[Footnote103:AmongthecrowdofancientsandmodernswhohavecelebratedtheedificeofSt。Sophia，Ishalldistinguishandfollow，1。Fouroriginalspectatorsandhistorians:Procopius，deEdific。l。i。c。1，Agathias，l。v。p。152，153，PaulSilentiarius，inapoemof1026hexameters，andcalcemAnnaeCommen。Alexiad。，andEvagrius，l。iv。c。31。2。TwolegendaryGreeksofalaterperiod:GeorgeCodinus，deOrigin。C。P。p。64
—74，andtheanonymouswriterofBanduri，Imp。Orient。tom。i。
l。iv。p。65—80。3。ThegreatByzantineantiquarian。Ducange，Comment。adPaulSilentiar。p。525—598，andC。P。Christ。l。
iii。p。5—78。4。TwoFrenchtravellers—theone，PeterGyllius，deTopograph。C。P。l。ii。c。3，4，inthexvith；theother，Grelot，VoyagedeC。P。p。95—164，Paris，1680，in4to:hehasgivenplans，prospects，andinsideviewsofSt。
Sophia；andhisplans，thoughonasmallerscale，appearmorecorrectthanthoseofDucange。IhaveadoptedandreducedthemeasuresofGrelot:butasnoChristiancannowascendthedome，theheightisborrowedfromEvagrius，comparedwithGyllius，Greaves，andtheOrientalGeographer。]
[Footnote104:Solomon\'stemplewassurroundedwithcourts，porticos，&c。；buttheproperstructureofthehouseofGodwasnomoreifwetaketheEgyptianorHebrewcubicat22inches
than55feetinheight，362/3inbreadth，and110inlength—asmallparishchurch，saysPrideaux，Connection，vol。i。p。144，folio；butfewsanctuariescouldbevaluedatfourorfivemillionssterling!
Note*:HistofJews，volip257。—M]
[Footnote105:PaulSilentiarius，indarkandpoeticlanguage，describesthevariousstonesandmarblesthatwereemployedintheedificeofSt。Sophia，P。ii。p。129，133，&c。，&c。:
1。TheCarystian—pale，withironveins。
2。ThePhrygian—oftwosorts，bothofarosyhue；theonewithawhiteshade，theotherpurple，withsilverflowers。
3。ThePorphyryofEgypt—withsmallstars。
4。ThegreenmarbleofLaconia。
5。TheCarian—fromMountIassis，withobliqueveins，whiteandred。
6。TheLydian—pale，witharedflower。
7。TheAfrican，orMauritanian—ofagoldorsaffronhue。
8。TheCeltic—black，withwhiteveins。
9。TheBosphoric—white，withblackedges。BesidestheProconnesianwhichformedthepavement；theThessalian，Molossian，&c。，whicharelessdistinctlypainted。]
Sominuteadescriptionofanedificewhichtimehasrespected，mayattestthetruth，andexcusetherelation，oftheinnumerableworks，bothinthecapitalandprovinces，whichJustinianconstructedonasmallerscaleandlessdurablefoundations。^106InConstantinoplealoneandtheadjacentsuburbs，hededicatedtwenty—fivechurchestothehonorofChrist，theVirgin，andthesaints:mostofthesechurchesweredecoratedwithmarbleandgold；andtheirvarioussituationwasskilfullychoseninapopuloussquare，orapleasantgrove；onthemarginofthesea—shore，oronsomeloftyeminencewhichoverlookedthecontinentsofEuropeandAsia。ThechurchoftheHolyApostlesatConstantinople，andthatofSt。JohnatEphesus，appeartohavebeenframedonthesamemodel:theirdomesaspiredtoimitatethecupolasofSt。Sophia；butthealtarwasmorejudiciouslyplacedunderthecentreofthedome，atthejunctionoffourstatelyporticos，whichmoreaccuratelyexpressedthefigureoftheGreekcross。TheVirginofJerusalemmightexultinthetempleerectedbyherImperialvotaryonamostungratefulspot，whichaffordedneithergroundnormaterialstothearchitect。Alevelwasformedbyraisingpartofadeepvalleytotheheightofthemountain。Thestonesofaneighboringquarrywerehewnintoregularforms；eachblockwasfixedonapeculiarcarriage，drawnbyfortyofthestrongestoxen，andtheroadswerewidenedforthepassageofsuchenormousweights。Lebanonfurnishedherloftiestcedarsforthetimbersofthechurch；andtheseasonablediscoveryofaveinofredmarblesupplieditsbeautifulcolumns，twoofwhich，thesupportersoftheexteriorportico，wereesteemedthelargestintheworld。ThepiousmunificenceoftheemperorwasdiffusedovertheHolyLand；andifreasonshouldcondemnthemonasteriesofbothsexeswhichwerebuiltorrestoredbyJustinian，yetcharitymustapplaudthewellswhichhesunk，andthehospitalswhichhefounded，forthereliefofthewearypilgrims。TheschismaticaltemperofEgyptwasillentitledtotheroyalbounty；butinSyriaandAfrica，someremedieswereappliedtothedisastersofwarsandearthquakes，andbothCarthageandAntioch，emergingfromtheirruins，mightreverethenameoftheirgraciousbenefactor。^107
Almosteverysaintinthecalendaracquiredthehonorsofatemple；almosteverycityoftheempireobtainedthesolidadvantagesofbridges，hospitals，andaqueducts；butthesevereliberalityofthemonarchdisdainedtoindulgehissubjectsinthepopularluxuryofbathsandtheatres。WhileJustinianlaboredforthepublicservice，hewasnotunmindfulofhisowndignityandease。TheByzantinepalace，whichhadbeendamagedbytheconflagration，wasrestoredwithnewmagnificence；andsomenotionmaybeconceivedofthewholeedifice，bythevestibuleorhall，which，fromthedoorsperhaps，ortheroof，wassurnamedchalce，orthebrazen。Thedomeofaspaciousquadranglewassupportedbymassypillars；thepavementandwallswereincrustedwithmany—coloredmarbles—theemeraldgreenofLaconia，thefieryred，andthewhitePhrygianstone，intersectedwithveinsofasea—greenhue:themosaicpaintingsofthedomeandsidesrepresentedthegloriesoftheAfricanandItaliantriumphs。OntheAsiaticshoreofthePropontis，atasmalldistancetotheeastofChalcedon，thecostlypalaceandgardensofHeraeum^108werepreparedforthesummerresidenceofJustinian，andmoreespeciallyofTheodora。Thepoetsoftheagehavecelebratedtherareallianceofnatureandart，theharmonyofthenymphsofthegroves，thefountains，andthewaves:yetthecrowdofattendantswhofollowedthecourtcomplainedoftheirinconvenientlodgings，^109andthenymphsweretoooftenalarmedbythefamousPorphyrio，awhaleoftencubitsinbreadth，andthirtyinlength，whowasstrandedatthemouthoftheRiverSangaris，afterhehadinfestedmorethanhalfacenturytheseasofConstantinople。^110
[Footnote106:ThesixbooksoftheEdificesofProcopiusarethusdistributedthefirstisconfinedtoConstantinople:thesecondincludesMesopotamiaandSyriathethird，ArmeniaandtheEuxine；thefourth，Europe；thefifth，AsiaMinorandPalestine；
thesixth，EgyptandAfrica。Italyisforgotbytheemperororthehistorian，whopublishedthisworkofadulationbeforethedateA。D。555ofitsfinalconquest。]
[Footnote107:Justinianoncegaveforty—fivecentenariesofgold180，000lfortherepairsofAntiochaftertheearthquake，JohnMalala，tom。iip146—149。]
[Footnote108:FortheHeraeum，thepalaceofTheodora，seeGyllius，deBosphoroThracio，l。iii。c。xi。，Aleman。Not。
ad。Anec。p。80，81，whoquotesseveralepigramsoftheAnthology，andDucange，C。P。Christ。l。iv。c。13，p。175，176。]
[Footnote109:Compare，intheEdifices，l。i。c。11，andintheAnecdotes，c。8，15。thedifferentstylesofadulationandmalevolence:strippedofthepaint，orcleansedfromthedirt，theobjectappearstobethesame。]
[Footnote110:Procopius，l。viii。29；mostprobablyastrangerandwanderer，astheMediterraneandoesnotbreedwhales。
Balaenaequoqueinnostramariapenetrant，Plin。Hist。Natur。
ix。2。Betweenthepolarcircleandthetropic，thecetaceousanimalsoftheoceangrowtothelengthof50，80，or100feet，Hist。desVoyages，tom。xv。p。289。Pennant\'sBritishZoology，vol。iii。p。35。]
ThefortificationsofEuropeandAsiaweremultipliedbyJustinian；buttherepetitionofthosetimidandfruitlessprecautionsexposes，toaphilosophiceye，thedebilityoftheempire。^111FromBelgradetotheEuxine，fromtheconfluxoftheSavetothemouthoftheDanube，achainofabovefourscorefortifiedplaceswasextendedalongthebanksofthegreatriver。
Singlewatch—towerswerechangedintospaciouscitadels；vacantwalls，whichtheengineerscontractedorenlargedaccordingtothenatureoftheground，werefilledwithcoloniesorgarrisons；
astrongfortressdefendedtheruinsofTrajan\'sbridge，^112andseveralmilitarystationsaffectedtospreadbeyondtheDanubetheprideoftheRomanname。Butthatnamewasdivestedofitsterrors；theBarbarians，intheirannualinroads，passed，andcontemptuouslyrepassed，beforetheseuselessbulwarks；andtheinhabitantsofthefrontier，insteadofreposingundertheshadowofthegeneraldefence，werecompelledtoguard，withincessantvigilance，theirseparatehabitations。Thesolitudeofancientcities，wasreplenished；thenewfoundationsofJustinianacquired，perhapstoohastily，theepithetsofimpregnableandpopulous；andtheauspiciousplaceofhisownnativityattractedthegratefulreverenceofthevainestofprinces。UnderthenameofJustinianaprima，theobscurevillageofTauresiumbecametheseatofanarchbishopandapraefect，whosejurisdictionextendedoversevenwarlikeprovincesofIllyricum；^113andthecorruptapellationofGiustendilstillindicates，abouttwentymilestothesouthofSophia，theresidenceofaTurkishsanjak。^114Fortheuseoftheemperor\'scountryman，acathedral，aplace，andanaqueduct，werespeedilyconstructed；thepublicandprivateedificeswereadaptedtothegreatnessofaroyalcity；andthestrengthofthewallsresisted，duringthelifetimeofJustinian，theunskilfulassaultsoftheHunsandSclavonians。Theirprogresswassometimesretarded，andtheirhopesofrapineweredisappointed，bytheinnumerablecastleswhich，intheprovincesofDacia，Epirus，Thessaly，Macedonia，andThrace，appearedtocoverthewholefaceofthecountry。Sixhundredofthesefortswerebuiltorrepairedbytheemperor；butitseemsreasonabletobelieve，thatthefargreaterpartconsistedonlyofastoneorbricktower，inthemidstofasquareorcirculararea，whichwassurroundedbyawallandditch，andaffordedinamomentofdangersomeprotectiontothepeasantsandcattleoftheneighboringvillages。^115Yetthesemilitaryworks，whichexhaustedthepublictreasure，couldnotremovethejustapprehensionsofJustinianandhisEuropeansubjects。ThewarmbathsofAnchialusinThracewererenderedassafeastheyweresalutary；buttherichpasturesofThessalonicawereforagedbytheScythiancavalry；thedeliciousvaleofTempe，threehundredmilesfromtheDanube，wascontinuallyalarmedbythesoundofwar；^116andnounfortifiedspot，howeverdistantorsolitary，couldsecurelyenjoytheblessingsofpeace。TheStraitsofThermopylae，whichseemedtoprotect，butwhichhadsooftenbetrayed，thesafetyofGreece，werediligentlystrengthenedbythelaborsofJustinian。Fromtheedgeofthesea—shore，throughtheforestsandvalleys，andasfarasthesummitoftheThessalianmountains，astrongwallwascontinued，whichoccupiedeverypracticableentrance。Insteadofahastycrowdofpeasants，agarrisonoftwothousandsoldierswasstationedalongtherampart；granariesofcornandreservoirsofwaterwereprovidedfortheiruse；andbyaprecautionthatinspiredthecowardicewhichitforesaw，convenientfortresseswereerectedfortheirretreat。ThewallsofCorinth，overthrownbyanearthquake，andthemoulderingbulwarksofAthensandPlataea，werecarefullyrestored；theBarbarianswerediscouragedbytheprospectofsuccessiveandpainfulsieges:andthenakedcitiesofPeloponnesuswerecoveredbythefortificationsoftheIsthmusofCorinth。AttheextremityofEurope，anotherpeninsula，theThracianChersonesus，runsthreedays\'journeyintothesea，toform，withtheadjacentshoresofAsia，theStraitsoftheHellespont。Theintervalsbetweenelevenpopuloustownswerefilledbyloftywoods，fairpastures，andarablelands；andtheisthmus，ofthirtysevenstadiaorfurlongs，hadbeenfortifiedbyaSpartangeneralninehundredyearsbeforethereignofJustinian。^117Inanageoffreedomandvalor，theslightestrampartmaypreventasurprise；andProcopiusappearsinsensibleofthesuperiorityofancienttimes，whilehepraisesthesolidconstructionanddoubleparapetofawall，whoselongarmsstretchedoneithersideintothesea；butwhosestrengthwasdeemedinsufficienttoguardtheChersonesus，ifeachcity，andparticularlyGallipoliandSestus，hadnotbeensecuredbytheirpeculiarfortifications。Thelongwall，asitwasemphaticallystyled，wasaworkasdisgracefulintheobject，asitwasrespectableintheexecution。Therichesofacapitaldiffusethemselvesovertheneighboringcountry，andtheterritoryofConstantinopleaparadiseofnature，wasadornedwiththeluxuriousgardensandvillasofthesenatorsandopulentcitizens。ButtheirwealthservedonlytoattracttheboldandrapaciousBarbarians；thenoblestoftheRomans，inthebosomofpeacefulindolence，wereledawayintoScythiancaptivity，andtheirsovereignmightviewfromhispalacethehostileflameswhichwereinsolentlyspreadtothegatesoftheImperialcity。
Atthedistanceonlyoffortymiles，Anastasiuswasconstrainedtoestablishalastfrontier；hislongwall，ofsixtymilesfromthePropontistotheEuxine，proclaimedtheimpotenceofhisarms；andasthedangerbecamemoreimminent，newfortificationswereaddedbytheindefatigableprudenceofJustinian。^118
[Footnote111:Montesquieuobserves，tom。iii。p。503，ConsiderationssurlaGrandeuretlaDecadencedesRomains，c。
xx。，thatJustinian\'sempirewaslikeFranceinthetimeoftheNormaninroads—neversoweakaswheneveryvillagewasfortified。]
[Footnote112:Procopiusaffirmsl。iv。c。6thattheDanubewasstoppedbytheruinsofthebridge。HadApollodorus，thearchitect，leftadescriptionofhisownwork，thefabulouswondersofDionCassiusllxviii。p。1129wouldhavebeencorrectedbythegenuinepictureTrajan\'sbridgeconsistedoftwentyortwenty—twostonepileswithwoodenarches；theriverisshallow，thecurrentgentle，andthewholeintervalnomorethan443ReimeradDion。fromMarsiglior5l7toises，D\'Anville，GeographieAncienne，tom。i。p。305。]
[Footnote113:OfthetwoDacias，MediterraneaandRipensis，Dardania，Pravalitana，thesecondMaesia，andthesecondMacedonia。SeeJustinianNovell。xi。，whospeaksofhiscastlesbeyondtheDanube，andonominessemperbellicissudoribusinhaerentes。]
[Footnote114:SeeD\'Anville，Memoiresdel\'Academie，&c。，tom。
xxxip。280，299，Rycaut，PresentStateoftheTurkishEmpire，p。97，316，Maxsigli，StatoMilitaredelImperioOttomano，p。
130。ThesanjakofGiustendilisoneofthetwentyunderthebeglerbegofRurselis，andhisdistrictmaintains48zaimsand588timariots。]
[Footnote115:ThesefortificationsmaybecomparedtothecastlesinMingreliaChardin，VoyagesenPerse，tom。i。p。60，131—anaturalpicture。]
[Footnote116:ThevalleyofTempeissituatealongtheRiverPeneus，betweenthehillsofOssaandOlympus:itisonlyfivemileslong，andinsomeplacesnomorethan120feetinbreadth。
ItsverdantbeautiesareelegantlydescribedbyPliny，Hist。
Natur。l。iv。15，andmorediffuselybyAelian，Hist。Var。l。
iii。c。i。]
[Footnote117:XenophonHellenic。l。iii。c。2。AfteralongandtediousconversationwiththeByzantinedeclaimers，howrefreshingisthetruth，thesimplicity，theeleganceofanAtticwriter!]
[Footnote118:SeethelongwallinEvagarius，l。iv。c。38。
ThiswholearticleisdrawnfromthefourthbookoftheEdifices，exceptAnchialus，l。iii。c。7。]
AsiaMinor，afterthesubmissionoftheIsaurians，^119
remainedwithoutenemiesandwithoutfortifications。Thoseboldsavages，whohaddisdainedtobethesubjectsofGallienus，persistedtwohundredandthirtyyearsinalifeofindependenceandrapine。Themostsuccessfulprincesrespectedthestrengthofthemountainsandthedespairofthenatives；theirfiercespiritwassometimessoothedwithgifts，andsometimesrestrainedbyterror；andamilitarycount，withthreelegions，fixedhispermanentandignominiousstationintheheartoftheRomanprovinces。^120Butnosoonerwasthevigilanceofpowerrelaxedordiverted，thanthelight—armedsquadronsdescendedfromthehills，andinvadedthepeacefulplentyofAsia。AlthoughtheIsaurianswerenotremarkableforstatureorbravery，wantrenderedthembold，andexperiencemadethemskilfulintheexerciseofpredatorywar。Theyadvancedwithsecrecyandspeedtotheattackofvillagesanddefencelesstowns；theirflyingpartieshavesometimestouchedtheHellespont，theEuxine，andthegatesofTarsus，Antioch，orDamascus；^121andthespoilwaslodgedintheirinaccessiblemountains，beforetheRomantroopshadreceivedtheirorders，orthedistantprovincehadcomputeditsloss。Theguiltofrebellionandrobberyexcludedthemfromtherightsofnationalenemies；andthemagistrateswereinstructed，byanedict，thatthetrialorpunishmentofanIsaurian，evenonthefestivalofEaster，wasameritoriousactofjusticeandpiety。^122Ifthecaptiveswerecondemnedtodomesticslavery，theymaintained，withtheirswordordagger，theprivatequarreloftheirmasters；anditwasfoundexpedientforthepublictranquillitytoprohibittheserviceofsuchdangerousretainers。WhentheircountrymanTarcalissaeusorZenoascendedthethrone，heinvitedafaithfulandformidablebandofIsaurians，whoinsultedthecourtandcity，andwererewardedbyanannualtributeoffivethousandpoundsofgold。Butthehopesoffortunedepopulatedthemountains，luxuryenervatedthehardinessoftheirmindsandbodies，andinproportionastheymixedwithmankind，theybecamelessqualifiedfortheenjoymentofpoorandsolitaryfreedom。AfterthedeathofZeno，hissuccessorAnastasiussuppressedtheirpensions，exposedtheirpersonstotherevengeofthepeople，banishedthemfromConstantinople，andpreparedtosustainawar，whichleftonlythealternativeofvictoryorservitude。AbrotherofthelastemperorusurpedthetitleofAugustus；hiscausewaspowerfullysupportedbythearms，thetreasures，andthemagazines，collectedbyZeno；andthenativeIsauriansmusthaveformedthesmallestportionofthehundredandfiftythousandBarbariansunderhisstandard，whichwassanctified，forthefirsttime，bythepresenceofafightingbishop。TheirdisorderlynumberswerevanquishedintheplainsofPhrygiabythevaloranddisciplineoftheGoths；butawarofsixyearsalmostexhaustedthecourageoftheemperor。^123TheIsauriansretiredtotheirmountains；
theirfortressesweresuccessivelybesiegedandruined；theircommunicationwiththeseawasintercepted；thebravestoftheirleadersdiedinarms；thesurvivingchiefs，beforetheirexecution，weredraggedinchainsthroughthehippodrome；acolonyoftheiryouthwastransplantedintoThrace，andtheremnantofthepeoplesubmittedtotheRomangovernment。Yetsomegenerationselapsedbeforetheirmindswerereducedtothelevelofslavery。ThepopulousvillagesofMountTauruswerefilledwithhorsemenandarchers:theyresistedtheimpositionoftributes，buttheyrecruitedthearmiesofJustinian；andhiscivilmagistrates，theproconsulofCappadocia，thecountofIsauria，andthepraetorsofLycaoniaandPisidia，wereinvestedwithmilitarypowertorestrainthelicentiouspracticeofrapesandassassinations。^124
[Footnote119:Turnbacktovol。i。p。328。InthecourseofthisHistory，Ihavesometimesmentioned，andmuchoftenerslighted，thehastyinroadsoftheIsaurians，whichwerenotattendedwithanyconsequences。]
[Footnote120:TrebelliusPollioinHist。August。p。107，wholivedunderDiocletian，orConstantine。SeelikewisePancirolusadNotit。Imp。Orientc。115，141。SeeCod。Theodos。l。ix。tit。
35，leg。37，withacopiouscollectiveAnnotationofGodefroy，tom。iii。p。256，257。]
[Footnote121:SeethefullandwideextentoftheirinroadsinPhilostorgiusHist。Eccles。l。xi。c。8，withGodefroy\'slearnedDissertations。]
[Footnote122:Cod。Justinian。l。ix。tit。12，leg。10。Thepunishmentsaresevers—afineofahundredpoundsofgold，degradation，andevendeath。Thepublicpeacemightaffordapretence，butZenowasdesirousofmonopolizingthevalorandserviceoftheIsaurians。]
[Footnote123:TheIsaurianwarandthetriumphofAnastasiusarebrieflyanddarklyrepresentedbyJohnMalala，tom。ii。p。106，107，Evagrius，l。iii。c。35，Theophanes，p。118—120，andtheChronicleofMarcellinus。]
[Footnote124:FortesearegiosaysJustinianviroshabet，necinullodiffertabIsauria，thoughProcopiusPersic。l。i。c。
18marksanessentialdifferencebetweentheirmilitarycharacter；yetinformertimestheLycaoniansandPisidianshaddefendedtheirlibertyagainstthegreatking，Xenophon。
Anabasis，l。iii。c。2。JustinianintroducessomefalseandridiculouseruditionoftheancientempireofthePisidians，andofLycaon，who，aftervisitingRome，longbeforeAeenas，gaveanameandpeopletoLycaoni，Novell。24，25，27，30。]
ChapterXL:ReignOfJustinian。