publicfunds，andtherebyplacingourpublicfinancesundertheircontrol；thattheyhaveintheiralliancethemostinfluentialcharactersin&outofoffice；whentheyhaveshewnthatbyallthesebearingsonthedifferentbranchesofthegovernment，theycanforceittoproceedinwhateverdirectiontheydictate，andbendtheinterestsofthiscountryentirelytothewillofanother；whenallthis，Isay，isattendedto，itisimpossibleforustosaywestandonindependentground，impossibleforafreemindnottosee&togroanunderthebondageinwhichitisbound。Ifanythingafterthiscouldexcitesurprise，itwouldbethattheyhavebeenablesofartothrowdustintheeyesofourowncitizens，astofixonthosewhowishmerelytorecoverself-governmentthechargeofsubservingoneforeigninfluence，becausetheyresistsubmissiontoanother。Buttheypossessourprintingpresses，apowerfulengineintheirgovernmentofus。Atthisverymoment，theywouldhavedrawnusintoawaronthesideofEngland，haditnotbeenforthefailureofherbank。Suchwastheiropen&loudcry，&thatoftheirgazettestillthisevent。AfterplungingusinallthebroilsoftheEuropeannations，therewouldremainbutoneacttocloseourtragedy，thatis，tobreakupourUnion；andeventhistheyhaveventuredseriously&solemnlytopropose&maintainbyargumentsinaConnecticutpaper。
Ihavebeenhappy，however，inbelieving，fromthestiflingofthiseffort，thatthatdosewasfoundtoostrong，&excitedasmuchrepugnancethereasitdidhorrorinotherpartsofourcountry，&
thatwhateverfollieswemaybeledintoastoforeignnations，weshallnevergiveupourUnion，thelastanchorofourhope，&thatalonewhichistopreventthisheavenlycountryfrombecominganarenaofgladiators。MuchasIabhorwar，andviewitasthegreatestscourgeofmankind，andanxiouslyasIwishtokeepoutofthebroilsofEurope，Iwouldyetgowithmybrethrenintothese，ratherthanseparatefromthem。ButIhopewemaystillkeepclearofthem，notwithstandingourpresentthraldom，&thattimemaybegivenustoreflectontheawfulcrisiswehavepassedthrough，andtofindsomemeansofshieldingourselvesinfuturefromforeigninfluence，political，commercial，orinwhateverotherformitmaybeattempted。IcanscarcelywithholdmyselffromjoininginthewishofSilasDeane，thattherewereanoceanoffirebetweenus&theoldworld。
Aperfectconfidencethatyouareasmuchattachedtopeace&
unionasmyself，thatyouequallyprizeindependenceofallnations，andtheblessingsofself-government，hasinducedmefreelytounbosommyselftoyou，andletyouseethelightinwhichIhaveviewedwhathasbeenpassingamongusfromthebeginningofthewar。
AndIshallbehappy，atalltimes，inanintercommunicationofsentimentswithyou，believingthatthedispositionsofthedifferentpartsofourcountryhavebeenconsiderablymisrepresented&
misunderstoodineachpart，astotheother，andthatnothingbutgoodcanresultfromanexchangeofinformation&opinionsbetweenthosewhosecircumstances&moralsadmitnodoubtoftheintegrityoftheirviews。
Iremain，withconstantandsincereesteem，DearSir，youraffectionatefriendandservant。
PEACEANDCOMMERCE
_ToThomasPinckney_
_Philadelphia，May29，1797_
DEARSIR，——Ireceivedfromyou，beforeyouleftEngland，aletterenclosingonefromthePrinceofParma。AsIlearntsoonafterthatyouwereshortlytoreturntoAmerica，Iconcludedtojoinmyacknolegmentsofittomycongratulationsonyourarrival；&bothhavebeendelayedbyablameablespiritofprocrastination，foreversuggestingtoourindolencethatweneednotdoto-daywhatmaybedoneto-morrow。Acceptthesenowinallthesincerityofmyheart。
ItisbutlatelyIhaveansweredthePrince’sletter。Itrequiredsometimetoestablisharrangementswhichmighteffecthispurpose，&
Iwishedalsotoforwardaparticulararticleortwoofcuriosity。
Youhavefoundonyourreturnahigherstyleofpoliticaldifferencethanyouhadlefthere。Ifearthisisinseparablefromthedifferentconstitutionsofthehumanmind，&thatdegreeoffreedomwhichpermitsunrestrainedexpression。Politicaldissensionisdoubtlessalessevilthanthelethargyofdespotism，butstillitisagreatevil，anditwouldbeasworthytheeffortsofthepatriotasofthephilosopher，toexcludeit’sinfluence，ifpossible，fromsociallife。Thegoodarerareenoughatbest。Thereisnoreasontosubdividethembyartificiallines。Butwhetherweshalleverbeablesofartoperfecttheprinciplesofsociety，asthatpoliticalopinionsshall，init’sintercourse，beasinoffensiveasthoseofphilosophy，mechanics，oranyother，maywellbedoubted。Foreigninfluenceisthepresent&justobjectofpublichueandcry，&——，asoftenhappens，themostguiltyareforemost&loudestinthecry。
Ifthosewhoaretrulyindependent，cansotrimourvesselsastobeatthroughthewavesnowagitatingus，theywillmeritaglorythegreaterasitseemslesspossible。WhenIcontemplatethespiritwhichisdrivingusonhere，&thatbeyondthewaterwhichwillviewusasbutamouthfulthemore，Ihavelittlehopeofpeace。I
anticipatetheburningofourseaports，havocofourfrontiers，householdinsurgency，withalongtrainofetceteras，whichisenoughforamantohavemetonceinhislife。Theexchange，whichistogiveusnewneighborsinLouisianaprobablythepresentFrencharmieswhendisbandedhasopenedustocombinationsofenemiesonthatsidewherewearemostvulnerable。Warisnotthebestengineforustoresortto，naturehasgivenusone_inourcommerce_，which，ifproperlymanaged，willbeabetterinstrumentforobligingtheinterestednationsofEuropetotreatuswithjustice。Ifthecommercialregulationshadbeenadoptedwhichourlegislaturewereatonetimeproposing，weshouldatthismomenthavebeenstandingonsuchaneminenceofsafety&respectasagescanneverrecover。Buthavingwanderedfromthat，ourobjectshouldnowbetogetback，withaslittlelossaspossible，&whenpeaceshallberestoredtotheworld，endeavorsotoformour_commercial_regulationsasthatjusticefromothernationsshallbetheirmechanicalresult。IamhappytoassureyouthattheconductofGen’l。Pinckneyhasmetuniversalapprobation。Itwasmarkedwiththatcoolness，dignity，&
goodsensewhichweexpectedfromhim。IamtoldthattheFrenchgovernmenthadtakenupanunhappyidea，thatMonroewasrecalledforthecandorofhisconductinwhatrelatedtotheBritishtreaty，&
Gen’l。Pinckneywassentashavingotherdispositionstowardsthem。
Ilearnfurther，thatsomeoftheirwell-informedcitizensherearesettingthemrightastoGenl。Pinckney’sdispositions，sowellknowntohavebeenjusttowardsthem；&Isincerelyhope，notonlythathemaybeemployedasenvoyextraordinarytothem，butthattheirmindswillbebetterpreparedtoreceivehim。Icandidlyacknolege，however，thatIdonotthinkthespeech&addressesofCongressasconciliatoryastheprecedingirritationsonbothsideswouldhaverenderedwise。Ishallbehappytohearfromyouatalltimes，tomakemyselfusefultoyouwheneveropportunityoffers，andtogiveeveryproofofthesincerityofthesentimentsofesteem&
respectwithwhichIam，DearSir，yourmostobedientandmosthumbleservant。
DOMESTICAFFECTIONS
_ToMarthaJeffersonRandolph_
_Philadelphia，June8，1797_
MYDEARMARTHA——YoursofMay20cametohandthe1st。inst。I
imagineyourecievedmineofMay18。aboutsixdaysafterthedateofyours。Itwaswrittenthefirstpostdayaftermyarrivalhere。ThecommissionyouinclosedforMariaisexecuted，andthethingsareinthecareofMr。BoyceofRichmond，whoisreturningfromhencewithsomegoodsofhisown，andwilldeliverthemtoMr。Johnston。I
recievewithinexpressiblepleasuretheinformationyourlettercontained。Afteryourownhappyestablishment，whichhasgivenmeaninestimablefriendtowhomIcanleavethecareofeverythingI
love，theonlyanxietyIhadremainingwastoseeMariaalsosoasociatedastoensureherhappiness。Shecouldnothavebeenmoresotomywishes，ifIhadhadthewholeearthfreetohavechosenapartnerforher。Inowseeourfiresideformedintoagroupe，noonememberofwhichhasafibreintheircompositionwhichcaneverproduceanyjarringorjealousiesamongus。Noirregularpassions，nodangerousbias，whichmayrenderproblematicalthefuturefortunesandhappinessofourdescendants。Wearequietedastotheirconditionforatleastonegenerationmore。Inordertokeepusalltogether，insteadofapresentprovisioninBedford，asinyourcase，IthinktoopenandresettletheplantationofPantopsforthem。
WhenIlooktotheineffablepleasuresofmyfamilysociety，Ibecomemoreandmoredisgustedwiththejealousies，thehatred，andtherancorousandmalignantpassionsofthisscene，andlamentmyhavingeveragainbeendrawnintopublicview。Tranquilityisnowmyobject。Ihaveseenenoughofpoliticalhonorstoknowthattheyarebutsplendidtorments：andhoweveronemightbedisposedtorenderservicesonwhichanyoftheirfellowcitizensshouldsetavalue；
yetwhenasmanywoulddeprecatethemasapubliccalamity，onemaywellentertainamodestdoubtoftheirrealimportance，andfeeltheimpulseofdutytobeveryweak。Therealdifficultyisthatbeingoncedeliveredintothehandsofothers，whosefeelingsarefriendlytotheindividualandwarmtothepubliccause，howtowithdrawfromthemwithoutleavingadissatisfactionintheirmind，andanimpressionofpusillanimitywiththepublic。
Congress，inallprobabilitywillriseonSaturdaythe17th。
inst。thedayafteryouwillrecievethis。IshallleavePhiladelphiaMondaythe19th。passadayatGeorgetownandadayatFredericksburg，atwhichplaceIwishmy_chair_andhorsestobeSundayeveningthe25th。OfcoursetheymustsetoutSaturdaymorningthe24th。Thisgivesmethechanceofanotherpost，asyouwill，theeveningbeforethat，recievebythepostaletterofaweeklaterdatethanthis，sothatifanythingshouldhappenwithinaweektodelaytherisingofCongress，Imaystillnotifyitandchangethetimeofthedepartureofmyhorses。JupitermustpursuetheroutbyNoel’stowhichhewillcomethefirstday，andbyChew’stoFredericksburgthenext。Ifixhisroutbecausewereanyaccidenttogetmealongearlier，orhimlater，wemightmeetontheroad。
NotyetinformedthatMr。RandolphisreturnedIhavethoughtitsafesttocommitthisarticletomylettertoyou。ThenewsofthedayIshallwritetohim。MywarmestlovetoyourselfandMaria。
Adieuaffectionately。
PATIENCEANDTHEREIGNOFWITCHES
_ToJohnTaylor_
_Philadelphia，June4，1798_
InowincloseyouMr。Martin’spatent。Apatenthadactuallybeenmadeoutonthefirstdescription，andhowtogetthissuppressedandanothermadeforasecondinvention，withoutasecondfee，wasthedifficulty。Ipractisedalittleartinacasewherehonestywasreallyonourside，¬hingagainstusbuttherigorousletterofthelaw，andhavingobtainedthe1stspecificationandgotthe2dputinitsplace，asecondpatenthasbeenformed，whichInowinclosewiththefirstspecification。
Ipromisedyou，longago，adescriptionofamouldboard。I
nowsendit；itisapresscopy&thereforedim。Itwillbelesssobyputtingasheetofwhitepaperbehindtheoneyouarereading。I
wouldrecommendtoyoufirsttohaveamodelmadeofabout3i。tothefoot，or1/4therealdimensions，andtohavetwoblocks，the1’stofwhich，aftertakingoutthepyramidalpiece&sawingitcrosswiseabove&below，shouldbepreservedinthatformtoinstructworkmeninmakingthelarge&realone。The2’dblockmaybecarriedthroughalltheoperations，soastopresenttheformofthemouldboardcomplete。IfIhadanopportunityofsendingyouamodelI
woulddoit。Ithasbeengreatlyapprovedhere，asithasbeenbeforebysomeverygoodjudgesatmyhouse，whereIhaveuseditfor5yearswithentireapprobation。
Mr。Newshewedmeyourletteronthesubjectofthepatent，whichgavemeanopportunityofobservingwhatyousaidastotheeffectwithyouofpublicproceedings，andthatitwasnotunusualnowtoestimatetheseparatemassofVirginiaandN。Carolinawithaviewtotheirseparateexistence。ItistruethatwearecompleatlyunderthesaddleofMassachusets&Connecticut，andthattheyrideusveryhard，cruellyinsultingourfeelingsaswellasexhaustingourstrengthandsubstance。Theirnaturalfriends，thethreeothereasternStates，jointhemfromasortoffamilypride，andtheyhavethearttodividecertainotherpartsoftheUnionsoastomakeuseofthemtogovernthewhole。Thisisnotnew。Itistheoldpracticeofdespotstouseapartofthepeopletokeeptherestinorder，andthosewhohaveoncegotanascendencyandpossessedthemselvesofalltheresourcesofthenation，theirrevenuesandoffices，haveimmensemeansforretainingtheiradvantages。Butourpresentsituationisnotanaturalone。ThebodyofourcountrymenissubstantiallyrepublicanthrougheverypartoftheUnion。Itwastheirresistableinfluence&popularityofGen’1Washington，playedoffbythecunningofHamilton，whichturnedthegovernmentovertoanti-republicanhands，orturnedtherepublicanmembers，chosenbythepeople，intoanti-republicans。Hedelivereditovertohissuccessorinthisstate，andveryuntowardevents，sinceimprovedwithgreatartifice，haveproducedonthepublicmindtheimpressionwesee；butstill，Irepeatit，thisisnotthenaturalstate。Timealonewouldbringroundanorderofthingsmorecorrespondenttothesentimentsofourconstituents；butaretherenoteventsimpendingwhichwilldoitwithinafewmonths?TheinvasionofEngland，thepublicandauthenticavowalofsentimentshostiletotheleadingprinciplesofourConstitution，theprospectofawarinwhichweshallstandalone，land-tax，stamp-tax，increaseofpublicdebt，&c。
Bethisasitmay，ineveryfree&deliberatingsocietytheremust，fromthenatureofman，beoppositeparties&violentdissensions&
discords；andoneofthese，forthemostpart，mustprevailovertheotherforalongerorshortertime。Perhapsthispartydivisionisnecessarytoinduceeachtowatch&delatetothepeopletheproceedingsoftheother。Butifonatemporarysuperiorityoftheoneparty，theotheristoresorttoascissionoftheUnion，nofederalgovernmentcaneverexist。IftoridourselvesofthepresentruleofMassachusets&ConnecticutwebreaktheUnion，willtheevilstopthere?SupposetheN。EnglandStatesalonecutoff，willournaturesbechanged?arewenotmenstilltothesouthofthat，&withallthepassionsofmen?ImmediatelyweshallseeaPennsylvania&aVirginiapartyariseintheresiduaryconfederacy，andthepublicmindwillbedistractedwiththesamepartyspirit。