whichissocialism。Andheisnotabovefeelinggraveandwell-
containedsatisfactionwhereverthesocialistdoctrinairehasbeencontradictedbymenattemptingtopractisecooperationinthemidstofthecompetitivesystem，asinBelgium。
Nevertheless，hecatchesfleetingglimpsesofanextremeandtyrannicallybenevolentfeudalismveryliketoMr。Ghent\'s，aswitnessthefollowing:
\"IaskedoneofthelargestemployersoflaborintheSouthifhefearedthecomingofthetradeunion。\'No，\'hesaid，\'itisonegoodresultofraceprejudice，thatthenegrowillenableusinthelongruntoweakenthetradeunionsothatitcannotharmus。Wecankeepwagesdownwiththenegroandwecanpreventtoomuchorganization。\'
\"Itisinthisspiritthatthelowerstandardsaretobeused。Ifthispurposeshouldsucceed，ithasbutoneissue，——theimmensestrengtheningofaplutocraticadministrationatthetop，servedbyanarmyofhigh-salariedhelpers，withaneliteofskilledandwell-
paidworkmen，butallrestingonwhatwouldessentiallybeaserfclassoflow-paidlaborandthismasskeptinorderbyanincreaseduseofmilitaryforce。\"
Inbriefsummaryofthesetwonotablebooks，itmaybesaidthatMr。
Ghentisalarmed，thoughhedoesnotflatlysayso，atthetoogreatsocialrestfulnessinthecommunity，whichispermittingthecapitaliststoformthenewsocietytotheirliking；andthatMr。
Brooksisalarmed，andheflatlysaysso，atthesocialunrestwhichthreatensthemodifiedindividualismintowhichhewouldliketoseesocietyevolve。Mr。Ghentbeholdsthecapitalistclassrisingtodominatethestateandtheworkingclass；Mr。Brooksbeholdstheworkingclassrisingtodominatethestateandthecapitalistclass。Onefearsthepaternalismofaclass；theother，thetyrannyofthemass。
WANTED:ANEWLAWOFDEVELOPMENT
Evolutionisnolongerameretentativehypothesis。Onebyone，stepbystep，eachdivisionandsubdivisionofsciencehascontributeditsevidence，untilnowthecaseiscompleteandtheverdictrendered。Whilethereisstilldiscussionastothemethodofevolution，nonetheless，asaprocesssufficienttoexplainallbiologicalphenomena，alldifferentiationsoflifeintowidelydiversespecies，families，andevenkingdoms，evolutionisflatlyaccepted。Likewisehasbeenaccepteditslawofdevelopment:THAT，INTHESTRUGGLEFOREXISTENCE，THESTRONGANDFITANDTHEPROGENYOF
THESTRONGANDFITHAVEABETTEROPPORTUNITYFORSURVIVALTHANTHE
WEAKANDLESSFITANDTHEPROGENYOFTHEWEAKANDLESSFIT。
Itisinthestruggleofthespecieswithotherspeciesandagainstallotherhostileforcesintheenvironment，thatthislawoperates；
alsointhestrugglebetweentheindividualsofthesamespecies。
Inthisstruggle，whichisforfoodandshelter，theweakindividualsmustobviouslywinlessfoodandshelterthanthestrong。Becauseofthis，theirholdonliferelaxesandtheyareeliminated。Andforthesamereasonthattheymaynotwinforthemselvesadequatefoodandshelter，theweakcannotgivetotheirprogenythechanceforsurvivalthatthestronggive。Andthus，sincetheweakarepronetobegetweakness，thespeciesisconstantlypurgedofitsinefficientmembers。
Becauseofthis，apremiumisplaceduponstrength，andsolongasthestruggleforfoodandshelterobtains，justsolongwilltheaveragestrengthofeachgenerationincrease。Ontheotherhand，shouldconditionssochangethatall，andtheprogenyofall，theweakaswellasthestrong，haveanequalchanceforsurvival，then，atonce，theaveragestrengthofeachgenerationwillbegintodiminish。Neveryet，however，inanimallife，hastherebeensuchastateofaffairs。Naturalselectionhasalwaysobtained。Thestrongandtheirprogeny，attheexpenseoftheweak，havealwayssurvived。Thislawofdevelopmenthasoperateddownallthepastuponalllife；itsooperatestoday，anditisnotrashtosaythatitwillcontinuetooperateinthefuture——atleastuponalllifeexistinginastateofnature。
Man，preeminentthoughheisintheanimalkingdom，capableofreactinguponandmakingsuitableanunsuitableenvironment，neverthelessremainsthecreatureofthissamelawofdevelopment。
Thesocialselectiontowhichheissubjectismerelyanotherformofnaturalselection。True，withincertainnarrowlimitshemodifiesthestruggleforexistenceandrenderslessprecariousthetenureoflifefortheweak。Theextremelyweak，diseased，andinefficientarehousedinhospitalsandasylums。Thestrengthoftheviciouslystrong，wheninimicaltosociety，istemperedbypenalinstitutionsandbythegallows。Theshort-sightedareprovidedwithspectacles，andthesicklywhentheycanpayforitwithsanitariums。Pestilentialmarshesaredrained，plaguesarechecked，anddisastersaverted。Yet，forallthat，thestrongandtheprogenyofthestrongsurvive，andtheweakarecrushedout。Themenstrongofbrainaremastersasofyore。Theydominatesocietyandgathertothemselvesthewealthofsociety。Withthiswealththeymaintainthemselvesandequiptheirprogenyforthestruggle。
Theybuildtheirhomesinhealthfulplaces，purchasethebestfruits，meats，andvegetablesthemarketaffords，andbuythemselvestheministrationsofthemostbrilliantandlearnedoftheprofessionalclasses。Theweakman，asofyore，istheservant，thedoerofthingsatthemaster\'scall。Theweakerandlessefficientheis，thepoorerishisreward。Theweakestworkforalivingwage，whentheycangetwork，liveinunsanitaryslums，onvileandinsufficientfood，atthelowestdepthsofhumandegradation。
Theirgrasponlifeisindeedprecarious，theirmortalityexcessive，theirinfantdeath-rateappalling。
Thatsomeshouldbeborntoprefermentandotherstoignominyinorderthattheracemayprogress，iscruelandsad；butnonethelesstheyaresoborn。Theweedingoutofhumansouls，someforfatnessandsmiles，someforleannessandtears，issurelyaheartlessselectiveprocess——asheartlessasitisnatural。Andthehumanfamily，forallitswonderfulrecordofadventureandachievement，hasnotyetsucceededinavoidingthisprocess。Thatitisincapableofdoingthisisnottobehazarded。Notonlyisitcapable，butthewholetrendofsocietyisinthatdirection。Allthesocialforcesaredrivingmanontoatimewhentheoldselectivelawwillbeannulled。Thereisnoescapingit，savebytheinterventionofcatastrophesandcataclysmsquiteunthinkable。
Itisinexorable。Itisinexorablebecausethecommonmandemandsit。Thetwentiethcentury，thecommonmansays，ishisday；thecommonman\'sday，or，rather，thedawningofthecommonman\'sday。
Norcanitbedenied。Theevidenceiswithhim。Thepreviouscenturies，andmorenotablythenineteenth，havemarkedtheriseofthecommonman。Fromchattelslaverytoserfdom，andfromserfdomtowhathebitterlyterms\"wageslavery，\"hehasrisen。Neverwashesostrongasheistoday，andneversomenacing。Hedoestheworkoftheworld，andheisbeginningtoknowit。Theworldcannotgetalongwithouthim，andthisalsoheisbeginningtoknow。Allthehumanknowledgeofthepast，allthescientificdiscovery，governmentalexperiment，andinventionofmachinery，havetendedtohisadvancement。Hisstandardoflivingishigher。Hiscommonschooleducationwouldshameprincestencenturiespast。Hiscivilandreligiouslibertymakeshimafreeman，andhisballotthepeerofhisbetters。Andallthishastendedtomakehimconscious，consciousofhimself，consciousofhisclass。Helooksabouthimandquestionsthatancientlawofdevelopment。Itiscruelandwrong，heisbeginningtodeclare。Itisananachronism。Letitbeabolished。Whyshouldtherebeoneemptybellyinalltheworld，whentheworkoftenmencanfeedahundred？WhatifmybrotherbenotsostrongasI？Hehasnotsinned。Whereforeshouldhehunger——
heandhissinlesslittleones？Awaywiththeoldlaw。Thereisfoodandshelterforall，thereforeletallreceivefoodandshelter。
Asfastaslaborhasbecomeconsciousithasorganized。Theambitionoftheseclass-consciousmenisthatthemovementshallbecomegeneral，thatalllaborshallbecomeconsciousofitselfanditsclassinterests。Andthedaythatwitnessesthesolidarityoflabor，theytriumphantlyaffirm，willbeadaywhenlabordominatestheworld。Thisgrowingconsciousnesshasledtotheorganizationoftwomovements，bothseparateanddistinct，butbothconvergingtowardacommongoal——one，thelabormovement，knownasTradeUnionism；theother，thepoliticalmovement，knownasSocialism。
Botharegrimandsilentforces，unheraldedandvirtuallyunknowntothegeneralpublicsaveinmomentsofstress。Thesleepinglaborgiantreceiveslittlenoticefromthecapitalisticpress，andwhenhestirsuneasily，acolumnofsurprise，indignation，andhorrorsuffices。
Itisonlynowandthen，afterlongperiodsofsilence，thatthelabormovementputsinitsclaimfornotice。Allisquiet。Thekindoldworldspinson，andthebourgeoismasterscliptheircouponsinsmugcomplacency。Butthegrimandsilentforcesareatwork。
Suddenly，likeaclapofthunderfromaclearsky，comesadisruptionofindustry。Fromoceantooceanthewheelsofagreatchainofrailroadsceasetorun。Aquarterofamillionminersthrowdownpickandshovelandoutragethesunwiththeirpale，bleachedfaces。Thestreetrailwaysofaswarmingmetropolisstandidle，ortherumbleofmachineryinvastmanufactoriesdiesawaytosilence。Thereisalarmandpanic。Arsonandhomicidestalkforth。
Thereisacryinthenight，andquickangerandsuddendeath。
Peacefulcitiesareaffrightedbythecrackofriflesandthesnarlofmachine-guns，andtheheartsoftheshudderingareshakenbytheroarofdynamite。Thereishurryingandskurrying。Thewiresarekepthotbetweenthecentreofgovernmentandtheseatoftrouble。
Thechiefsofstatepondergravelyandadvise，andgovernorsofstatesimplore。Thereisassemblingofmilitiaandmassingoftroops，andthestreetsresoundtothetrampofarmedmen。Thereareseparateandjointconferencesbetweenthecaptainsofindustryandthecaptainsoflabor。Andthen，finally，allisquietagain，andthememoryofitislikethememoryofabaddream。
Butthesestrikesbecomeolympiads，thingstodatefrom；andcommononthelipsofmenbecomesuchphrasesas\"TheGreatDockStrike，\"
\"TheGreatCoalStrike，\"\"TheGreatRailroadStrike。\"Neverbeforedidlabordothesethings。AftertheGreatPlagueinEngland，labor，findingitselfindemandandinnocentlyobeyingtheeconomiclaw，askedhigherwages。Butthemasterssetamaximumwage，restrainedworkingmenfrommovingaboutfromplacetoplace，refusedtotolerateidlers，andbymostbarbarouslegalmethodspunishedthosewhodisobeyed。Butlaborisaccordedgreaterrespecttoday。
Suchapolicy，putintoeffectinthisthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury，wouldsweepthemastersfromtheirseatsinonemightycrash。Andthemastersknowitandarerespectful。
AfairinstanceofthegrowingsolidarityoflaborisaffordedbyanunimportantrecentstrikeinSanFrancisco。Therestaurantcooksandwaiterswerecompletelyunorganized，workingatanyandallhoursforwhateverwagestheycouldget。ArepresentativeoftheAmericanFederationofLaborwentamongthemandorganizedthem。
Withinafewweeksnearlytwothousandmenwereenrolled，andtheyhadfivethousanddollarsondeposit。Thentheyputintheirdemandforincreasedwagesandshorterhours。Forthwiththeiremployersorganized。Thedemandwasdenied，andtheCooks\'andWaiters\'Unionwalkedout。
Allorganizedemployersstoodbackoftherestaurantowners，insympathywiththemandwillingtoaidthemiftheydared。AndatthebackoftheCooks\'andWaiters\'Unionstoodtheorganizedlaborofthecity，40，000strong。Ifabusinessmanwascaughtpatronizingan\"unfair\"restaurant，hewasboycotted；ifaunionmanwascaught，hewasfinedheavilybyhisunionorexpelled。Theoystercompaniesandtheslaughterhousesmadeanattempttorefusetoselloystersandmeattounionrestaurants。TheButchersandMeatCutters，andtheTeamsters，inretaliation，refusedtoworkforortodelivertonon-unionrestaurants。Uponthistheoystercompaniesandslaughterhousesacknowledgedthemselvesbeatenandpeacereigned。ButtheRestaurantBakersinnon-unionplaceswereorderedout，andtheBakeryWagonDriversdeclinedtodelivertounfairhouses。
EveryAmericanFederationofLaborunioninthecitywaspreparedtostrike，andwaitedonlytheword。Andbehindall，ahandfulofmen，knownastheLaborCouncil，directedthefight。Onebyone，blowuponblow，theywereableiftheydeemeditnecessarytocallouttheunions——theLaundryWorkers，whodothewashing；theHackmen，whohaulmentoandfromrestaurants；theButchers，MeatCutters，andTeamsters；andtheMilkers，MilkDrivers，andChickenPickers；
andafterthat，inpuresympathy，theRetailClerks，theHorseShoers，theGasandElectricalFixtureHangers，theMetalRoofers，theBlacksmiths，theBlacksmiths\'Helpers，theStablemen，theMachinists，theBrewers，theCoastSeamen，theVarnishersandPolishers，theConfectioners，theUpholsterers，thePaperHangersandFrescoPainters，theDrugClerks，theFittersandHelpers，theMetalWorkers，theBoilerMakersandIronShipBuilders，theAssistantUndertakers，theCarriageandWagonWorkers，andsoondownthelengthylistoforganizations。
For，overallthesetrades，overallthesethousandsofmen，istheLaborCouncil。Whenitspeaksitsvoiceisheard，andwhenitordersitisobeyed。Butit，inturn，isdominatedbytheNationalLaborCouncil，withwhichitisconstantlyintouch。Inthiswhollyunimportantlittlelocalstrikeitisofinteresttonotethestandstakenbythedifferentsides。ThelegalrepresentativeandofficialmouthpieceoftheEmployers\'Associationsaid:\"Thisorganizationisformedfordefensivepurposes，anditmaybedriventotakeoffensivesteps，andifso，willbestrongenoughtofollowthemup。
Laborcannotbeallowedtodictatetocapitalandsayhowbusinessshallbeconducted。Thereisnoobjectiontotheformationofunionsandtradescouncils，butmembershipmustnotbecompulsory。
ItisrepugnanttotheAmericanideaoflibertyandcannotbetolerated。\"
Ontheotherhand，thepresidentoftheTeamDrivers\'Unionsaid:
\"Theemployersoflaborinthiscityaregenerallyagainstthetrade-unionmovementandthereseemstobeaconcertedeffortontheirparttochecktheprogressoforganizedlabor。Suchactionashasbeentakenbytheminsympathywiththepresentlabortroublesmay，ifcontinued，leadtoaseriousconflict，theoutcomeofwhichmightbemostcalamitousforthebusinessandindustrialinterestsofSanFrancisco。\"
AndthesecretaryoftheUnitedBreweryWorkmen:\"Iregardasympatheticstrikeasthelastweaponwhichorganizedlaborshoulduseinitsdefence。When，however，associationsofemployersbandtogethertodefeatorganizedlabor，oroneofitsbranches，thenweshouldnotandwillnothesitateourselvestoemploythesameinstrumentinretaliation。\"
Thus，inalittlecorneroftheworld，isexemplifiedthegrowingsolidarityoflabor。Theorganizationoflaborhasnotonlykeptpacewiththeorganizationofindustry，butithasgaineduponit。
Inonewinter，intheanthracitecoalregion，$160，000，000inminesand$600，000，000intransportationanddistributionconsolidateditsownershipandcontrol。Andatonce，arrayedassolidlyontheotherside，werethe150，000anthraciteminers。Thebituminousmines，however，werenotconsolidated；yetthe250，000menemployedthereinwerealreadycombined。Andnotonlythat，buttheywerealsocombinedwiththeanthraciteminers，these400，000menbeingunderthecontrolanddirectionofonesupremelaborcouncil。Andinthisandtheothergreatcouncilsaretobefoundcaptainsoflaborofsplendidabilities，who，inunderstandingofeconomicandindustrialconditions，areundeniablytheequalsoftheiropponents，thecaptainsofindustry。
TheUnitedStatesishoneycombedwithlabororganizations。Andthebigfederationswhichthesegotocomposeaggregatemillionsofmembers，andintheirvariousbrancheshandlemillionsofdollarsyearly。Andnotonlythis；fortheinternationalbrotherhoodsandunionsareforming，andmoneysfortheaidofstrikerspassbackandforthacrosstheseas。TheMachinists，intheirdemandforanine-
hourday，affected500，000menintheUnitedStates，Mexico，andCanada。InEnglandthemembershipofworking-classorganizationsisapproximatedbyKeirHardieat2，500，000，withreservefundsof$18，000，000。Therethecooperativemovementhasamembershipof1，500，000，andeveryyearturnsoverindistributionmorethan$100，000，000。InFrance，one-eighthofthewholeworkingclassisunionized。InBelgiumtheunionsareveryrichandpowerful，andsoabletodefythemastersthatmanyofthesmallermanufacturers，unabletoresist，\"areremovingtheirworkstoothercountrieswheretheworkmen\'sorganizationsarenotsopotential。\"Andinallothercountries，accordingtothestageoftheireconomicandpoliticaldevelopment，likefiguresobtain。AndEurope，today，confessesthathergreatestsocialproblemisthelaborproblem，andthatitistheonemostcloselyengrossingtheattentionofherstatesmen。
TheorganizationoflaborisoneofthechiefacknowledgedfactorsintheretrogressionofBritishtrade。Theworkershavebecomeclassconsciousasneverbefore。Thewrongofoneisthewrongofall。Theyhavecometorealize，inashort-sightedway，thattheirmasters\'interestsarenottheirinterests。Thehardertheywork，theybelieve，themorewealththeycreatefortheirmasters。
Further，themoreworktheydoinoneday，thefewermenwillbeneededtodothework。Sotheunionsplaceaday\'sstintupontheirmembers，beyondwhichtheyarenotpermittedtogo。In\"AStudyofTradeUnionism，\"byBenjaminTaylorinthe\"NineteenthCentury\"ofApril，1898，arefurnishedsomeinterestingcorroborations。ThefactsheresetforthwerecollectedbytheExecutiveBoardoftheEmployers\'Federation，thedocumentaryproofsofwhichareinthehandsofthesecretaries。Inacertainfirmtheunionworkmenmadeeightammunitionboxesaday。Norcouldtheybepersuadedintomakingmore。AyoungSwiss，whocouldnotspeakEnglish，wassettowork，andinthefirstdayhemadefiftyboxes。Inthesamefirmtheskilledunionhandsfileduptheoutsidehandlesofonemachine-
gunaday。Thatwastheirstint。Noonewasknownevertodomore。
Anon-unionfilercameintotheshopanddidtwelveaday。A
Manchesterfirmfoundthattoplanealargebed-castingtookunionworkmenonehundredandninetyhours，andnon-unionworkmenonehundredandthirty-fivehours。Inanotherinstanceaman，resigningfromhisunion，daybydaydiddoubletheamountofworkhehaddoneformerly。Andtocapitall，anEnglishgentleman，goingouttolookatawallbeingputupforhimbyunionbricklayers，foundoneoftheirnumberwithhisrightarmstrappedtohisbody，doingalltheworkwithhisleftarm-forsooth，becausehewassuchanenergeticfellowthatotherwisehewouldinvoluntarilylaymorebricksthanhisunionpermitted。
AllEnglandresoundstothecry，\"Wakeup，England!\"Butthesulkygiantisnotstirred。\"LetEngland\'stradegotopot，\"hesays；
\"whathaveItolose？\"AndEnglandispowerless。Thecapacityofherworkmenisrepresentedby1，incomparisonwiththe2。25
capacityoftheAmericanworkman。Andbecauseofthesolidarityoflaborandthedestructivenessofstrikes，BritishcapitalistsdarenotevenstrivetoemulatetheenterpriseofAmericancapitalists。
SoEnglandwatchestradeslippingthroughherfingersandwailsunavailingly。Asacorrespondentwrites:\"Theenormouspowerofthetradeunionshangs，asullencloud，overthewholeindustrialworldhere，affectingmenandmastersalike。\"
ThepoliticalmovementknownasSocialismis，perhaps，evenlessrealizedbythegeneralpublic。Thegreatstridesithastakenandtheportentousfrontittodayexhibitsarenotcomprehended；and，fastenedthoughitisineveryland，itisgivenlittlespacebythecapitalisticpress。Forallitspleaandpassionandwarmth，itwellsupwardlikeagreat，coldtidalwave，irresistible，inexorable，ingulfingpresent-daysocietylevelbylevel。Byitsownpreachmentitisinexorable。Justassocietieshavesprungintoexistence，fulfilledtheirfunction，andpassedaway，itclaims，justassurelyispresentsocietyhasteningontoitsdissolution。
Thisisatransitionperiod——anddestinedtobeaveryshortone。
Barelyacenturyold，capitalismisripeningsorapidlythatitcanneverlivetoseeasecondbirthday。Thereisnohopeforit，theSocialistssay。Itisdoomed。
ThecardinaltenetofSocialismisthatforbiddingdoctrine，thematerialisticconceptionofhistory。Menarenotthemastersoftheirsouls。Theyarethepuppetsofgreat，blindforces。Thelivestheyliveandthedeathstheydiearecompulsory。Allsocialcodesarebutthereflexesofexistingeconomicconditions，pluscertainsurvivalsofpasteconomicconditions。Theinstitutionsmenbuildtheyarecompelledtobuild。Economiclawsdetermineatanygiventimewhattheseinstitutionsshallbe，howlongtheyshalloperate，andbywhattheyshallbereplaced。Andso，throughtheeconomicprocess，theSocialistpreachestheripeningofthecapitalisticsocietyandthecomingofthenewcooperativesociety。
ThesecondgreattenetofSocialism，itselfaphaseofthematerialisticconceptionofhistory，istheclassstruggle。Inthesocialstruggleforexistence，menareforcedintoclasses。\"Thehistoryofallsocietythusfaristhehistoryofclassstrife。\"Inexistingsocietythecapitalistclassexploitstheworkingclass，theproletariat。Theinterestsoftheexploiterarenottheinterestsoftheexploited。\"Profitsarelegitimate，\"saystheone。
\"Profitsareunpaidwages，\"repliestheother，whenhehasbecomeconsciousofhisclass，\"thereforeprofitsarerobbery。\"Thecapitalistenforceshisprofitsbecauseheisthelegalownerofallthemeansofproduction。Heisthelegalownerbecausehecontrolsthepoliticalmachineryofsociety。TheSocialistsetstoworktocapturethepoliticalmachinery，sothathemaymakeillegalthecapitalist\'sownershipofthemeansofproduction，andmakelegalhisownownershipofthemeansofproduction。Anditisthisstruggle，betweenthesetwoclasses，uponwhichtheworldhasatlastentered。
ScientificSocialismisveryyoung。Onlyyesterdayitwasinswaddlingclothes。Buttodayitisavigorousyounggiant，wellbracedtobattleforwhatitwants，andknowingpreciselywhatitwants。Itholdsitsinternationalconventions，whereworld-policiesareformulatedbytherepresentativesofmillionsofSocialists。InlittleBelgiumtherearethree-quartersofamillionofmenwhoworkforthecause；inGermany，3，000，000；Austria，between1895and1897，raisedhersocialistvotefrom90，000to750，000。Francein1871hadawholegenerationofSocialistswipedout；yetin1885
therewere30，000，andin1898，1，000，000。
ErethelastSpaniardhadevacuatedCuba，Socialistgroupswereforming。AndfromfarJapan，inthesefirstdaysofthetwentiethcentury，writesoneTomoyoshiMurai:\"TheinterestofourpeopleonSocialismhasbeengreatlyawakenedthesedays，especiallyamongourlaboringpeopleononehandandyoungstudents\'circleontheother，asmuchaswecandrawanearnestandenthusiasticaudienceandfillourhall，whichholdstwothousand……Itisgratifyingtosaythatwehaveanumberoffineandwell-trainedpublicoratorsamongourleadersofSocialisminJapan。ThefirstspeakertonightisMr。
KiyoshiKawakami，editorofoneofourcityTokyodailies，astrong，independent，anddecidedlysocialisticpaper，circulatedfarandwide。Mr。Kawakamiisascholaraswellasapopularwriter。
Heisgoingtospeaktonightonthesubject，\'TheEssenceofSocialism——theFundamentalPrinciples。\'ThenextspeakerisProfessorIsoAbe，presidentofourassociation，whosesubjectofaddressis，\'SocialismandtheExistingSocialSystem。\'ThethirdspeakerisMr。NaoeKinosita，theeditorofanotherstrongjournalofthecity。Hespeaksonthesubject，\'HowtoRealizetheSocialistIdealsandPlans。\'NextisMr。ShigeyoshiSugiyama，agraduateofHartfordTheologicalSeminaryandanadvocateofSocialChristianity，whoistospeakon\'SocialismandMunicipalProblems。\'
Andthelastspeakeristheeditorofthe\'LaborWorld，\'theforemostleaderofthelabor-unionmovementinourcountry，Mr。SenKatayama，whospeaksonthesubject，\'TheOutlookofSocialisminEuropeandAmerica。\'Theseaddressesaregoingtobepublishedinbookformandtobedistributedamongourpeopletoenlightentheirmindsonthesubject。\"
Andinthestruggleforthepoliticalmachineryofsociety，Socialismisnolongerconfinedtomerepropaganda。Italy，Austria，Belgium，England，haveSocialistmembersintheirnationalbodies。
Outoftheonehundredandthirty-twomembersoftheLondonCountyCouncil，ninety-onearedenouncedbytheconservativeelementasSocialists。TheEmperorofGermanygrowsanxiousandangryattheincreasingnumberswhicharereturnedtotheReichstag。InFrance，manyofthelargecities，suchasMarseilles，areinthehandsoftheSocialists。AlargebodyofthemisintheChamberofDeputies，andMillerand，Socialist，sitsinthecabinet。OfhimM。Leroy-
Beaulieusayswithhorror:\"M。Millerandistheopenenemyofprivateproperty，privatecapital，theresoluteadvocateofthesocializationofproduction……aconstantincitementtoviolence……acollectivist，avowedandmilitant，takingpartinthegovernment，dominatingthedepartmentsofcommerceandindustry，preparingallthelawsandpresidingatthepassageofallmeasureswhichshouldbesubmittedtomerchantsandtradesmen。\"
IntheUnitedStatestherearealreadySocialistmayorsoftownsandmembersofStatelegislatures，avastliterature，andsingleSocialistpaperswithsubscriptionlistsrunningupintothehundredsofthousands。In1896，36，000voteswerecastfortheSocialistcandidateforPresident；in1900，nearly200，000；in1904，450，000。AndtheUnitedStates，youngasitis，isripeningrapidly，andtheSocialistsclaim，accordingtothematerialisticconceptionofhistory，thattheUnitedStateswillbethefirstcountryintheworldwhereinthetoilerswillcapturethepoliticalmachineryandexpropriatethebourgeoisie。
ButtheSocialistandlabormovementshaverecentlyentereduponanewphase。Therehasbeenaremarkablechangeinattitudeonbothsides。Foralongtimethelaborunionsrefrainedfromgoinginforpoliticalaction。Ontheotherhand，theSocialistsclaimedthatwithoutpoliticalactionlaborwaspowerless。Andbecauseofthistherewasmuchillfeelingbetweenthem，evenopenhostilities，andnoconcertedaction。ButnowtheSocialistsgrantthatthelabormovementhasheldupwagesanddecreasedthehoursoflabor，andthelaborunionsfindthatpoliticalactionisnecessary。Todaybothpartieshavedrawncloselytogetherinthecommonfight。IntheUnitedStatesthisfriendlyfeelinggrows。TheSocialistpapersespousethecauseoflabor，andtheunionshaveopenedtheirearsoncemoretothewilesoftheSocialists。TheyareallleavenedwithSocialistworkmen，\"boringfromwithin，\"andmanyoftheirleadershavealreadysuccumbed。InEngland，whereclassconsciousnessismoredeveloped，thename\"Unionism\"hasbeenreplacedby\"TheNewUnionism，\"themainobjectofwhichis\"tocaptureexistingsocialstructuresintheinterestsofthewage-
earners。\"TheretheSocialist，thetrade-union，andotherworking-
classorganizationsarebeginningtocooperateinsecuringthereturnofrepresentativestotheHouseofCommons。AndinFrance，wherethecitycouncilsandmayorsofMarseillesandMonteaules-
MinesareSocialistic，thousandsoffrancsofmunicipalmoneywerevotedfortheaidoftheunionsintherecentgreatstrikes。
Forcenturiestheworldhasbeenpreparingforthecomingofthecommonman。Andtheperiodofpreparationvirtuallypast，labor，consciousofitselfanditsdesires，hasbegunadefinitemovementtowardsolidarity。Itbelievesthetimeisnotfardistantwhenthehistorianwillspeaknotonlyofthedarkagesoffeudalism，butofthedarkagesofcapitalism。Andlaborsincerelybelievesitselfjustifiedinthisbytheterribleindictmentitbringsagainstcapitalisticsociety。Inthefaceofitsenormouswealth，capitalisticsocietyforfeitsitsrighttoexistencewhenitpermitswidespread，bestialpoverty。Thephilosophyofthesurvivalofthefittestdoesnotsoothetheclass-consciousworkerwhenhelearnsthroughhisclassliteraturethatamongtheItalianpants-finishersofChicago{9}theaverageweeklywageis$1。31，andtheaveragenumberofweeksemployedintheyearis27。85。Likewisewhenhereads:{10}\"Everyroominthesereekingtenementshousesafamilyortwo。Inoneroomamissionaryfoundamanillwithsmall-pox，hiswifejustrecoveringfromherconfinement，andthechildrenrunningabouthalfnakedandcoveredwithdirt。Herearesevenpeoplelivinginoneundergroundkitchen，andalittledeadchildlyinginthesameroom。Hereliveawidowandhersixchildren，twoofwhomareillwithscarletfever。Inanother，ninebrothersandsisters，fromtwenty-nineyearsofagedownward，live，eat，andsleeptogether。\"Andlikewise，whenhereads:{11}\"Whenoneman，fiftyyearsold，whohasworkedallhislife，iscompelledtobegalittlemoneytoburyhisdeadbaby，andanotherman，fiftyyearsold，cangivetenmilliondollarstoenablehisdaughtertoliveinluxuryandbolsterupadecayingforeignaristocracy，doyouseenothingamiss？\"
Andontheotherhand，theclass-consciousworkerreadsthestatisticsofthewealthyclasses，knowswhattheirincomesare，andhowtheygetthem。True，downallthepasthehasknownhisownmaterialmiseryandthematerialcomfortofthedominantclasses，andoftenhasthisknowledgeledhimtointemperateactsandunwiserebellion。Buttoday，andforthefirsttime，becausebothsocietyandhehaveevolved，heisbeginningtoseeapossiblewayout。HisearsareopeningtothepropagandaofSocialism，thepassionategospelofthedispossessed。Butitdoesnotinculcateaturningback。Thewaythroughisthewayout，heunderstands，andwiththisinmindhedrawsuptheprogramme。
Itisquitesimple，thisprogramme。Everythingismovinginhisdirection，towardthedaywhenhewilltakecharge。Thetrust？Ah，no。Unlikethetremblingmiddle-classmanandthesmallcapitalist，heseesnothingatwhichtobefrightened。Helikesthetrust。Heexultsinthetrust，foritislargelydoingthetaskforhim。Itsocializesproduction；thisdone，thereremainsnothingforhimtodobutsocializedistribution，andallisaccomplished。Thetrust？
\"Itorganizesindustryonanenormous，labor-savingscale，andabolisheschildish，wastefulcompetition。\"Itisagiganticobjectlesson，anditpreacheshispoliticaleconomyfarmorepotentlythanhecanpreachit。Hepointstothetrust，laughingscornfullyinthefaceoftheorthodoxeconomists。\"Youtoldmethisthingcouldnotbe，\"{12}hethunders。\"Behold，thethingis!\"
Heseescompetitionintherealmofproductionpassingaway。Whenthecaptainsofindustryhavethoroughlyorganizedproduction，andgoteverythingrunningsmoothly，itwillbeveryeasyforhimtoeliminatetheprofitsbysteppinginandhavingthethingrunforhimself。Andthecaptainofindustry，ifhebegood，maybegiventheprivilegeofcontinuingthemanagementonafairsalary。ThesixtymillionsofdividendswhichtheStandardOilCompanyannuallydeclareswillbedistributedamongtheworkers。ThesamewiththegreatUnitedStatesSteelCorporation。Thepresidentofthatcorporationknowshisbusiness。Verygood。LethimbecomeSecretaryoftheDepartmentofIronandSteeloftheUnitedStates。
But，sincethechiefexecutiveofanationofseventy-oddmillionsworksfor$50，000ayear，theSecretaryoftheDepartmentofIronandSteelmustexpecttohavehissalarycutaccordingly。Andnotonlywilltheworkerstaketothemselvestheprofitsofnationalandmunicipalmonopolies，butalsotheimmenserevenueswhichthedominantclassestodaydrawfromrents，andmines，andfactories，andallmannerofenterprises。
Allthiswouldseemverylikeadream，eventotheworker，ifitwerenotforthefactthatlikethingshavebeendonebefore。Hepointstriumphantlytothearistocratoftheeighteenthcentury，whofought，legislated，governed，anddominatedsociety，butwhowasshornofpoweranddisplacedbytherisingbourgeoisie。Ay，thethingwasdone，heholds。Anditshallbedoneagain，butthistimeitistheproletariatwhodoestheshearing。Sociologyhastaughthimthatm-i-g-h-tspells\"right。\"Everysocietyhasbeenruledbyclasses，andtheclasseshaveruledbysheerstrength，andhavebeenoverthrownbysheerstrength。Thebourgeoisie，becauseitwasthestronger，draggeddownthenobilityofthesword；andtheproletariat，becauseitisthestrongestofall，canandwilldragdownthebourgeoisie。
Andinthatday，forbetterorworse，thecommonmanbecomesthemaster——forbetter，hebelieves。Itishisintentiontomakethesumofhumanhappinessfargreater。Nomanshallworkforabarelivingwage，whichisdegradation。Everymanshallhaveworktodo，andshallbepaidexceedinglywellfordoingit。Thereshallbenoslumclasses，nobeggars。Norshalltherebehundredsofthousandsofmenandwomencondemned，foreconomicreasons，tolivesofcelibacyorsexualinfertility。Everymanshallbeabletomarry，toliveinhealthy，comfortablequarters，andtohaveallhewantstoeatasmanytimesadayashewishes。Thereshallnolongerbealife-and-deathstruggleforfoodandshelter。Theoldheartlesslawofdevelopmentshallbeannulled。
Allofwhichisverygoodandveryfine。Andwhenthesethingshavecometopass，whatthen？Ofold，byvirtueoftheirweaknessandinefficiencyinthestruggleforfoodandshelter，theracewaspurgedofitsweakandinefficientmembers。Butthiswillnolongerobtain。Underthenewordertheweakandtheprogenyoftheweakwillhaveachanceforsurvivalequaltothatofthestrongandtheprogenyofthestrong。Thisbeingso，thepremiumuponstrengthwillhavebeenwithdrawn，andonthefaceofittheaveragestrengthofeachgeneration，insteadofcontinuingtorise，willbegintodecline。
Whenthecommonman\'sdayshallhavearrived，thenewsocialinstitutionsofthatdaywillpreventtheweedingoutofweaknessandinefficiency。All，theweakandthestrong，willhaveanequalchanceforprocreation。Andtheprogenyofall，oftheweakaswellasthestrong，willhaveanequalchanceforsurvival。Thisbeingso，andifnoneweffectivelawofdevelopmentbeputintooperation，thenprogressmustcease。Andnotonlyprogress，fordeteriorationwouldatoncesetin。Itisapregnantproblem。Whatwillbethenatureofthisnewandmostnecessarylawofdevelopment？Canthecommonmanpauselongenoughfromhisundermininglaborstoanswer？Sinceheisbentupondraggingdownthebourgeoisieandreconstructingsociety，canhesoreconstructthatapremium，insomeunguessedwayorother，willstillbelaiduponthestrongandefficientsothatthehumantypewillcontinuetodevelop？Canthecommonman，ortheuncommonmenwhoarealliedwithhim，devisesuchalaw？Orhavetheyalreadydevisedone？Andifso，whatisit？
HOWIBECAMEASOCIALIST
ItisquitefairtosaythatIbecameaSocialistinafashionsomewhatsimilartothewayinwhichtheTeutonicpagansbecameChristians——itwashammeredintome。NotonlywasInotlookingforSocialismatthetimeofmyconversion，butIwasfightingit。I
wasveryyoungandcallow，didnotknowmuchofanything，andthoughIhadneverevenheardofaschoolcalled\"Individualism，\"Isangthepaeanofthestrongwithallmyheart。
ThiswasbecauseIwasstrongmyself。BystrongImeanthatIhadgoodhealthandhardmuscles，bothofwhichpossessionsareeasilyaccountedfor。IhadlivedmychildhoodonCaliforniaranches，myboyhoodhustlingnewspapersonthestreetsofahealthyWesterncity，andmyyouthontheozone-ladenwatersofSanFranciscoBayandthePacificOcean。Ilovedlifeintheopen，andItoiledintheopen，atthehardestkindsofwork。Learningnotrade，butdriftingalongfromjobtojob，Ilookedontheworldandcalleditgood，everybitofit。Letmerepeat，thisoptimismwasbecauseI
washealthyandstrong，botheredwithneitherachesnorweaknesses，neverturneddownbythebossbecauseIdidnotlookfit，ablealwaystogetajobatshovellingcoal，sailorizing，ormanuallaborofsomesort。
Andbecauseofallthis，exultinginmyyounglife，abletoholdmyownatworkorfight，Iwasarampantindividualist。Itwasverynatural。Iwasawinner。WhereforeIcalledthegame，asIsawitplayed，orthoughtIsawitplayed，averypropergameforMEN。TobeaMANwastowritemaninlargecapitalsonmyheart。Toadventurelikeaman，andfightlikeaman，anddoaman\'sworkevenforaboy\'spay——thesewerethingsthatreachedrightinandgrippedholdofmeasnootherthingcould。AndIlookedaheadintolongvistasofahazyandinterminablefuture，intowhich，playingwhatIconceivedtobeMAN\'Sgame，Ishouldcontinuetotravelwithunfailinghealth，withoutaccidents，andwithmusclesevervigorous。
AsIsay，thisfuturewasinterminable。IcouldseemyselfonlyragingthroughlifewithoutendlikeoneofNietzsche\'sBLOND-
BEASTS，lustfullyrovingandconqueringbysheersuperiorityandstrength。
Asfortheunfortunates，thesick，andailing，andold，andmaimed，ImustconfessIhardlythoughtofthematall，savethatIvaguelyfeltthatthey，barringaccidents，couldbeasgoodasIiftheywantedtorealhard，andcouldworkjustaswell。Accidents？Well，theyrepresentedFATE，alsospelledoutincapitals，andtherewasnogettingaroundFATE。NapoleonhadhadanaccidentatWaterloo，butthatdidnotdampenmydesiretobeanotherandlaterNapoleon。
Further，theoptimismbredofastomachwhichcoulddigestscrapironandabodywhichflourishedonhardshipsdidnotpermitmetoconsideraccidentsasevenremotelyrelatedtomygloriouspersonality。
IhopeIhavemadeitclearthatIwasproudtobeoneofNature\'sstrong-armednoblemen。Thedignityoflaborwastomethemostimpressivethingintheworld。WithouthavingreadCarlyle，orKipling，Iformulatedagospelofworkwhichputtheirsintheshade。Workwaseverything。Itwassanctificationandsalvation。
TheprideItookinahardday\'sworkwelldonewouldbeinconceivabletoyou。ItisalmostinconceivabletomeasIlookbackuponit。Iwasasfaithfulawageslaveasevercapitalistexploited。Toshirkormalingeronthemanwhopaidmemywageswasasin，first，againstmyself，andsecond，againsthim。Iconsidereditacrimesecondonlytotreasonandjustaboutasbad。
Inshort，myjoyousindividualismwasdominatedbytheorthodoxbourgeoisethics。Ireadthebourgeoispapers，listenedtothebourgeoispreachers，andshoutedatthesonorousplatitudesofthebourgeoispoliticians。AndIdoubtnot，ifothereventshadnotchangedmycareer，thatIshouldhaveevolvedintoaprofessionalstrike-breaker，oneofPresidentEliot\'sAmericanheroes，andhadmyheadandmyearningpowerirrevocablysmashedbyaclubinthehandsofsomemilitanttrades-unionist。
Justaboutthistime，returningfromasevenmonths\'voyagebeforethemast，andjustturnedeighteen，Itookitintomyheadtogotramping。OnrodsandblindbaggagesIfoughtmywayfromtheopenWestwheremenbuckedbigandthejobhuntedtheman，tothecongestedlaborcentresoftheEast，wheremenweresmallpotatoesandhuntedthejobforalltheywereworth。AndonthisnewBLOND-
BEASTadventureIfoundmyselflookinguponlifefromanewandtotallydifferentangle。Ihaddroppeddownfromtheproletariatintowhatsociologistslovetocallthe\"submergedtenth，\"andIwasstartledtodiscoverthewayinwhichthatsubmergedtenthwasrecruited。
Ifoundthereallsortsofmen，manyofwhomhadoncebeenasgoodasmyselfandjustasBLOND-BEAST；sailor-men，soldier-men，labor-
men，allwrenchedanddistortedandtwistedoutofshapebytoilandhardshipandaccident，andcastadriftbytheirmasterslikesomanyoldhorses。Ibatteredonthedragandslammedbackgateswiththem，orshiveredwiththeminboxcarsandcityparks，listeningthewhiletolife-historieswhichbeganunderauspicesasfairasmine，withdigestionsandbodiesequaltoandbetterthanmine，andwhichendedtherebeforemyeyesintheshamblesatthebottomoftheSocialPit。
AndasIlistenedmybrainbegantowork。Thewomanofthestreetsandthemanofthegutterdrewveryclosetome。IsawthepictureoftheSocialPitasvividlyasthoughitwereaconcretething，andatthebottomofthePitIsawthem，myselfabovethem，notfar，andhangingontotheslipperywallbymainstrengthandsweat。AndI
confessaterrorseizedme。Whatwhenmystrengthfailed？whenI
shouldbeunabletoworkshouldertoshoulderwiththestrongmenwhowereasyetbabesunborn？AndthereandthenIsworeagreatoath。Itransomethinglikethis:ALLMYDAYSIHAVEWORKEDHARD
WITHMYBODY，ANDACCORDINGTOTHENUMBEROFDAYSIHAVEWORKED，BY
JUSTTHATMUCHAMINEARERTHEBOTTOMOFTHEPIT。ISHALLCLIMBOUT
OFTHEPIT，BUTNOTBYTHEMUSCLESOFMYBODYSHALLICLIMBOUT。I
SHALLDONOMOREHARDWORK，ANDMAYGODSTRIKEMEDEADIFIDO
ANOTHERDAY\'SHARDWORKWITHMYBODYMORETHANIABSOLUTELYHAVETO
DO。AndIhavebeenbusyeversincerunningawayfromhardwork。
Incidentally，whiletrampingsometenthousandmilesthroughtheUnitedStatesandCanada，IstrayedintoNiagaraFalls，wasnabbedbyafee-huntingconstable，deniedtherighttopleadguiltyornotguilty，sentencedoutofhandtothirtydays\'imprisonmentforhavingnofixedabodeandnovisiblemeansofsupport，handcuffedandchainedtoabunchofmensimilarlycircumstanced，carteddowncountrytoBuffalo，registeredattheErieCountyPenitentiary，hadmyheadclippedandmybuddingmustacheshaved，wasdressedinconvictstripes，compulsorilyvaccinatedbyamedicalstudentwhopractisedonsuchaswe，madetomarchthelock-step，andputtoworkundertheeyesofguardsarmedwithWinchesterrifles——allforadventuringinBLOND-BEASTLYfashion。Concerningfurtherdetailsdeponentsayethnot，thoughhemayhintthatsomeofhisplethoricnationalpatriotismsimmereddownandleakedoutofthebottomofhissoulsomewhere——atleast，sincethatexperiencehefindsthathecaresmoreformenandwomenandlittlechildrenthanforimaginarygeographicallines。
Toreturntomyconversion。Ithinkitisapparentthatmyrampantindividualismwasprettyeffectivelyhammeredoutofme，andsomethingelseaseffectivelyhammeredin。But，justasIhadbeenanindividualistwithoutknowingit，IwasnowaSocialistwithoutknowingit，withal，anunscientificone。Ihadbeenreborn，butnotrenamed，andIwasrunningaroundtofindoutwhatmannerofthingI
was。IranbacktoCaliforniaandopenedthebooks。IdonotrememberwhichonesIopenedfirst。Itisanunimportantdetailanyway。IwasalreadyIt，whateverItwas，andbyaidofthebooksIdiscoveredthatItwasaSocialist。SincethatdayIhaveopenedmanybooks，butnoeconomicargument，noluciddemonstrationofthelogicandinevitablenessofSocialismaffectsmeasprofoundlyandconvincinglyasIwasaffectedonthedaywhenIfirstsawthewallsoftheSocialPitrisearoundmeandfeltmyselfslippingdown，down，intotheshamblesatthebottom。
Footnotes:
{1}\"From43to52percentofallapplicantsneedworkratherthanrelief。\"——ReportoftheCharityOrganizationSocietyofNewYorkCity。
{2}Mr。Leiter，whoownsacoalmineatthetownofZeigler，Illinois，inaninterviewprintedintheChicagoRecord-HeraldofDecember6，1904，said:\"WhenIgointothemarkettopurchaselabor，Iproposetoretainjustasmuchfreedomasdoesapurchaserinanyotherkindofamarket……Thereisnodifficultywhateverinobtaininglabor，FORTHECOUNTRYISFULLOFUNEMPLOYEDMEN。\"
{3}\"Despondentandwearywithvainattemptstostruggleagainstanunsympatheticworld，twooldmenwerebroughtbeforePoliceJudgeMcHughthisafternoontoseewhethersomemeanscouldnotbeprovidedfortheirsupport，atleastuntilspringtime。
\"GeorgeWestlakewasthefirstonetoreceivetheconsiderationofthecourt。Westlakeisseventy-twoyearsold。Achargeofhabitualdrunkennesswasplacedagainsthim，andhewassentencedtoaterminthecountyjail，thoughitismorethanprobablethathewasneverundertheinfluenceofintoxicatingliquorinhislife。Theactonthepartoftheauthoritieswasoneofkindnessforhim，asinthecountyjailhewillbeprovidedwithagoodplacetosleepandplentytoeat。
\"JoeCoat，agedsixty-nineyears，willserveninetydaysinthecountyjailformuchthesamereasonasWestlake。Hestatesthat，ifgivenachancetodoso，hewillgoouttoawood-campandcuttimberduringthewinter，butthepoliceauthoritiesrealizethathecouldnotlongsurvivesuchatask。\"——FromtheButteMontana
Miner，December7th，1904。
\"\'IendmylifebecauseIhavereachedtheagelimit，andthereisnoplaceformeinthisworld。Pleasenotifymywife，No。222West129thStreet，NewYork。\'Havingsummedupthecauseofhisdespondencyinthisfinalmessage，JamesHollander，fifty-sixyearsold，shothimselfthroughthelefttemple，inhisroomattheStaffordHoteltoday。\"——NewYorkHerald。
{4}IntheSanFranciscoExaminerofNovember16，1904，thereisanaccountoftheuseoffire-hosetodriveawaythreehundredmenwhowantedworkatunloadingavesselintheharbor。Soanxiouswerethementogetthetwoorthreehours\'jobthattheymadeaveritablemobandhadtobedrivenoff。
{5}\"Itwasnouncommonthinginthesesweatshopsformentositbentoverasewing-machinecontinuouslyfromeleventofifteenhoursadayinJulyweather，operatingasewing-machinebyfoot-power，andoftensodriventhattheycouldnotstopforlunch。Theseasonalcharacteroftheworkmeantdemoralizingtoilforafewmonthsintheyear，andanotlessdemoralizingidlenessfortheremainderofthetime。Consumption，theplagueofthetenementsandtheespecialplagueofthegarmentindustry，carriedoffmanyoftheseworkers；
poornutritionandexhaustion，manymore。\"——FromMcClure\'sMagazine。
{6}TheSocialUnrest。MacmillanCompany。
{7}\"OurBenevolentFeudalism。\"ByW。J。Ghent。TheMacmillanCompany。
{8}\"TheSocialUnrest。\"ByJohnGrahamBrooks。TheMacmillanCompany。
{9}FromfigurespresentedbyMissNellieMasonAutenintheAmericanJournalofSociology，andcopiedextensivelybythetrade-
unionandSocialistpress。
{10}\"TheBitterCryofOutcastLondon。\"
{11}AnitemfromtheSocialDemocraticHerald。Hundredsoftheseitems，culledfromcurrenthappenings，arepublishedweeklyinthepapersoftheworkers。
{12}KarlMarx，thegreatSocialist，workedoutthetrustdevelopmentfortyyearsago，forwhichhewaslaughedatbytheorthodoxeconomists。