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　　Resolved，thatwhenanyquestionmayhavebeendecidedbytheSenate，inwhichtwothirdsofthememberspresentarenecessarytocarrytheaffirmative，anymemberwhovotedonthatsidewhichprevailedinthequestion，maybeatlibertytomoveforareconsideration:andamotionforreconsiderationshallbedecidedbyamajorityofvotes。RuleofFebruary3，1801。SEC。LIII。

　　IMPEACHMENT。THEHouseofRepresentativesshallhavethesolepowerofimpeachment。ConstitutionUnitedStates，I。3。

　　TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallimpeachments。Whensittingforthatpurpose，theyshallbeonoathoraffirmation。WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried，thechiefjusticeshallpreside:

　　andnopersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthememberspresent。Judgmentincasesofimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromoffice，anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyofficeofhonor，trust，orprofitundertheUnitedStates。Butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoindictment，trial，judgmentandpunishment，accordingtolaw。Constitution，I。

　　3。

　　ThePresident，Vice-President，andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates，shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor，andconvictionoftreason，bribery，orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors。Constitution，II。4。

　　Thetrialofcrimes，exceptincasesofimpeachment，shallbebyjury。Constitution，III。2。

　　ThesearetheprovisionsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesonthesubjectofimpeachments。ThefollowingisasketchofsomeoftheprinciplesandpracticesofEnglandonthesamesubject。

　　Jurisdiction。TheLordscannotimpeachanytothemselves，norjoinintheaccusation，becausetheyarethejudges。Seld。Judic。inParl。12，63。Aworkofdoubtfulauthority。4Hats。153，186。NorcantheyproceedagainstaCommonerbutoncomplaintoftheCommons。Ib。

　　84。TheLordsmaynot，bythelaw，tryaCommonerforacapitaloffence，ontheinformationoftheking，oraprivateperson；becausetheaccusedisentitledtoatrialbyhispeersgenerally；butonaccusationbytheHouseofCommons，theymayproceedagainstthedelinquentofwhatsoeverdegree，andwhatsoeverbethenatureoftheoffence；fortheretheydonotassumetothemselvestrialatcommonlaw。TheCommonsaretheninsteadofajury，andthejudgmentisgivenontheirdemand，whichisinsteadofaverdict。SotheLordsdoonlyjudge，butnottrythedelinquent。Ib。

　　6，7。ButWooddesondeniesthataCommonercannowbechargedcapitallybeforetheLords，evenbytheCommons；andcitesFitzharris\'scase，1681，impeachedofhightreason，wheretheLordsremittedtheprosecutiontotheinferiorcourt。8Grey\'sDeb。325……7。2Wooddeson601，576。3Seld。1610，1619，1641。4Blacks。257。3Seld。

　　1604，1618，9，1656。4Hats。200。etpassimcontra。

　　Accusation。TheCommons，asthegrandinquestofthenation，becomesuitorsforpenaljustice。2Wood。597，6Grey356。Thegeneralcourseis，topassaresolutioncontainingacriminalchargeagainstthesupposeddelinquent，andthentodirectsomemembertoimpeachhimbyoralaccusationatthebaroftheHouseofLords，inthenameoftheCommons。

　　Thepersonsignifiesthatthearticleswillbeexhibited，anddesiresthatthedelinquentmaybesequesteredfromhisseat，orbecommitted，orthatthepeerswilltakeorderforhisappearance。Sachev。Trial。325。

　　2Wood。602，605。Lords\'Journ。3June，1701。1Wms。616。

　　6Grey324。

　　Process。Ifthepartydonotappear，proclamationsaretobeissued，givinghimadaytoappear。Ontheirreturntheyarestrictlyexamined。

　　Ifanyerrorbefoundinthem，anewproclamationissues，givingashortday。Ifheappearnot，hisgoodsmaybearrested，andtheymayproceed。Seld。Jud。98，99。

　　Articles。TheaccusationarticlesoftheCommonsissubstitutedinplaceofanindictment。Thus，bytheusageofParliament，inimpeachmentforwritingorspeaking，theparticularwordsneednotbespecified。Sach。

　　Tr。325。2Wood。602，605。Lords\'Journ。3June，1701。

　　1Wms。616。

　　Appearance。Ifheappears，andthecasebecapital，heanswersincustody；

　　thoughnotiftheaccusationbegeneral。Heisnottobecommittedbutonspecialaccusations。Ifitbeforamisdemeanoronly，heanswersaLordinhisplace，aCommoneratthebar，andnotincustody，unless，ontheanswer，theLordsfindcausetocommithim，tillhefindssuretiestoattend，andlestheshouldfly。Seld。Jud。98，99。4Hats。176，185。Acopyofthearticlesisgivenhim，andadayfixedforhisanswer。T。Ray。1Rushw。268。Fost。232。1Clar。Hist。oftheReb。379。Onamisdemeanor，hisapperancemaybeinperson，orhemayanswerinwriting，orbyattorney。Seld。Jud。100。Thegeneralruleonanaccusationforamisdemeanoris，thatinsuchastateoflibertyorrestraintasthepartyiswhentheCommonscomplainofhim，insuchheistoanswer。Ib。101。IfpreviouslycommittedbytheCommons，heanswersasaprisoner。Butthismaybecalledinsomesortjudiciumpariumsuorum。Ib。Inmisdemeanors，thepartyhasarighttocounselbythecommonlaw；butnotincapitalcases。Seld。Jud。102……

　　5。

　　Answer。Theanswerneednotobservegreatstrictnessofform。Hemaypleadguiltyastopart，anddefendastotheresidue；or，savingallexceptions，denythewhole，orgiveaparticularanswertoeacharticleseparately。

　　1Rush。274。2Rush。1374。12Parl。Hist。442。3Lord\'sJourn。13Nov。1643。2Wood。607。Buthecannotpleadapardoninbartotheimpeachment。2Wood。615。2St。Tr。735。

　　Replication，Rejoinder，&amp；c。Theremaybeareplication，rejoinder，&amp；c。Seld。Jud。114。8Grey\'sDeb。233。Sachev。Tr。15。Journ。H。ofCommons，6March，1640……1。

　　Witnesses。ThepracticeistoswearthewitnessesinopenHouse，andthenexaminethemthere:oracommitteemaybenamed，whoshallexaminethemincommittee，eitheroninterrogatoriesagreedonintheHouse，orsuchasthecommitteeintheirdiscretionshalldemand。Seld。Jud。120，123。

　　Jury。InthecaseofAlicePierce，1P。2。ajurywasimpanelledforhertrialbeforeacommittee。Seld。Jud。123。Butthiswasonacomplaint，notonimpeachmentbytheCommons。Seld。Jud。163。Itmustalsohavebeenforamisdemeanoronly，astheLordsspiritualsatinthecase，whichtheydoonmisdemeanors，butnotincapitalcases。Ib。

　　148。Thejudgmentwasaforfeitureofallherlandsandgoods。Ib。

　　188。This，Seldensays，istheonlyjuryhefindsrecordedinParliamentformisdemeanors:buthemakesnodoubt，ifthedelinquentdothputhimselfonthetrialofhiscountry，ajuryoughttobeimpanelled，andheadds，thatitisnotsoonimpeachmentbytheCommons；fortheyareinlocoproprio，andtherenojuryoughttobeimpanelled。Ib。124。TheLd。Berkeley，6E。3。wasarraignedforthemurderofE。2。onaninformationonthepartoftheking，andnotonimpeachmentoftheCommons；forthentheyhadbeenpatriasua。Hewaivedhispeerage，andwastriedbyajuryofGloucestershireandWarwickshire。Ib。125。But4Hats。

　　73，sayshewasaCommoner，andthattherewasnowaiverofprivilege。

　　In1H。7。theCommonsprotestthattheyarenottobeconsideredaspartiestoanyjudgmentgiven，orhereaftertobegiveninParliament。Ib。133。Theyhavebeengenerally，andmorejustly，considered，asisbeforestated，asthegrandjury。FortheconceitofSeldeniscertainlynotaccurate，thattheyarethepatriasuaoftheaccused，andthattheLordsdoonlyjudge，butnottry。Itisundeniablethattheydotry。Fortheyexaminewitnessesastothefacts，andacquitorcondemn，accordingtotheirownbeliefofthem。AndLordHalesays，\"thepeersarejudgesoflawaswellasoffact。”2HaleP。C。275。Consequentlyoffactaswellasoflaw。

　　PresenceofCommons。TheCommonsaretobepresentattheexaminationofwitnesses。Seld。Jud。124。Indeedtheyaretoattendthroughout，eitherasacommitteeofthewholeHouse，orotherwise，atdiscretion，appointmanagerstoconducttheproofs。Rush。Tr。ofStraff。37。Com。Journ。4Feb。1709……10。2Wood。614。Andjudgmentisnottobegiventilltheydemandit。Seld。Jud。124。ButtheyarenottobepresentonimpeachmentwhentheLordsconsideroftheanswerorproofs，anddetermineoftheirjudgment。Theirpresencehoweverisnecessaryattheanswerandjudgmentincasescapital，ib。158，159，aswellasnotcapital。162。TheLordsdebatethejudgmentamongthemselves。Thenthevoteisfirsttakenonthequestionofguiltyornotguilty:andiftheyconvict，thequestion，orparticularsentence，isoutofthatwhichseemethtobemostgenerallyagreedon。Sold。Jud。167。2Wood。

　　612。

　　Judgment。JudgmentsinParliamentfordeathhavebeenstrictlyguidedperlegemterr&aelig；，whichtheycannotalter:andnotatallaccordingtotheirdiscretion。Theycanneitheromitanypartofthelegaljudgment，noraddtoit。Theirsentencemustbesecundum，nonultralegem。Seld。

　　Jud。168，171。Thistrial，thoughitvariesinexternalceremony，yetdiffersnotinessentialsfromcriminalprosecutionsbeforeinferiorcourts。

　　Thesamerulesofevidence，thesamelegalnotionsofcrimesandpunishmentsprevail。Forimpeachmentsarenotframedtoalterthelaw，buttocarryitintomoreeffectualexecutionagainsttwopowerfuldelinquents。Thejudgmentthereforeistobesuchasiswarrantedbylegalprinciplesorprecedents。6Sta。Tr。14。2Wood。611。TheChancellorgivesjudgmentsinmisdemeanors；theLordHighStewardformerlyincasesoflifeanddeath。Seld。Jud。180。ButnowtheStewardisdeemednotnecessary。Fost。

　　144。2Wood。613。Inmisdemeanors，thegreatestcorporalpunishmenthathbeenimprisonment。Seld。Jud。184。Theking\'sassentisnecessaryincapitaljudgments，but2Wood。614，contrabutnotinmisdemeanors。Seld。Jud。136。