[Footnote36:Onehundredandelevenstadia，whichmaybetranslatedintomodernGreekmileseachofsevenstadia，or660，sometimesonly600Frenchtoises。SeeD\'Anville，MesuresItineraires，p。53。]
[Footnote37:Whentheancienttexts，whichdescribethesizeofBabylonandThebes，aresettled，theexaggerationsreduced，andthemeasuresascertained，wefindthatthosefamouscitiesfilledthegreatbutnotincrediblecircumferenceofabouttwenty—fiveorthirtymiles。CompareD\'Anville，Mem。del\'Academie，tom。
xxviii。p。235，withhisDescriptiondel\'Egypte，p。201，202。]
[Footnote38:IfwedivideConstantinopleandParisintoequalsquaresof50Frenchtoises，theformercontains850，andthelatter1160，ofthosedivisions。]
ChapterXVII:FoundationOfConstantinople。
PartII。
ThemasteroftheRomanworld，whoaspiredtoerectaneternalmonumentofthegloriesofhisreigncouldemployintheprosecutionofthatgreatwork，thewealth，thelabor，andallthatyetremainedofthegeniusofobedientmillions。SomeestimatemaybeformedoftheexpensebestowedwithImperialliberalityonthefoundationofConstantinople，bytheallowanceofabouttwomillionsfivehundredthousandpoundsfortheconstructionofthewalls，theporticos，andtheaqueducts。^39
TheforeststhatovershadowedtheshoresoftheEuxine，andthecelebratedquarriesofwhitemarbleinthelittleislandofProconnesus，suppliedaninexhaustiblestockofmaterials，readytobeconveyed，bytheconvenienceofashortwatercarriage，totheharborofByzantium。^40Amultitudeoflaborersandartificersurgedtheconclusionoftheworkwithincessanttoil:
buttheimpatienceofConstantinesoondiscovered，that，inthedeclineofthearts，theskillaswellasnumbersofhisarchitectsboreaveryunequalproportiontothegreatnessofhisdesigns。Themagistratesofthemostdistantprovinceswerethereforedirectedtoinstituteschools，toappointprofessors，andbythehopesofrewardsandprivileges，toengageinthestudyandpracticeofarchitectureasufficientnumberofingeniousyouths，whohadreceivedaliberaleducation。^41ThebuildingsofthenewcitywereexecutedbysuchartificersasthereignofConstantinecouldafford；buttheyweredecoratedbythehandsofthemostcelebratedmastersoftheageofPericlesandAlexander。TorevivethegeniusofPhidiasandLysippus，surpassedindeedthepowerofaRomanemperor；buttheimmortalproductionswhichtheyhadbequeathedtoposteritywereexposedwithoutdefencetotherapaciousvanityofadespot。ByhiscommandsthecitiesofGreeceandAsiaweredespoiledoftheirmostvaluableornaments。^42Thetrophiesofmemorablewars，theobjectsofreligiousveneration，themostfinishedstatuesofthegodsandheroes，ofthesagesandpoets，ofancienttimes，contributedtothesplendidtriumphofConstantinople；andgaveoccasiontotheremarkofthehistorianCedrenus，^43whoobserves，withsomeenthusiasm，thatnothingseemedwantingexceptthesoulsoftheillustriousmenwhomtheseadmirablemonumentswereintendedtorepresent。ButitisnotinthecityofConstantine，norinthedecliningperiodofanempire，whenthehumanmindwasdepressedbycivilandreligiousslavery，thatweshouldseekforthesoulsofHomerandofDemosthenes。
[Footnote39:Sixhundredcentenaries，orsixtythousandpounds\'
weightofgold。ThissumistakenfromCodinus，Antiquit。
Const。p。11；butunlessthatcontemptibleauthorhadderivedhisinformationfromsomepurersources，hewouldprobablyhavebeenunacquaintedwithsoobsoleteamodeofreckoning。]
[Footnote40:FortheforestsoftheBlackSea，consultTournefort，LettreXVI。forthemarblequarriesofProconnesus，seeStrabo，l。xiii。p。588，881，edit。Casaub。ThelatterhadalreadyfurnishedthematerialsofthestatelybuildingsofCyzicus。]
[Footnote41:SeetheCodexTheodos。l。xiii。tit。iv。leg。1。
Thislawisdatedintheyear334，andwasaddressedtothepraefectofItaly，whosejurisdictionextendedoverAfrica。ThecommentaryofGodefroyonthewholetitlewelldeservestobeconsulted。]
[Footnote42:Constantinopolisdedicaturpoeneomniumurbiumnuditate。Hieronym。Chron。p。181。SeeCodinus，p。8，9。TheauthoroftheAntiquitat。Const。l。iii。apudBanduriImp。
Orient。tom。i。p。41enumeratesRome，Sicily，Antioch，Athens，andalonglistofothercities。TheprovincesofGreeceandAsiaMinormaybesupposedtohaveyieldedtherichestbooty。]
[Footnote43:Hist。Compend。p。369。Hedescribesthestatue，orratherbust，ofHomerwithadegreeoftastewhichplainlyindicatesthatCadrenuscopiedthestyleofamorefortunateage。]
DuringthesiegeofByzantium，theconquerorhadpitchedhistentonthecommandingeminenceofthesecondhill。Toperpetuatethememoryofhissuccess，hechosethesameadvantageouspositionfortheprincipalForum；^44whichappearstohavebeenofacircular，orratherellipticalform。Thetwooppositeentrancesformedtriumphalarches；theporticos，whichencloseditoneveryside，werefilledwithstatues；andthecentreoftheForumwasoccupiedbyaloftycolumn，ofwhichamutilatedfragmentisnowdegradedbytheappellationoftheburntpillar。Thiscolumnwaserectedonapedestalofwhitemarbletwentyfeethigh；andwascomposedoftenpiecesofporphyry，eachofwhichmeasuredabouttenfeetinheight，andaboutthirty—threeincircumference。^45Onthesummitofthepillar，aboveonehundredandtwentyfeetfromtheground，stoodthecolossalstatueofApollo。Itwasabronze，hadbeentransportedeitherfromAthensorfromatownofPhrygia，andwassupposedtobetheworkofPhidias。Theartisthadrepresentedthegodofday，or，asitwasafterwardsinterpreted，theemperorConstantinehimself，withasceptreinhisrighthand，theglobeoftheworldinhisleft，andacrownofraysglitteringonhishead。^46TheCircus，orHippodrome，wasastatelybuildingaboutfourhundredpacesinlength，andonehundredinbreadth。^47Thespacebetweenthetwometoeorgoalswerefilledwithstatuesandobelisks；andwemaystillremarkaverysingularfragmentofantiquity；thebodiesofthreeserpents，twistedintoonepillarofbrass。Theirtripleheadshadoncesupportedthegoldentripodwhich，afterthedefeatofXerxes，wasconsecratedinthetempleofDelphibythevictoriousGreeks。^48ThebeautyoftheHippodromehasbeenlongsincedefacedbytherudehandsoftheTurkishconquerors；^!but，underthesimilarappellationofAtmeidan，itstillservesasaplaceofexercisefortheirhorses。Fromthethrone，whencetheemperorviewedtheCircensiangames，awindingstaircase^49descendedtothepalace；amagnificentedifice，whichscarcelyyieldedtotheresidenceofRomeitself，andwhich，togetherwiththedependentcourts，gardens，andporticos，coveredaconsiderableextentofgrounduponthebanksofthePropontisbetweentheHippodromeandthechurchofSt。Sophia。^50Wemightlikewisecelebratethebaths，whichstillretainedthenameofZeuxippus，aftertheyhadbeenenriched，bythemunificenceofConstantine，withloftycolumns，variousmarbles，andabovethreescorestatuesofbronze。
^51Butweshoulddeviatefromthedesignofthishistory，ifweattemptedminutelytodescribethedifferentbuildingsorquartersofthecity。Itmaybesufficienttoobserve，thatwhatevercouldadornthedignityofagreatcapital，orcontributetothebenefitorpleasureofitsnumerousinhabitants，wascontainedwithinthewallsofConstantinople。A
particulardescription，composedaboutacenturyafteritsfoundation，enumeratesacapitolorschooloflearning，acircus，twotheatres，eightpublic，andonehundredandfifty—threeprivatebaths，fifty—twoporticos，fivegranaries，eightaqueductsorreservoirsofwater，fourspacioushallsforthemeetingsofthesenateorcourtsofjustice，fourteenchurches，fourteenpalaces，andfourthousandthreehundredandeighty—eighthouses，which，fortheirsizeorbeauty，deservedtobedistinguishedfromthemultitudeofplebeianinhabitants。^52
[Footnote44:Zosim。l。ii。p。106。Chron。Alexandrin。velPaschal。p。284，Ducange，Const。l。i。c。24。EventhelastofthosewritersseemstoconfoundtheForumofConstantinewiththeAugusteum，orcourtofthepalace。IamnotsatisfiedwhetherI
haveproperlydistinguishedwhatbelongstotheoneandtheother。]
[Footnote45:ThemosttolerableaccountofthiscolumnisgivenbyPocock。DescriptionoftheEast，vol。ii。partii。p。131。
Butitisstillinmanyinstancesperplexedandunsatisfactory。]
[Footnote46:Ducange，Const。l。i。c。24，p。76，andhisnotesadAlexiad。p。382。ThestatueofConstantineorApollowasthrowndownunderthereignofAlexiusComnenus。
Note:OnthiscolumnsaysM。vonHammerConstantine，withsingularshamelessness，placedhisownstatuewiththeattributesofApolloandChrist。HesubstitutedthenailsofthePassionfortheraysofthesun。SuchisthedirecttestimonyoftheauthoroftheAntiquit。Constantinop。apudBanduri。Constantinewasreplacedbythe\"greatandreligious\"Julian，Julian，byTheodosius。A。D。1412，thekeystonewasloosenedbyanearthquake。ThestatuefellinthereignofAlexiusComnenus，andwasreplacedbythecross。ThePalladiumwassaidtobeburiedunderthepillar。VonHammer，ConstantinopolisundderBosporos，i。162。—M。]
[Footnote47:TournefortLettreXII。computestheAtmeidanatfourhundredpaces。Ifhemeansgeometricalpacesoffivefeeteach，itwasthreehundredtoisesinlength，aboutfortymorethanthegreatcircusofRome。SeeD\'Anville，MesuresItineraires，p。73。]
[Footnote48:Theguardiansofthemostholyrelicswouldrejoiceiftheywereabletoproducesuchachainofevidenceasmaybeallegedonthisoccasion。SeeBanduriadAntiquitat。Const。p。
668。GylliusdeByzant。l。ii。c。13。1。TheoriginalconsecrationofthetripodandpillarinthetempleofDelphimaybeprovedfromHerodotusandPausanias。2。ThePaganZosimusagreeswiththethreeecclesiasticalhistorians，Eusebius，Socrates，andSozomen，thatthesacredornamentsofthetempleofDelphiwereremovedtoConstantinoplebytheorderofConstantine；andamongthesetheserpentinepillaroftheHippodromeisparticularlymentioned。3。AlltheEuropeantravellerswhohavevisitedConstantinople，fromBuondelmontetoPocock，describeitinthesameplace，andalmostinthesamemanner；thedifferencesbetweenthemareoccasionedonlybytheinjurieswhichithassustainedfromtheTurks。MahomettheSecondbroketheunderjawofoneoftheserpentswithastrokeofhisbattleaxeThevenot，l。i。c。17。
Note:Seenote75，ch。lxviii。forDr。Clarke\'srejectionofThevenot\'sauthority。VonHammer，however，repeatsthestoryofThevenotwithoutquestioningitsauthenticity。—M。]
[Footnote!:In1808theJanizariesrevoltedagainstthevizierMustaphaBaisactar，whowishedtointroduceanewsystemofmilitaryorganization，besiegedthequarteroftheHippodrome，inwhichstoodthepalaceoftheviziers，andtheHippodromewasconsumedintheconflagration。—G。]
[Footnote49:TheLatinnameCochleawasadoptedbytheGreeks，andveryfrequentlyoccursintheByzantinehistory。Ducange，Const。i。c。l，p。104。]
[Footnote50:Therearethreetopographicalpointswhichindicatethesituationofthepalace。1。ThestaircasewhichconnecteditwiththeHippodromeorAtmeidan。2。AsmallartificialportonthePropontis，fromwhencetherewasaneasyascent，byaflightofmarblesteps，tothegardensofthepalace。3。TheAugusteumwasaspaciouscourt，onesideofwhichwasoccupiedbythefrontofthepalace，andanotherbythechurchofSt。Sophia。]
[Footnote51:ZeuxippuswasanepithetofJupiter，andthebathswereapartofoldByzantium。ThedifficultyofassigningtheirtruesituationhasnotbeenfeltbyDucange。HistoryseemstoconnectthemwithSt。Sophiaandthepalace；buttheoriginalplaninsertedinBanduriplacesthemontheothersideofthecity，neartheharbor。Fortheirbeauties，seeChron。Paschal。
p。285，andGylliusdeByzant。l。ii。c。7。ChristodorusseeAntiquitat。Const。l。vii。composedinscriptionsinverseforeachofthestatues。HewasaThebanpoetingeniusaswellasinbirth:—
Baeotumincrassojuraresaerenatum。
Note:Yet，forhisage，thedescriptionofthestatuesofHecubaandofHomerarebynomeanswithoutmerit。SeeAntholog。
Palat。edit。Jacobsi。37—M。]
[Footnote52:SeetheNotitia。Romeonlyreckoned1780largehouses，domus；butthewordmusthavehadamoredignifiedsignification。NoinsulaearementionedatConstantinople。Theoldcapitalconsistedof42streets，thenewof322。]
Thepopulousnessofhisfavoredcitywasthenextandmostseriousobjectoftheattentionofitsfounder。Inthedarkageswhichsucceededthetranslationoftheempire，theremoteandtheimmediateconsequencesofthatmemorableeventwerestrangelyconfoundedbythevanityoftheGreeksandthecredulityoftheLatins。^53Itwasasserted，andbelieved，thatallthenoblefamiliesofRome，thesenate，andtheequestrianorder，withtheirinnumerableattendants，hadfollowedtheiremperortothebanksofthePropontis；thataspuriousraceofstrangersandplebeianswaslefttopossessthesolitudeoftheancientcapital；andthatthelandsofItaly，longsinceconvertedintogardens，wereatoncedeprivedofcultivationandinhabitants。
^54Inthecourseofthishistory，suchexaggerationswillbereducedtotheirjustvalue:yet，sincethegrowthofConstantinoplecannotbeascribedtothegeneralincreaseofmankindandofindustry，itmustbeadmittedthatthisartificialcolonywasraisedattheexpenseoftheancientcitiesoftheempire。ManyopulentsenatorsofRome，andoftheeasternprovinces，wereprobablyinvitedbyConstantinetoadoptfortheircountrythefortunatespot，whichhehadchosenforhisownresidence。Theinvitationsofamasterarescarcelytobedistinguishedfromcommands；andtheliberalityoftheemperorobtainedareadyandcheerfulobedience。Hebestowedonhisfavoritesthepalaceswhichhehadbuiltintheseveralquartersofthecity，assignedthemlandsandpensionsforthesupportoftheirdignity，^55andalienatedthedemesnesofPontusandAsiatogranthereditaryestatesbytheeasytenureofmaintainingahouseinthecapital。^56Buttheseencouragementsandobligationssoonbecamesuperfluous，andweregraduallyabolished。Wherevertheseatofgovernmentisfixed，aconsiderablepartofthepublicrevenuewillbeexpendedbytheprincehimself，byhisministers，bytheofficersofjustice，andbythedomesticsofthepalace。Themostwealthyoftheprovincialswillbeattractedbythepowerfulmotivesofinterestandduty，ofamusementandcuriosity。Athirdandmorenumerousclassofinhabitantswillinsensiblybeformed，ofservants，ofartificers，andofmerchants，whoderivetheirsubsistencefromtheirownlabor，andfromthewantsorluxuryofthesuperiorranks。Inlessthanacentury，ConstantinopledisputedwithRomeitselfthepreeminenceofrichesandnumbers。Newpilesofbuildings，crowdedtogetherwithtoolittleregardtohealthorconvenience，scarcelyallowedtheintervalsofnarrowstreetsfortheperpetualthrongofmen，ofhorses，andofcarriages。Theallottedspaceofgroundwasinsufficienttocontaintheincreasingpeople；andtheadditionalfoundations，which，oneitherside，wereadvancedintothesea，mightalonehavecomposedaveryconsiderablecity。^57
[Footnote53:Liutprand，LegatioadImp。Nicephornm，p。153。ThemodernGreekshavestrangelydisfiguredtheantiquitiesofConstantinople。WemightexcusetheerrorsoftheTurkishorArabianwriters；butitissomewhatastonishing，thattheGreeks，whohadaccesstotheauthenticmaterialspreservedintheirownlanguage，shouldpreferfictiontotruth，andloosetraditiontogenuinehistory。InasinglepageofCodinuswemaydetecttwelveunpardonablemistakes；thereconciliationofSeverusandNiger，themarriageoftheirsonanddaughter，thesiegeofByzantiumbytheMacedonians，theinvasionoftheGauls，whichrecalledSeverustoRome，thesixtyyearswhichelapsedfromhisdeathtothefoundationofConstantinople，&c。]
[Footnote54:Montesquieu，GrandeuretDecadencedesRomains，c。
17。]
[Footnote55:Themist。Orat。iii。p。48，edit。Hardouin。
Sozomen，l。ii。c。3。Zosim。l。ii。p。107。Anonym。Valesian。
p。715。IfwecouldcreditCodinus，p。10，ConstantinebuilthousesforthesenatorsontheexactmodeloftheirRomanpalaces，andgratifiedthem，aswellashimself，withthepleasureofanagreeablesurprise；butthewholestoryisfulloffictionsandinconsistencies。]
[Footnote56:ThelawbywhichtheyoungerTheodosius，intheyear438，abolishedthistenure，maybefoundamongtheNovellaeofthatemperorattheendoftheTheodosianCode，tom。vi。nov。
12。M。deTillemontHist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。371hasevidentlymistakenthenatureoftheseestates。WithagrantfromtheImperialdemesnes，thesameconditionwasacceptedasafavor，whichwouldjustlyhavebeendeemedahardship，ifithadbeenimposeduponprivateproperty。]
[Footnote57:ThepassagesofZosimus，ofEunapius，ofSozomen，andofAgathias，whichrelatetotheincreaseofbuildingsandinhabitantsatConstantinople，arecollectedandconnectedbyGylliusdeByzant。l。i。c。3。SidoniusApollinarisinPanegyr。
Anthem。56，p。279，edit。Sirmonddescribesthemolesthatwerepushedforwardsintothesea，theyconsistedofthefamousPuzzolansand，whichhardensinthewater。]
Thefrequentandregulardistributionsofwineandoil，ofcornorbread，ofmoneyorprovisions，hadalmostexemptedthepoorestcitizensofRomefromthenecessityoflabor。ThemagnificenceofthefirstCaesarswasinsomemeasureimitatedbythefounderofConstantinople:^58buthisliberality，howeveritmightexcitetheapplauseofthepeople，hasincurredthecensureofposterity。AnationoflegislatorsandconquerorsmightasserttheirclaimtotheharvestsofAfrica，whichhadbeenpurchasedwiththeirblood；anditwasartfullycontrivedbyAugustus，that，intheenjoymentofplenty，theRomansshouldlosethememoryoffreedom。ButtheprodigalityofConstantinecouldnotbeexcusedbyanyconsiderationeitherofpublicorprivateinterest；andtheannualtributeofcornimposeduponEgyptforthebenefitofhisnewcapital，wasappliedtofeedalazyandinsolentpopulace，attheexpenseofthehusbandmenofanindustriousprovince。^59Someotherregulationsofthisemperorarelessliabletoblame，buttheyarelessdeservingofnotice。HedividedConstantinopleintofourteenregionsorquarters，^60dignifiedthepubliccouncilwiththeappellationofsenate，^61communicatedtothecitizenstheprivilegesofItaly，^62andbestowedontherisingcitythetitleofColony，thefirstandmostfavoreddaughterofancientRome。Thevenerableparentstillmaintainedthelegalandacknowledgedsupremacy，whichwasduetoherage，herdignity，andtotheremembranceofherformergreatness。^63