[Footnote17:PetrusSiculus，p。763，764，thecontinuatorofTheophanes，l。iv。c。4，p。103，104，Cedrenus，p。541，542，545，andZonaras，tom。ii。l。xvi。p。156，describetherevoltandexploitsofCarbeasandhisPaulicians。]
[Footnote18:OtterVoyageenTurquieetenPerse，tom。ii。isprobablytheonlyFrankwhohasvisitedtheindependentBarbariansofTephricenowDivrigni，fromwhomhefortunatelyescapedinthetrainofaTurkishofficer。]
[Footnote19:InthehistoryofChrysocheir，GenesiusChron。p。
67—70，edit。Venet。hasexposedthenakednessoftheempire。
ConstantinePorphyrogenitusinVit。Basil。c。37—43，p。166—
171hasdisplayedthegloryofhisgrandfather。Cedrenusp。
570—573iswithouttheirpassionsortheirknowledge。]
[Footnote20:HowelegantistheGreektongue，eveninthemouthofCedrenus!]
ChapterLIV:OriginAndDoctrineOfThePaulicians。
PartII。
Aboutthemiddleoftheeightcentury，Constantine，surnamedCopronymusbytheworshippersofimages，hadmadeanexpeditionintoArmenia，andfound，inthecitiesofMeliteneandTheodosiopolis，agreatnumberofPaulicians，hiskindredheretics。Asafavor，orpunishment，hetransplantedthemfromthebanksoftheEuphratestoConstantinopleandThrace；andbythisemigrationtheirdoctrinewasintroducedanddiffusedinEurope。^21Ifthesectariesofthemetropolisweresoonmingledwiththepromiscuousmass，thoseofthecountrystruckadeeprootinaforeignsoil。ThePauliciansofThraceresistedthestormsofpersecution，maintainedasecretcorrespondencewiththeirArmenianbrethren，andgaveaidandcomforttotheirpreachers，whosolicited，notwithoutsuccess，theinfantfaithoftheBulgarians。^22Inthetenthcentury，theywererestoredandmultipliedbyamorepowerfulcolony，whichJohnZimisces^23
transportedfromtheChalybianhillstothevalleysofMountHaemus。TheOrientalclergywhowouldhavepreferredthedestruction，impatientlysighedfortheabsence，oftheManichaeans:thewarlikeemperorhadfeltandesteemedtheirvalor:theirattachmenttotheSaracenswaspregnantwithmischief；but，onthesideoftheDanube，againsttheBarbariansofScythia，theirservicemightbeuseful，andtheirlosswouldbedesirable。Theirexileinadistantlandwassoftenedbyafreetoleration:thePauliciansheldthecityofPhilippopolisandthekeysofThrace；theCatholicsweretheirsubjects；theJacobiteemigrantstheirassociates:theyoccupiedalineofvillagesandcastlesinMacedoniaandEpirus；andmanynativeBulgarianswereassociatedtothecommunionofarmsandheresy。
Aslongastheywereawedbypowerandtreatedwithmoderation，theirvoluntarybandsweredistinguishedinthearmiesoftheempire；andthecourageofthesedogs，evergreedyofwar，everthirstyofhumanblood，isnoticedwithastonishment，andalmostwithreproach，bythepusillanimousGreeks。Thesamespiritrenderedthemarrogantandcontumacious:theywereeasilyprovokedbycapriceorinjury；andtheirprivilegeswereoftenviolatedbythefaithlessbigotryofthegovernmentandclergy。
InthemidstoftheNormanwar，twothousandfivehundredManichaeansdesertedthestandardofAlexiusComnenus，^24andretiredtotheirnativehomes。Hedissembledtillthemomentofrevenge；invitedthechiefstoafriendlyconference；andpunishedtheinnocentandguiltybyimprisonment，confiscation，andbaptism。Inanintervalofpeace，theemperorundertookthepiousofficeofreconcilingthemtothechurchandstate:hiswinterquarterswerefixedatPhilippopolis；andthethirteenthapostle，asheisstyledbyhispiousdaughter，consumedwholedaysandnightsintheologicalcontroversy。Hisargumentswerefortified，theirobstinacywasmelted，bythehonorsandrewardswhichhebestowedonthemosteminentproselytes；andanewcity，surroundedwithgardens，enrichedwithimmunities，anddignifiedwithhisownname，wasfoundedbyAlexiusfortheresidenceofhisvulgarconverts。TheimportantstationofPhilippopoliswaswrestedfromtheirhands；thecontumaciousleadersweresecuredinadungeon，orbanishedfromtheircountry；andtheirlivesweresparedbytheprudence，ratherthanthemercy，ofanemperor，atwhosecommandapoorandsolitaryhereticwasburntalivebeforethechurchofSt。Sophia。^25ButtheproudhopeoferadicatingtheprejudicesofanationwasspeedilyoverturnedbytheinvinciblezealofthePaulicians，whoceasedtodissembleorrefusedtoobey。AfterthedepartureanddeathofAlexius，theysoonresumedtheircivilandreligiouslaws。Inthebeginningofthethirteenthcentury，theirpopeorprimateamanifestcorruptionresidedontheconfinesofBulgaria，Croatia，andDalmatia，andgoverned，byhisvicars，thefilialcongregationsofItalyandFrance。^26Fromthataera，aminutescrutinymightprolongandperpetuatethechainoftradition。Attheendofthelastage，thesectorcolonystillinhabitedthevalleysofMountHaemus，wheretheirignoranceandpovertyweremorefrequentlytormentedbytheGreekclergythanbytheTurkishgovernment。ThemodernPaulicianshavelostallmemoryoftheirorigin；andtheirreligionisdisgracedbytheworshipofthecross，andthepracticeofbloodysacrifice，whichsomecaptiveshaveimportedfromthewildsofTartary。^27
[Footnote21:Copronymustransportedhisheretics；andthussaysCedrenus，p。463，whohascopiedtheannalsofTheophanes。]
[Footnote22:PetrusSiculus，whoresidedninemonthsatTephriceA。D。870fortheransomofcaptives，p。764，wasinformedoftheirintendedmission，andaddressedhispreservative，theHistoriaManichaeorumtothenewarchbishopoftheBulgarians，p。754。]
[Footnote23:ThecolonyofPauliciansandJacobitestransplantedbyJohnZimiscesA。D。970fromArmeniatoThrace，ismentionedbyZonarastom。ii。l。xvii。p。209andAnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。xiv。p。450，&c。]
[Footnote24:TheAlexiadofAnnaComnenal。v。p。131，l。vi。
p。154，155，l。xiv。p。450—457，withtheAnnotationsofDucangerecordsthetransactionsofherapostolicfatherwiththeManichaeans，whoseabominableheresyshewasdesirousofrefuting。]
[Footnote25:Basil，amonk，andtheauthoroftheBogomiles，asectofGnostics，whosoonvanished，AnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。
xv。p。486—494Mosheim，Hist。Ecclesiastica，p。420。]
[Footnote26:Matt。Paris，Hist。Major，p。267。ThispassageofourEnglishhistorianisallegedbyDucangeinanexcellentnoteonVillehardouinNo。208，whofoundthePauliciansatPhilippopolisthefriendsoftheBulgarians。]
[Footnote27:SeeMarsigli，StatoMilitaredell\'ImperioOttomano，p。24。]
IntheWest，thefirstteachersoftheManichaeantheologyhadbeenrepulsedbythepeople，orsuppressedbytheprince。
ThefavorandsuccessofthePauliciansintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesmustbeimputedtothestrong，thoughsecret，discontentwhicharmedthemostpiousChristiansagainstthechurchofRome。Heravaricewasoppressive，herdespotismodious；lessdegenerateperhapsthantheGreeksintheworshipofsaintsandimages，herinnovationsweremorerapidandscandalous:shehadrigorouslydefinedandimposedthedoctrineoftransubstantiation:thelivesoftheLatinclergyweremorecorrupt，andtheEasternbishopsmightpassforthesuccessorsoftheapostles，iftheywerecomparedwiththelordlyprelates，whowieldedbyturnsthecrosier，thesceptre，andthesword。ThreedifferentroadsmightintroducethePauliciansintotheheartofEurope。AftertheconversionofHungary，thepilgrimswhovisitedJerusalemmightsafelyfollowthecourseoftheDanube:
intheirjourneyandreturntheypassedthroughPhilippopolis；
andthesectaries，disguisingtheirnameandheresy，mightaccompanytheFrenchorGermancaravanstotheirrespectivecountries。ThetradeanddominionofVenicepervadedthecoastoftheAdriatic，andthehospitablerepublicopenedherbosomtoforeignersofeveryclimateandreligion。UndertheByzantinestandard，thePaulicianswereoftentransportedtotheGreekprovincesofItalyandSicily:inpeaceandwar，theyfreelyconversedwithstrangersandnatives，andtheiropinionsweresilentlypropagatedinRome，Milan，andthekingdomsbeyondtheAlps。^28Itwassoondiscovered，thatmanythousandCatholicsofeveryrank，andofeithersex，hadembracedtheManichaeanheresy；andtheflameswhichconsumedtwelvecanonsofOrleanswasthefirstactandsignalofpersecution。TheBulgarians，^29
anamesoinnocentinitsorigin，soodiousinitsapplication，spreadtheirbranchesoverthefaceofEurope。UnitedincommonhatredofidolatryandRome，theywereconnectedbyaformofepiscopalandpresbyteriangovernment；theirvarioussectswerediscriminatedbysomefainterordarkershadesoftheology；buttheygenerallyagreedinthetwoprinciples，thecontemptoftheOldTestamentandthedenialofthebodyofChrist，eitheronthecrossorintheeucharist。Aconfessionofsimpleworshipandblamelessmannersisextortedfromtheirenemies；andsohighwastheirstandardofperfection，thattheincreasingcongregationsweredividedintotwoclassesofdisciples，ofthosewhopractised，andofthosewhoaspired。ItwasinthecountryoftheAlbigeois，^30inthesouthernprovincesofFrance，thatthePauliciansweremostdeeplyimplanted；andthesamevicissitudesofmartyrdomandrevengewhichhadbeendisplayedintheneighborhoodoftheEuphrates，wererepeatedinthethirteenthcenturyonthebanksoftheRhone。ThelawsoftheEasternemperorswererevivedbyFrederictheSecond。TheinsurgentsofTephricewererepresentedbythebaronsandcitiesofLanguedoc:
PopeInnocentIII。surpassedthesanguinaryfameofTheodora。ItwasincrueltyalonethathersoldierscouldequaltheheroesoftheCrusades，andthecrueltyofherpriestswasfarexcelledbythefoundersoftheInquisition；^31anofficemoreadaptedtoconfirm，thantorefute，thebeliefofanevilprinciple。ThevisibleassembliesofthePaulicians，orAlbigeois，wereextirpatedbyfireandsword；andthebleedingremnantescapedbyflight，concealment，orCatholicconformity。ButtheinvinciblespiritwhichtheyhadkindledstilllivedandbreathedintheWesternworld。Inthestate，inthechurch，andeveninthecloister，alatentsuccessionwaspreservedofthedisciplesofSt。Paul；whoprotestedagainstthetyrannyofRome，embracedtheBibleastheruleoffaith，andpurifiedtheircreedfromallthevisionsoftheGnostictheology。ThestrugglesofWickliffinEngland，ofHussinBohemia，wereprematureandineffectual；butthenamesofZuinglius，Luther，andCalvin，arepronouncedwithgratitudeasthedeliverersofnations。
[Footnote28:TheintroductionofthePauliciansintoItalyandFranceisamplydiscussedbyMuratoriAntiquitat。ItaliaeMediiAevi，tom。v。dissert。lx。p。81—152andMosheim，p。379—
382，419—422。YetbothhaveoverlookedacuriouspassageofWilliamtheApulian，whoclearlydescribestheminabattlebetweentheGreeksandNormans，A。D。1040，inMuratori，Script。
RerumItal。tom。v。p。256:
CumGraecisaderantquidam，quospessimuserrorFeceratamentes，etabipsonomenhabebant。]
ButheissoignorantoftheirdoctrineastomakethemakindofSabelliansorPatripassians。]
[Footnote29:Bulgari，Boulgres，Bougres，anationalappellation，hasbeenappliedbytheFrenchasatermofreproachtousurersandunnaturalsinners。ThePaterini，orPatelini，hasbeenmadetosignifyasmoothandflatteringhypocrite，suchasl\'AvocatPatelinofthatoriginalandpleasantfarce，Ducange，Gloss。
Latinitat。MediietInfimiAevi。TheManichaeanswerelikewisenamedCathariorthepure，bycorruption。Gazari，&c。]
[Footnote30:Ofthelaws，crusade，andpersecutionagainsttheAlbigeois，ajust，thoughgeneral，ideaisexpressedbyMosheim，p。477—481。Thedetailmaybefoundintheecclesiasticalhistorians，ancientandmodern，CatholicsandProtestants；andamongsttheseFleuryisthemostimpartialandmoderate。]
[Footnote31:TheActsLiberSententiarumoftheInquisitionofTholouseA。D。1307—1323havebeenpublishedbyLimborch，Amstelodami，1692，withapreviousHistoryoftheInquisitioningeneral。Theydeservedamorelearnedandcriticaleditor。
AswemustnotcalumniateevenSatan，ortheHolyOffice，Iwillobserve，thatofalistofcriminalswhichfillsnineteenfoliopages，onlyfifteenmenandfourwomenweredeliveredtotheseculararm。]
[Footnote*:Thepopularityof\"Milner\'sHistoryoftheChurch\"
withsomereaders，maymakeitpropertoobserve，thathisattempttoexculpatethePauliciansfromthechargeofGnosticismorManicheismisindirectdefiance，ifnotinignorance，ofalltheoriginalauthorities。Gibbonhimself，itappears，wasnotacquaintedwiththeworkofPhotius，\"ContraManicheosRepullulantes，\"thefirstbookofwhichwaseditedbyMontfaucon，BibliothecaCoisliniana，parsii。p。349，375，thewholebyWolf，inhisAnecdotaGraeca。Hamburg1722。Compareaverysensibletract。LettertoRev。S。R。Maitland，byJG。Dowling，M。A。
London，1835。—M。]
Aphilosopher，whocalculatesthedegreeoftheirmeritandthevalueoftheirreformation，willprudentlyaskfromwhatarticlesoffaith，aboveoragainstourreason，theyhaveenfranchisedtheChristians；forsuchenfranchisementisdoubtlessabenefitsofarasitmaybecompatiblewithtruthandpiety。Afterafairdiscussion，weshallratherbesurprisedbythetimidity，thanscandalizedbythefreedom，ofourfirstreformers。^32WiththeJews，theyadoptedthebeliefanddefenceofalltheHebrewScriptures，withalltheirprodigies，fromthegardenofEdentothevisionsoftheprophetDaniel；andtheywerebound，liketheCatholics，tojustifyagainsttheJewstheabolitionofadivinelaw。InthegreatmysteriesoftheTrinityandIncarnationthereformerswereseverelyorthodox:theyfreelyadoptedthetheologyofthefour，orthesixfirstcouncils；andwiththeAthanasiancreed，theypronouncedtheeternaldamnationofallwhodidnotbelievetheCatholicfaith。
Transubstantiation，theinvisiblechangeofthebreadandwineintothebodyandbloodofChrist，isatenetthatmaydefythepowerofargumentandpleasantry；butinsteadofconsultingtheevidenceoftheirsenses，oftheirsight，theirfeeling，andtheirtaste，thefirstProtestantswereentangledintheirownscruples，andawedbythewordsofJesusintheinstitutionofthesacrament。Luthermaintainedacorporeal，andCalvinareal，presenceofChristintheeucharist；andtheopinionofZuinglius，thatitisnomorethanaspiritualcommunion，asimplememorial，hasslowlyprevailedinthereformedchurches。
^33Butthelossofonemysterywasamplycompensatedbythestupendousdoctrinesoforiginalsin，redemption，faith，grace，andpredestination，whichhavebeenstrainedfromtheepistlesofSt。Paul。Thesesubtilequestionshadmostassuredlybeenpreparedbythefathersandschoolmen；butthefinalimprovementandpopularusemaybeattributedtothefirstreformers，whoenforcedthemastheabsoluteandessentialtermsofsalvation。
HithertotheweightofsupernaturalbeliefinclinesagainsttheProtestants；andmanyasoberChristianwouldratheradmitthatawaferisGod，thanthatGodisacruelandcapricioustyrant。
[Footnote32:TheopinionsandproceedingsofthereformersareexposedinthesecondpartofthegeneralhistoryofMosheim；butthebalance，whichhehasheldwithsoclearaneye，andsosteadyahand，beginstoinclineinfavorofhisLutheranbrethren。]
[Footnote33:UnderEdwardVI。ourreformationwasmoreboldandperfect，butinthefundamentalarticlesofthechurchofEngland，astrongandexplicitdeclarationagainsttherealpresencewasobliteratedintheoriginalcopy，topleasethepeopleortheLutherans，orQueenElizabeth，Burnet\'sHistoryoftheReformation，vol。ii。p。82，128，302。]
YettheservicesofLutherandhisrivalsaresolidandimportant；andthephilosophermustownhisobligationstothesefearlessenthusiasts。^34I。Bytheirhandstheloftyfabricofsuperstition，fromtheabuseofindulgencestotheintercessonoftheVirgin，hasbeenlevelledwiththeground。Myriadsofbothsexesofthemonasticprofessionwererestoredtothelibertyandlaborsofsociallife。Ahierarchyofsaintsandangels，ofimperfectandsubordinatedeities，werestrippedoftheirtemporalpower，andreducedtotheenjoymentofcelestialhappiness；theirimagesandrelicswerebanishedfromthechurch；
andthecredulityofthepeoplewasnolongernourishedwiththedailyrepetitionofmiraclesandvisions。TheimitationofPaganismwassuppliedbyapureandspiritualworshipofprayerandthanksgiving，themostworthyofman，theleastunworthyoftheDeity。Itonlyremainstoobserve，whethersuchsublimesimplicitybeconsistentwithpopulardevotion；whetherthevulgar，intheabsenceofallvisibleobjects，willnotbeinflamedbyenthusiasm，orinsensiblysubsideinlanguorandindifference。II。Thechainofauthoritywasbroken，whichrestrainsthebigotfromthinkingashepleases，andtheslavefromspeakingashethinks:thepopes，fathers，andcouncils，werenolongerthesupremeandinfalliblejudgesoftheworld；
andeachChristianwastaughttoacknowledgenolawbuttheScriptures，nointerpreterbuthisownconscience。Thisfreedom，however，wastheconsequence，ratherthanthedesign，oftheReformation。Thepatriotreformerswereambitiousofsucceedingthetyrantswhomtheyhaddethroned。Theyimposedwithequalrigortheircreedsandconfessions；theyassertedtherightofthemagistratetopunishhereticswithdeath。ThepiousorpersonalanimosityofCalvinproscribedinServetus^35theguiltofhisownrebellion；^36andtheflamesofSmithfield，inwhichhewasafterwardsconsumed，hadbeenkindledfortheAnabaptistsbythezealofCranmer。^37Thenatureofthetigerwasthesame，buthewasgraduallydeprivedofhisteethandfangs。A
spiritualandtemporalkingdomwaspossessedbytheRomanpontiff；theProtestantdoctorsweresubjectsofanhumblerank，withoutrevenueorjurisdiction。HisdecreeswereconsecratedbytheantiquityoftheCatholicchurch:theirargumentsanddisputesweresubmittedtothepeople；andtheirappealtoprivatejudgmentwasacceptedbeyondtheirwishes，bycuriosityandenthusiasm。SincethedaysofLutherandCalvin，asecretreformationhasbeensilentlyworkinginthebosomofthereformedchurches；manyweedsofprejudicewereeradicated；andthedisciplesofErasmus^38diffusedaspiritoffreedomandmoderation。Thelibertyofconsciencehasbeenclaimedasacommonbenefit，aninalienableright:^39thefreegovernmentsofHolland^40andEngland^41introducedthepracticeoftoleration；andthenarrowallowanceofthelawshasbeenenlargedbytheprudenceandhumanityofthetimes。Intheexercise，themindhasunderstoodthelimitsofitspowers，andthewordsandshadowsthatmightamusethechildcannolongersatisfyhismanlyreason。Thevolumesofcontroversyareoverspreadwithcobwebs:thedoctrineofaProtestantchurchisfarremovedfromtheknowledgeorbeliefofitsprivatemembers；
andtheformsoforthodoxy，thearticlesoffaith，aresubscribedwithasigh，orasmile，bythemodernclergy。YetthefriendsofChristianityarealarmedattheboundlessimpulseofinquiryandscepticism。ThepredictionsoftheCatholicsareaccomplished:thewebofmysteryisunravelledbytheArminians，Arians，andSocinians，whosenumbermustnotbecomputedfromtheirseparatecongregations；andthepillarsofRevelationareshakenbythosemenwhopreservethenamewithoutthesubstanceofreligion，whoindulgethelicensewithoutthetemperofphilosophy。^42
[Footnote34:\"HaditnotbeenforsuchmenasLutherandmyself，\"saidthefanaticWhistontoHalleythephilosopher，\"youwouldnowbekneelingbeforeanimageofSt。Winifred。\"]
[Footnote35:ThearticleofServetintheDictionnaireCritiqueofChauffepieisthebestaccountwhichIhaveseenofthisshamefultransaction。SeelikewisetheAbbed\'Artigny，NouveauxMemoiresd\'Histoire，&c。，tom。ii。p。55—154。]