第200章
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  [Footnote4:AddisonseehisWorks,vol。ii。p。54,edit。

  BaskervillehasgivenaverypicturesquedescriptionoftheroadthroughtheApennine。TheGothswerenotatleisuretoobservethebeautiesoftheprospect;buttheywerepleasedtofindthattheSaxaIntercisa,anarrowpassagewhichVespasianhadcutthroughtherock,Cluver。ItaliaAntiq。tom。i。p。168,wastotallyneglected。

  Hinealbi,Clitumne,greges,etmaximataurusVictima,saepetuoperfusifluminesacro,RomanosadtemplaDeumduxeretriumphos。

  Georg。ii。147。

  BesidesVirgil,mostoftheLatinpoets,Propertius,Lucan,SiliusItalicus,Claudian,&c。,whosepassagesmaybefoundinCluveriusandAddison,havecelebratedthetriumphalvictimsoftheClitumnus。]

  [Footnote6:SomeideasofthemarchofAlaricareborrowedfromthejourneyofHonoriusoverthesameground。SeeClaudianinvi。Cons。Hon。494—522。ThemeasureddistancebetweenRavennaandRomewas254Romanmiles。Itinerar。Wesseling,p。126。]

  Duringaperiodofsixhundredandnineteenyears,theseatofempirehadneverbeenviolatedbythepresenceofaforeignenemy。TheunsuccessfulexpeditionofHannibal^7servedonlytodisplaythecharacterofthesenateandpeople;ofasenatedegraded,ratherthanennobled,bythecomparisonofanassemblyofkings;andofapeople,towhomtheambassadorofPyrrhusascribedtheinexhaustibleresourcesoftheHydra。^8Eachofthesenators,inthetimeofthePunicwar,hadaccomplishedhistermofthemilitaryservice,eitherinasubordinateorasuperiorstation;andthedecree,whichinvestedwithtemporarycommandallthosewhohadbeenconsuls,orcensors,ordictators,gavetherepublictheimmediateassistanceofmanybraveandexperiencedgenerals。Inthebeginningofthewar,theRomanpeopleconsistedoftwohundredandfiftythousandcitizensofanagetobeararms。^9Fiftythousandhadalreadydiedinthedefenceoftheircountry;andthetwenty—threelegionswhichwereemployedinthedifferentcampsofItaly,Greece,Sardinia,Sicily,andSpain,requiredaboutonehundredthousandmen。ButtherestillremainedanequalnumberinRome,andtheadjacentterritory,whowereanimatedbythesameintrepidcourage;andeverycitizenwastrained,fromhisearliestyouth,inthedisciplineandexercisesofasoldier。Hannibalwasastonishedbytheconstancyofthesenate,who,withoutraisingthesiegeofCapua,orrecallingtheirscatteredforces,expectedhisapproach。HeencampedonthebanksoftheAnio,atthedistanceofthreemilesfromthecity;andhewassooninformed,thatthegroundonwhichhehadpitchedhistent,wassoldforanadequatepriceatapublicauction;andthatabodyoftroopswasdismissedbyanoppositeroad,toreenforcethelegionsofSpain。

  ^10HeledhisAfricanstothegatesofRome,wherehefoundthreearmiesinorderofbattle,preparedtoreceivehim;butHannibaldreadedtheeventofacombat,fromwhichhecouldnothopetoescape,unlesshedestroyedthelastofhisenemies;andhisspeedyretreatconfessedtheinvinciblecourageoftheRomans。

  [Footnote7:ThemarchandretreatofHannibalaredescribedbyLivy,l。xxvi。c。7,8,9,10,11;andthereaderismadeaspectatoroftheinterestingscene。]

  [Footnote8:ThesecomparisonswereusedbyCyneas,thecounsellorofPyrrhus,afterhisreturnfromhisembassy,inwhichhehaddiligentlystudiedthedisciplineandmannersofRome。SeePlutarchinPyrrho。tom。ii。p。459。]

  [Footnote9:InthethreecensuswhichweremadeoftheRomanpeople,aboutthetimeofthesecondPunicwar,thenumbersstandasfollows,seeLivy,Epitom。l。xx。Hist。l。xxvii。36。xxix。

  37:270,213,137,108214,000。Thefallofthesecond,andtheriseofthethird,appearssoenormous,thatseveralcritics,notwithstandingtheunanimityoftheMss。,havesuspectedsomecorruptionofthetextofLivy。SeeDrakenborchadxxvii。36,andBeaufort,RepubliqueRomaine,tom。i。p。325。TheydidnotconsiderthatthesecondcensuswastakenonlyatRome,andthatthenumberswerediminished,notonlybythedeath,butlikewisebytheabsence,ofmanysoldiers。Inthethirdcensus,Livyexpresslyaffirms,thatthelegionsweremusteredbythecareofparticularcommissaries。Fromthenumbersonthelistwemustalwaysdeductonetwelfthabovethreescore,andincapableofbearingarms。SeePopulationdelaFrance,p。72。]

  [Footnote*:ComparetheremarkabletransactioninJeremiahxxxii。6,to44,wheretheprophetpurchaseshisuncle\'sestateattheapproachoftheBabyloniancaptivity,inhisundoubtingconfidenceinthefuturerestorationofthepeople。Intheonecaseitisthetriumphofreligiousfaith,intheotherofnationalpride。—M。]

  [Footnote10:Livyconsidersthesetwoincidentsastheeffectsonlyofchanceandcourage。Isuspectthattheywerebothmanagedbytheadmirablepolicyofthesenate。]

  FromthetimeofthePunicwar,theuninterruptedsuccessionofsenatorshadpreservedthenameandimageoftherepublic;andthedegeneratesubjectsofHonoriusambitiouslyderivedtheirdescentfromtheheroeswhohadrepulsedthearmsofHannibal,andsubduedthenationsoftheearth。ThetemporalhonorswhichthedevoutPaula^11inheritedanddespised,arecarefullyrecapitulatedbyJerom,theguideofherconscience,andthehistorianofherlife。Thegenealogyofherfather,Rogatus,whichascendedashighasAgamemnon,mightseemtobetrayaGrecianorigin;buthermother,Blaesilla,numberedtheScipios,AemiliusPaulus,andtheGracchi,inthelistofherancestors;

  andToxotius,thehusbandofPaula,deducedhisroyallineagefromAeneas,thefatheroftheJulianline。Thevanityoftherich,whodesiredtobenoble,wasgratifiedbytheseloftypretensions。Encouragedbytheapplauseoftheirparasites,theyeasilyimposedonthecredulityofthevulgar;andwerecountenanced,insomemeasure,bythecustomofadoptingthenameoftheirpatron,whichhadalwaysprevailedamongthefreedmenandclientsofillustriousfamilies。Mostofthosefamilies,however,attackedbysomanycausesofexternalviolenceorinternaldecay,weregraduallyextirpated;anditwouldbemorereasonabletoseekforalinealdescentoftwentygenerations,amongthemountainsoftheAlps,orinthepeacefulsolitudeofApulia,thanonthetheatreofRome,theseatoffortune,ofdanger,andofperpetualrevolutions。Undereachsuccessivereign,andfromeveryprovinceoftheempire,acrowdofhardyadventurers,risingtoeminencebytheirtalentsortheirvices,usurpedthewealth,thehonors,andthepalacesofRome;andoppressed,orprotected,thepoorandhumbleremainsofconsularfamilies;whowereignorant,perhaps,ofthegloryoftheirancestors。^12

  [Footnote11:SeeJerom,tom。i。p。169,170,adEustochium;hebestowsonPaulathesplendidtitlesofGracchorumstirps,sobolesScipionum,Paulihaeres,cujusvocabulumtrahit,MartiaePapyriaeMatrisAfricaniveraetgermanapropago。ThisparticulardescriptionsupposesamoresolidtitlethanthesurnameofJulius,whichToxotiussharedwithathousandfamiliesofthewesternprovinces。SeetheIndexofTacitus,ofGruter\'sInscriptions,&c。]

  [Footnote12:TacitusAnnal。iii。55affirms,thatbetweenthebattleofActiumandthereignofVespasian,thesenatewasgraduallyfilledwithnewfamiliesfromtheMunicipiaandcoloniesofItaly。]

  InthetimeofJeromandClaudian,thesenatorsunanimouslyyieldedthepreeminencetotheAnicianline;andaslightviewoftheirhistorywillservetoappreciatetherankandantiquityofthenoblefamilies,whichcontendedonlyforthesecondplace。

  ^13Duringthefivefirstagesofthecity,thenameoftheAnicianswasunknown;theyappeartohavederivedtheiroriginfromPraeneste;andtheambitionofthosenewcitizenswaslongsatisfiedwiththePlebeianhonorsoftribunesofthepeople。^14

  Onehundredandsixty—eightyearsbeforetheChristianaera,thefamilywasennobledbythePraetorshipofAnicius,whogloriouslyterminatedtheIllyrianwar,bytheconquestofthenation,andthecaptivityoftheirking。^15Fromthetriumphofthatgeneral,threeconsulships,indistantperiods,markthesuccessionoftheAnicianname。^16FromthereignofDiocletiantothefinalextinctionoftheWesternempire,thatnameshonewithalustrewhichwasnoteclipsed,inthepublicestimation,bythemajestyoftheImperialpurple。^17Theseveralbranches,towhomitwascommunicated,united,bymarriageorinheritance,thewealthandtitlesoftheAnnian,thePetronian,andtheOlybrianhouses;andineachgenerationthenumberofconsulshipswasmultipliedbyanhereditaryclaim。^18TheAnicianfamilyexcelledinfaithandinriches:theywerethefirstoftheRomansenatewhoembracedChristianity;anditisprobablethatAniciusJulian,whowasafterwardsconsulandpraefectofthecity,atonedforhisattachmenttothepartyofMaxentius,bythereadinesswithwhichheacceptedthereligionofConstantine。^19

  TheiramplepatrimonywasincreasedbytheindustryofProbus,thechiefoftheAnicianfamily;whosharedwithGratianthehonorsoftheconsulship,andexercised,fourtimes,thehighofficeofPraetorianpraefect。^20HisimmenseestateswerescatteredoverthewideextentoftheRomanworld;andthoughthepublicmightsuspectordisapprovethemethodsbywhichtheyhadbeenacquired,thegenerosityandmagnificenceofthatfortunatestatesmandeservedthegratitudeofhisclients,andtheadmirationofstrangers。^21Suchwastherespectentertainedforhismemory,thatthetwosonsofProbus,intheirearliestyouth,andattherequestofthesenate,wereassociatedintheconsulardignity;amemorabledistinction,withoutexample,intheannalsofRome。^22

  [Footnote13:NecquisquamProcerumtentetlicetaerevetustoFloreat,etclarocingaturRomasenatu

  Sejactareparem;sedprimasederelictaAucheniis,dejurelicetcertaresecundo。

  Claud。inProb。etOlybriiCoss。18。

  SuchacomplimentpaidtotheobscurenameoftheAucheniihasamazedthecritics;buttheyallagree,thatwhatevermaybethetruereading,thesenseofClaudiancanbeappliedonlytotheAnicianfamily。]

  [Footnote14:TheearliestdateintheannalsofPighius,isthatofM。AniciusGallus。Trib。Pl。A。U。C。506。Anothertribune,Q。Anicius,A。U。C。508,isdistinguishedbytheepithetofPraenestinus。Livyxlv。43placestheAniciibelowthegreatfamiliesofRome。]

  [Footnote15:Livy,xliv。30,31,xlv。3,26,43。HefairlyappreciatesthemeritofAnicius,andjustlyobserves,thathisfamewascloudedbythesuperiorlustreoftheMacedonian,whichprecededtheIllyriantriumph。]

  [Footnote16:Thedatesofthethreeconsulshipsare,A。U。C。

  593,818,967thetwolastunderthereignsofNeroandCaracalla。Thesecondoftheseconsulsdistinguishedhimselfonlybyhisinfamousflattery,Tacit。Annal。xv。74;buteventheevidenceofcrimes,iftheybearthestampofgreatnessandantiquity,isadmitted,withoutreluctance,toprovethegenealogyofanoblehouse。]

  [Footnote17:Inthesixthcentury,thenobilityoftheAniciannameismentionedCassiodor。Variar。l。x。Ep。10,12withsingularrespectbytheministerofaGothickingofItaly。]

  [Footnote18:—FixusinomnesCognatosprocedithonos;quemcumquerequirasHacdestirpevirum,certumestdeConsulenasci。PerfascesnumeranturAvi,semperquerenataNobilitatevirent,etprolemfatasequuntur。

  ClaudianinProb。etOlyb。Consulat。12,&c。TheAnnii,whosenameseemstohavemergedintheAnician,marktheFastiwithmanyconsulships,fromthetimeofVespasiantothefourthcentury。]

  [Footnote19:ThetitleoffirstChristiansenatormaybejustifiedbytheauthorityofPrudentiusinSymmach。i。553andthedislikeofthePaganstotheAnicianfamily。SeeTillemont,Hist。desEmpereurs,tom。iv。p。183,v。p。44。Baron。Annal。

  A。D。312,No。78,A。D。322,No。2。]

  [Footnote20:Probus……claritudinegenerisetpotentiaetopummagnitudine,cognitusOrbiRomano,perquemuniversumpoenepatrimoniasparsapossedit,justeansecusnonjudicioliestnostri。AmmianMarcellin。xxvii。11。HischildrenandwidowerectedforhimamagnificenttombintheVatican,whichwasdemolishedinthetimeofPopeNicholasV。tomakeroomforthenewchurchofSt。PeterBaronius,wholamentstheruinofthisChristianmonument,hasdiligentlypreservedtheinscriptionsandbasso—relievos。SeeAnnal。Eccles。A。D。395,No。5—17。]

  [Footnote21:TwoPersiansatrapstravelledtoMilanandRome,tohearSt。Ambrose,andtoseeProbus,Paulin。inVit。Ambros。

  ClaudianinCons。Probin。etOlybr。30—60seemsatalosshowtoexpressthegloryofProbus。]

  [Footnote22:SeethepoemwhichClaudianaddressedtothetwonobleyouths。]

  ChapterXXXI:InvasionOfItaly,OccupationOfTerritoriesByBarbarians。

  PartII。

  \"ThemarblesoftheAnicianpalace,\"wereusedasaproverbialexpressionofopulenceandsplendor;^23butthenoblesandsenatorsofRomeaspired,induegradation,toimitatethatillustriousfamily。Theaccuratedescriptionofthecity,whichwascomposedintheTheodosianage,enumeratesonethousandsevenhundredandeightyhouses,theresidenceofwealthyandhonorablecitizens。^24Manyofthesestatelymansionsmightalmostexcusetheexaggerationofthepoet;thatRomecontainedamultitudeofpalaces,andthateachpalacewasequaltoacity:

  sinceitincludedwithinitsownprecinctseverythingwhichcouldbesubservienteithertouseorluxury;markets,hippodromes,temples,fountains,baths,porticos,shadygroves,andartificialaviaries。^25ThehistorianOlympiodorus,whorepresentsthestateofRomewhenitwasbesiegedbytheGoths,^26continuestoobserve,thatseveraloftherichestsenatorsreceivedfromtheirestatesanannualincomeoffourthousandpoundsofgold,aboveonehundredandsixtythousandpoundssterling;withoutcomputingthestatedprovisionofcornandwine,which,hadtheybeensold,mighthaveequalledinvalueonethirdofthemoney。Comparedtothisimmoderatewealth,anordinaryrevenueofathousandorfifteenhundredpoundsofgoldmightbeconsideredasnomorethanadequatetothedignityofthesenatorianrank,whichrequiredmanyexpensesofapublicandostentatiouskind。Severalexamplesarerecorded,intheageofHonorius,ofvainandpopularnobles,whocelebratedtheyearoftheirpraetorshipbyafestival,whichlastedsevendays,andcostaboveonehundredthousandpoundssterling。^27TheestatesoftheRomansenators,whichsofarexceededtheproportionofmodernwealth,werenotconfinedtothelimitsofItaly。TheirpossessionsextendedfarbeyondtheIonianandAegeanSeas,tothemostdistantprovinces:thecityofNicopolis,whichAugustushadfoundedasaneternalmonumentoftheActianvictory,wasthepropertyofthedevoutPaula;^28anditisobservedbySeneca,thattherivers,whichhaddividedhostilenations,nowflowedthroughthelandsofprivatecitizens。^29Accordingtotheirtemperandcircumstances,theestatesoftheRomanswereeithercultivatedbythelaboroftheirslaves,orgranted,foracertainandstipulatedrent,totheindustriousfarmer。Theeconomicalwritersofantiquitystrenuouslyrecommendtheformermethod,whereveritmaybepracticable;butiftheobjectshouldberemoved,byitsdistanceormagnitude,fromtheimmediateeyeofthemaster,theyprefertheactivecareofanoldhereditarytenant,attachedtothesoil,andinterestedintheproduce,tothemercenaryadministrationofanegligent,perhapsanunfaithful,steward。^30

  [Footnote23:Secundinus,theManichaean,ap。Baron。Annal。

  Eccles。A。D。390,No。34。]

  [Footnote24:SeeNardini,RomaAntica,p。89,498,500。]

  [Footnote25:Quidloquarinclusasinterlaqueariasylvas;

  Vernulaqueisvariocarmineluditavis。

  Claud。Rutil。Numatian。Itinerar。ver。111。ThepoetlivedatthetimeoftheGothicinvasion。AmoderatepalacewouldhavecoveredCincinnatus\'sfarmoffouracresVal。Max。

  iv。4。Inlaxitatemrurisexcurrunt,saysSeneca,Epist。114。

  SeeajudiciousnoteofMr。Hume,Essays,vol。i。p。562,last8voedition。]

  [Footnote26:ThiscuriousaccountofRome,inthereignofHonorius,isfoundinafragmentofthehistorianOlympiodorus,ap。Photium,p。197。]

  [Footnote27:ThesonsofAlypius,ofSymmachus,andofMaximus,spent,duringtheirrespectivepraetorships,twelve,ortwenty,orforty,centenaries,orhundredweightofgold。SeeOlympiodor。ap。Phot。p。197。Thispopularestimationallowssomelatitude;butitisdifficulttoexplainalawintheTheodosianCode,l。vi。leg。5,whichfixestheexpenseofthefirstpraetorat25,000,ofthesecondat20,000,andofthethirdat15,000folles。ThenameoffollisseeMem。del\'AcademiedesInscriptions,tom。xxviii。p。727wasequallyappliedtoapurseof125piecesofsilver,andtoasmallcoppercoinofthevalueof1/2625partofthatpurse。Intheformersense,the25,000

  folleswouldbeequalto150,000l。;inthelatter,tofiveorsixponudssterlingTheoneappearsextravagant,theotherisridiculous。Theremusthaveexistedsomethirdandmiddlevalue,whichishereunderstood;butambiguityisanexcusablefaultinthelanguageoflaws。]

  [Footnote28:Nicopolis……inActiacolittoresitapossessiorisvestranuncparsvelmaximaest。Jerom。inPraefat。

  Comment。adEpistol。adTitum,tom。ix。p。243。M。D。Tillemontsupposes,strangelyenough,thatitwaspartofAgamemnon\'sinheritance。Mem。Eccles。tom。xii。p。85。]

  [Footnote29:Seneca,Epist。lxxxix。Hislanguageisofthedeclamatorykind:butdeclamationcouldscarcelyexaggeratetheavariceandluxuryoftheRomans。Thephilosopherhimselfdeservedsomeshareofthereproach,ifitbetruethathisrigorousexactionofQuadringenties,abovethreehundredthousandpoundswhichhehadlentathighinterest,provokedarebellioninBritain,DionCassius,l。lxii。p。1003。AccordingtotheconjectureofGaleAntoninus\'sItineraryinBritain,p。92,thesameFaustinuspossessedanestatenearBury,inSuffolkandanotherinthekingdomofNaples。]

  [Footnote30:Volusius,awealthysenator,Tacit。Annal。iii。

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