YouoncegavemeacopyofthejournalofyourcampaigninVirginia，in1781，whichImusthavelenttosomeoneoftheundertakerstowritethehistoryoftherevolutionarywar，andforgottoreclaim。Iconcludethis，becauseitisnolongeramongmypapers，whichIhaveverydiligentlysearchedforit，butinvain。
AnauthorofrealabilityisnowwritingthatpartofthehistoryofVirginia。Hedoesitinmyneighborhood，andIlayopentohimallmypapers。ButIpossessnone，norhasheany，whichcanenablehimtodojusticetoyourfaithfulandableservicesinthatcampaign。
Ifyoucouldbesogoodastosendmeanothercopy，bytheveryfirstvesselboundtoanyportintheUnitedStates，itmightbehereintime；foralthoughheexpectstobegintoprintwithinamonthortwo，yetyouknowthedelaysoftheseundertakings。Atanyrateitmightbegotinasasupplement。TheoldCountRochambeaugavemealsohis_memoire_oftheoperationsatYork，whichisgoneinthesameway，andIhavenomeansofapplyingtohisfamilyforit。
Perhapsyoucouldrenderthemaswellasus，theserviceofprocuringanothercopy。
Ilearn，withrealsorrow，thedeathsofMonsieurandMadamedeTesse。TheymadeaninterestingpartintheidlereveriesinwhichI
havesometimesindulgedmyself，ofseeingallmyfriendsofParisoncemore，foramonthortwo；athingimpossible，which，however，I
neverpermittedmyselftodespairof。Theregrets，however，ofseventy-threeatthelossoffriends，maybetheless，asthetimeisshorterwithinwhichwearetomeetagain，accordingtothecreedofoureducation。
ThisletterwillbehandedyoubyMr。Ticknor，ayounggentlemanofBoston，ofgreaterudition，indefatigableindustry，andpreparationforalifeofdistinctioninhisowncountry。Hepassedafewdayswithmehere，broughthighrecommendationsfromMr。Adamsandothers，andappearedineveryrespecttomeritthem。Heiswellworthyofthoseattentionswhichyousokindlybestowonourcountrymen，andforthosehemayreceiveIshalljoinhiminacknowledgingpersonalobligations。
Isaluteyouwithassurancesofmyconstantandaffectionatefriendshipandrespect。
P。S。February26th。Myletterhadnotyetbeensealed，whenI
receivednewsofourpeace。Iamgladofit，andespeciallythatweclosedourwarwiththeeclatoftheactionatNewOrleans。ButI
consideritasanarmisticeonly，becausenosecurityisprovidedagainsttheimpressmentofourseamen。WhilethisisunsettledweareinhostilityofmindwithEngland，althoughactualdeedsofarmsmaybesuspendedbyatruce。Ifshethinkstheexerciseofthisoutrageiswortheternalwar，eternalwaritmustbe，orexterminationoftheoneortheotherparty。ThefirstactofimpressmentshecommitsonanAmerican，willbeansweredbyreprisal，orbyadeclarationofwarhere；andtheintervalmustbemerelyastateofpreparationforit。Inthiswehavemuchtodo，infurtherfortifyingourseaporttowns，providingmilitarystores，classinganddiscipliningourmilitia，arrangingourfinancialsystem，andaboveall，pushingourdomesticmanufactures，whichhavetakensuchrootasneveragaincanbeshaken。Oncemore，Godblessyou。
LIBRARYCLASSIFICATION
_ToGeorgeWatterston_
_Monticello，May7，1815_
SIR，——IhavedulyreceivedyourfavorofApril26th，inwhichyouarepleasedtoaskmyopiniononthesubjectofthearrangementoflibraries。Ishallcommunicatewithpleasurewhatoccurstomeonit。Twomethodsofferthemselves，theonealphabetical，theotheraccordingtothesubjectofthebook。Theformerisveryunsatisfactory，becauseofthemedleyitpresentstothemind，thedifficultysometimesofrecallinganauthor’sname，andthegreaterdifficulty，wherethenameisnotgiven，ofselectingthewordinthetitle，whichshalldetermineitsalphabeticalplace。Thearrangementaccordingtosubjectisfarpreferable，althoughsometimespresentingdifficultyalso，foritisoftendoubtfultowhatparticularsubjectabookshouldbeascribed。Thisisremarkablythecasewithbooksoftravels，whichoftenblendtogetherthegeography，naturalhistory，civilhistory，agriculture，manufactures，commerce，arts，occupations，manners，&c。，ofacountry，soastorenderitdifficulttosaytowhichtheychieflyrelate。Othersagain，arepolygraphicalintheirnature，asEncyclopedias，magazines，etc。YetonthewholeIhavepreferredarrangementaccordingtosubject，becauseofthepeculiarsatisfaction，whenwewishtoconsideraparticularone，ofseeingataglancethebookswhichhavebeenwrittenonit，andselectingthosefromwhichweeffectmostreadilytheinformationweseek。Onthisprinciplethearrangementofmylibrarywasformed，andItookthebasisofitsdistributionfromLordBacon’stableofscience，modifyingittothechangesinscientificpursuitswhichhavetakenplacesincehistime，andtothegreaterorlessextentofreadinginthesciencewhichIproposedtomyself。Thusthelawhavingbeenmyprofession，andpoliticstheoccupationtowhichthecircumstancesofthetimesinwhichIhavelivedcalledmyparticularattention，myprovisionofbooksintheselines，andinthosemostnearlyconnectedwiththemwasmorecopious，andrequiredinparticularinstancessubdivisionsintosectionsandparagraphs，whileothersubjectsofwhichgeneralviewsonlywerecontemplatedarethrownintomasses。Aphysicianortheologistwouldhavemodifieddifferently，thechapters，sections，andparagraphsofalibraryadaptedtotheirparticularpursuits。
Youwillreceivemylibraryarrangedveryperfectlyintheorderobservedinthecatalogue，whichIhavesentwithit。Inplacingthebooksontheirshelves，Ihavegenerally，butnotalways，collocateddistinctlythefolios，quarto，octavo，andduodecimo，placingwiththelastallsmallersizes。Oneverybookisalabel，indicatingthechapterofthecataloguetowhichitbelongs，andtheotheritholdsamongthoseofthesameformat。Sothat，althoughthenumbersseemconfusedonthecatalogue，theyareconsecutiveonthevolumesastheystandontheirshelves，andindicateatoncetheplacetheyoccupythere。Mr。Milliganinpackingthemhaspreservedtheirarrangementsoexactly，intheirrespectivepresses，thatonsettingthepressesuponend，hewillbeablereadilytoreplacethemintheordercorrespondingwiththecatalogue，andthussaveyoutheimmenselaborwhichtheirrearrangementwouldotherwiserequire。
TogivetomycataloguetheconvenienceofthealphabeticalarrangementIhavemadeattheendanalphabetofauthors’namesandhavenotedthechapterorchapters，inwhichthenamewillbefound；
whereitoccursseveraltimesinthesamechapter，itisindicated，byoneormoreperpendicularscores，thusaccordingtothenumberoftimesitwillbefoundinthechapter。Whereabookbearsnoauthor’sname，Ihaveselectedinitstitlesomeleadingwordfordenotingitalphabetically。Thismemberofthecataloguewouldbemoreperfectif，insteadofthescore，thenumberonthebookwereparticularlynoted。ThiscouldnotbedonewhenImadethecatalogue，becausenolabelofnumbershadthenbeenputonthebooks。Thatalterationcannowbereadilymade，andwouldaddgreatlytotheconvenientuseofthecatalogue。IgavetoMr。
MilligananoteofthreefoliovolumesofthelawsofVirginiabelongingtothelibrary，whichbeinginknownhands，willbecertainlyrecovered，andshallbeforwardedtoyou。OneisaMS。
volumefromwhichaprintedcopyisnowpreparingforpublication。
Thisstatementmeets，Ibelieve，alltheenquiriesofyourletter，andwhereitisnotsufficientlyminute，Mr。Milligan，fromhisnecessaryacquaintancewiththearrangement，willbeabletosupplythesmallerdetails。Accepttheassurancesofmyrespectandconsideration。
MANUFACTURES
_ToBenjaminAustin_
_Monticello，January9，1816_
DEARSIR，——YourfavorofDecember21sthasbeenreceived，andIamfirsttothankyouforthepamphletitcovered。Thesamedescriptionofpersonswhichisthesubjectofthatissomuchmultipliedheretoo，astobealmostagrievance，andbytheirnumbersinthepubliccouncils，havewrestedfromthepublichandthedirectionofthepruningknife。Butwithusasabody，theyarerepublican，andmostlymoderateintheirviews；sofar，therefore，lessobjectsofjealousythanwithyou。YouropinionsontheeventswhichhavetakenplaceinFrance，areentirelyjust，sofarastheseeventsareyetdeveloped。Buttheyhavenotreachedtheirultimatetermination。Thereisstillanawfulvoidbetweenthepresentandwhatistobethelastchapterofthathistory；andIfearitistobefilledwithabominationsasfrightfulasthosewhichhavealreadydisgracedit。Thatnationistoohigh-minded，hastoomuchinnateforce，intelligenceandelasticity，toremainunderitspresentcompression。Samsonwillariseinhisstrength，asofold，andasofoldwillburstasunderthewithesandthecords，andthewebsofthePhilistines。Butwhataretobethescenesofhavocandhorror，andhowwidelytheymayspreadbetweenbrethrenofthesamehouse，ourignoranceoftheinteriorfeudsandantipathiesofthecountryplacesbeyondourken。Itwillend，nevertheless，inarepresentativegovernment，inagovernmentinwhichthewillofthepeoplewillbeaneffectiveingredient。ThisimportantelementhastakenrootintheEuropeanmind，andwillhaveitsgrowth；theirdespots，sensibleofthis，arealreadyofferingthismodificationoftheirgovernments，asifontheirownaccord。InsteadoftheparricidetreasonofBonaparte，inpervertingthemeansconfidedtohimasarepublicanmagistrate，tothesubversionofthatrepublicanderectionofamilitarydespotismforhimselfandhisfamily，hadheusedithonestlyfortheestablishmentandsupportofafreegovernmentinhisowncountry，Francewouldnowhavebeeninfreedomandrest；andherexampleoperatinginacontrarydirection，everynationinEuropewouldhavehadagovernmentoverwhichthewillofthepeoplewouldhavehadsomecontrol。Hisatrociousegotismhascheckedthesalutaryprogressofprinciple，anddelugeditwithriversofbloodwhicharenotyetrunout。Tothevastsumofdevastationandofhumanmisery，ofwhichhehasbeentheguiltycause，muchisstilltobeadded。Buttheobjectisfixedintheeyeofnations，andtheywillpressontoitsaccomplishmentandtothegeneralameliorationoftheconditionofman。Whatagermhaveweplanted，andhowfaithfullyshouldwecherishtheparenttreeathome！
YoutellmeIamquotedbythosewhowishtocontinueourdependenceonEnglandformanufactures。TherewasatimewhenI
mighthavebeensoquotedwithmorecandor，butwithinthethirtyyearswhichhavesinceelapsed，howarecircumstanceschanged！Weweretheninpeace。Ourindependentplaceamongnationswasacknowledged。Acommercewhichofferedtherawmaterialinexchangeforthesamematerialafterreceivingthelasttouchofindustry，wasworthyofwelcometoallnations。Itwasexpectedthatthoseespeciallytowhommanufacturingindustrywasimportant，wouldcherishthefriendshipofsuchcustomersbyeveryfavor，byeveryinducement，andparticularlycultivatetheirpeacebyeveryactofjusticeandfriendship。Underthisprospectthequestionseemedlegitimate，whether，withsuchanimmensityofunimprovedland，courtingthehandofhusbandry，theindustryofagriculture，orthatofmanufactures，wouldaddmosttothenationalwealth?Andthedoubtwasentertainedonthisconsiderationchiefly，thattothelaborofthehusbandmanavastadditionismadebythespontaneousenergiesoftheearthonwhichitisemployed：foronegrainofwheatcommittedtotheearth，sherenderstwenty，thirty，andevenfiftyfold，whereastothelaborofthemanufacturernothingisadded。
Poundsofflax，inhishands，yield，onthecontrary，butpenny-weightsoflace。Thisexchange，too，laboriousasitmightseem，whatafielddiditpromisefortheoccupationsoftheocean；
whatanurseryforthatclassofcitizenswhoweretoexerciseandmaintainourequalrightsonthatelement?Thiswasthestateofthingsin1785，whenthe”NotesonVirginia”werefirstprinted；
when，theoceanbeingopentoallnations，andtheircommonrightinitacknowledgedandexercisedunderregulationssanctionedbytheassentandusageofall，itwasthoughtthatthedoubtmightclaimsomeconsideration。Butwhoin1785couldforeseetherapiddepravitywhichwastorenderthecloseofthatcenturythedisgraceofthehistoryofman?Whocouldhaveimaginedthatthetwomostdistinguishedintherankofnations，forscienceandcivilization，wouldhavesuddenlydescendedfromthathonorableeminence，andsettingatdefianceallthosemorallawsestablishedbytheAuthorofnaturebetweennationandnation，asbetweenmanandman，wouldcoverearthandseawithrobberiesandpiracies，merelybecausestrongenoughtodoitwithtemporalimpunity；andthatunderthisdisbandmentofnationsfromsocialorder，weshouldhavebeendespoiledofathousandships，andhavethousandsofourcitizensreducedtoAlgerineslavery。Yetallthishastakenplace。Oneofthesenationsinterdictedtoourvesselsallharborsoftheglobewithouthavingfirstproceededtosomeoneofhers，therepaidatributeproportionedtothecargo，andobtainedherlicensetoproceedtotheportofdestination。Theotherdeclaredthemtobelawfulprizeiftheyhadtouchedattheport，orbeenvisitedbyashipoftheenemynation。Thuswerewecompletelyexcludedfromtheocean。Comparethisstateofthingswiththatof’85，andsaywhetheranopinionfoundedinthecircumstancesofthatdaycanbefairlyappliedtothoseofthepresent。Wehaveexperiencedwhatwedidnotthenbelieve，thatthereexistsbothprofligacyandpowerenoughtoexcludeusfromthefieldofinterchangewithothernations：thattobeindependentforthecomfortsoflifewemustfabricatethemourselves。Wemustnowplacethemanufacturerbythesideoftheagriculturist。Theformerquestionissuppressed，orratherassumesanewform。Shallwemakeourowncomforts，orgowithoutthem，atthewillofaforeignnation?He，therefore，whoisnowagainstdomesticmanufacture，mustbeforreducinguseithertodependenceonthatforeignnation，ortobeclothedinskins，andtolivelikewildbeastsindensandcaverns。Iamnotoneofthese；
experiencehastaughtmethatmanufacturesarenowasnecessarytoourindependenceastoourcomfort；andifthosewhoquotemeasofadifferentopinion，willkeeppacewithmeinpurchasingnothingforeignwhereanequivalentofdomesticfabriccanbeobtained，withoutregardtodifferenceofprice，itwillnotbeourfaultifwedonotsoonhaveasupplyathomeequaltoourdemand，andwrestthatweaponofdistressfromthehandwhichhaswieldedit。Ifitshallbeproposedtogobeyondourownsupply，thequestionof’85willthenrecur，willour_surplus_laborbethenmostbeneficiallyemployedinthecultureoftheearth，orinthefabricationsofart?
Wehavetimeyetforconsideration，beforethatquestionwillpressuponus；andthemaximtobeappliedwilldependonthecircumstanceswhichshallthenexist；forinsocomplicatedascienceaspoliticaleconomy，nooneaxiomcanbelaiddownaswiseandexpedientforalltimesandcircumstances，andfortheircontraries。Inattentiontothisiswhathascalledforthisexplanation，whichreflectionwouldhaverenderedunnecessarywiththecandid，whilenothingwilldoitwiththosewhousetheformeropiniononlyasastalkinghorse，tocovertheirdisloyalpropensitiestokeepusineternalvassalagetoaforeignandunfriendlypeople。