solicitedapeaceortruceofthirtyyears，acceptedasagifttheregaltitle；andacknowledgedhimselfthemilitaryvassaloftheRomanempire。^123TheByzantineCaesarsacquiescedinthisshadowofdominion，withoutexpecting，perhapswithoutdesiring，theserviceofaNormanarmy；andthetruceofthirtyyearswasnotdisturbedbyanyhostilitiesbetweenSicilyandConstantinople。Abouttheendofthatperiod，thethroneofManuelwasusurpedbyaninhumantyrant，whohaddeservedtheabhorrenceofhiscountryandmankind:theswordofWilliamtheSecond，thegrandsonofRoger，wasdrawnbyafugitiveoftheComnenianrace；andthesubjectsofAndronicusmightsalutethestrangersasfriends，sincetheydetestedtheirsovereignastheworstofenemies。TheLatinhistorians^124expatiateontherapidprogressofthefourcountswhoinvadedRomaniawithafleetandarmy，andreducedmanycastlesandcitiestotheobedienceofthekingofSicily。
TheGreeks^125accuseandmagnifythewantonandsacrilegiouscrueltiesthatwereperpetratedinthesackofThessalonica，thesecondcityoftheempire。Theformerdeplorethefateofthoseinvinciblebutunsuspectingwarriorswhoweredestroyedbytheartsofavanquishedfoe。Thelatterapplaud，insongsoftriumph，therepeatedvictoriesoftheircountrymenontheSeaofMarmoraorPropontis，onthebanksoftheStrymon，andunderthewallsofDurazzo。ArevolutionwhichpunishedthecrimesofAndronicus，hadunitedagainsttheFranksthezealandcourageofthesuccessfulinsurgents:tenthousandwereslaininbattle，andIsaacAngelus，thenewemperor，mightindulgehisvanityorvengeanceinthetreatmentoffourthousandcaptives。SuchwastheeventofthelastcontestbetweentheGreeksandNormans:
beforetheexpirationoftwentyyears，therivalnationswerelostordegradedinforeignservitude；andthesuccessorsofConstantinedidnotlongsurvivetoinsultthefalloftheSicilianmonarchy。
[Footnote119:Nimisaltaetperplexasunt，Vit。AlexandriIII。
p。460，461，saysthecautiouspope。]
[Footnote120:Cinnamus，l。iv。c。14，p。99。]
[Footnote121:Inhisvithbook，CinnamusdescribestheVenetianwar，whichNicetashasnotthoughtworthyofhisattention。TheItalianaccounts，whichdonotsatisfyourcuriosity，arereportedbytheannalistMuratori，undertheyears1171，&c。]
[Footnote122:ThisvictoryismentionedbyRomualdofSalerno，inMuratori，Script。Ital。tom。vii。p。198。Itiswhimsicalenough，thatinthepraiseofthekingofSicily，Cinnamusl。
iv。c。13，p。97，98ismuchwarmerandcopiousthanFalcandus，p。268，270。ButtheGreekisfondofdescription，andtheLatinhistorianisnotfondofWilliamtheBad。]
[Footnote123:FortheepistleofWilliamI。seeCinnamusl。iv。
c。15，p。101，102andNicetas，l。ii。c。8。Itisdifficulttoaffirm，whethertheseGreeksdeceivedthemselves，orthepublic，intheseflatteringportraitsofthegrandeuroftheempire。]
[Footnote124:Icanonlyquote，oforiginalevidence，thepoorchroniclesofSicardofCremona，p。603，andofFossaNova，p。
875，astheyarepublishedintheviithtomeofMuratori\'shistorians。ThekingofSicilysenthistroopscontranequitiamAndronici……adacquirendumimperiumC。P。Theywere……
decepticaptique，byIsaac。]
[Footnote125:BythefailureofCinnamustoNicetasinAndronico，l……c。7，8，9，l。ii。c。1，inIsaacAngelo，l。i。
c。1—4，whonowbecomesarespectablecontemporary。Ashesurvivedtheemperorandtheempire，heisaboveflattery；butthefallofConstantinopleexasperatedhisprejudicesagainsttheLatins。ForthehonoroflearningIshallobservethatHomer\'sgreatcommentator，EustathiasarchbishopofThessalonica，refusedtodeserthisflock。]
ThesceptreofRogersuccessivelydevolvedtohissonandgrandson:theymightbeconfoundedunderthenameofWilliam:
theyarestronglydiscriminatedbytheepithetsofthebadandthegood；buttheseepithets，whichappeartodescribetheperfectionofviceandvirtue，cannotstrictlybeappliedtoeitheroftheNormanprinces。Whenhewasrousedtoarmsbydangerandshame，thefirstWilliamdidnotdegeneratefromthevalorofhisrace；buthistemperwasslothful；hismannersweredissolute；hispassionsheadstrongandmischievous；andthemonarchisresponsible，notonlyforhispersonalvices，butforthoseofMajo，thegreatadmiral，whoabusedtheconfidence，andconspiredagainstthelife，ofhisbenefactor。FromtheArabianconquest，SicilyhadimbibedadeeptinctureofOrientalmanners；