despicableanddecrepiteunuchcouldnolongeralarmthefearsofhisenemies；norwashecapableofenjoyingwhatyetremained，thecomfortsofpeace，ofsolitude，andofahappyclimate。Buttheirimplacablerevengestillenviedhimthelastmomentsofamiserablelife，andEutropiushadnosoonertouchedtheshoresofCyprus，thanhewashastilyrecalled。Thevainhopeofeluding，byachangeofplace，theobligationofanoath，engagedtheempresstotransferthesceneofhistrialandexecutionfromConstantinopletotheadjacentsuburbofChalcedon。TheconsulAurelianpronouncedthesentence；andthemotivesofthatsentenceexposethejurisprudenceofadespoticgovernment。ThecrimeswhichEutropiushadcommittedagainstthepeoplemighthavejustifiedhisdeath；buthewasfoundguiltyofharnessingtohischariotthesacredanimals，who，fromtheirbreedorcolor，werereservedfortheuseoftheemperoralone。^32
[Footnote28:Thisanecdote，whichPhilostorgiusalonehaspreserved，lxi。c。6，andGothofred。Dissertat。p。451—456
iscuriousandimportant；sinceitconnectstherevoltoftheGothswiththesecretintriguesofthepalace。]
[Footnote29:SeetheHomilyofChrysostom，tom。iii。p。381—
386，whichtheexordiumisparticularlybeautiful。Socrates，l。
vi。c。5。Sozomen，l。viii。c。7。MontfauconinhisLifeofChrysostom，tom。xiii。p。135toohastilysupposesthatTribigildwasactuallyinConstantinople；andthathecommandedthesoldierswhowereorderedtoseizeEutropiusEvenClaudian，aPaganpoet，praefat。adl。ii。inEutrop。27，hasmentionedtheflightoftheeunuchtothesanctuary。
Suppliciterquepiashumilisprostratusadaras，Mitigatiratasvocetrementenurus，]
[Footnote30:Chrysostom，inanotherhomily，tom。iii。p。386，
affectstodeclarethatEutropiuswouldnothavebeentaken，hadhenotdesertedthechurch。Zosimus，l。v。p。313，onthecontrary，pretends，thathisenemiesforcedhimfromthesanctuary。Yetthepromiseisanevidenceofsometreaty；andthestrongassuranceofClaudian，Praefat。adl。ii。46，
Sedtamenexemplononferieretuo，maybeconsideredasanevidenceofsomepromise。]
[Footnote31:Cod。Theod。l。ix。tit。xi。leg。14。ThedateofthatlawJan。17，A。D。399iserroneousandcorrupt；sincethefallofEutropiuscouldnothappentilltheautumnofthesameyear。SeeTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。v。p。780。]
[Footnote32:Zosimus，l。v。p。313。Philostorgius，l。xi。c。
6。]
Whilethisdomesticrevolutionwastransacted，Gainas^33
openlyrevoltedfromhisallegiance；unitedhisforcesatThyatirainLydia，withthoseofTribigild；andstillmaintainedhissuperiorascendantovertherebelliousleaderoftheOstrogoths。Theconfederatearmiesadvanced，withoutresistance，tothestraitsoftheHellespontandtheBosphorus；andArcadiuswasinstructedtopreventthelossofhisAsiaticdominions，byresigninghisauthorityandhispersontothefaithoftheBarbarians。ThechurchoftheholymartyrEuphemia，situateonaloftyeminencenearChalcedon，^34waschosenfortheplaceoftheinterview。Gainasbowedwithreverenceatthefeetoftheemperor，whilstherequiredthesacrificeofAurelianandSaturninus，twoministersofconsularrank；andtheirnakedneckswereexposed，bythehaughtyrebel，totheedgeofthesword，tillhecondescendedtograntthemaprecariousanddisgracefulrespite。TheGoths，accordingtothetermsoftheagreement，wereimmediatelytransportedfromAsiaintoEurope；andtheirvictoriouschief，whoacceptedthetitleofmaster—generaloftheRomanarmies，soonfilledConstantinoplewithhistroops，anddistributedamonghisdependantsthehonorsandrewardsoftheempire。Inhisearlyyouth，GainashadpassedtheDanubeasasuppliantandafugitive:hiselevationhadbeentheworkofvalorandfortune；andhisindiscreetorperfidiousconductwasthecauseofhisrapiddownfall。Notwithstandingthevigorousoppositionofthearchbishop，heimportunatelyclaimedforhisAriansectariesthepossessionofapeculiarchurch；andtheprideoftheCatholicswasoffendedbythepublictolerationofheresy。^35EveryquarterofConstantinoplewasfilledwithtumultanddisorder；andtheBarbariansgazedwithsuchardorontherichshopsofthejewellers，andthetablesofthebankers，whichwerecoveredwithgoldandsilver，thatitwasjudgedprudenttoremovethosedangeroustemptationsfromtheirsight。
Theyresentedtheinjuriousprecaution；andsomealarmingattemptsweremade，duringthenight，toattackanddestroywithfiretheImperialpalace。^36Inthisstateofmutualandsuspicioushostility，theguardsandthepeopleofConstantinopleshutthegates，androseinarmstopreventortopunishtheconspiracyoftheGoths。DuringtheabsenceofGainas，histroopsweresurprisedandoppressed；seventhousandBarbariansperishedinthisbloodymassacre。Inthefuryofthepursuit，theCatholicsuncoveredtheroof，andcontinuedtothrowdownflaminglogsofwood，tilltheyoverwhelmedtheiradversaries，whohadretreatedtothechurchorconventicleoftheArians。
Gainaswaseitherinnocentofthedesign，ortooconfidentofhissuccess；hewasastonishedbytheintelligencethattheflowerofhisarmyhadbeeningloriouslydestroyed；thathehimselfwasdeclaredapublicenemy；andthathiscountryman，Fravitta，abraveandloyalconfederate，hadassumedthemanagementofthewarbyseaandland。Theenterprisesoftherebel，againstthecitiesofThrace，wereencounteredbyafirmandwell—ordereddefence；hishungrysoldiersweresoonreducedtothegrassthatgrewonthemarginofthefortifications；andGainas，whovainlyregrettedthewealthandluxuryofAsia，embracedadesperateresolutionofforcingthepassageoftheHellespont。Hewasdestituteofvessels；butthewoodsoftheChersonesusaffordedmaterialsforrafts，andhisintrepidBarbariansdidnotrefusetotrustthemselvestothewaves。ButFravittaattentivelywatchedtheprogressoftheirundertakingAssoonastheyhadgainedthemiddleofthestream，theRomangalleys，^37impelledbythefullforceofoars，ofthecurrent，andofafavorablewind，rushedforwardsincompactorder，andwithirresistibleweight；andtheHellespontwascoveredwiththefragmentsoftheGothicshipwreck。Afterthedestructionofhishopes，andthelossofmanythousandsofhisbravestsoldiers，Gainas，whocouldnolongeraspiretogovernortosubduetheRomans，determinedtoresumetheindependenceofasavagelife。AlightandactivebodyofBarbarianhorse，disengagedfromtheirinfantryandbaggage，mightperformineightortendaysamarchofthreehundredmilesfromtheHellesponttotheDanube；^38thegarrisonsofthatimportantfrontierhadbeengraduallyannihilated；theriver，inthemonthofDecember，wouldbedeeplyfrozen；andtheunboundedprospectofScythiawasopenedtotheambitionofGainas。Thisdesignwassecretlycommunicatedtothenationaltroops，whodevotedthemselvestothefortunesoftheirleader；andbeforethesignalofdeparturewasgiven，agreatnumberofprovincialauxiliaries，whomhesuspectedofanattachmenttotheirnativecountry，wereperfidiouslymassacred。
TheGothsadvanced，byrapidmarches，throughtheplainsofThrace；andtheyweresoondeliveredfromthefearofapursuit，bythevanityofFravitta，who，insteadofextinguishingthewar，hastenedtoenjoythepopularapplause，andtoassumethepeacefulhonorsoftheconsulship。Butaformidableallyappearedinarmstovindicatethemajestyoftheempire，andtoguardthepeaceandlibertyofScythia。^39ThesuperiorforcesofUldin，kingoftheHuns，opposedtheprogressofGainas；ahostileandruinedcountryprohibitedhisretreat；hedisdainedtocapitulate；andafterrepeatedlyattemptingtocuthiswaythroughtheranksoftheenemy，hewasslain，withhisdesperatefollowers，inthefieldofbattle。ElevendaysafterthenavalvictoryoftheHellespont，theheadofGainas，theinestimablegiftoftheconqueror，wasreceivedatConstantinoplewiththemostliberalexpressionsofgratitude；andthepublicdeliverancewascelebratedbyfestivalsandilluminations。ThetriumphsofArcadiusbecamethesubjectofepicpoems；^40andthemonarch，nolongeroppressedbyanyhostileterrors，resignedhimselftothemildandabsolutedominionofhiswife，thefairandartfulEudoxia，whowassulliedherfamebythepersecutionofSt。JohnChrysostom。
[Footnote33:Zosimus，l。v。p。313—323，Socrates，l。vi。c。
4，Sozomen，l。viii。c。4，andTheodoret，l。v。c。32，33，
represent，thoughwithsomevariouscircumstances，theconspiracy，defeat，anddeathofGainas。]
[Footnote34:ItistheexpressionofZosimushimself，l。v。p。
314，whoinadvertentlyusesthefashionablelanguageoftheChristians。Evagriusdescribesl。ii。c。3thesituation，architecture，relics，andmiracles，ofthatcelebratedchurch，inwhichthegeneralcouncilofChalcedonwasafterwardsheld。]
[Footnote35:ThepiousremonstrancesofChrysostom，whichdonotappearinhisownwritings，arestronglyurgedbyTheodoret；buthisinsinuation，thattheyweresuccessful，isdisprovedbyfacts。TillemontHist。desEmpereurs，tom。v。p。383hasdiscoveredthattheemperor，tosatisfytherapaciousdemandsofGainas，wasobligedtomelttheplateofthechurchoftheapostles。]
[Footnote36:Theecclesiasticalhistorians，whosometimesguide，andsometimesfollow，thepublicopinion，mostconfidentlyassert，thatthepalaceofConstantinoplewasguardedbylegionsofangels。]
[Footnote37:Zosmiusl。v。p。319mentionsthesegalleysbythenameofLiburnians，andobservesthattheywereasswiftwithoutexplainingthedifferencebetweenthemasthevesselswithfiftyoars；butthattheywerefarinferiorinspeedtothetriremes，whichhadbeenlongdisused。Yethereasonablyconcludes，fromthetestimonyofPolybius，thatgalleysofastilllargersizehadbeenconstructedinthePunicwars。SincetheestablishmentoftheRomanempireovertheMediterranean，theuselessartofbuildinglargeshipsofwarhadprobablybeenneglected，andatlengthforgotten。]
[Footnote38:ChishullTravels，p。61—63，72—76proceededfromGallipoli，throughHadrianopletotheDanube，inaboutfifteendays。HewasinthetrainofanEnglishambassador，whosebaggageconsistedofseventy—onewagons。Thatlearnedtravellerhasthemeritoftracingacuriousandunfrequentedroute。]
[Footnote*:Fravitta，accordingtoZosimus，thoughaPagan，receivedthehonorsoftheconsulate。Zosim，v。c。20。OnFravitta，seeaveryimperfectfragmentofEunapius。Mai。ii。
290，inNiebuhr。92。—M。]
[Footnote39:ThenarrativeofZosimus，whoactuallyleadsGainasbeyondtheDanube，mustbecorrectedbythetestimonyofSocrates，audSozomen，thathewaskilledinThrace；andbythepreciseandauthenticdatesoftheAlexandrian，orPaschal，Chronicle，p。307。ThenavalvictoryoftheHellespontisfixedtothemonthApellaeus，thetenthoftheCalendsofJanuary，December23；theheadofGainaswasbroughttoConstantinoplethethirdofthenonesofJanuary，January3，inthemonthAudynaeus。]
[Footnote40:EusebiusScholasticusacquiredmuchfamebyhispoemontheGothicwar，inwhichhehadserved。NearfortyyearsafterwardsAmmoniusrecitedanotherpoemonthesamesubject，inthepresenceoftheemperorTheodosius。SeeSocrates，l。vi。c。
6。]
AfterthedeathoftheindolentNectarius，thesuccessorofGregoryNazianzen，thechurchofConstantinoplewasdistractedbytheambitionofrivalcandidates，whowerenotashamedtosolicit，withgoldorflattery，thesuffrageofthepeople，orofthefavorite。OnthisoccasionEutropiusseemstohavedeviatedfromhisordinarymaxims；andhisuncorruptedjudgmentwasdeterminedonlybythesuperiormeritofastranger。InalatejourneyintotheEast，hehadadmiredthesermonsofJohn，anativeandpresbyterofAntioch，whosenamehasbeendistinguishedbytheepithetofChrysostom，ortheGoldenMouth。
^41AprivateorderwasdespatchedtothegovernorofSyria；andasthepeoplemightbeunwillingtoresigntheirfavoritepreacher，hewastransported，withspeedandsecrecyinapost—
chariot，fromAntiochtoConstantinople。Theunanimousandunsolicitedconsentofthecourt，theclergy，andthepeople，ratifiedthechoiceoftheminister；and，bothasasaintandasanorator，thenewarchbishopsurpassedthesanguineexpectationsofthepublic。Bornofanobleandopulentfamily，inthecapitalofSyria，Chrysostomhadbeeneducated，bythecareofatendermother，underthetuitionofthemostskilfulmasters。HestudiedtheartofrhetoricintheschoolofLibanius；andthatcelebratedsophist，whosoondiscoveredthetalentsofhisdisciple，ingenuouslyconfessedthatJohnwouldhavedeservedtosucceedhim，hadhenotbeenstolenawaybytheChristians。Hispietysoondisposedhimtoreceivethesacramentofbaptism；torenouncethelucrativeandhonorableprofessionofthelaw；andtoburyhimselfintheadjacentdesert，wherehesubduedthelustsofthefleshbyanausterepenanceofsixyears。Hisinfirmitiescompelledhimtoreturntothesocietyofmankind；
andtheauthorityofMeletiusdevotedhistalentstotheserviceofthechurch:butinthemidstofhisfamily，andafterwardsonthearchiepiscopalthrone，Chrysostomstillperseveredinthepracticeofthemonasticvirtues。Theamplerevenues，whichhispredecessorshadconsumedinpompandluxury，hediligentlyappliedtotheestablishmentofhospitals；andthemultitudes，whoweresupportedbyhischarity，preferredtheeloquentandedifyingdiscoursesoftheirarchbishoptotheamusementsofthetheatreorthecircus。Themonumentsofthateloquence，whichwasadmiredneartwentyyearsatAntiochandConstantinople，havebeencarefullypreserved；andthepossessionofnearonethousandsermons，orhomilieshasauthorizedthecritics^42ofsucceedingtimestoappreciatethegenuinemeritofChrysostom。TheyunanimouslyattributetotheChristianoratorthefreecommandofanelegantandcopiouslanguage；thejudgmenttoconcealtheadvantageswhichhederivedfromtheknowledgeofrhetoricandphilosophy；aninexhaustiblefundofmetaphorsandsimilitudesofideasandimages，tovaryandillustratethemostfamiliartopics；thehappyartofengagingthepassionsintheserviceofvirtue；andofexposingthefolly，aswellastheturpitude，ofvice，almostwiththetruthandspiritofadramaticrepresentation。
[Footnote41:ThesixthbookofSocrates，theeighthofSozomen，andthefifthofTheodoret，affordcuriousandauthenticmaterialsforthelifeofJohnChrysostom。Besidesthosegeneralhistorians，Ihavetakenformyguidesthefourprincipalbiographersofthesaint。1。TheauthorofapartialandpassionateVindicationofthearchbishopofConstantinople，composedintheformofadialogue，andunderthenameofhiszealouspartisan，Palladius，bishopofHelenopolis，Tillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xi。p。500—533。ItisinsertedamongtheworksofChrysostom。tom。xiii。p。1—90，edit。Montfaucon。2。
ThemoderateErasmus，tom。iii。epist。Mcl。p。1331—1347，edit。Lugd。Bat。Hisvivacityandgoodsensewerehisown；hiserrors，intheuncultivatedstateofecclesiasticalantiquity，werealmostinevitable。3。ThelearnedTillemont，Mem。
Ecclesiastiques，tom。xi。p。1—405，547—626，&c。&c。，whocompilesthelivesofthesaintswithincrediblepatienceandreligiousaccuracy。HehasminutelysearchedthevoluminousworksofChrysostomhimself。4。FatherMontfaucon，whohasperusedthoseworkswiththecuriousdiligenceofaneditor，discoveredseveralnewhomilies，andagainreviewedandcomposedtheLifeofChrysostom，OperaChrysostom。tom。xiii。p。91—
177。]
[Footnote42:AsIamalmostastrangertothevoluminoussermonsofChrysostom，Ihavegivenmyconfidencetothetwomostjudiciousandmoderateoftheecclesiasticalcritics，Erasmustom。iii。p。1344andDupin，BibliothequeEcclesiastique，tom。
iii。p。38:yetthegoodtasteoftheformerissometimesvitiatedbyanexcessiveloveofantiquity；andthegoodsenseofthelatterisalwaysrestrainedbyprudentialconsiderations。]
ThepastorallaborsofthearchbishopofConstantinopleprovoked，andgraduallyunitedagainsthim，twosortsofenemies；
theaspiringclergy，whoenviedhissuccess，andtheobstinatesinners，whowereoffendedbyhisreproofs。WhenChrysostomthundered，fromthepulpitofSt。Sophia，againstthedegeneracyoftheChristians，hisshaftswerespentamongthecrowd，withoutwounding，orevenmarking，thecharacterofanyindividual。Whenhedeclaimedagainstthepeculiarvicesoftherich，povertymightobtainatransientconsolationfromhisinvectives；buttheguiltywerestillshelteredbytheirnumbers；andthereproachitselfwasdignifiedbysomeideasofsuperiorityandenjoyment。
Butasthepyramidrosetowardsthesummit，itinsensiblydiminishedtoapoint；andthemagistrates，theministers，thefavoriteeunuchs，theladiesofthecourt，^43theempressEudoxiaherself，hadamuchlargershareofguilttodivideamongasmallerproportionofcriminals。Thepersonalapplicationsoftheaudiencewereanticipated，orconfirmed，bythetestimonyoftheirownconscience；andtheintrepidpreacherassumedthedangerousrightofexposingboththeoffenceandtheoffendertothepublicabhorrence。ThesecretresentmentofthecourtencouragedthediscontentoftheclergyandmonksofConstantinople，whoweretoohastilyreformedbytheferventzealoftheirarchbishop。Hehadcondemned，fromthepulpit，thedomesticfemalesoftheclergyofConstantinople，who，underthenameofservants，orsisters，affordedaperpetualoccasioneitherofsinorofscandal。Thesilentandsolitaryascetics，whohadsecludedthemselvesfromtheworld，wereentitledtothewarmestapprobationofChrysostom；buthedespisedandstigmatized，asthedisgraceoftheirholyprofession，thecrowdofdegeneratemonks，who，fromsomeunworthymotivesofpleasureorprofit，sofrequentlyinfestedthestreetsofthecapital。Tothevoiceofpersuasion，thearchbishopwasobligedtoaddtheterrorsofauthority；andhisardor，intheexerciseofecclesiasticaljurisdiction，wasnotalwaysexemptfrompassion；
norwasitalwaysguidedbyprudence。Chrysostomwasnaturallyofacholericdisposition。^44Althoughhestruggled，accordingtothepreceptsofthegospel，tolovehisprivateenemies，heindulgedhimselfintheprivilegeofhatingtheenemiesofGodandofthechurch；andhissentimentsweresometimesdeliveredwithtoomuchenergyofcountenanceandexpression。Hestillmaintained，fromsomeconsiderationsofhealthorabstinence，hisformerhabitsoftakinghisrepastsalone；andthisinhospitablecustom，^45whichhisenemiesimputedtopride，contributed，atleast，tonourishtheinfirmityofamoroseandunsocialhumor。
Separatedfromthatfamiliarintercourse，whichfacilitatestheknowledgeandthedespatchofbusiness，hereposedanunsuspectingconfidenceinhisdeaconSerapion；andseldomappliedhisspeculativeknowledgeofhumannaturetotheparticularcharacter，eitherofhisdependants，orofhisequals。