II。WhentheblackswarmofHungariansfirsthungoverEurope，aboveninehundredyearsaftertheChristianaera，theyweremistakenbyfearandsuperstitionfortheGogandMagogoftheScriptures，thesignsandforerunnersoftheendoftheworld。^17Sincetheintroductionofletters，theyhaveexploredtheirownantiquitieswithastrongandlaudableimpulseofpatrioticcuriosity。^18TheirrationalcriticismcannolongerbeamusedwithavainpedigreeofAttilaandtheHuns；buttheycomplainthattheirprimitiverecordshaveperishedintheTartarwar；thatthetruthorfictionoftheirrusticsongsislongsinceforgotten；andthatthefragmentsofarudechronicle^19
mustbepainfullyreconciledwiththecontemporarythoughforeignintelligenceoftheimperialgeographer。^20MagiaristhenationalandorientaldenominationoftheHungarians；but，amongthetribesofScythia，theyaredistinguishedbytheGreeksundertheproperandpeculiarnameofTurks，asthedescendantsofthatmightypeoplewhohadconqueredandreignedfromChinatotheVolga。ThePannoniancolonypreservedacorrespondenceoftradeandamitywiththeeasternTurksontheconfinesofPersiaandafteraseparationofthreehundredandfiftyyears，themissionariesofthekingofHungarydiscoveredandvisitedtheirancientcountrynearthebanksoftheVolga。TheywerehospitablyentertainedbyapeopleofPagansandSavageswhostillborethenameofHungarians；conversedintheirnativetongue，recollectedatraditionoftheirlong—lostbrethren，andlistenedwithamazementtothemarvelloustaleoftheirnewkingdomandreligion。Thezealofconversionwasanimatedbytheinterestofconsanguinity；andoneofthegreatestoftheirprinceshadformedthegenerous，thoughfruitless，designofreplenishingthesolitudeofPannoniabythisdomesticcolonyfromtheheartofTartary。^21FromthisprimitivecountrytheyweredriventotheWestbythetideofwarandemigration，bytheweightofthemoredistanttribes，whoatthesametimewerefugitivesandconquerors。ReasonorfortunedirectedtheircoursetowardsthefrontiersoftheRomanempire:theyhaltedintheusualstationsalongthebanksofthegreatrivers；andintheterritoriesofMoscow，Kiow，andMoldavia，somevestigeshavebeendiscoveredoftheirtemporaryresidence。Inthislongandvariousperegrination，theycouldnotalwaysescapethedominionofthestronger；andthepurityoftheirbloodwasimprovedorsulliedbythemixtureofaforeignrace:fromamotiveofcompulsion，orchoice，severaltribesoftheChazarswereassociatedtothestandardoftheirancientvassals；introducedtheuseofasecondlanguage；andobtainedbytheirsuperiorrenownthemosthonorableplaceinthefrontofbattle。ThemilitaryforceoftheTurksandtheiralliesmarchedinsevenequalandartificialdivisions；eachdivisionwasformedofthirtythousandeighthundredandfifty—sevenwarriors，andtheproportionofwomen，children，andservants，supposesandrequiresatleastamillionofemigrants。Theirpubliccounselsweredirectedbysevenvayvods，orhereditarychiefs；buttheexperienceofdiscordandweaknessrecommendedthemoresimpleandvigorousadministrationofasingleperson。Thesceptre，whichhadbeendeclinedbythemodestLebedias，wasgrantedtothebirthormeritofAlmusandhissonArpad，andtheauthorityofthesupremekhanoftheChazarsconfirmedtheengagementoftheprinceandpeople；ofthepeopletoobeyhiscommands，oftheprincetoconsulttheirhappinessandglory。
[Footnote17:AbishopofWurtzburghsubmittedhisopiniontoareverendabbot；buthemoregravelydecided，thatGogandMagogwerethespiritualpersecutorsofthechurch；sinceGogsignifiestheroot，theprideoftheHeresiarchs，andMagogwhatcomesfromtheroot，thepropagationoftheirsects。Yetthesemenoncecommandedtherespectofmankind，Fleury，Hist。Eccles。tom。xi。
p。594，&c。]
[Footnote18:Thetwonationalauthors，fromwhomIhavederivedthemosassistance，areGeorgePrayDissertationesandAnnalesveterumHungarorum，&c。，Vindobonae，1775，infolioandStephenKatona，Hist。CriticaDucumetRegumHungariaeStirpisArpadianae，Paestini，1778—1781，5vols。inoctavo。Thefirstembracesalargeandoftenconjecturalspace；thelatter，byhislearning，judgment，andperspicuity，deservesthenameofacriticalhistorian。
Note:CompareEngelGeschichtedesUngrischenReichsundseinerNebenlander，Halle，1797，andMailath，GeschichtederMagyaren，Wien，1828。Inanappendixtothelatterworkwillbefoundabriefabstractofthespeculationsforitisdifficulttoconsiderthemmorewhichhavebeenadvancedbythelearned，ontheoriginoftheMagyarandHungariannames。Comparevol。vi。
p。35，note。—M。]
[Footnote19:TheauthorofthisChronicleisstyledthenotaryofKingBela。Katonahasassignedhimtothexiithcentury，anddefendshischaracteragainstthehypercriticismofPray。Thisrudeannalistmusthavetranscribedsomehistoricalrecords，sincehecouldaffirmwithdignity，rejectisfalsisfabulisrusticorum，etgarrulocantujoculatorum。Inthexvthcentury，thesefableswerecollectedbyThurotzius，andembellishedbytheItalianBonfinius。SeethePreliminaryDiscourseintheHist。
CriticaDucum，p。7—33。]
[Footnote20:SeeConstantinedeAdministrandoImperio，c。3，4，13，38—42，Katonahasnicelyfixedthecompositionofthisworktotheyears949，950，951，p。4—7。Thecriticalhistorianp。34—107endeavorstoprovetheexistence，andtorelatetheactions，ofafirstdukeAlmusthefatherofArpad，whoistacitlyrejectedbyConstantine。]
[Footnote21:PrayDissert。p。37—39，&c。producesandillustratestheoriginalpassagesoftheHungarianmissionaries，BonfiniusandAeneasSylvius。]
[Footnote*:Inthedesertstothesouth—eastofAstrakhanhavebeenfoundtheruinsofacitynamedMadchar，whichprovestheresidenceoftheHungariansorMagiarinthoseregions。PrecisdelaGeog。Univ。parMalteBrun，vol。i。p。353。—G。
ThisiscontestedbyKlaprothinhisTravels，c。xxi。
Madschar，hestatesinoldTartar，means\"stonebuilding。\"ThiswasaTartarcitymentionedbytheMahometanwriters。—M。]
Withthisnarrativewemightbereasonablycontent，ifthepenetrationofmodernlearninghadnotopenedanewandlargerprospectoftheantiquitiesofnations。TheHungarianlanguagestandsalone，andasitwereinsulated，amongtheSclavoniandialects；butitbearsacloseandclearaffinitytotheidiomsoftheFennicrace，^22ofanobsoleteandsavagerace，whichformerlyoccupiedthenorthernregionsofAsiaandEurope。ThegenuineappellationofUgriorIgoursisfoundonthewesternconfinesofChina；^23theirmigrationtothebanksoftheIrtishisattestedbyTartarevidence；^24asimilarnameandlanguagearedetectedinthesouthernpartsofSiberia；^25andtheremainsoftheFennictribesarewidely，thoughthinlyscatteredfromthesourcesoftheObytotheshoresofLapland。^26TheconsanguinityoftheHungariansandLaplanderswoulddisplaythepowerfulenergyofclimateonthechildrenofacommonparent；
thelivelycontrastbetweentheboldadventurerswhoareintoxicatedwiththewinesoftheDanube，andthewretchedfugitiveswhoareimmersedbeneaththesnowsofthepolarcircle。
Armsandfreedomhaveeverbeentheruling，thoughtoooftentheunsuccessful，passionoftheHungarians，whoareendowedbynaturewithavigorousconstitutionofsoulandbody。^27ExtremecoldhasdiminishedthestatureandcongealedthefacultiesoftheLaplanders；andthearctictribes，aloneamongthesonsofmen，areignorantofwar，andunconsciousofhumanblood；ahappyignorance，ifreasonandvirtueweretheguardiansoftheirpeace!^28
[Footnote22:FischerintheQuaestionesPetropolitanae，deOrigineUngrorum，andPray，Dissertat。i。ii。iii。&c。，havedrawnupseveralcomparativetablesoftheHungarianwiththeFennicdialects。Theaffinityisindeedstriking，butthelistsareshort；thewordsarepurposelychosen；andIreadinthelearnedBayer，Comment。Academ。Petropol。tom。x。p。374，thatalthoughtheHungarianhasadoptedmanyFennicwords，innumerasvoces，itessentiallydifferstotogenioetnatura。]
[Footnote*:TheconnectionbetweentheMagyarlanguageandthatoftheFinnsisnowalmostgenerallyadmitted。Klaproth，AsiaPolyglotta，p。188，&c。MalteBran，tom。vi。p。723，&c。—M。]
[Footnote23:InthereligionofTurfan，whichisclearlyandminutelydescribedbytheChineseGeographers，Gaubil，Hist。duGrandGengiscan，13；DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。ii。p。31，&c。]
[Footnote24:Hist。GenealogiquedesTartars，parAbulghaziBahadurKhanpartieii。p。90—98。]
[Footnote25:IntheirjourneytoPekin，bothIsbrandIvesHarris\'sCollectionofVoyagesandTravels，vol。ii。p。920，921andBellTravels，vol。ip。174foundtheVogulitzintheneighborhoodofTobolsky。Bythetorturesoftheetymologicalart，UgurandVogularereducedtothesamename；thecircumjacentmountainsreallybeartheappellationofUgrian；andofalltheFennicdialects，theVogulianisthenearesttotheHungarian，Fischer，Dissert。i。p。20—30。Pray。Dissert。ii。
p。31—34。]
[Footnote26:TheeighttribesoftheFennicracearedescribedinthecuriousworkofM。Leveque，Hist。desPeuplessoumisalaDominationdelaRussie，tom。ii。p。361—561。]
[Footnote27:ThispictureoftheHungariansandBulgariansischieflydrawnfromtheTacticsofLeo，p。796—801，andtheLatinAnnals，whichareallegedbyBaronius，Pagi，andMuratori，A。D。889，&c。]
[Footnote28:Buffon，Hist。Naturelle，tom。v。p。6，in12mo。
GustavusAdolphusattempted，withoutsuccess，toformaregimentofLaplanders。Grotiussaysofthesearctictribes，armaarcusetpharetra，sedadversusferas，Annal。l。iv。p。236；andattempts，afterthemannerofTacitus，tovarnishwithphilosophytheirbrutalignorance。]
ChapterLV:TheBulgarians，TheHungariansAndTheRussians。
PartII。
ItistheobservationoftheImperialauthoroftheTactics，^29thatalltheScythianhordesresembledeachotherintheirpastoralandmilitarylife，thattheyallpractisedthesamemeansofsubsistence，andemployedthesameinstrumentsofdestruction。Butheadds，thatthetwonationsofBulgariansandHungariansweresuperiortotheirbrethren，andsimilartoeachotherintheimprovements，howeverrude，oftheirdisciplineandgovernment:theirvisiblelikenessdeterminesLeotoconfoundhisfriendsandenemiesinonecommondescription；andthepicturemaybeheightenedbysomestrokesfromtheircontemporariesofthetenthcentury。Exceptthemeritandfameofmilitaryprowess，allthatisvaluedbymankindappearedvileandcontemptibletotheseBarbarians，whosenativefiercenesswasstimulatedbytheconsciousnessofnumbersandfreedom。ThetentsoftheHungarianswereofleather，theirgarmentsoffur；
theyshavedtheirhair，andscarifiedtheirfaces:inspeechtheywereslow，inactionprompt，intreatyperfidious；andtheysharedthecommonreproachofBarbarians，tooignoranttoconceivetheimportanceoftruth，tooproudtodenyorpalliatethebreachoftheirmostsolemnengagements。Theirsimplicityhasbeenpraised；yettheyabstainedonlyfromtheluxurytheyhadneverknown；whatevertheysawtheycoveted；theirdesireswereinsatiate，andtheirsoleindustrywasthehandofviolenceandrapine。Bythedefinitionofapastoralnation，Ihaverecalledalongdescriptionoftheeconomy，thewarfare，andthegovernmentthatprevailinthatstateofsociety；Imayadd，thattofishing，aswellastothechase，theHungarianswereindebtedforapartoftheirsubsistence；andsincetheyseldomcultivatedtheground，theymust，atleastintheirnewsettlements，havesometimespractisedaslightandunskilfulhusbandry。Intheiremigrations，perhapsintheirexpeditions，thehostwasaccompaniedbythousandsofsheepandoxenwhichincreasedthecloudofformidabledust，andaffordedaconstantandwholesalesupplyofmilkandanimalfood。Aplentifulcommandofforagewasthefirstcareofthegeneral，andiftheflocksandherdsweresecureoftheirpastures，thehardywarriorwasalikeinsensibleofdangerandfatigue。Theconfusionofmenandcattlethatoverspreadthecountryexposedtheircamptoanocturnalsurprise，hadnotastillwidercircuitbeenoccupiedbytheirlightcavalry，perpetuallyinmotiontodiscoveranddelaytheapproachoftheenemy。AftersomeexperienceoftheRomantactics，theyadoptedtheuseoftheswordandspear，thehelmetofthesoldier，andtheironbreastplateofhissteed:buttheirnativeanddeadlyweaponwastheTartarbow:fromtheearliestinfancytheirchildrenandservantswereexercisedinthedoublescienceofarcheryandhorsemanship；theirarmwasstrong；theiraimwassure；andinthemostrapidcareer，theyweretaughttothrowthemselvesbackwards，andtoshootavolleyofarrowsintotheair。Inopencombat，insecretambush，inflight，orpursuit，theywereequallyformidable；anappearanceoforderwasmaintainedintheforemostranks，buttheirchargewasdrivenforwardsbytheimpatientpressureofsucceedingcrowds。Theypursued，headlongandrash，withloosenedreinsandhorrificoutcries；but，iftheyfled，withrealordissembledfear，theardorofapursuingfoewascheckedandchastisedbythesamehabitsofirregularspeedandsuddenevolution。Intheabuseofvictory，theyastonishedEurope，yetsmartingfromthewoundsoftheSaracenandtheDane:mercytheyrarelyasked，andmorerarelybestowed:bothsexeswereaccusedisequallyinaccessibletopity，andtheirappetiteforrawfleshmightcountenancethepopulartale，thattheydranktheblood，andfeastedontheheartsoftheslain。YettheHungarianswerenotdevoidofthoseprinciplesofjusticeandhumanity，whichnaturehasimplantedineverybosom。Thelicenseofpublicandprivateinjurieswasrestrainedbylawsandpunishments；andinthesecurityofanopencamp，theftisthemosttemptingandmostdangerousoffence。AmongtheBarbariansthereweremany，whosespontaneousvirtuesuppliedtheirlawsandcorrectedtheirmanners，whoperformedtheduties，andsympathizedwiththeaffections，ofsociallife。
[Footnote29:Leohasobserved，thatthegovernmentoftheTurkswasmonarchical，andthattheirpunishmentswererigorous，Tactic。p。896RheginoinChron。A。D。889mentionstheftasacapitalcrime，andhisjurisprudenceisconfirmedbytheoriginalcodeofSt。Stephen，A。D。1016。Ifaslavewereguilty，hewaschastised，forthefirsttime，withthelossofhisnose，orafineoffiveheifers；forthesecond，withthelossofhisears，orasimilarfine；forthethird，withdeath；whichthefreemandidnotincurtillthefourthoffence，ashisfirstpenaltywasthelossofliberty，Katona，Hist。RegumHungartom。i。p。231，232。]
Afteralongpilgrimageofflightorvictory，theTurkishhordesapproachedthecommonlimitsoftheFrenchandByzantineempires。TheirfirstconquestsandfinalsettlementsextendedoneithersideoftheDanubeaboveVienna，belowBelgrade，andbeyondthemeasureoftheRomanprovinceofPannonia，orthemodernkingdomofHungary。^30ThatampleandfertilelandwaslooselyoccupiedbytheMoravians，aSclavoniannameandtribe，whichweredrivenbytheinvadersintothecompassofanarrowprovince。CharlemagnehadstretchedavagueandnominalempireasfarastheedgeofTransylvania；but，afterthefailureofhislegitimateline，thedukesofMoraviaforgottheirobedienceandtributetothemonarchsofOrientalFrance。ThebastardArnulphwasprovokedtoinvitethearmsoftheTurks:theyrushedthroughtherealorfigurativewall，whichhisindiscretionhadthrownopen；andthekingofGermanyhasbeenjustlyreproachedasatraitortothecivilandecclesiasticalsocietyoftheChristians。DuringthelifeofArnulph，theHungarianswerecheckedbygratitudeorfear；butintheinfancyofhissonLewistheydiscoveredandinvadedBavaria；andsuchwastheirScythianspeed，thatinasingledayacircuitoffiftymileswasstrippedandconsumed。InthebattleofAugsburghtheChristiansmaintainedtheiradvantagetilltheseventhhouroftheday，theyweredeceivedandvanquishedbytheflyingstratagemsoftheTurkishcavalry。TheconflagrationspreadovertheprovincesofBavaria，Swabia，andFranconia；andtheHungarians^31promotedthereignofanarchy，byforcingthestoutestbaronstodisciplinetheirvassalsandfortifytheircastles。Theoriginofwalledtownsisascribedtothiscalamitousperiod；norcouldanydistancebesecureagainstanenemy，who，almostatthesameinstant，laidinashestheHelvetianmonasteryofSt。Gall，andthecityofBremen，ontheshoresofthenorthernocean。AbovethirtyyearstheGermanicempire，orkingdom，wassubjecttotheignominyoftribute；andresistancewasdisarmedbythemenace，theseriousandeffectualmenaceofdraggingthewomenandchildrenintocaptivity，andofslaughteringthemalesabovetheageoftenyears。IhaveneitherpowernorinclinationtofollowtheHungariansbeyondtheRhine；butImustobservewithsurprise，thatthesouthernprovincesofFrancewereblastedbythetempest，andthatSpain，behindherPyrenees，wasastonishedattheapproachoftheseformidablestrangers。^32ThevicinityofItalyhadtemptedtheirearlyinroads；butfromtheircampontheBrenta，theybeheldwithsometerrortheapparentstrengthandpopulousnessofthenewdiscoveredcountry。Theyrequestedleavetoretire；theirrequestwasproudlyrejectedbytheItalianking；andthelivesoftwentythousandChristianspaidtheforfeitofhisobstinacyandrashness。AmongthecitiesoftheWest，theroyalPaviawasconspicuousinfameandsplendor；
andthepreeminenceofRomeitselfwasonlyderivedfromtherelicsoftheapostles。TheHungariansappeared；Paviawasinflames；forty—threechurcheswereconsumed；and，afterthemassacreofthepeople，theysparedabouttwohundredwretcheswhohadgatheredsomebushelsofgoldandsilveravagueexaggerationfromthesmokingruinsoftheircountry。IntheseannualexcursionsfromtheAlpstotheneighborhoodofRomeandCapua，thechurches，thatyetescaped，resoundedwithafearfullitany:\"O，saveanddeliverusfromthearrowsoftheHungarians!\"Butthesaintsweredeaforinexorable；andthetorrentrolledforwards，tillitwasstoppedbytheextremelandofCalabria。^33AcompositionwasofferedandacceptedfortheheadofeachItaliansubject；andtenbushelsofsilverwerepouredforthintheTurkishcamp。Butfalsehoodisthenaturalantagonistofviolence；andtherobbersweredefraudedbothinthenumbersoftheassessmentandthestandardofthemetal。OnthesideoftheEast，theHungarianswereopposedindoubtfulconflictbytheequalarmsoftheBulgarians，whosefaithforbadeanalliancewiththePagans，andwhosesituationformedthebarrieroftheByzantineempire。Thebarrierwasoverturned；theemperorofConstantinoplebeheldthewavingbannersoftheTurks；