PartIII。
ThecampofaRomanlegionpresentedtheappearanceofafortifiedcity。^60Assoonasthespacewasmarkedout，thepioneerscarefullylevelledtheground，andremovedeveryimpedimentthatmightinterruptitsperfectregularity。Itsformwasanexactquadrangle；andwemaycalculate，thatasquareofaboutsevenhundredyardswassufficientfortheencampmentoftwentythousandRomans；thoughasimilarnumberofourowntroopswouldexposetotheenemyafrontofmorethantreblethatextent。Inthemidstofthecamp，thepraetorium，orgeneral\'squarters，roseabovetheothers；thecavalry，theinfantry，andtheauxiliariesoccupiedtheirrespectivestations；thestreetswerebroadandperfectlystraight，andavacantspaceoftwohundredfeetwasleftonallsidesbetweenthetentsandtherampart。Therampartitselfwasusuallytwelvefeethigh，armedwithalineofstrongandintricatepalisades，anddefendedbyaditchoftwelvefeetindepthaswellasinbreadth。Thisimportantlaborwasperformedbythehandsofthelegionariesthemselves；towhomtheuseofthespadeandthepickaxewasnolessfamiliarthanthatoftheswordorpilum。Activevalormayoftenbethepresentofnature；butsuchpatientdiligencecanbethefruitonlyofhabitanddiscipline。^61
[Footnote60:Vegetiusfinisheshissecondbook，andthedescriptionofthelegion，withthefollowingemphaticwords:—
\"Universaquaeixquoquebelligenerenecessariaessecreduntur，secumJegiodebetubiqueportare，utinquovislocofixeritcastra，arma\'amfaciatcivitatem。\"]
[Footnote61:FortheRomanCastrametation，seePolybius，l。vi。
withLipsiusdeMilitiaRomana，Joseph。deBell。Jud。l。iii。c。
5。Vegetius，i。21—25，iii。9，andMemoiresdeGuichard，tom。
i。c。1。]
Wheneverthetrumpetgavethesignalofdeparture，thecampwasalmostinstantlybrokeup，andthetroopsfellintotheirrankswithoutdelayorconfusion。Besidestheirarms，whichthelegendariesscarcelyconsideredasanencumbrance，theywereladenwiththeirkitchenfurniture，theinstrumentsoffortification，andtheprovisionofmanydays。^62Underthisweight，whichwouldoppressthedelicacyofamodernsoldier，theyweretrainedbyaregularsteptoadvance，inaboutsixhours，neartwentymiles。^63Ontheappearanceofanenemy，theythrewasidetheirbaggage，andbyeasyandrapidevolutionsconvertedthecolumnofmarchintoanorderofbattle。^64Theslingersandarchersskirmishedinthefront；theauxiliariesformedthefirstline，andweresecondedorsustainedbythestrengthofthelegions；thecavalrycoveredtheflanks，andthemilitaryengineswereplacedintherear。
[Footnote62:CiceroinTusculan。ii。37，[15。]—Joseph。deBell。Jud。l。iii。5，Frontinus，iv。1。]
[Footnote63:Vegetius，i。9。SeeMemoiresdel\'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xxv。p。187。]
[Footnote64:SeethoseevolutionsadmirablywellexplainedbyM。
GuichardNouveauxMemoires，tom。i。p。141—234。]
Suchweretheartsofwar，bywhichtheRomanemperorsdefendedtheirextensiveconquests，andpreservedamilitaryspirit，atatimewheneveryothervirtuewasoppressedbyluxuryanddespotism。If，intheconsiderationoftheirarmies，wepassfromtheirdisciplinetotheirnumbers，weshallnotfinditeasytodefinethemwithanytolerableaccuracy。Wemaycompute，however，thatthelegion，whichwasitselfabodyofsixthousandeighthundredandthirty—oneRomans，might，withitsattendantauxiliaries，amounttoabouttwelvethousandfivehundredmen。
ThepeaceestablishmentofHadrianandhissuccessorswascomposedofnolessthanthirtyoftheseformidablebrigades；andmostprobablyformedastandingforceofthreehundredandseventy—fivethousandmen。Insteadofbeingconfinedwithinthewallsoffortifiedcities，whichtheRomansconsideredastherefugeofweaknessorpusillanimity，thelegionswereencampedonthebanksofthegreatrivers，andalongthefrontiersofthebarbarians。Astheirstations，forthemostpart，remainedfixedandpermanent，wemayventuretodescribethedistributionofthetroops。ThreelegionsweresufficientforBritain。TheprincipalstrengthlayupontheRhineandDanube，andconsistedofsixteenlegions，inthefollowingproportions:twointheLower，andthreeintheUpperGermany；oneinRhaetia，oneinNoricum，fourinPannonia，threeinMaesia，andtwoinDacia。ThedefenceoftheEuphrateswasintrustedtoeightlegions，sixofwhomwereplantedinSyria，andtheothertwoinCappadocia。WithregardtoEgypt，Africa，andSpain，astheywerefarremovedfromanyimportantsceneofwar，asinglelegionmaintainedthedomestictranquillityofeachofthosegreatprovinces。EvenItalywasnotleftdestituteofamilitaryforce。Abovetwentythousandchosensoldiers，distinguishedbythetitlesofCityCohortsandPraetorianGuards，watchedoverthesafetyofthemonarchandthecapital。Astheauthorsofalmosteveryrevolutionthatdistractedtheempire，thePraetorianswill，verysoon，andveryloudly，demandourattention；but，intheirarmsandinstitutions，wecannotfindanycircumstancewhichdiscriminatedthemfromthelegions，unlessitwereamoresplendidappearance，andalessrigiddiscipline。^65
[Footnote65:TacitusAnnal。iv。5hasgivenusastateofthelegionsunderTiberius；andDionCassiusl。lv。p。794underAlexanderSeverus。Ihaveendeavoredtofixonthepropermediumbetweenthesetwoperiods。SeelikewiseLipsiusdeMagnitudineRomana，l。i。c。4，5。]
Thenavymaintainedbytheemperorsmightseeminadequatetotheirgreatness；butitwasfullysufficientforeveryusefulpurposeofgovernment。TheambitionoftheRomanswasconfinedtotheland；norwasthatwarlikepeopleeveractuatedbytheenterprisingspiritwhichhadpromptedthenavigatorsofTyre，ofCarthage，andevenofMarseilles，toenlargetheboundsoftheworld，andtoexplorethemostremotecoastsoftheocean。TotheRomanstheoceanremainedanobjectofterrorratherthanofcuriosity；^66thewholeextentoftheMediterranean，afterthedestructionofCarthage，andtheextirpationofthepirates，wasincludedwithintheirprovinces。Thepolicyoftheemperorswasdirectedonlytopreservethepeacefuldominionofthatsea，andtoprotectthecommerceoftheirsubjects。Withthesemoderateviews，AugustusstationedtwopermanentfleetsinthemostconvenientportsofItaly，theoneatRavenna，ontheAdriatic，theotheratMisenum，intheBayofNaples。Experienceseemsatlengthtohaveconvincedtheancients，thatassoonastheirgalleysexceededtwo，oratthemostthreeranksofoars，theyweresuitedratherforvainpompthanforrealservice。Augustushimself，inthevictoryofActium，hadseenthesuperiorityofhisownlightfrigatestheywerecalledLiburniansovertheloftybutunwieldycastlesofhisrival。^67OftheseLiburnianshecomposedthetwofleetsofRavennaandMisenum，destinedtocommand，theonetheeastern，theotherthewesterndivisionoftheMediterranean；andtoeachofthesquadronsheattachedabodyofseveralthousandmarines。Besidesthesetwoports，whichmaybeconsideredastheprincipalseatsoftheRomannavy，averyconsiderableforcewasstationedatFrejus，onthecoastofProvence，andtheEuxinewasguardedbyfortyships，andthreethousandsoldiers。ToalltheseweaddthefleetwhichpreservedthecommunicationbetweenGaulandBritain，andagreatnumberofvesselsconstantlymaintainedontheRhineandDanube，toharassthecountry，ortointerceptthepassageofthebarbarians。^68
IfwereviewthisgeneralstateoftheImperialforces；ofthecavalryaswellasinfantry；ofthelegions，theauxiliaries，theguards，andthenavy；themostliberalcomputationwillnotallowustofixtheentireestablishmentbyseaandbylandatmorethanfourhundredandfiftythousandmen:amilitarypower，which，howeverformidableitmayseem，wasequalledbyamonarchofthelastcentury，whosekingdomwasconfinedwithinasingleprovinceoftheRomanempire。^69
[Footnote66:TheRomanstriedtodisguise，bythepretenceofreligiousawetheirignoranceandterror。SeeTacit。Germania，c。34。]
[Footnote67:Plutarch，inMarc。Anton。[c。67。]Andyet，ifwemaycreditOrosius，thesemonstrouscastleswerenomorethantenfeetabovethewater，vi。19。]
[Footnote68:SeeLipsius，deMagnitud。Rom。l。i。c。5。ThesixteenlastchaptersofVegetiusrelatetonavalaffairs。]
[Footnote69:Voltaire，SiecledeLouisXIV。c。29。Itmust，however，beremembered，thatFrancestillfeelsthatextraordinaryeffort。]
Wehaveattemptedtoexplainthespiritwhichmoderated，andthestrengthwhichsupported，thepowerofHadrianandtheAntonines。Weshallnowendeavor，withclearnessandprecision，todescribetheprovincesonceunitedundertheirsway，but，atpresent，dividedintosomanyindependentandhostilestates。
Spain，thewesternextremityoftheempire，ofEurope，andoftheancientworld，has，ineveryage，invariablypreservedthesamenaturallimits；thePyrenaeanMountains，theMediterranean，andtheAtlanticOcean。Thatgreatpeninsula，atpresentsounequallydividedbetweentwosovereigns，wasdistributedbyAugustusintothreeprovinces，Lusitania，Baetica，andTarraconensis。ThekingdomofPortugalnowfillstheplaceofthewarlikecountryoftheLusitanians；andthelosssustainedbytheformeronthesideoftheEast，iscompensatedbyanaccessionofterritorytowardstheNorth。TheconfinesofGrenadaandAndalusiacorrespondwiththoseofancientBaetica。TheremainderofSpain，Gallicia，andtheAsturias，Biscay，andNavarre，Leon，andthetwoCastiles，Murcia，Valencia，Catalonia，andArragon，allcontributedtoformthethirdandmostconsiderableoftheRomangovernments，which，fromthenameofitscapital，wasstyledtheprovinceofTarragona。^70Ofthenativebarbarians，theCeltiberianswerethemostpowerful，astheCantabriansandAsturiansprovedthemostobstinate。
Confidentinthestrengthoftheirmountains，theywerethelastwhosubmittedtothearmsofRome，andthefirstwhothrewofftheyokeoftheArabs。
[Footnote70:SeeStrabo，l。ii。Itisnaturalenoughtosuppose，thatArragonisderivedfromTarraconensis，andseveralmodernswhohavewritteninLatinusethosewordsassynonymous。
Itis，however，certain，thattheArragon，alittlestreamwhichfallsfromthePyreneesintotheEbro，firstgaveitsnametoacountry，andgraduallytoakingdom。Seed\'Anville，GeographieduMoyenAge，p。181。]
AncientGaul，asitcontainedthewholecountrybetweenthePyrenees，theAlps，theRhine，andtheOcean，wasofgreaterextentthanmodernFrance。Tothedominionsofthatpowerfulmonarchy，withitsrecentacquisitionsofAlsaceandLorraine，wemustaddtheduchyofSavoy，thecantonsofSwitzerland，thefourelectoratesoftheRhine，andtheterritoriesofLiege，Luxemburgh，Hainault，Flanders，andBrabant。WhenAugustusgavelawstotheconquestsofhisfather，heintroducedadivisionofGaul，equallyadaptedtotheprogressofthelegions，tothecourseoftherivers，andtotheprincipalnationaldistinctions，whichhadcomprehendedaboveahundredindependentstates。^71
Thesea—coastoftheMediterranean，Languedoc，Provence，andDauphine，receivedtheirprovincialappellationfromthecolonyofNarbonne。ThegovernmentofAquitainewasextendedfromthePyreneestotheLoire。ThecountrybetweentheLoireandtheSeinewasstyledtheCelticGaul，andsoonborrowedanewdenominationfromthecelebratedcolonyofLugdunum，orLyons。
TheBelgiclaybeyondtheSeine，andinmoreancienttimeshadbeenboundedonlybytheRhine；butalittlebeforetheageofCaesar，theGermans，abusingtheirsuperiorityofvalor，hadoccupiedaconsiderableportionoftheBelgicterritory。TheRomanconquerorsveryeagerlyembracedsoflatteringacircumstance，andtheGallicfrontieroftheRhine，fromBasiltoLeyden，receivedthepompousnamesoftheUpperandtheLowerGermany。^72Such，underthereignoftheAntonines，werethesixprovincesofGaul；theNarbonnese，Aquitaine，theCeltic，orLyonnese，theBelgic，andthetwoGermanies。
[Footnote71:OnehundredandfifteencitiesappearintheNotitiaofGaul；anditiswellknownthatthisappellationwasappliednotonlytothecapitaltown，buttothewholeterritoryofeachstate。ButPlutarchandAppianincreasethenumberoftribestothreeorfourhundred。]
[Footnote72:D\'Anville。Noticedel\'AncienneGaule。]
WehavealreadyhadoccasiontomentiontheconquestofBritain，andtofixtheboundaryoftheRomanProvinceinthisisland。ItcomprehendedallEngland，Wales，andtheLowlandsofScotland，asfarastheFrithsofDumbartonandEdinburgh。
BeforeBritainlostherfreedom，thecountrywasirregularlydividedbetweenthirtytribesofbarbarians，ofwhomthemostconsiderableweretheBelgaeintheWest，theBrigantesintheNorth，theSiluresinSouthWales，andtheIceniinNorfolkandSuffolk。^73Asfaraswecaneithertraceorcredittheresemblanceofmannersandlanguage，Spain，Gaul，andBritainwerepeopledbythesamehardyraceofsavages。BeforetheyyieldedtotheRomanarms，theyoftendisputedthefield，andoftenrenewedthecontest。Aftertheirsubmission，theyconstitutedthewesterndivisionoftheEuropeanprovinces，whichextendedfromthecolumnsofHerculestothewallofAntoninus，andfromthemouthoftheTagustothesourcesoftheRhineandDanube。
[Footnote73:Whittaker\'sHistoryofManchester，vol。i。c。3。]
BeforetheRomanconquest，thecountrywhichisnowcalledLombardy，wasnotconsideredasapartofItaly。IthadbeenoccupiedbyapowerfulcolonyofGauls，who，settlingthemselvesalongthebanksofthePo，fromPiedmonttoRomagna，carriedtheirarmsanddiffusedtheirnamefromtheAlpstotheApennine。
TheLiguriansdweltontherockycoastwhichnowformstherepublicofGenoa。Venicewasyetunborn；buttheterritoriesofthatstate，whichlietotheeastoftheAdige，wereinhabitedbytheVenetians。^74Themiddlepartofthepeninsula，thatnowcomposestheduchyofTuscanyandtheecclesiasticalstate，wastheancientseatoftheEtruscansandUmbrians；totheformerofwhomItalywasindebtedforthefirstrudimentsofcivilizedlife。^75TheTyberrolledatthefootofthesevenhillsofRome，andthecountryoftheSabines，theLatins，andtheVolsci，fromthatrivertothefrontiersofNaples，wasthetheatreofherinfantvictories。Onthatcelebratedgroundthefirstconsulsdeservedtriumphs，theirsuccessorsadornedvillas，andtheirposterityhaveerectedconvents。^76CapuaandCampaniapossessedtheimmediateterritoryofNaples；therestofthekingdomwasinhabitedbymanywarlikenations，theMarsi，theSamnites，theApulians，andtheLucanians；andthesea—coastshadbeencoveredbytheflourishingcoloniesoftheGreeks。Wemayremark，thatwhenAugustusdividedItalyintoelevenregions，thelittleprovinceofIstriawasannexedtothatseatofRomansovereignty。^77
[Footnote74:TheItalianVeneti，thoughoftenconfoundedwiththeGauls，weremoreprobablyofIllyrianorigin。SeeM。Freret，Memoiresdel\'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xviii。
Note:OrLiburnian，accordingtoNiebuhr。Vol。i。p。172。—
M。]
[Footnote75:SeeMaffeiVeronaillustrata，l。i。
Note:AddNiebuhr，vol。i。，andOtfriedMuller，dieEtrusker，whichcontainsmuchthatisknown，andmuchthatisconjectured，aboutthisremarkablepeople。AlsoMicali，StoriadegliantichipopoliItaliani。Florence，1832—M。]
[Footnote76:Thefirstcontrastwasobservedbytheancients。
SeeFlorus，i。11。Thesecondmuststrikeeverymoderntraveller。]
[Footnote77:PlinyHist。Natur。l。iii。followsthedivisionofItalybyAugustus。]
TheEuropeanprovincesofRomewereprotectedbythecourseoftheRhineandtheDanube。Thelatterofthosemightystreams，whichrisesatthedistanceofonlythirtymilesfromtheformer，flowsabovethirteenhundredmiles，forthemostparttothesouth—east，collectsthetributeofsixtynavigablerivers，andis，atlength，throughsixmouths，receivedintotheEuxine，whichappearsscarcelyequaltosuchanaccessionofwaters。^78
TheprovincesoftheDanubesoonacquiredthegeneralappellationofIllyricum，ortheIllyrianfrontier，^79andwereesteemedthemostwarlikeoftheempire；buttheydeservetobemoreparticularlyconsideredunderthenamesofRhaetia，Noricum，Pannonia，Dalmatia，Dacia，Maesia，Thrace，Macedonia，andGreece。
[Footnote78:Tournefort，VoyagesenGreceetAsieMineure，lettrexviii。]
[Footnote79:ThenameofIllyricumoriginallybelongedtothesea—coastoftheAdriatic，andwasgraduallyextendedbytheRomansfromtheAlpstotheEuxineSea。SeeSeveriniPannonia，l。i。c。3。]
TheprovinceofRhaetia，whichsoonextinguishedthenameoftheVindelicians，extendedfromthesummitoftheAlpstothebanksoftheDanube；fromitssource，asfarasitsconfluxwiththeInn。ThegreatestpartoftheflatcountryissubjecttotheelectorofBavaria；thecityofAugsburgisprotectedbytheconstitutionoftheGermanempire；theGrisonsaresafeintheirmountains，andthecountryofTirolisrankedamongthenumerousprovincesofthehouseofAustria。
ThewideextentofterritorywhichisincludedbetweentheInn，theDanube，andtheSave，—Austria，Styria，Carinthia，Carniola，theLowerHungary，andSclavonia，—wasknowntotheancientsunderthenamesofNoricumandPannonia。Intheiroriginalstateofindependence，theirfierceinhabitantswereintimatelyconnected。UndertheRomangovernmenttheywerefrequentlyunited，andtheystillremainthepatrimonyofasinglefamily。TheynowcontaintheresidenceofaGermanprince，whostyleshimselfEmperoroftheRomans，andformthecentre，aswellasstrength，oftheAustrianpower。Itmaynotbeimpropertoobserve，thatifweexceptBohemia，Moravia，thenorthernskirtsofAustria，andapartofHungarybetweentheTeyssandtheDanube，alltheotherdominionsoftheHouseofAustriawerecomprisedwithinthelimitsoftheRomanEmpire。