tom。ii。p。493—510；butthisiswanting。]
[Footnote33:ConstantinopolitanumPalatiumnonpulchritudinesolum，verumstiamfortitudine，omnibusquasunquamviderammunitionibuspraestat，Liutprand，Hist。l。v。c。9，p。465。]
[Footnote34:SeetheanonymouscontinuatorofTheophanes，p。
59，61，86，whomIhavefollowedintheneatandconciseabstractofLeBeau，Hint。duBasEmpire，tom。xiv。p。436，438。]
[Footnote35:InaureotriclinioquaepraestantiorestparspotentissimustheusurperRomanusdegenscaeteraspartesfiliisdistribuerat，Liutprand。Hist。l。v。c。9，p。469。ForthislastsignificationofTricliniumseeDucangeGloss。Graec。
etObservationssurJoinville，p。240andReiske，adConstantinumdeCeremoniis，p。7。]
[Footnote36:InequisvectisaysBenjaminofTudelaregumfiliisvidenturpersimiles。IprefertheLatinversionofConstantinel\'Empereurp。46totheFrenchofBaratier，tom。
i。p。49。]
[Footnote37:Seetheaccountofherjourney，munificence，andtestament，inthelifeofBasil，byhisgrandsonConstantine，p。
74，75，76，p。195—197。]
[Footnote38:Carsamatium。Graecivocant，amputatisvirilibusetvirga，puerumeunuchumquosVerdunensesmercatoresobinmensumlucrumfaceresolentetinHispaniamducere，Liutprand，l。vi。
c。3，p。470。—Thelastabominationoftheabominableslave—trade!YetIamsurprisedtofind，inthexthcentury，suchactivespeculationsofcommerceinLorraine。]
Inanabsolutegovernment，whichlevelsthedistinctionsofnobleandplebeianbirth，thesovereignisthesolefountainofhonor；andtherank，bothinthepalaceandtheempire，dependsonthetitlesandofficeswhicharebestowedandresumedbyhisarbitrarywill。Aboveathousandyears，fromVespasiantoAlexiusComnenus，^39theCaesarwasthesecondperson，oratleasttheseconddegree，afterthesupremetitleofAugustuswasmorefreelycommunicatedtothesonsandbrothersofthereigningmonarch。Toeludewithoutviolatinghispromisetoapowerfulassociate，thehusbandofhissister，and，withoutgivinghimselfanequal，torewardthepietyofhisbrotherIsaac，thecraftyAlexiusinterposedanewandsupereminentdignity。ThehappyflexibilityoftheGreektongueallowedhimtocompoundthenamesofAugustusandEmperorSebastosandAutocrator，andtheunionproducesthesonoroustitleofSebastocrator。HewasexaltedabovetheCaesaronthefirststepofthethrone:thepublicacclamationsrepeatedhisname；andhewasonlydistinguishedfromthesovereignbysomepeculiarornamentsoftheheadandfeet。Theemperoralonecouldassumethepurpleorredbuskins，andtheclosediademortiara，whichimitatedthefashionofthePersiankings。^40Itwasahighpyramidalcapofclothorsilk，almostconcealedbyaprofusionofpearlsandjewels:thecrownwasformedbyahorizontalcircleandtwoarchesofgold:atthesummit，thepointoftheirintersection，wasplacedaglobeorcross，andtwostringsorlappetsofpearldependedoneithercheek。Insteadofred，thebuskinsoftheSebastocratorandCaesarweregreen；andontheiropencoronetsorcrowns，thepreciousgemsweremoresparinglydistributed。BesideandbelowtheCaesarthefancyofAlexiuscreatedthePanhypersebastosandtheProtosebastos，whosesoundandsignificationwillsatisfyaGrecianear。TheyimplyasuperiorityandapriorityabovethesimplenameofAugustus；andthissacredandprimitivetitleoftheRomanprincewasdegradedtothekinsmenandservantsoftheByzantinecourt。ThedaughterofAlexiusapplauds，withfondcomplacency，thisartfulgradationofhopesandhonors；butthescienceofwordsisaccessibletothemeanestcapacity；andthisvaindictionarywaseasilyenrichedbytheprideofhissuccessors。Totheirfavoritesonsorbrothers，theyimpartedthemoreloftyappellationofLordorDespot，whichwasillustratedwithnewornaments，andprerogatives，andplacedimmediatelyafterthepersonoftheemperorhimself。Thefivetitlesof，1。Despot；2。Sebastocrator；3。Caesar；4。
Panhypersebastos；and，5。Protosebastos；wereusuallyconfinedtotheprincesofhisblood:theyweretheemanationsofhismajesty；butastheyexercisednoregularfunctions，theirexistencewasuseless，andtheirauthorityprecarious。
[Footnote39:SeetheAlexiadl。iii。p。78，79ofAnnaComnena，who，exceptinfilialpiety，maybecomparedtoMademoiselledeMontpensier。Inherawfulreverencefortitlesandforms，shestylesherfather，theinventorofthisroyalart。]
[Footnote40:SeeReiske，andCeremoniale，p。14，15。DucangehasgivenalearneddissertationonthecrownsofConstantinople，Rome，France，&c。，surJoinville，xxv。p。289—303；butofhisthirty—fourmodels，noneexactlytallywithAnne\'sdescription。]
Butineverymonarchythesubstantialpowersofgovernmentmustbedividedandexercisedbytheministersofthepalaceandtreasury，thefleetandarmy。Thetitlesalonecandiffer；andintherevolutionofages，thecountsandpraefects，thepraetorandquaestor，insensiblydescended，whiletheirservantsroseabovetheirheadstothefirsthonorsofthestate。1。Inamonarchy，whichreferseveryobjecttothepersonoftheprince，thecareandceremoniesofthepalaceformthemostrespectabledepartment。TheCuropalata，^41soillustriousintheageofJustinian，wassupplantedbytheProtovestiare，whoseprimitivefunctionswerelimitedtothecustodyofthewardrobe。Fromthencehisjurisdictionwasextendedoverthenumerousmenialsofpompandluxury；andhepresidedwithhissilverwandatthepublicandprivateaudience。2。IntheancientsystemofConstantine，thenameofLogothete，oraccountant，wasappliedtothereceiversofthefinances:theprincipalofficersweredistinguishedastheLogothetesofthedomain，oftheposts，thearmy，theprivateandpublictreasure；andthegreatLogothete，thesupremeguardianofthelawsandrevenues，iscomparedwiththechancelloroftheLatinmonarchies。^42Hisdiscerningeyepervadedtheciviladministration；andhewasassisted，induesubordination，bytheeparchorpraefectofthecity，thefirstsecretary，andthekeepersoftheprivyseal，thearchives，andtheredorpurpleinkwhichwasreservedforthesacredsignatureoftheemperoralone。^43TheintroductorandinterpreterofforeignambassadorswerethegreatChiauss^44andtheDragoman，^45twonamesofTurkishorigin，andwhicharestillfamiliartotheSublimePorte。3。Fromthehumblestyleandserviceofguards，theDomesticsinsensiblyrosetothestationofgenerals；
themilitarythemesoftheEastandWest，thelegionsofEuropeandAsia，wereoftendivided，tillthegreatDomesticwasfinallyinvestedwiththeuniversalandabsolutecommandofthelandforces。TheProtostrator，inhisoriginalfunctions，wastheassistantoftheemperorwhenhemountedonhorseback:hegraduallybecamethelieutenantofthegreatDomesticinthefield；andhisjurisdictionextendedoverthestables，thecavalry，andtheroyaltrainofhuntingandhawking。TheStratopedarchwasthegreatjudgeofthecamp:theProtospathairecommandedtheguards；theConstable，^46thegreatAeteriarch，andtheAcolyth，weretheseparatechiefsoftheFranks，theBarbarians，andtheVarangi，orEnglish，themercenarystrangers，who，athedecayofthenationalspirit，formedthenerveoftheByzantinearmies。4。ThenavalpowerswereunderthecommandofthegreatDuke；inhisabsencetheyobeyedthegreatDrungaireofthefleet；and，inhisplace，theEmir，orAdmiral，anameofSaracenextraction，^47butwhichhasbeennaturalizedinallthemodernlanguagesofEurope。Oftheseofficers，andofmanymorewhomitwouldbeuselesstoenumerate，thecivilandmilitaryhierarchywasframed。Theirhonorsandemoluments，theirdressandtitles，theirmutualsalutationsandrespectivepreeminence，werebalancedwithmoreexquisitelaborthanwouldhavefixedtheconstitutionofafreepeople；andthecodewasalmostperfectwhenthisbaselessfabric，themonumentofprideandservitude，wasforeverburiedintheruinsoftheempire。^48
[Footnote41:Parexstanscuris，solodiadematedispar，OrdineprorerumvocitatusCura—Palati，saystheAfricanCorippus，deLaudibusJustini，l。i。136，andinthesamecenturythevithCassiodorusrepresentshim，who，virgaaureadecoratus，internumerosaobsequiaprimusantepedesregisincederetVariar。vii。5。Butthisgreatofficer，unknown，exercisingnofunction，wascastdownbythemodernGreekstothexvthrank，Codin。c。5，p。65。]
[Footnote42:NicetasinManuel，l。vii。c。1defineshim。YettheepithetwasaddedbytheelderAndronicus，Ducange，tom。i。
p。822，823。]
[Footnote43:FromLeoI。A。D。470theImperialink，whichisstillvisibleonsomeoriginalacts，wasamixtureofvermilionandcinnabar，orpurple。Theemperor\'sguardians，whosharedinthisprerogative，alwaysmarkedingreeninktheindictionandthemonth。SeetheDictionnaireDiplomatique，tom。i。p。511—
513avaluableabridgment。]
[Footnote44:ThesultansenttoAlexius，AnnaComnena，l。vi。
p。170。Ducangeadloc。；andPachymeroftenspeaks，l。vii。c。
1，l。xii。c。30，l。xiii。c。22。TheChiaoushbashaisnowattheheadof700officers，Rycaut\'sOttomanEmpire，p。349，octavoedition。]
[Footnote45:TagermanistheArabicnameofaninterpreter，D\'Herbelot，p。854，855；，saysCodinus，c。v。No。70，p。67。
SeeVillehardouin，No。96，Bus，Epist。iv。p。338，andDucange，ObservationssurVillehardouin，andGloss。Graec。etLatin]
[Footnote46:AcorruptionfromtheLatinComesstabuli，ortheFrenchConnetable。Inamilitarysense，itwasusedbytheGreeksintheeleventhcentury，atleastasearlyasinFrance。]
[Footnote47:ItwasdirectlyborrowedfromtheNormans。Inthexiithcentury，GiannonereckonstheadmiralofSicilyamongthegreatofficers。]
[Footnote48:ThissketchofhonorsandofficesisdrawnfromGeorgeCordinusCuropalata，whosurvivedthetakingofConstantinoplebytheTurks:hiselaborate，thoughtrifling，workdeOfficiisEcclesiaeetAulaeC。P。hasbeenillustratedbythenotesofGoar，andthethreebooksofGretser，alearnedJesuit。]
ChapterLIII:FateOfTheEasternEmpire。
PartIII。
Themostloftytitles，andthemosthumblepostures，whichdevotionhasappliedtotheSupremeBeing，havebeenprostitutedbyflatteryandfeartocreaturesofthesamenaturewithourselves。Themodeofadoration，^49offallingprostrateontheground，andkissingthefeetoftheemperor，wasborrowedbyDiocletianfromPersianservitude；butitwascontinuedandaggravatedtillthelastageoftheGreekmonarchy。ExceptingonlyonSundays，whenitwaswaived，fromamotiveofreligiouspride，thishumiliatingreverencewasexactedfromallwhoenteredtheroyalpresence，fromtheprincesinvestedwiththediademandpurple，andfromtheambassadorswhorepresentedtheirindependentsovereigns，thecaliphsofAsia，Egypt，orSpain，thekingsofFranceandItaly，andtheLatinemperorsofancientRome。Inhistransactionsofbusiness，Liutprand，bishopofCremona，^50assertedthefreespiritofaFrankandthedignityofhismasterOtho。Yethissinceritycannotdisguisetheabasementofhisfirstaudience。Whenheapproachedthethrone，thebirdsofthegoldentreebegantowarbletheirnotes，whichwereaccompaniedbytheroaringsofthetwolionsofgold。WithhistwocompanionsLiutprandwascompelledtobowandtofallprostrate；andthricetotouchthegroundwithhisforehead。Hearose，butintheshortinterval，thethronehadbeenhoistedfromthefloortotheceiling，theImperialfigureappearedinnewandmoregorgeousapparel，andtheinterviewwasconcludedinhaughtyandmajesticsilence。Inthishonestandcuriousnarrative，theBishopofCremonarepresentstheceremoniesoftheByzantinecourt，whicharestillpractisedintheSublimePorte，andwhichwerepreservedinthelastagebythedukesofMuscovyorRussia。Afteralongjourneybyseaandland，fromVenicetoConstantinople，theambassadorhaltedatthegoldengate，tillhewasconductedbytheformalofficerstothehospitablepalacepreparedforhisreception；butthispalacewasaprison，andhisjealouskeepersprohibitedallsocialintercourseeitherwithstrangersornatives。Athisfirstaudience，heofferedthegiftsofhismaster，slaves，andgoldenvases，andcostlyarmor。
Theostentatiouspaymentoftheofficersandtroopsdisplayedbeforehiseyestherichesoftheempire:hewasentertainedataroyalbanquet，^51inwhichtheambassadorsofthenationsweremarshalledbytheesteemorcontemptoftheGreeks:fromhisowntable，theemperor，asthemostsignalfavor，senttheplateswhichhehadtasted；andhisfavoritesweredismissedwitharobeofhonor。^52Inthemorningandeveningofeachday，hiscivilandmilitaryservantsattendedtheirdutyinthepalace；theirlaborswererepaidbythesight，perhapsbythesmile，oftheirlord；hiscommandsweresignifiedbyanodorasign:butallearthlygreatnessstoodsilentandsubmissiveinhispresence。
Inhisregularorextraordinaryprocessionsthroughthecapital，heunveiledhispersontothepublicview:theritesofpolicywereconnectedwiththoseofreligion，andhisvisitstotheprincipalchurcheswereregulatedbythefestivalsoftheGreekcalendar。Ontheeveoftheseprocessions，thegraciousordevoutintentionofthemonarchwasproclaimedbytheheralds。
Thestreetswereclearedandpurified；thepavementwasstrewedwithflowers；themostpreciousfurniture，thegoldandsilverplate，andsilkenhangings，weredisplayedfromthewindowsandbalconies，andaseveredisciplinerestrainedandsilencedthetumultofthepopulace。Themarchwasopenedbythemilitaryofficersattheheadoftheirtroops:theywerefollowedinlongorderbythemagistratesandministersofthecivilgovernment:
thepersonoftheemperorwasguardedbyhiseunuchsanddomestics，andatthechurchdoorhewassolemnlyreceivedbythepatriarchandhisclergy。Thetaskofapplausewasnotabandonedtotherudeandspontaneousvoicesofthecrowd。Themostconvenientstationswereoccupiedbythebandsoftheblueandgreenfactionsofthecircus；andtheirfuriousconflicts，whichhadshakenthecapital，wereinsensiblysunktoanemulationofservitude。Fromeithersidetheyechoedinresponsivemelodythepraisesoftheemperor；theirpoetsandmusiciansdirectedthechoir，andlonglife^53andvictoryweretheburdenofeverysong。Thesameacclamationswereperformedattheaudience，thebanquet，andthechurch；andasanevidenceofboundlesssway，theywererepeatedintheLatin，^54Gothic，Persian，French，andevenEnglishlanguage，^55bythemercenarieswhosustainedtherealorfictitiouscharacterofthosenations。BythepenofConstantinePorphyrogenitus，thisscienceofformandflatteryhasbeenreducedintoapompousandtriflingvolume，^56whichthevanityofsucceedingtimesmightenrichwithanamplesupplement。Yetthecalmerreflectionofaprincewouldsurelysuggestthatthesameacclamationswereappliedtoeverycharacterandeveryreign:andifhehadrisenfromaprivaterank，hemightremember，thathisownvoicehadbeentheloudestandmosteagerinapplause，attheverymomentwhenheenviedthefortune，orconspiredagainstthelife，ofhispredecessor。^57
[Footnote49:Therespectfulsalutationofcarryingthehandtothemouth，ados，istherootoftheLatinwordadoro，adorare。
SeeourlearnedSelden，vol。iii。p。143—145，942，inhisTitlesofHonor。Itseems，fromthe1stbookofHerodotus，tobeofPersianorigin。]
[Footnote50:ThetwoembassiesofLiutprandtoConstantinople，allthathesaworsufferedintheGreekcapital，arepleasantlydescribedbyhimselfHist。l。vi。c。1—4，p。469—471。
LegatioadNicephorumPhocam，p。479—489。]
[Footnote51:Amongtheamusementsofthefeast，aboybalanced，onhisforehead，apike，orpole，twenty—fourfeetlong，withacrossbaroftwocubitsalittlebelowthetop。Twoboys，naked，thoughcinctured，campestrati，together，andsingly，climbed，stood，played，descended，&c。，itamestupidumreddidit:utrummirabiliusnescio，p。470。AtanotherrepastahomilyofChrysostomontheActsoftheApostleswasreadelatavocenonLatine，p。483。]
[Footnote52:GalaisnotimprobablyderivedfromCala，orCaloat，inArabicarobeofhonor，Reiske，Not。inCeremon。p。
84。]
[Footnote53:Itisexplained，Codin，c。7。Ducange，Gloss。
Graec。tom。i。p。1199。]
[Footnote54:Ceremon。c。75，p。215。ThewantoftheLatin\'V\'
obligedtheGreekstoemploytheir\'beta\'；nordotheyregardquantity。Tillherecollectedthetruelanguage，thesestrangesentencesmightpuzzleaprofessor。]
[Footnote55:Codin。p。90。Iwishhehadpreservedthewords，howevercorrupt，oftheirEnglishacclamation。]
[Footnote56:Foralltheseceremonies，seetheprofessedworkofConstantinePorphyrogenituswiththenotes，orratherdissertations，ofhisGermaneditors，LeichandReiske。Fortherankofstandingcourtiers，p。80，not。23，62；fortheadoration，exceptonSundays，p。95，240，not。131；theprocessions，p。2，&c。，not。p。3，&c。；theacclamationspassimnot。25&c。；thefactionsandHippodrome，p。177—214，not。9，93，&c。；theGothicgames，p。221，not。111；vintage，p。217，not109:muchmoreinformationisscatteredoverthework。]
[Footnote57:EtprivatoOthonietnupereademdicentinotaadulatio，Tacit。Hist。1，85。]
TheprincesoftheNorth，ofthenations，saysConstantine，withoutfaithorfame，wereambitiousofminglingtheirbloodwiththebloodoftheCaesars，bytheirmarriagewitharoyalvirgin，orbythenuptialsoftheirdaughterswithaRomanprince。^58Theagedmonarch，inhisinstructionstohisson，revealsthesecretmaximsofpolicyandpride；andsuggeststhemostdecentreasonsforrefusingtheseinsolentandunreasonabledemands。Everyanimal，saysthediscreetemperor，ispromptedbythedistinctionoflanguage，religion，andmanners。Ajustregardtothepurityofdescentpreservestheharmonyofpublicandprivatelife；butthemixtureofforeignbloodisthefruitfulsourceofdisorderanddiscord。SuchhadeverbeentheopinionandpracticeofthesageRomans:theirjurisprudenceproscribedthemarriageofacitizenandastranger:inthedaysoffreedomandvirtue，asenatorwouldhavescornedtomatchhisdaughterwithaking:thegloryofMarkAntonywassulliedbyanEgyptianwife:^59andtheemperorTituswascompelled，bypopularcensure，todismisswithreluctancethereluctantBerenice。^60ThisperpetualinterdictwasratifiedbythefabuloussanctionofthegreatConstantine。Theambassadorsofthenations，moreespeciallyoftheunbelievingnations，weresolemnlyadmonished，thatsuchstrangeallianceshadbeencondemnedbythefounderofthechurchandcity。TheirrevocablelawwasinscribedonthealtarofSt。Sophia；andtheimpiousprincewhoshouldstainthemajestyofthepurplewasexcludedfromthecivilandecclesiasticalcommunionoftheRomans。IftheambassadorswereinstructedbyanyfalsebrethrenintheByzantinehistory，theymightproducethreememorableexamplesoftheviolationofthisimaginarylaw:themarriageofLeo，orratherofhisfatherConstantinetheFourth，withthedaughterofthekingoftheChozars，thenuptialsofthegranddaughterofRomanuswithaBulgarianprince，andtheunionofBerthaofFranceorItalywithyoungRomanus，thesonofConstantinePorphyrogenitushimself。Totheseobjectionsthreeanswerswereprepared，whichsolvedthedifficultyandestablishedthelaw。