[Footnote116:SeetheTopographiaChristianaofCosmas，surnamedIndicopleustes，ortheIndiannavigator，l。iii。p。178，179，l。
xi。p。337。Theentirework，ofwhichsomecuriousextractsmaybefoundinPhotius，cod。xxxvi。p。9，10，edit。Hoeschel，
Thevenot，inthe1stpartofhisRelationdesVoyages，&c。，andFabricius，Bibliot。Graec。l。iii。c。25，tom。ii。p。603—
617，hasbeenpublishedbyFatherMontfauconatParis，1707，intheNovaCollectioPatrum，tom。ii。p。113—346。Itwasthedesignoftheauthortoconfutetheimpiousheresyofthosewhomaintainedthattheearthisaglobe，andnotaflat，oblongtable，asitisrepresentedintheScriptures，l。ii。p。138。
Butthenonsenseofthemonkismingledwiththepracticalknowledgeofthetraveller，whoperformedhisvoyageA。D。522，andpublishedhisbookatAlexandria，A。D。547，l。ii。p。140，141。Montfaucon，Praefat。c。2。TheNestorianismofCosmas，unknowntohislearnededitor，wasdetectedbyLaCroze，ChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。40—55，andisconfirmedbyAssemanni，Bibliot。Orient。tom。iv。p。605，606。]
[Footnote117:InitslongprogresstoMosul，Jerusalem，Rome，&c。，thestoryofPresterJohnevaporatedinamonstrousfable，ofwhichsomefeatureshavebeenborrowedfromtheLamaofThibet，Hist。GenealogiquedesTartares，P。ii。p。42。Hist。deGengiscan，p。31，&c。，andwereignorantlytransferredbythePortuguesetotheemperorofAbyssinia，Ludolph。Hist。Aethiop。
Comment。l。ii。c。1。Yetitisprobablethatinthexithandxiithcenturies，NestorianChristianitywasprofessedinthehordeoftheKeraites，D\'Herbelot，p。256，915，959。Assemanni，tom。iv。p。468—504。
Note:TheextenttowhichNestorianChristianityprevailedamongtheTartartribesisoneofthemostcuriousquestionsinOrientalhistory。M。SchmidtGeschichtederOstMongolen，notes，p。383appearstoquestiontheChristianityofOngChaghan，andhisKeraitesubjects。—M。]
[Footnote118:TheChristianityofChina，betweentheseventhandthethirteenthcentury，isinvinciblyprovedbytheconsentofChinese，Arabian，Syriac，andLatinevidence，Assemanni，Biblioth。Orient。tom。iv。p。502—552。Mem。del\'AcademiedesInscript。tom。xxx。p。802—819。TheinscriptionofSiganfuwhichdescribesthefortunesoftheNestorianchurch，fromthefirstmission，A。D。636，tothecurrentyear781，isaccusedofforgerybyLaCroze，Voltaire，&c。，whobecomethedupesoftheirowncunning，whiletheyareafraidofaJesuiticalfraud。
Note:Thisfamousmonument，theauthenticityofwhichmanyhaveattemptedtoimpeach，ratherfromhatredtotheJesuits，bywhomitwasmadeknown，thanbyacandidexaminationofitscontents，isnowgenerallyconsideredaboveallsuspicion。TheChinesetextandthefactswhichitrelatesareequallystrongproofsofitsauthenticity。ThismonumentwasraisedasamemorialoftheestablishmentofChristianityinChina。Itisdatedtheyear1092oftheeraoftheGreeks，ortheSeleucidae，A。D。781，inthetimeoftheNestorianpatriarchAnan—jesu。ItwasraisedbyIezdbouzid，priestandchorepiscopusofChumdan，thatis，ofthecapitaloftheChineseempire，andthesonofapriestwhocamefromBalkhinTokharistan。Amongthevariousargumentswhichmaybeurgedinfavoroftheauthenticityofthismonument，andwhichhasnotyetbeenadvanced，maybereckonedthenameofthepriestbywhomitwasraised。ThenameisPersian，andatthetimethemonumentwasdiscovered，itwouldhavebeenimpossibletohaveimaginedit；fortherewasnoworkextantfromwhencetheknowledgeofitcouldbederived。Idonotbelievethateversincethisperiod，anybookhasbeenpublishedinwhichitcanbefoundasecondtime。ItisverycelebratedamongsttheArmenians，andisderivedfromamartyr，aPersianbybirth，oftheroyalrace，whoperishedtowardsthemiddleoftheseventhcentury，andrenderedhisnamecelebratedamongtheChristiannationsoftheEast。St。Martin，vol。i。p。
69。M。Remusathasalsostronglyexpressedhisconvictionoftheauthenticityofthismonument。MelangesAsiatiques，P。i。p。33。
YetM。SchmidtGeschichtederOstMongolen，p。384deniesthatthereisanysatisfactoryproofthatmuchamonumentwaseverfoundinChina，orthatitwasnotmanufacturedinEurope。ButiftheJesuitshadattemptedsuchaforgery，woulditnothavebeenmoreadaptedtofurthertheirpeculiarviews?—M。]
[Footnote119:JacobitaeetNestorianaepluresquamGraecietLatiniJacobaVitriaco，Hist。Hierosol。l。ii。c。76，p。1093，intheGestaDeiperFrancos。ThenumbersaregivenbyThomassin，Disciplinedel\'Eglise，tom。i。p。172。]
[Footnote120:ThedivisionofthepatriarchatemaybetracedintheBibliothecaOrient。ofAssemanni，tom。i。p。523—549，tom。
ii。p。457，&c。，tom。iii。p。603，p。621—623，tom。iv。p。164
—169，p。423，p。622—629，&c。]
[Footnote121:ThepompouslanguageofRomeonthesubmissionofaNestorianpatriarch，iselegantlyrepresentedintheviithbookofFraPaola，Babylon，Nineveh，Arbela，andthetrophiesofAlexander，Tauris，andEcbatana，theTigrisandIndus。]
Accordingtothelegendofantiquity，thegospelwaspreachedinIndiabySt。Thomas。^122Attheendoftheninthcentury，hisshrine，perhapsintheneighborhoodofMadras，wasdevoutlyvisitedbytheambassadorsofAlfred；andtheirreturnwithacargoofpearlsandspicesrewardedthezealoftheEnglishmonarch，whoentertainedthelargestprojectsoftradeanddiscovery。^123WhenthePortuguesefirstopenedthenavigationofIndia，theChristiansofSt。ThomashadbeenseatedforagesonthecoastofMalabar，andthedifferenceoftheircharacterandcolorattestedthemixtureofaforeignrace。Inarms，inarts，andpossiblyinvirtue，theyexcelledthenativesofHindostan；thehusbandmencultivatedthepalm—tree，themerchantswereenrichedbythepeppertrade，thesoldiersprecededthenairsornoblesofMalabar，andtheirhereditaryprivilegeswererespectedbythegratitudeorthefearofthekingofCochinandtheZamorinhimself。TheyacknowledgedaGentooofsovereign，buttheyweregoverned，evenintemporalconcerns，bythebishopofAngamala。HestillassertedhisancienttitleofmetropolitanofIndia，buthisrealjurisdictionwasexercisedinfourteenhundredchurches，andhewasintrustedwiththecareoftwohundredthousandsouls。TheirreligionwouldhaverenderedthemthefirmestandmostcordialalliesofthePortuguese；buttheinquisitorssoondiscernedintheChristiansofSt。Thomastheunpardonableguiltofheresyandschism。
InsteadofowningthemselvesthesubjectsoftheRomanpontiff，thespiritualandtemporalmonarchoftheglobe，theyadhered，liketheirancestors，tothecommunionoftheNestorianpatriarch；andthebishopswhomheordainedatMosul，traversedthedangersoftheseaandlandtoreachtheirdioceseonthecoastofMalabar。IntheirSyriacliturgythenamesofTheodoreandNestoriuswerepiouslycommemorated:theyunitedtheiradorationofthetwopersonsofChrist；thetitleofMotherofGodwasoffensivetotheirear，andtheymeasuredwithscrupulousavaricethehonorsoftheVirginMary，whomthesuperstitionoftheLatinshadalmostexaltedtotherankofagoddess。WhenherimagewasfirstpresentedtothedisciplesofSt。Thomas，theyindignantlyexclaimed，\"WeareChristians，notidolaters!\"andtheirsimpledevotionwascontentwiththevenerationofthecross。TheirseparationfromtheWesternworldhadlefttheminignoranceoftheimprovements，orcorruptions，ofathousandyears；andtheirconformitywiththefaithandpracticeofthefifthcenturywouldequallydisappointtheprejudicesofaPapistoraProtestant。ItwasthefirstcareoftheministersofRometointerceptallcorrespondencewiththeNestorianpatriarch，andseveralofhisbishopsexpiredintheprisonsoftheholyoffice。
Theflock，withoutashepherd，wasassaultedbythepowerofthePortuguese，theartsoftheJesuits，andthezealofAlexisdeMenezes，archbishopofGoa，inhispersonalvisitationofthecoastofMalabar。ThesynodofDiamper，atwhichhepresided，consummatedthepiousworkofthereunion；andrigorouslyimposedthedoctrineanddisciplineoftheRomanchurch，withoutforgettingauricularconfession，thestrongestengineofecclesiasticaltorture。ThememoryofTheodoreandNestoriuswascondemned，andMalabarwasreducedunderthedominionofthepope，oftheprimate，andoftheJesuitswhoinvadedtheseeofAngamalaorCranganor。Sixtyyearsofservitudeandhypocrisywerepatientlyendured；butassoonasthePortugueseempirewasshakenbythecourageandindustryoftheDutch，theNestoriansasserted，withvigorandeffect，thereligionoftheirfathers。
TheJesuitswereincapableofdefendingthepowerwhichtheyhadabused；thearmsoffortythousandChristianswerepointedagainsttheirfallingtyrants；andtheIndianarchdeaconassumedthecharacterofbishoptillafreshsupplyofepiscopalgiftsandSyriacmissionariescouldbeobtainedfromthepatriarchofBabylon。SincetheexpulsionofthePortuguese，theNestoriancreedisfreelyprofessedonthecoastofMalabar。ThetradingcompaniesofHollandandEnglandarethefriendsoftoleration；
butifoppressionbelessmortifyingthancontempt，theChristiansofSt。ThomashavereasontocomplainofthecoldandsilentindifferenceoftheirbrethrenofEurope。^124
[Footnote122:TheIndianmissionary，St。Thomas，anapostle，aManichaean，oranArmenianmerchant，LaCroze，ChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。57—70，wasfamous，however，asearlyasthetimeofJerom，adMarcellam，epist。148。Marco—PolowasinformedonthespotthathesufferedmartyrdominthecityofMalabar，orMeliapour，aleagueonlyfromMadras，D\'Anville，Eclaircissemenssurl\'Inde，p。125，wherethePortuguesefoundedanepiscopalchurchunderthenameofSt。Thome，andwherethesaintperformedanannualmiracle，tillhewassilencedbytheprofaneneighborhoodoftheEnglish，LaCroze，tom。ii。p。7—
16。]
[Footnote123:NeithertheauthoroftheSaxonChronicleA。D。
833notWilliamofMalmesburydeGestisRegumAngliae，l。ii。
c。4，p。44werecapable，inthetwelfthcentury，ofinventingthisextraordinaryfact；theyareincapableofexplainingthemotivesandmeasuresofAlfred；andtheirhastynoticeservesonlytoprovokeourcuriosity。WilliamofMalmesburyfeelsthedifficultyoftheenterprise，quodquivisinhocsaeculomiretur；
andIalmostsuspectthattheEnglishambassadorscollectedtheircargoandlegendinEgypt。TheroyalauthorhasnotenrichedhisOrosiusseeBarrington\'sMiscellanieswithanIndian，aswellasaScandinavian，voyage。]
[Footnote124:ConcerningtheChristiansofSt。Thomas，seeAssemann。BibliotOrient。tom。iv。p。391—407，435—451；
Geddes\'sChurchHistoryofMalabar；and，aboveall，LaCroze，HistoireduChristianismedesIndes，in2vols。12mo。，LaHaye，1758，alearnedandagreeablework。Theyhavedrawnfromthesamesource，thePortugueseandItaliannarratives；andtheprejudicesoftheJesuitsaresufficientlycorrectedbythoseoftheProtestants。
Note:TheSt。ThomeChristianshadexcitedgreatinterestintheancientmindoftheadmirableBishopHeber。Seehiscuriousand，tohisfriends，highlycharacteristiclettertoMarAthanasius，AppendixtoJournal。Theargumentsofhisfriendandcoadjutor，Mr。Robinson，LastDaysofBishopHeber，havenotconvincedmethattheChristianityofIndiaisolderthantheNestoriandispersion。—M]
II。ThehistoryoftheMonophysitesislesscopiousandinterestingthanthatoftheNestorians。UnderthereignsofZenoandAnastasius，theirartfulleaderssurprisedtheearoftheprince，usurpedthethronesoftheEast，andcrushedonitsnativesoiltheschooloftheSyrians。TheruleoftheMonophysitefaithwasdefinedwithexquisitediscretionbySeverus，patriarchofAntioch:hecondemned，inthestyleoftheHenoticon，theadverseheresiesofNestorius；andEutychesmaintainedagainstthelattertherealityofthebodyofChrist，andconstrainedtheGreekstoallowthathewasaliarwhospoketruth。^125Buttheapproximationofideascouldnotabatethevehemenceofpassion；eachpartywasthemoreastonishedthattheirblindantagonistcoulddisputeonsotriflingadifference；
thetyrantofSyriaenforcedthebeliefofhiscreed，andhisreignwaspollutedwiththebloodofthreehundredandfiftymonks，whowereslain，notperhapswithoutprovocationorresistance，underthewallsofApamea。^126ThesuccessorofAnastasiusreplantedtheorthodoxstandardintheEast；SeverusfledintoEgypt；andhisfriend，theeloquentXenaias，^127whohadescapedfromtheNestoriansofPersia，wassuffocatedinhisexilebytheMelchitesofPaphlagonia。Fifty—fourbishopsweresweptfromtheirthrones，eighthundredecclesiasticswerecastintoprison，^128andnotwithstandingtheambiguousfavorofTheodora，theOrientalflocks，deprivedoftheirshepherds，mustinsensiblyhavebeeneitherfamishedorpoisoned。Inthisspiritualdistress，theexpiringfactionwasrevived，andunited，andperpetuated，bythelaborsofamonk；andthenameofJamesBaradaeus^129hasbeenpreservedintheappellationofJacobites，afamiliarsound，whichmaystartletheearofanEnglishreader。FromtheholyconfessorsintheirprisonofConstantinople，hereceivedthepowersofbishopofEdessaandapostleoftheEast，andtheordinationoffourscorethousandbishops，priests，anddeacons，isderivedfromthesameinexhaustiblesource。ThespeedofthezealousmissionarywaspromotedbythefleetestdromedariesofadevoutchiefoftheArabs；thedoctrineanddisciplineoftheJacobitesweresecretlyestablishedinthedominionsofJustinian；andeachJacobitewascompelledtoviolatethelawsandtohatetheRomanlegislator。
ThesuccessorsofSeverus，whiletheylurkedinconventsorvillages，whiletheyshelteredtheirproscribedheadsinthecavernsofhermits，orthetentsoftheSaracens，stillasserted，astheynowassert，theirindefeasiblerighttothetitle，therank，andtheprerogativesofpatriarchofAntioch:underthemilderyokeoftheinfidels，theyresideaboutaleaguefromMerdin，inthepleasantmonasteryofZapharan，whichtheyhaveembellishedwithcells，aqueducts，andplantations。Thesecondary，thoughhonorable，placeisfilledbythemaphrian，who，inhisstationatMosulitself，defiestheNestoriancatholicwithwhomheconteststheprimacyoftheEast。Underthepatriarchandthemaphrian，onehundredandfiftyarchbishopsandbishopshavebeencountedinthedifferentagesoftheJacobitechurch；buttheorderofthehierarchyisrelaxedordissolved，andthegreaterpartoftheirdiocesesisconfinedtotheneighborhoodoftheEuphratesandtheTigris。ThecitiesofAleppoandAmida，whichareoftenvisitedbythepatriarch，containsomewealthymerchantsandindustriousmechanics，butthemultitudederivetheirscantysustenancefromtheirdailylabor:
andpoverty，aswellassuperstition，mayimposetheirexcessivefasts:fiveannuallents，duringwhichboththeclergyandlaityabstainnotonlyfromfleshoreggs，butevenfromthetasteofwine，ofoil，andoffish。Theirpresentnumbersareesteemedfromfiftytofourscorethousandsouls，theremnantofapopulouschurch，whichwasgraduallydecreasedundertheimpressionoftwelvecenturies。Yetinthatlongperiod，somestrangersofmerithavebeenconvertedtotheMonophysitefaith，andaJewwasthefatherofAbulpharagius，^130primateoftheEast，sotrulyeminentbothinhislifeanddeath。InhislifehewasanelegantwriteroftheSyriacandArabictongues，apoet，physician，andhistorian，asubtilephilosopher，andamoderatedivine。Inhisdeath，hisfuneralwasattendedbyhisrivaltheNestorianpatriarch，withatrainofGreeksandArmenians，whoforgottheirdisputes，andmingledtheirtearsoverthegraveofanenemy。ThesectwhichwashonoredbythevirtuesofAbulpharagiusappears，however，tosinkbelowtheleveloftheirNestorianbrethren。ThesuperstitionoftheJacobitesismoreabject，theirfastsmorerigid，^131theirintestinedivisionsaremorenumerous，andtheirdoctorsasfarasIcanmeasurethedegreesofnonsensearemoreremotefromtheprecinctsofreason。SomethingmaypossiblybeallowedfortherigoroftheMonophysitetheology；muchmoreforthesuperiorinfluenceofthemonasticorder。InSyria，inEgypt，inEthiopia，theJacobitemonkshaveeverbeendistinguishedbytheausterityoftheirpenanceandtheabsurdityoftheirlegends。Aliveordead，theyareworshippedasthefavoritesoftheDeity；thecrosierofbishopandpatriarchisreservedfortheirvenerablehands；andtheyassumethegovernmentofmen，whiletheyareyetreekingwiththehabitsandprejudicesofthecloister。^132
[Footnote125:IstheexpressionofTheodore，inhisTreatiseoftheIncarnation，p。245，247，asheisquotedbyLaCroze，Hist。
duChristianismed\'Ethiopieetd\'Armenie，p。35，whoexclaims，perhapstoohastily，\"Quelpitoyableraisonnement!\"RenaudothastouchedHist。Patriarch。Alex。p。127—138theOrientalaccountsofSeverus；andhisauthenticcreedmaybefoundintheepistleofJohntheJacobitepatriarchofAntioch，inthexthcentury，tohisbrotherMannasofAlexandria，Asseman。Bibliot。
Orient。tom。ii。p。132—141。]
[Footnote126:Epist。ArchimandritarumetMonachorumSyriaeSecundaeadPapamHormisdam，Concil。tom。v。p。598—602。ThecourageofSt。Sabas，utleoanimosus，willjustifythesuspicionthatthearmsofthesemonkswerenotalwaysspiritualordefensive，Baronius，A。D。513，No。7，&c。]
[Footnote127:AssemanniBibliot。Orient。tom。ii。p。10—46
andLaCrozeChristianismed\'Ethiopie，p。36—40willsupplythehistoryofXenaias，orPhiloxenus，bishopofMabug，orHierapolis，inSyria。HewasaperfectmasteroftheSyriaclanguage，andtheauthororeditorofaversionoftheNewTestament。]
[Footnote128:Thenamesandtitlesoffifty—fourbishopswhowereexiledbyJustin，arepreservedintheChronicleofDionysius，apudAsseman。tom。ii。p。54。SeveruswaspersonallysummonedtoConstantinople—forhistrial，saysLiberatusBrev。
c。19—thathistonguemightbecutout，saysEvagrius，l。iv。
c。iv。Theprudentpatriarchdidnotstaytoexaminethedifference。ThisecclesiasticalrevolutionisfixedbyPagitothemonthofSeptemberoftheyear518，Critica，tom。ii。p。
506。]
[Footnote129:TheobscurehistoryofJamesorJacobusBaradaeus，orZanzalustmaybegatheredfromEutychius，Annal。tom。ii。p。
144，147，Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。133，andAssemannus，Bibliot。Orient。tom。i。p。424，tom。ii。p。62—
69，324—332，414，tom。iii。p。385—388。HeseemstobeunknowntotheGreeks。TheJacobitesthemselveshadratherdeducetheirnameandpedigreefromSt。Jamestheapostle。]
[Footnote130:TheaccountofhispersonandwritingsisperhapsthemostcuriousarticleintheBibliothecaofAssemannus，tom。
ii。p。244—321，underthenameofGregoriusBar—Hebroeus。LaCrozeChristianismed\'Ethiopie，p。53—63ridiculestheprejudiceoftheSpaniardsagainsttheJewishbloodwhichsecretlydefilestheirchurchandstate。]
[Footnote131:ThisexcessiveabstinenceiscensuredbyLaCroze，p。352，andevenbytheSyrianAssemannus，tom。i。p。226，tom。ii。p。304，305。]
[Footnote132:ThestateoftheMonophysitesisexcellentlyillustratedinadissertationatthebeginningoftheiidvolumeofAssemannus，whichcontains142pages。TheSyriacChronicleofGregoryBar—Hebraeus，orAbulpharagius，Bibliot。Orient。tom。
ii。p。321—463，pursuesthedoubleseriesoftheNestorianCatholicsandtheMaphriansoftheJacobites。]