PrefaceTheClassStruggleTheTrampTheScabTheQuestionoftheMaximumAReviewWanted:ANewLandofDevelopmentHowIBecameaSocialistPREFACE
WhenIwasayoungsterIwaslookeduponasaweirdsortofcreature，because，forsooth，Iwasasocialist。Reportersfromlocalpapersinterviewedme，andtheinterviews，whenpublished，werepathologicalstudiesofastrangeandabnormalspecimenofman。
Atthattimenineortenyearsago，becauseImadeastandinmynativetownformunicipalownershipofpublicutilities，Iwasbrandeda\"red-shirt，\"a\"dynamiter，\"andan\"anarchist\"；andreallydecentfellows，wholikedmeverywell，drewthelineatmyappearinginpublicwiththeirsisters。
Butthetimeschanged。TherecameadaywhenIheard，inmynativetown，aRepublicanmayorpubliclyproclaimthat\"municipalownershipwasafixedAmericanpolicy。\"AndinthatdayIfoundmyselfpickingupintheworld。Nolongerdidthepathologiststudyme，whilethereallydecentfellowsdidnotmindintheleastthepropinquityofmyselfandtheirsistersinthepubliceye。Mypoliticalandsociologicalideaswereascribedtothevagariesofyouth，andgood-naturedelderlymenpatronizedmeandtoldmethatI
wouldgrowupsomedayandbecomeanunusuallyintelligentmemberofthecommunity。Alsotheytoldmethatmyviewswerebiassedbymyemptypockets，andthatsomeday，whenIhadgatheredtomeafewdollars，myviewswouldbewhollydifferent，——inshort，thatmyviewswouldbetheirviews。
Andthencamethedaywhenmysocialismgrewrespectable，——stillavagaryofyouth，itwasheld，butromanticallyrespectable。
Romance，tothebourgeoismind，wasrespectablebecauseitwasnotdangerous。Asa\"red-shirt，\"withbombsinallhispockets，Iwasdangerous。Asayouthwithnothingmoremenacingthanafewphilosophicalideas，Germanicintheirorigin，Iwasaninterestingandpleasingpersonality。
ThroughallthisexperienceInotedonething。ItwasnotIthatchanged，butthecommunity。Infact，mysocialisticviewsgrewsoliderandmorepronounced。Irepeat，itwasthecommunitythatchanged，andtomychagrinIdiscoveredthatthecommunitychangedtosuchpurposethatitwasnotabovestealingmythunder。Thecommunitybrandedmea\"red-shirt\"becauseIstoodformunicipalownership；alittlelateritapplaudeditsmayorwhenheproclaimedmunicipalownershiptobeafixedAmericanpolicy。Hestolemythunder，andthecommunityapplaudedthetheft。Andtodaythecommunityisabletocomearoundandgivemepointsonmunicipalownership。
WhathappenedtomehasbeeninnowisedifferentfromwhathashappenedtothesocialistmovementasawholeintheUnitedStates。
Inthebourgeoismindsocialismhaschangedfromaterriblediseasetoayouthfulvagary，andlateronhaditsthunderstolenbythetwooldparties，——socialism，likeameekandthriftyworkingman，beingexploitedbecamerespectable。
Onlydangerousthingsareabhorrent。Thethingthatisnotdangerousisalwaysrespectable。AndsowithsocialismintheUnitedStates。Forseveralyearsithasbeenveryrespectable，——asweetandbeautifulUtopiandream，inthebourgeoismind，yetadream，onlyadream。Duringthisperiod，whichhasjustended，socialismwastoleratedbecauseitwasimpossibleandnon-menacing。
Muchofitsthunderhadbeenstolen，andtheworkingmenhadbeenmadehappywithfulldinner-pails。Therewasnothingtofear。Thekindoldworldspunon，couponswereclipped，andlargerprofitsthaneverwereextractedfromthetoilers。Coupon-clippingandprofit-extractingwouldcontinuetotheendoftime。Thesewerefunctionsdivineinoriginandheldbydivineright。Thenewspapers，thepreachers，andthecollegepresidentssaidso，andwhattheysay，ofcourse，isso——tothebourgeoismind。
Thencamethepresidentialelectionof1904。Likeaboltoutofaclearskywasthesocialistvoteof435，000，——anincreaseofnearly400percentinfouryears，thelargestthird-partyvote，withoneexception，sincetheCivilWar。Socialismhadshownthatitwasaveryliveandgrowingrevolutionaryforce，andallitsoldmenacerevived。IamafraidthatneitheritnorIareanylongerrespectable。Thecapitalistpressofthecountryconfirmsmeinmyopinion，andherewithIgiveafewpost-electionutterancesofthecapitalistpress:-
\"TheDemocraticpartyoftheconstitutionisdead。TheSocial-
DemocraticpartyofcontinentalEurope，preachingdiscontentandclasshatred，assailinglaw，property，andpersonalrights，andinsinuatingconfiscationandplunder，ishere。\"——ChicagoChronicle。
\"ThatoverfortythousandvotesshouldhavebeencastinthiscitytomakesuchapersonasEugeneV。DebsthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesisabouttheworstkindofadvertisingthatChicagocouldreceive。\"——ChicagoInter-Ocean。
\"Wecannotblinkthefactthatsocialismismakingrapidgrowthinthiscountry，where，ofallothers，therewouldseemtobelessinspirationforit。\"——BrooklynDailyEagle。
\"UponthehandsoftheRepublicanpartyanawfulresponsibilitywasplacedlastTuesday……Itknowsthatreforms——great，far-sweepingreforms——arenecessary，andithasthepowertomakethem。Godhelpourcivilizationifitdoesnot!……Itmustrepressthetrustsorstandbeforetheworldresponsibleforoursystemofgovernmentbeingchangedintoasocialrepublic。Thearbitrarycuttingdownofwagesmustcease，orsocialismwillseizeanotherlevertoliftitselfintopower。\"——TheChicagoNewWorld。
\"Scarcelyanyphaseoftheelectionismoresinisterlyinterestingthantheincreaseinthesocialistvote。Beforeelectionwesaidthatwecouldnotaffordtogiveaidandcomforttothesocialistsinanymanner……Itsocialismmustbefoughtinallitsphases，initseverymanifestation。\"——SanFranciscoArgonaut。
Andfarbeitfrommetodenythatsocialismisamenace。Itisitspurposetowipeout，rootandbranch，allcapitalisticinstitutionsofpresent-daysociety。Itisdistinctlyrevolutionary，andinscopeanddepthisvastlymoretremendousthananyrevolutionthathaseveroccurredinthehistoryoftheworld。Itpresentsanewspectacletotheastonishedworld，——thatofanORGANIZED，INTERNATIONAL，REVOLUTIONARYMOVEMENT。Inthebourgeoismindaclassstruggleisaterribleandhatefulthing，andyetthatispreciselywhatsocialismis，——aworld-wideclassstrugglebetweenthepropertylessworkersandthepropertiedmastersofworkers。Itistheprimepreachmentofsocialismthatthestruggleisaclassstruggle。Theworkingclass，intheprocessofsocialevolution，intheverynatureofthings，isboundtorevoltfromtheswayofthecapitalistclassandtooverthrowthecapitalistclass。Thisisthemenaceofsocialism，andinaffirmingitandintallyingmyselfanadherentofit，Iacceptmyownconsequentunrespectability。
Asyet，totheaveragebourgeoismind，socialismismerelyamenace，vagueandformless。Theaveragememberofthecapitalistclass，whenhediscussessocialism，iscondemnedanignoramusoutofhisownmouth。Hedoesnotknowtheliteratureofsocialism，itsphilosophy，noritspolitics。Hewagshisheadsagelyandrattlesthedrybonesofdeadandburiedideas。Hislipsmumblemouldyphrases，suchas，\"Menarenotbornequalandnevercanbe；\"\"ItisUtopianandimpossible；\"\"Abstinenceshouldberewarded；\"\"Manwillfirsthavetobebornagain；\"\"Cooperativecolonieshavealwaysfailed；\"and\"Whatifwedodivideup？intenyearstherewouldberichandpoormensuchastherearetoday。\"
Itsurelyistimethatthecapitalistsknewsomethingaboutthissocialismthattheyfeelmenacesthem。Anditisthehopeofthewriterthatthesocialisticstudiesinthisvolumemayinsomeslightdegreeenlightenafewcapitalisticminds。Thecapitalistmustlearn，firstandforalways，thatsocialismisbased，notupontheequality，butupontheinequality，ofmen。Next，hemustlearnthatnonewbirthintospiritualpurityisnecessarybeforesocialismbecomespossible。Hemustlearnthatsocialismdealswithwhatis，notwithwhatoughttobe；andthatthematerialwithwhichitdealsisthe\"clayofthecommonroad，\"thewarmhuman，fallibleandfrail，sordidandpetty，absurdandcontradictory，evengrotesque，andyet，withal，shotthroughwithflashesandglimmeringsofsomethingfinerandGod-like，withhereandtheresweetnessesofserviceandunselfishness，desiresforgoodness，forrenunciationandsacrifice，andwithconscience，sternandawful，attimesblazinglyimperious，demandingtheright，——theright，nothingmorenorlessthantheright。
JACKLONDON。
OAKLAND，CALIFORNIA。
January12，1905。
THECLASSSTRUGGLE
Unfortunatelyorotherwise，peoplearepronetobelieveintherealityofthethingstheythinkoughttobeso。Thiscomesofthecheeryoptimismwhichisinnatewithlifeitself；and，whileitmaysometimesbedeplored，itmustneverbecensured，for，asarule，itisproductiveofmoregoodthanharm，andofaboutalltheachievementthereisintheworld。Therearecaseswherethisoptimismhasbeendisastrous，aswiththepeoplewholivedinPompeiiduringitslastquiveringdays；orwiththearistocratsofthetimeofLouisXVI，whoconfidentlyexpectedtheDelugetooverwhelmtheirchildren，ortheirchildren\'schildren，butneverthemselves。Butthereissmalllikelihoodthatthecaseofperverseoptimismheretobeconsideredwillendinsuchdisaster，whilethereiseveryreasontobelievethatthegreatchangenowmanifestingitselfinsocietywillbeaspeacefulandorderlyinitsculminationasitisinitspresentdevelopment。
Outoftheirconstitutionaloptimism，andbecauseaclassstruggleisanabhorredanddangerousthing，thegreatAmericanpeopleareunanimousinassertingthatthereisnoclassstruggle。Andby\"Americanpeople\"ismeanttherecognizedandauthoritativemouth-
piecesoftheAmericanpeople，whicharethepress，thepulpit，andtheuniversity。Thejournalists，thepreachers，andtheprofessorsarepracticallyofonevoiceindeclaringthatthereisnosuchthingasaclassstrugglenowgoingon，muchlessthataclassstrugglewillevergoon，intheUnitedStates。Andthisdeclarationtheycontinuallymakeinthefaceofamultitudeoffactswhichimpeach，notsomuchtheirsincerity，asaffirm，rather，theiroptimism。
Therearetwowaysofapproachingthesubjectoftheclassstruggle。
Theexistenceofthisstrugglecanbeshowntheoretically，anditcanbeshownactually。Foraclassstruggletoexistinsocietytheremustbe，first，aclassinequality，asuperiorclassandaninferiorclassasmeasuredbypower；and，second，theoutletsmustbeclosedwherebythestrengthandfermentoftheinferiorclasshavebeenpermittedtoescape。
ThatthereareevenclassesintheUnitedStatesisvigorouslydeniedbymany；butitisincontrovertible，whenagroupofindividualsisformed，whereinthemembersareboundtogetherbycommoninterestswhicharepeculiarlytheirinterestsandnottheinterestsofindividualsoutsidethegroup，thatsuchagroupisaclass。Theownersofcapital，withtheirdependents，formaclassofthisnatureintheUnitedStates；theworkingpeopleformasimilarclass。Theinterestofthecapitalistclass，say，inthematterofincometax，isquitecontrarytotheinterestofthelaboringclass；and，VICEVERSA，inthematterofpoll-tax。
Ifbetweenthesetwoclassestherebeaclearandvitalconflictofinterest，allthefactorsarepresentwhichmakeaclassstruggle；
butthisstrugglewillliedormantifthestrongandcapablemembersoftheinferiorclassbepermittedtoleavethatclassandjointheranksofthesuperiorclass。ThecapitalistclassandtheworkingclasshaveexistedsidebysideandforalongtimeintheUnitedStates；buthithertoallthestrong，energeticmembersoftheworkingclasshavebeenabletoriseoutoftheirclassandbecomeownersofcapital。Theywereenabledtodothisbecauseanundevelopedcountrywithanexpandingfrontiergaveequalityofopportunitytoall。Inthealmostlottery-likescramblefortheownershipofvastunownednaturalresources，andintheexploitationofwhichtherewaslittleornocompetitionofcapital，thecapitalitselfrisingoutoftheexploitation，thecapable，intelligentmemberoftheworkingclassfoundafieldinwhichtousehisbrainstohisownadvancement。Insteadofbeingdiscontentedindirectratiowithhisintelligenceandambitions，andofradiatingamongsthisfellowsaspiritofrevoltascapableashewascapable，heleftthemtotheirfateandcarvedhisownwaytoaplaceinthesuperiorclass。
Butthedayofanexpandingfrontier，ofalottery-likescramblefortheownershipofnaturalresources，andoftheupbuildingofnewindustries，ispast。FarthestWesthasbeenreached，andanimmensevolumeofsurpluscapitalroamsforinvestmentandnipsinthebudthepatienteffortsoftheembryocapitalisttorisethroughslowincrementfromsmallbeginnings。Thegatewayofopportunityafteropportunityhasbeenclosed，andclosedforalltime。Rockefellerhasshutthedooronoil，theAmericanTobaccoCompanyontobacco，andCarnegieonsteel。AfterCarnegiecameMorgan，whotriple-
lockedthedoor。Thesedoorswillnotopenagain，andbeforethempausethousandsofambitiousyoungmentoreadtheplacard:NO
THOROUGH-FARE。
Anddaybydaymoredoorsareshut，whiletheambitiousyoungmencontinuetobeborn。Itisthey，deniedtheopportunitytorisefromtheworkingclass，whopreachrevolttotheworkingclass。Hadhebeenbornfiftyyearslater，AndrewCarnegie，thepoorScotchboy，mighthaverisentobepresidentofhisunion，orofafederationofunions；butthathewouldneverhavebecomethebuilderofHomesteadandthefounderofmultitudinouslibraries，isascertainasitiscertainthatsomeothermanwouldhavedevelopedthesteelindustryhadAndrewCarnegieneverbeenborn。
Theoretically，then，thereexistintheUnitedStatesallthefactorswhichgotomakeaclassstruggle。Therearethecapitalistsandworkingclasses，theinterestsofwhichconflict，whiletheworkingclassisnolongerbeingemasculatedtotheextentitwasinthepastbyhavingdrawnofffromititsbestbloodandbrains。Itsmorecapablemembersarenolongerabletoriseoutofitandleavethegreatmassleaderlessandhelpless。Theyremaintobeitsleaders。
ButtheoptimisticmouthpiecesofthegreatAmericanpeople，whoarethemselvesdefttheoreticians，arenottobeconvincedbymeretheoretics。Soitremainstodemonstratetheexistenceoftheclassstrugglebyamarshallingofthefacts。
Whennearlytwomillionsofmen，findingthemselvesknittogetherbycertaininterestspeculiarlytheirown，bandtogetherinastrongorganizationfortheaggressivepursuitofthoseinterests，itisevidentthatsocietyhaswithinitahostileandwarringclass。Butwhentheinterestswhichthisclassaggressivelypursuesconflictsharplyandvitallywiththeinterestsofanotherclass，classantagonismarisesandaclassstruggleistheinevitableresult。
Onegreatorganizationoflaboralonehasamembershipof1，700，000
intheUnitedStates。ThisistheAmericanFederationofLabor，andoutsideofitaremanyotherlargeorganizations。Allthesemenarebandedtogetherforthefrankpurposeofbetteringtheircondition，regardlessoftheharmworkedtherebyuponallotherclasses。Theyareinopenantagonismwiththecapitalistclass，whilethemanifestosoftheirleadersstatethatthestruggleisonewhichcanneverenduntilthecapitalistclassisexterminated。
Theirleaderswilllargelydenythislaststatement，butanexaminationoftheirutterances，theiractions，andthesituationwillforestallsuchdenial。Inthefirstplace，theconflictbetweenlaborandcapitalisoverthedivisionofthejoinproduct。
Capitalandlaborapplythemselvestorawmaterialandmakeitintoafinishedproduct。Thedifferencebetweenthevalueoftherawmaterialandthevalueofthefinishedproductisthevaluetheyhaveaddedtoitbytheirjointeffort。Thisaddedvalueis，therefore，theirjointproduct，anditisoverthedivisionofthisjointproductthatthestrugglebetweenlaborandcapitaltakesplace。Labortakesitsshareinwages；capitaltakesitsshareinprofits。Itispatent，ifcapitaltookinprofitsthewholejointproduct，thatlaborwouldperish。Anditisequallypatent，iflabortookinwagesthewholejointproduct，thatcapitalwouldperish。Yetthislastistheverythinglaboraspirestodo，andthatitwillneverbecontentwithanythinglessthanthewholejointproductisevidencedbythewordsofitsleaders。
Mr。SamuelGompers，presidentoftheAmericanFederationofLabor，hassaid:\"Theworkerswantmorewages；moreofthecomfortsoflife；moreleisure；morechanceforself-improvementasmen，astrade-unionists，ascitizens。THESEWERETHEWANTSOFYESTERDAY；
THEYARETHEWANTSOFTODAY；THEYWILLBETHEWANTSOFTOMORROW，AND
OFTOMORROW\'SMORROW。Thestrugglemayassumenewforms，buttheissueistheimmemorialone，——aneffortoftheproducerstoobtainanincreasingmeasureofthewealththatflowsfromtheirproduction。\"
Mr。HenryWhite，secretaryoftheUnitedGarmentWorkersofAmericaandamemberoftheIndustrialCommitteeoftheNationalCivicFederation，speakingoftheNationalCivicFederationsoonafteritsinception，said:\"Tofallintooneanother\'sarms，toavowfriendship，toexpressregretattheinjurywhichhasbeendone，wouldnotalterthefactsofthesituation。Workingmenwillcontinuetodemandmorepay，andtheemployerwillnaturallyopposethem。Thereadinessandabilityoftheworkmentofightwill，asusual，largelydeterminetheamountoftheirwagesortheirshareintheproduct……Butwhenitcomestodividingtheproceeds，thereistherub。Wecanalsoagreethatthelargertheproductthroughtheemploymentoflabor-savingmethodsthebetter，astherewillbemoretobedivided，butagainthequestionofthedivision……A
ConciliationCommittee，havingtheconfidenceofthecommunity，andcomposedofmenpossessingpracticalknowledgeofindustrialaffairs，canthereforeaidinmitigatingthisantagonism，inpreventingavoidableconflicts，inbringingaboutaTRUCE；Iusetheword\'truce\'becauseunderstandingscanonlybetemporary。\"
Hereisamanwhomighthaveownedcattleonathousandhills，beenalumberbaronorarailroadking，hadhebeenbornafewyearssooner。Asitis，heremainsinhisclass，issecretaryoftheUnitedGarmentWorkersofAmerica，andissothoroughlysaturatedwiththeclassstrugglethathespeaksofthedisputebetweencapitalandlaborintermsofwar，——workmenFIGHTwithemployers；itispossibletoavoidsomeCONFLICTS；incertaincasesTRUCESmaybe，forthetimebeing，effected。
Manbeingmanandagreatdealshortoftheangels，thequarreloverthedivisionofthejointproductisirreconcilable。ForthelasttwentyyearsintheUnitedStates，therehasbeenanaverageofoverathousandstrikesperyear；andyearbyyearthesestrikesincreaseinmagnitude，andthefrontofthelaborarmygrowsmoreimposing。
Anditisaclassstruggle，pureandsimple。Laborasaclassisfightingwithcapitalasaclass。
Workingmenwillcontinuetodemandmorepay，andemployerswillcontinuetoopposethem。Thisisthekey-notetoLAISSEZFAIRE，——
everybodyforhimselfanddeviltakethehindmost。Itisuponthisthattherampantindividualistbaseshisindividualism。Itisthelet-alonepolicy，thestruggleforexistence，whichstrengthensthestrong，destroystheweak，andmakesafinerandmorecapablebreedofmen。Buttheindividualhaspassedawayandthegrouphascome，forbetterorworse，andthestrugglehasbecome，notastrugglebetweenindividuals，butastrugglebetweengroups。Sothequeryrises:Hastheindividualistneverspeculateduponthelaborgroupbecomingstrongenoughtodestroythecapitalistgroup，andtaketoitselfandrunforitselfthemachineryofindustry？And，further，hastheindividualistneverspeculateduponthisbeingstillatriumphantexpressionofindividualism，——ofgroupindividualism，——iftheconfusionoftermsmaybepermitted？
Butthefactsoftheclassstrugglearedeeperandmoresignificantthanhavesofarbeenpresented。Amillionorsoofworkmenmayorganizeforthepursuitofinterestswhichengenderclassantagonismandstrife，andatthesametimebeunconsciousofwhatisengendered。Butwhenamillionorsoofworkmenshowunmistakablesignsofbeingconsciousoftheirclass，——ofbeing，inshort，classconscious，——thenthesituationgrowsserious。Theuncompromisingandterriblehatredofthetrade-unionistforascabisthehatredofaclassforatraitortothatclass，——whilethehatredofatrade-unionistforthemilitiaisthehatredofaclassforaweaponwieldedbytheclasswithwhichitisfighting。Noworkmancanbetruetohisclassandatthesametimebeamemberofthemilitia:thisisthedictumofthelaborleaders。
Inthetownofthewriter，thegoodcitizens，whentheygetupaFourthofJulyparadeandinvitethelaborunionstoparticipate，areinformedbytheunionsthattheywillnotmarchintheparadeifthemilitiamarches。Article8oftheconstitutionofthePainters\'
andDecorators\'UnionofSchenectadyprovidesthatamembermustnotbea\"militiaman，specialpoliceofficer，ordeputymarshalintheemployofcorporationsorindividualsduringstrikes，lockouts，orotherlabordifficulties，andanymemberoccupyinganyoftheabovepositionswillbedebarredfrommembership。\"Mr。WilliamPotterwasamemberofthisunionandamemberoftheNationalGuard。Asaresult，becauseheobeyedtheorderoftheGovernorwhenhiscompanywasorderedouttosuppressrioting，hewasexpelledfromhisunion。
Alsohisuniondemandedhisemployers，Shafer&Barry，todischargehimfromtheirservice。Thistheycompliedwith，ratherthanfacethethreatenedstrike。
Mr。RobertL。Walker，firstlieutenantoftheLightGuards，aNewHavenmilitiacompany，recentlyresigned。Hisreasonwas，thathewasamemberoftheCarBuilders\'Union，andthatthetwoorganizationswereantagonistictoeachother。DuringaNewOrleansstreet-carstrikenotlongago，awholecompanyofmilitia，calledouttoprotectnon-unionmen，resignedinabody。Mr。JohnMulholland，presidentoftheInternationalAssociationofAlliedMetalMechanics，hasstatedthathedoesnotwantthememberstojointhemilitia。TheLocalTrades\'AssemblyofSyracuse，NewYork，haspassedaresolution，byunanimousvote，requiringunionmenwhoaremembersoftheNationalGuardtoresign，underpainofexpulsion，fromtheunions。TheAmalgamatedSheetMetalWorkers\'
Associationhasincorporatedinitsconstitutionanamendmentexcludingfrommembershipinitsorganization\"anypersonamemberoftheregulararmy，oroftheStatemilitiaornavalreserve。\"TheIllinoisStateFederationofLabor，atarecentconvention，passedwithoutadissentingvotearesolutiondeclaringthatmembershipinmilitaryorganizationsisaviolationoflaborunionobligations，andrequestingallunionmentowithdrawfromthemilitia。ThepresidentoftheFederation，Mr。AlbertYoung，declaredthatthemilitiawasamenacenotonlytounions，buttoallworkersthroughoutthecountry。
Theseinstancesmaybemultipliedathousandfold。Theunionworkmenarebecomingconsciousoftheirclass，andofthestruggletheirclassiswagingwiththecapitalistclass。Tobeamemberofthemilitiaistobeatraitortotheunion，forthemilitiaisaweaponwieldedbytheemployerstocrushtheworkersinthestrugglebetweenthewarringgroups。
Anotherinteresting，andevenmorepregnant，phaseoftheclassstruggleisthepoliticalaspectofitasdisplayedbythesocialists。Fivemen，standingtogether，mayperformprodigies；500
men，marchingasmarchedthehistoricFiveHundredofMarseilles，maysackapalaceanddestroyaking；while500，000men，passionatelypreachingthepropagandaofaclassstruggle，wagingaclassstrugglealongpoliticallines，andbackedbythemoralandintellectualsupportof10，000，000moremenoflikeconvictionsthroughouttheworld，maycomeprettyclosetorealizingaclassstruggleintheseUnitedStatesofours。
In1900thesemencast150，000votes；twoyearslater，in1902，theycast300，000votes；andin1904theycast450，000。Theyhavebehindthemamostimposingphilosophicandscientificliterature；theyownillustratedmagazinesandreviews，highinquality，dignity，andrestraint；theypossesscountlessdailyandweeklypaperswhichcirculatethroughouttheland，andsinglepaperswhichhavesubscribersbythehundredsofthousands；andtheyliterallyswamptheworkingclassesinavastseaoftractsandpamphlets。NopoliticalpartyintheUnitedStates，nochurchorganizationnormissioneffort，hasasindefatigableworkersashasthesocialistparty。Theymultiplythemselves，knowofnoeffortnorsacrificetoogreattomakefortheCause；and\"Cause，\"withthem，isspelledoutincapitals。Theyworkforitwithareligiouszeal，andwoulddieforitwithawillingnesssimilartothatoftheChristianmartyrs。
Thesemenarepreachinganuncompromisinganddeadlyclassstruggle。
Infact，theyareorganizeduponthebasisofaclassstruggle。
\"Thehistoryofsociety，\"theysay，\"isahistoryofclassstruggles。PatricianstruggledwithplebeianinearlyRome；thekingandtheburghers，withthenoblesintheMiddleAges；lateron，thekingandthenobleswiththebourgeoisie；andtodaythestruggleisonbetweenthetriumphantbourgeoisieandtherisingproletariat。
By\'proletariat\'ismeanttheclassofpeoplewithoutcapitalwhichsellsitslaborforaliving。
\"Thattheproletariatshallconquer，\"markthenoteoffatalism，\"isascertainastherisingsun。Justasthebourgeoisieoftheeighteenthcenturywanteddemocracyappliedtopolitics，sotheproletariatofthetwentiethcenturywantsdemocracyappliedtoindustry。Asthebourgeoisiecomplainedagainstthegovernmentbeingrunbyandforthenobles，sotheproletariatcomplainsagainstthegovernmentandindustrybeingrunbyandforthebourgeoisie；andso，followinginthefootstepsofitspredecessor，theproletariatwillpossessitselfofthegovernment，applydemocracytoindustry，abolishwages，whicharemerelylegalizedrobbery，andrunthebusinessofthecountryinitsowninterest。\"
\"Theiraim，\"theysay，\"istoorganizetheworkingclass，andthoseinsympathywithit，intoapoliticalparty，withtheobjectofconqueringthepowersofgovernmentandofusingthemforthepurposeoftransformingthepresentsystemofprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionanddistributionintocollectiveownershipbytheentirepeople。\"
Brieflystated，thisisthebattleplanofthese450，000menwhocallthemselves\"socialists。\"And，inthefaceoftheexistenceofsuchanaggressivegroupofmen，aclassstrugglecannotverywellbedeniedbytheoptimisticAmericanswhosay:\"Aclassstruggleismonstrous。Sir，thereisnoclassstruggle。\"Theclassstruggleishere，andtheoptimisticAmericanhadbettergirdhimselfforthefrayandputastoptoit，ratherthansitidlydeclaimingthatwhatoughtnottobeisnot，andneverwillbe。
Butthesocialists，fanaticsanddreamersthoughtheymaywellbe，betrayaforesightandinsight，andageniusfororganization，whichputtoshametheclasswithwhichtheyareopenlyatwar。Failingofrapidsuccessinwagingasheerpoliticalpropaganda，andfindingthattheywerealienatingthemostintelligentandmosteasilyorganizedportionofthevoters，thesocialistslessonedfromtheexperienceandturnedtheirenergiesuponthetrade-unionmovement。
Towinthetradeunionswaswell-nightowinthewar，andrecenteventsshowthattheyhavedonefarmorewinninginthisdirectionthanhavethecapitalists。
Insteadofantagonizingtheunions，whichhadbeentheirpreviouspolicy，thesocialistsproceededtoconciliatetheunions。\"Leteverygoodsocialistjointheunionofhistrade，\"theedictwentforth。\"Borefromwithinandcapturethetrade-unionmovement。\"
Andthispolicy，onlyseveralyearsold，hasreapedfruitsfarbeyondtheirfondestexpectations。Todaythegreatlaborunionsarehoneycombedwithsocialists，\"boringfromwithin，\"astheypicturesquelytermtheirundermininglabor。Atworkandatplay，atbusinessmeetingandcouncil，theirinsidiouspropagandagoeson。
Attheshoulderofthetrade-unionististhesocialist，sympathizingwithhim，aidinghimwithheadandhand，suggesting——perpetuallysuggesting——thenecessityforpoliticalaction。AstheJOURNAL，ofLansing，Michigan，arepublicanpaper，hasremarked:\"Thesocialistsinthelaborunionsaretirelessworkers。Theyaresincere，energetic，andself-sacrificing……Theysticktotheunionandworkallthewhile，thusmakingashowingwhich，reckonedbyordinarystandards，isoutofallproportiontotheirnumbers。
Theircauseisgrowingamongunionlaborers，andtheirlongfight，intendedtoturntheFederationintoapoliticalorganization，islikelytowin。\"
Theymissnoopportunityofdrivinghomethenecessityforpoliticalaction，thenecessityforcapturingthepoliticalmachineryofsocietywherebytheymaymastersociety。AsaninstanceofthisistheaviditywithwhichtheAmericansocialistsseizeduponthefamousTaft-ValeDecisioninEngland，whichwastotheeffectthatanunincorporatedunioncouldbesuedanditstreasuryrifledbyprocessoflaw。ThroughouttheUnitedStates，thesocialistspointedthemoralinsimilarfashiontothewayitwaspointedbytheSocial-DemocraticHerald，whichadvisedthetrade-unionists，inviewofthedecision，tostoptryingtofightcapitalwithmoney，whichtheylacked，andtobeginfightingwiththeballot，whichwastheirstrongestweapon。
Nightandday，tirelessandunrelenting，theylaborattheirself-
imposedtaskofunderminingsociety。Mr。M。G。Cunniff，wholatelymadeanintimatestudyoftrade-unionism，says:\"Allthroughtheunionssocialismfilters。Almosteveryothermanisasocialist，preachingthatunionismisbutamakeshift。\"\"Malthusbedamned，\"
theytoldhim，\"forthegoodtimewascomingwheneverymanshouldbeabletorearhisfamilyincomfort。\"Inoneunion，withtwothousandmembers，Mr。Cunnifffoundeverymanasocialist，andfromhisexperiencesMr。Cunniffwasforcedtoconfess，\"Ilivedinaworldthatshowedourindustriallifea-tremblefrombeneathwithanever-ceasingferment。\"
ThesocialistshavealreadycapturedtheWesternFederationofMiners，theWesternHotelandRestaurantEmployees\'Union，andthePatternmakers\'NationalAssociation。TheWesternFederationofMiners，atarecentconvention，declared:\"Thestrikehasfailedtosecuretotheworkingclassestheirliberty；wethereforecallupontheworkerstostrikeasonemanfortheirlibertiesattheballotbox……Weputourselvesonrecordascommittedtotheprogrammeofindependentpoliticalaction……Weindorsetheplatformofthesocialistparty，andacceptitasthedeclarationofprinciplesofourorganization。Wecalluponourmembersasindividualstocommenceimmediatelytheorganizationofthesocialistmovementintheirrespectivetownsandstates，andtocooperateineverywayforthefurtheranceoftheprinciplesofsocialismandofthesocialistparty。Instateswherethesocialistpartyhasnotperfecteditsorganization，weadvisethateveryassistancebegivenbyourmemberstothatend……Wethereforecallfororganizers，capableandwell-versedinthewholeprogrammeofthelabormovement，tobesentintoeachstatetopreachthenecessityoforganizationonthepoliticalaswellasontheeconomicfield。\"
Thecapitalistclasshasaglimmeringconsciousnessoftheclassstrugglewhichisshapingitselfinthemidstofsociety；butthecapitalists，asaclass，seemtolacktheabilityfororganizing，forcomingtogether，suchasispossessedbytheworkingclass。NoAmericancapitalisteveraidsanEnglishcapitalistinthecommonfight，whileworkmenhaveformedinternationalunions，thesocialistsaworld-wideinternationalorganization，andonallsidesspaceandracearebridgedintheefforttoachievesolidarity。
Resolutionsofsympathy，and，fullyasimportant，donationsofmoney，passbackandforthacrosstheseatowhereverlaborisfightingitspitchedbattles。
Fordiversreasons，thecapitalistclasslacksthiscohesionorsolidarity，chiefamongwhichistheoptimismbredofpastsuccess。
And，again，thecapitalistclassisdivided；ithaswithinitselfaclassstruggleofnomeanproportions，whichtendstoirritateandharassitandtoconfusethesituation。Thesmallcapitalistandthelargecapitalistaregrappledwitheachother，strugglingoverwhatAchilleLoriacallsthe\"bi-partitionoftherevenues。\"Suchastruggle，thoughnotpreciselyanalogous，waswagedbetweenthelandlordsandmanufacturersofEnglandwhentheonebroughtaboutthepassageoftheFactoryActsandtheothertheabolitionoftheCornLaws。
Hereandthere，however，certainmembersofthecapitalistclassseeclearlythecleavageinsocietyalongwhichthestruggleisbeginningtoshowitself，whilethepressandmagazinesarebeginningtoraiseanoccasionalandtroubledvoice。Twoleaguesofclass-consciouscapitalistshavebeenformedforthepurposeofcarryingontheirsideofthestruggle。Likethesocialists，theydonotmincematters，butstateboldlyandplainlythattheyarefightingtosubjugatetheopposingclass。Itisthebaronsagainstthecommons。Oneoftheseleagues，theNationalAssociationofManufacturers，isstoppingshortofnothinginwhatitconceivestobealife-and-deathstruggle。Mr。D。M。Parry，whoisthepresidentoftheleague，aswellaspresidentoftheNationalMetalTrades\'
Association，isleavingnostoneunturnedinwhathefeelstobeadesperateefforttoorganizehisclass。Hehasissuedthecalltoarmsintermseverythingbutambiguous:\"THEREISSTILLTIMEINTHE
UNITEDSTALESTOHEADOFFTHESOCIALISTICPROGRAMME，WHICH，UNRESTRAINED，ISSURETOWRECKOURCOUNTRY。\"
Ashesays，theworkisfor\"federatingemployersinorderthatwemaymeetwithaunitedfrontallissuesthataffectus。Wemustcometothissoonerorlater……TheworkimmediatelybeforetheNationalAssociationofManufacturersis，first，KEEPTHEVICIOUS
EIGHT-HOURBILLOFFTHEBOOKS；second，toDESTROYTHEANTI-
INJUNCTIONBILL，whichwrestsyourbusinessfromyouandplacesitinthehandsofyouremployees；third，tosecurethePASSAGEOFTHE
DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCEANDINDUSTRYBILL；thelatterwouldgothroughwitharushwereitnotforthehectoringoppositionofOrganizedLabor。\"Bythisdepartment，hefurthersays，\"businessinterestswouldhavedirectandsympatheticrepresentationatWashington。\"
Inalaterletter，issuedbroadcasttothecapitalistsoutsidetheLeague，PresidentParrypointsoutthesuccesswhichisalreadybeginningtoattendtheeffortsoftheLeagueatWashington。\"WehavecontributedmorethananyotherinfluencetothequickpassageofthenewDepartmentofCommerceBill。Itissaidthattheactivitiesofthisofficearenumerousandsatisfactory；butofthatImustnotsaytoomuch——oranything……AtWashingtontheAssociationisnotrepresentedtoomuch，eitherdirectlyorindirectly。Sometimesitisknowninamostpowerfulwaythatitisrepresentedvigorouslyandunitedly。Sometimesitisnotknownthatitisrepresentedatall。\"
Thesecondclass-consciouscapitalistorganizationiscalledtheNationalEconomicLeague。Itlikewisemanifeststhefranknessofmenwhodonotdilly-dallywithterms，butwhosaywhattheymean，andwhomeantosettledowntoalong，hardfight。Theirletterofinvitationtoprospectivemembersopensboldly。\"WebegtoinformyouthattheNationalEconomicLeaguewillrenderitsservicesinanimpartialeducationalmovementTOOPPOSESOCIALISMANDCLASS
HATRED。\"Amongitsclass-consciousmembers，menwhorecognizethattheopeninggunsoftheclassstrugglehavebeenfired，maybeinstancedthefollowingnames:Hon。LymanJ。Gage，Ex-SecretaryU。
S。Treasury；Hon。ThomasJeffersonCoolidge，Ex-MinistertoFrance；
Rev。HenryC。Potter，BishopNewYorkDiocese；Hon。JohnD。Long，Ex-SecretaryU。S。Navy；Hon。LeviP。Morton，Ex-VicePresidentUnitedStates；HenryClews；JohnF。Dryden，PresidentPrudentialLifeInsuranceCo。；JohnA。McCall，PresidentNewYorkLifeInsuranceCo。；J。L。Greatsinger，PresidentBrooklynRapidTransitCo。；theshipbuildingfirmofWilliamCramp&Sons，theSouthernRailwaysystem，andtheAtchison，Topeka，&SantaFeRailwayCompany。
Instancesofthetroublededitorialvoicehavenotbeenrareduringthelastseveralyears。Thereweremanycriesfromthepressduringthelastdaysoftheanthracitecoalstrikethatthemineowners，bytheirstubbornness，weresowingtheregrettableseedsofsocialism。
TheWorld\'sWorkforDecember，1902，said:\"ThenextsignificantfactistherecommendationbytheIllinoisStateFederationofLaborthatallmembersoflaborunionswhoarealsomembersofthestatemilitiashallresignfromthemilitia。Thispropositionhasbeenfavorablyregardedbysomeotherlabororganizations。Ithasdonemorethananyothersinglerecentdeclarationoractiontocauseapublicdistrustofsuchunionsasfavorit。ITHINTSOFACLASS
SEPARATIONTHATINTURNHINTSOFANARCHY。\"
TheOUTLOOK，February14，1903，inreferencetotheriotingatWaterbury，remarks，\"ThatallthisdisordershouldhaveoccurredinacityofthecharacterandintelligenceofWaterburyindicatesthattheindustrialwarspiritisbynomeansconfinedtotheimmigrantorignorantworkingclasses。\"
ThatPresidentRoosevelthassmeltthesmokefromthefiringlineoftheclassstruggleisevidencedbyhiswords，\"AboveallweneedtorememberthatanykindofCLASSANIMOSITYINTHEPOLITICALWORLDis，ifpossible，evenmoredestructivetonationalwelfarethansectional，race，orreligiousanimosity。\"ThechiefthingtobenotedhereisPresidentRoosevelt\'stacitrecognitionofclassanimosityintheindustrialworld，andhisfear，whichlanguagecannotportraystronger，thatthisclassanimositymayspreadtothepoliticalworld。Yetthisistheverypolicywhichthesocialistshaveannouncedintheirdeclarationofwaragainstpresent-daysociety——tocapturethepoliticalmachineryofsocietyandbythatmachinerydestroypresent-daysociety。
TheNewYorkIndependentforFebruary12，1903，recognizedwithoutqualificationtheclassstruggle。\"Itisimpossiblefairlytopassuponthemethodsoflaborunions，ortodeviseplansforremedyingtheirabuses，untilitisrecognized，tobeginwith，thatunionsarebaseduponclassantagonismandthattheirpoliciesaredictatedbythenecessitiesofsocialwarfare。Astrikeisarebellionagainsttheownersofproperty。Therightsofpropertyareprotectedbygovernment。Andastrike，undercertainprovocation，mayextendasfarasdidthegeneralstrikeinBelgiumafewyearssince，whenpracticallytheentirewage-earningpopulationstoppedworkinordertoforcepoliticalconcessionsfromtheproperty-owningclasses。
Thisisanextremecase，butitbringsoutvividlytherealnatureoflabororganizationasaspeciesofwarfarewhoseobjectisthecoercionofoneclassbyanotherclass。\"
Ithasbeenshown，theoreticallyandactually，thatthereisaclassstruggleintheUnitedStates。Thequarreloverthedivisionofthejointproductisirreconcilable。Theworkingclassisnolongerlosingitsstrongestandmostcapablemembers。Thesemen，deniedroomfortheirambitioninthecapitalistranks，remaintobetheleadersoftheworkers，tospurthemtodiscontent，tomakethemconsciousoftheirclass，toleadthemtorevolt。
Thisrevolt，appearingspontaneouslyallovertheindustrialfieldintheformofdemandsforanincreasedshareofthejointproduct，isbeingcarefullyandshrewdlyshapedforapoliticalassaultuponsociety。Theleaders，withthecarelessnessoffatalists，donothesitateforaninstanttopublishtheirintentionstotheworld。
Theyintendtodirectthelaborrevolttothecaptureofthepoliticalmachineryofsociety。Withthepoliticalmachineryonceintheirhands，whichwillalsogivethemthecontrolofthepolice，thearmy，thenavy，andthecourts，theywillconfiscate，withorwithoutremuneration，allthepossessionsofthecapitalistclasswhichareusedintheproductionanddistributionofthenecessariesandluxuriesoflife。Bythis，theymeantoapplythelawofeminentdomaintotheland，andtoextendthelawofeminentdomaintillitembracesthemines，thefactories，therailroads，andtheoceancarriers。Inshort，theyintendtodestroypresent-daysociety，whichtheycontendisrunintheinterestofanotherclass，andfromthematerialstoconstructanewsociety，whichwillberunintheirinterest。
Ontheotherhand，thecapitalistclassisbeginningtogrowconsciousofitselfandofthestrugglewhichisbeingwaged。Itisalreadyformingoffensiveanddefensiveleagues，whilesomeofthemostprominentfiguresinthenationarepreparingtoleaditintheattackuponsocialism。
ThequestiontobesolvedisnotoneofMalthusianism，\"projectedefficiency，\"norethics。Itisaquestionofmight。Whicheverclassistowin，willwinbyvirtueofsuperiorstrength；fortheworkersarebeginningtosay，astheysaidtoMr。Cunniff，\"Malthusbedamned。\"Intheirownmindstheyfindnosanctionforcontinuingtheindividualstruggleforthesurvivalofthefittest。AsMr。
Gompershassaid，theywantmore，andmore，andmore。TheethicalimportofMr。Kidd\'splanofthepresentgenerationputtingupwithlessinorderthatraceefficiencymaybeprojectedintoaremotefuture，hasnobearingupontheiractions。Theyrefusetobethe\"gladperishers\"soglowinglydescribedbyNietzsche。
Itremainstobeseenhowpromptlythecapitalistclasswillrespondtothecalltoarms。Uponitspromptnessrestsitsexistence，forifitsitsidlyby，soothfullyproclaimingthatwhatoughtnottobecannotbe，itwillfindtheroofbeamscrashingaboutitshead。Thecapitalistclassisinthenumericalminority，andbidsfairtobeoutvotedifitdoesnotputastoptothevastpropagandabeingwagedbyitsenemy。Itisnolongeraquestionofwhetherornotthereisaclassstruggle。Thequestionnowis，whatwillbetheoutcomeoftheclassstruggle？
THETRAMP
Mr。FrancisO\'Neil，GeneralSuperintendentofPolice，Chicago，speakingofthetramp，says:\"Despitethemoststringentpoliceregulations，agreatcitywillhaveacertainnumberofhomelessvagrantstoshelterthroughthewinter。\"\"Despite，\"——marktheword，aconfessionoforganizedhelplessnessasagainstunorganizednecessity。Ifpoliceregulationsarestringentandyetfail，thenthatwhichmakesthemfail，namely，thetramp，musthavestillmorestringentreasonsforsucceeding。Thisbeingso，itshouldbeofinteresttoinquireintothesereasons，toattempttodiscoverwhythenamelessandhomelessvagrantsetsatnaughttherightarmofthecorporatepowerofourgreatcities，whyallthatisweakandworthlessisstrongerthanallthatisstrongandofvalue。
Mr。O\'Neilisamanofwideexperienceonthesubjectoftramps。Hemaybecalledaspecialist。Ashesaysofhimself:\"Asanold-timedesksergeantandpolicecaptain，Ihavehadalmostunlimitedopportunitytostudyandanalyzethisclassoffloatingpopulation，whichseeksthecityinwinterandscattersabroadthroughthecountryinthespring。\"Hethencontinues:\"Thisexperiencereiteratedthelessonthatthevastmajorityofthesewanderersareoftheclasswithwhomalifeofvagrancyisachosenmeansoflivingwithoutwork。\"Notonlyisittobeinferredfromthisthatthereisalargeclassinsocietywhichliveswithoutwork，forMr。
O\'Neil\'stestimonyfurthershowsthatthisclassisforcedtolivewithoutwork。
Hesays:\"Ihavebeenastonishedatthemultitudeofthosewhohaveunfortunatelyengagedinoccupationswhichpracticallyforcethemtobecomeloafersforatleastathirdoftheyear。Anditisfromthisclassthatthetrampsarelargelyrecruited。IrecallacertainwinterwhenitseemedtomethatalargeportionoftheinhabitantsofChicagobelongedtothisarmyofunfortunates。Iwasstationedatapolicestationnotfarfromwhereaniceharvestwasreadyforthecutters。Theicecompanyadvertisedforhelpers，andtheverynightthiscallappearedinthenewspapersourstationwaspackedwithhomelessmen，whoaskedshelterinordertobeathandforthemorning\'swork。Everyfootoffloorspacewasgivenovertotheselodgersandscoreswerestillunaccommodated。\"
Andagain:\"Anditmustbeconfessedthatthemanwhoiswillingtodohonestlaborforfoodandshelterisararespecimeninthisvastarmyofshabbyandtatteredwandererswhoseekthewarmthofthecitywiththecomingofthefirstsnow。\"TakingintoconsiderationthecrowdofhonestlaborersthatswampedMr。O\'Neil\'sstation-houseonthewaytotheice-cutting，itispatent，ifalltrampswerelookingforhonestlaborinsteadofasmallminority，thatthehonestlaborerswouldhaveafarhardertaskfindingsomethinghonesttodoforfoodandshelter。IftheopinionofthehonestlaborerswhoswampedMr。O\'Neil\'sstation-housewereasked，onecouldrestconfidentthateachandeverymanwouldexpressapreferenceforfewerhonestlaborersonthemorrowwhenheaskedtheiceforemanforajob。
And，finally，Mr。O\'Neilsays:\"Thehumaneandgeneroustreatmentwhichthiscityhasaccordedthegreatarmyofhomelessunfortunateshasmadeitthevictimofwholesaleimposition，andthiswell-
intendedpolicyofkindnesshasresultedinmakingChicagothewinterMeccaofavastandundesirablefloatingpopulation。\"Thatistosay，becauseofherkindness，Chicagohadmorethanherfairshareoftramps；becauseshewashumaneandgenerousshesufferedwhole-saleimposition。FromthiswemustconcludethatitdoesnotdotobeHUMANEandGENEROUStoourfellow-men——whentheyaretramps。Mr。O\'Neilisright，andthatthisisnosophismitistheintentionofthisarticle，amongotherthings，toshow。
InageneralwaywemaydrawthefollowinginferencesfromtheremarksofMr。O\'Neil:1Thetrampisstrongerthanorganizedsocietyandcannotbeputdown；2Thetrampis\"shabby，\"
\"tattered，\"\"homeless，\"\"unfortunate\"；3Thereisa\"vast\"numberoftramps；4Veryfewtrampsarewillingtodohonestwork；5
Thosetrampswhoarewillingtodohonestworkhavetohuntveryhardtofindit；6Thetrampisundesirable。
TothislastletthecontentionbeappendedthatthetrampisonlyPERSONALLYundesirable；thatheisNEGATIVELYdesirable；thatthefunctionheperformsinsocietyisanegativefunction；andthatheistheby-productofeconomicnecessity。
Itisveryeasytodemonstratethattherearemorementhanthereisworkformentodo。Forinstance，whatwouldhappentomorrowifonehundredthousandtrampsshouldbecomesuddenlyinspiredwithanovermasteringdesireforwork？Itisafairquestion。\"Gotowork\"
ispreachedtothetrampeverydayofhislife。Thejudgeonthebench，thepedestrianinthestreet，thehousewifeatthekitchendoor，alluniteinadvisinghimtogotowork。Sowhatwouldhappentomorrowifonehundredthousandtrampsacteduponthisadviceandstrenuouslyandindomitablysoughtwork？Why，bytheendoftheweekonehundredthousandworkers，theirplacestakenbythetramps，wouldreceivetheirtimeandbe\"hittingtheroad\"forajob。
EllaWheelerWilcoxunwittinglyanduncomfortablydemonstratedthedisparitybetweenmenandwork。{1}Shemadeacasualreference，inanewspapercolumnsheconducts，tothedifficultytwobusinessmenfoundinobtaininggoodemployees。Thefirstmorningmailbroughtherseventy-fiveapplicationsfortheposition，andattheendoftwoweeksovertwohundredpeoplehadapplied。