Itisasourceofhonestpridetohisdescendantthathisbill，whichwashonestlypaid，asitseemstohavebeenhonorablyearned，amountedtothehandsometotalofsevenpoundsandtwoshillings。
Letmeaddthatherepeatedlyprescribesplaster，oneofwhichwasveryprobablythe“Dr。Oliver“thatsoothedmyinfantgriefs，andforwhichIblushtosaythatmyveneratedancestorreceivedfromGoodmanHancockthepainfullyexiguoussumofnopounds，noshillings，andsixpence。
Ihaveillustratedthepracticeofthefirstcentury，fromthetwomanuscriptsIhaveexamined，asgivinganimpartialideaofitsevery-daymethods。TheGovernor，JohannesSecundus，itisfairtoremember，wasanamateurpractitioner，whilemyancestorwasaprofessedphysician。ComparingtheirmodesoftreatmentwiththemanyscientificfolliesstillprevailingintheOldWorld，andstillmorewiththeextraordinarytheologicalsuperstitionsofthecommunityinwhichtheylived，weshallfindreason，Ithink，toconsidertheartofhealingasinacomparativelycreditablestateduringthefirstcenturyofNewEngland。
InadditiontotheevidenceastomethodsoftreatmentfurnishedbythemanuscriptsIhavecited，Isubjointhefollowingdocument，towhichmyattentionwascalledbyDr。Shurtleff，ourpresentMayor。
Thisisaletterofwhichtheoriginalistobefoundinvol。lxix。
page10ofthe“Archives“preservedattheStateHouseinBoston。Itwillbeseenthatwhatthesurgeonwantedconsistedchieflyofopiates，stimulants，cathartics，plasters，andmaterialsforbandages。Thecomplexandvariedformulaehavegivenplacetosimplerandoftenmoreeffectiveformsofthesameremedies；butthelistandthemannerinwhichitismadeoutareproofsofthegoodsenseandschoolingofthesurgeon，who，itmaybenoted，wasinsuchhastethatheneglectedallhisstops。Hemightwellbeinahurry，asontheverydayuponwhichhewrote，agreatbodyofIndians——
supposedtobesixorsevenhundred——appearedbeforeHatfield；andtwenty-fiveresoluteyoungmenofHadley，fromwhichtownhewrote，crossedtheriveranddrovethemaway。
HADLYMay30：76
MrRAWSONSrWhatwehaverecdbyTho：HoueythepastmonthisnotthecheifestofourwantsasyouhaveloveforpoorwoundedIprayletusnotwantforthesefollowingmedicinesifyouhavenotaspeedyconveyanceofthemIpraysendonpurposetheyarethosethingsmentionedinmyformerletterbuttopreventfuturemistakesIhavewrotethemattlargeweehavegreatwantwiththegreatesthaltandspeedletusbesupplyed。
SrYrSertWILLLOCHS
EndorsedMr。LockesLetterRecdfromtheGovernor13Jane&acquaintedyeCouncilwithitbutcouldnotobtaineanythingtobesentinanswerthereto13June1676
Ihavegivensomeideaofthechiefremediesusedbyourearlierphysicians，whichwerebothGalenicandchemical；thatis，vegetableandmineral。They，ofcourse，employedtheusualperturbingmedicineswhichMontaignesaysarethechiefrelianceoftheircraft。
Therewere，doubtless，individualpractitionerswhoemployedspecialremedieswithexceptionalboldnessandperhapssuccess。Mr。Eliotisspokenof，inaletterofWilliamLeetetoWinthrop，Junior，asbeingunderMr。Greenland’smercurialadministrations。Thelatterwasprobablyenoughoneofthesespecialists。
Thereisanotherclassofremedieswhichappearstohavebeenemployedoccasionally，but，onthewhole，issolittleprominentastoimplyagooddealofcommonsenseamongthemedicalpractitioners，ascomparedwiththesuperstitionsprevailingaroundthem。IhavesaidthatIhavecaughtthegoodGovernor，nowandthen，prescribingtheelectuaryofmillipedes；butheisentirelyexcusedbythealmostincrediblefactthattheywereretainedinthemateriamedicasolateaswhenRees’sCyclopaediawaspublished，andwetherefindthedirectionsformerlygivenbytheCollegeofEdinburghfortheirpreparation。Onceortwicewehavefoundhimadmittingstillmoreobjectionablearticlesintohismateriamedica；indoingwhich，Iamsorrytosaythathecouldpleadgraveandlearnedauthority。Buttheseinstancesareveryrareexceptionsinamedicalpracticeofmanyyears，whichis，onthewhole，veryrespectable，consideringthetimeandcircumstances。
Someremediesofquestionablethoughnotodiouscharacterappearoccasionallytohavebeenemployedbytheearlypractitioners，buttheyweresuchasstillhadthesupportofthemedicalprofession。
GovernorJohnWinthrop，thefirst，sendsforEastIndianbezoar，withothercommoditiesheiswritingfor。GovernorEndicottsendshimonehehadofMr。Humfrey。Ihopeitwasgenuine，fortheycheatedinfamouslyinthematterofthisconcretion，whichoughttocomeoutofananimal’sstomach，buttherealhistoryofwhichresembleswhatissometimestoldofmodernsausages。
Thereisafamouslaw-caseofJamestheFirst’stime，inwhichagoldsmithsoldahundredpounds’worthofwhathecalledbezoar，whichwasprovedtobefalse，andthepurchasergotaverdictagainsthim。GovernorEndicottalsosendsWinthropaunicorn’shorn，whichwasthepropertyofacertainMrs。Beggarly，who，inspiteofhername，seemstohavebeenrichinmedicalknowledgeandpossessions。
ThefamousThomasBartholinuswroteatreatiseonthevirtuesofthisfabulous-soundingremedy，whichwaspublishedin1641，andrepublishedin1678。
The“antimonialcup，“adrinkingvesselmadeofthatmetal，which，likeourquassia-woodcups，mightbefilledandemptiedinsaeculasaeculorumwithoutexhaustingitsvirtues，ismentionedbyMatthewCradock，inalettertotheelderWinthrop，butinadoubtfulway，asitwasthought，hesays，tohaveshortenedthedaysofSirNathanielRiche；andWinthrophimself，asIthink，referstoitsuse，callingitsimply“thecup。“AnantimonialcupisincludedintheinventoryofSamuelSeabury，whodied1680，andisvaluedatfiveshillings。°
Thereisatreatiseentitled“TheUniversallRemedy，ortheVertuesoftheAntimoniallCup，ByJohnEvans，MinisterandPreacherofGod’sWord，London，1634，“inourownSociety’slibrary。
Oneotherspecialremedydeservesnotice，becauseofnativegrowth。
IdonotknowwhenCulver’sroot，LeptandraVirginicaofourNationalPharmacopoeia，becamenoted，butCottonMather，writingin1716toJohnWinthropofNewLondon，speaksofitasfamousforthecureofconsumptions，andwishestogetsomeofit，throughhismediation，forKatharine，hiseldestdaughter。Hegetsit，andgivesittothe“poordamsel，“whoislanguishing，ashesays，andwhodiesthenextmonth，——allthesooner，Ihavelittledoubt，forthisuncertainandviolentdrug，withwhichthemeddlesomepedanttormentedherinthatspiritofwell-meantbutrestlessquackery，whichcouldtouchnothingwithoutmakingmischief，notevenaquotation，andyetprovedatlengththemeansofbringingagreatblessingtoourcommunity，asweshallseebyandby；sodoesProvidenceuseourveryvanitiesandinfirmitiesforitswisepurposes。
Externally，IfindthepractitionersonwhomIhavechieflyreliedusedtheplastersofParacelsus，ofmelilot，diachylon，andprobablydiaphoenicon，allwellknowntotheoldpharmacopoeias，andsomeofthemtothemodernones，——tosaynothingof“myyellowsalve，“ofGovernorJohn，thesecond，forthecompositionofwhichwemustapplytohisrespecteddescendant。
TheauthorsIfindquotedareBarbette’sSurgery，CamerariusonGout，andWecherus，ofallwhomnoticesmaybefoundinthepagesofHallerandVanderlinden；also，Reed’sSurgery，andNicholasCulpeper’sPracticeofPhysicandAnatomy，thelastasbelongingtoSamuelSeabury，chirurgeon，beforementioned。NicholasCulpeperwasashrewdcharlatan，andasimpudentavarletaseverprescribedforacolic；butknewverywellwhathewasabout，andbadgerstheCollegewithgreatvigor。AcopyofSpigelius’sfamousAnatomy，intheBostonAthenaeum，hasthenamesofIncreaseandSamuelMatherwritteninit，andwasdoubtlessearlyoverhauledbytheyouthfulCotton，whoreferstothegreatanatomist’ssingulardeath，amonghiscuriousstoriesinthe“Magnalia，“andquoteshimamongnearlyahundredauthorswhomhecitesinhismanuscript“TheAngelofBethesda。“Dr。
JohnClark’s“booksandinstruments，withseveralchirurgerymaterialsinthecloset，“awerevaluedinhisinventoryatsixtypounds；Dr。MatthewFuller，whodiedin1678，leftalibraryvaluedattenpounds；andasurgeon’schestanddrugsvaluedatsixteenpounds。’
Hereweleavethefirstcenturyandallattemptsatanyfurtherdetailedaccountsofmedicineanditspractitioners。ItisnecessarytoshowinabriefglancewhathadbeengoingoninEuropeduringthelatterpartofthatcentury，thefirstquarterofwhichhadbeenmadeillustriousinthehistoryofmedicalsciencebythediscoveryofthecirculation。
CharlesBarbeyrac，aProtestantinhisreligion，wasapractitionerandteacherofmedicineatMontpellier。Hiscreedwasinthewayofhisobtainingoffice；buttheyoungmenfollowedhisinstructionswithenthusiasm。Religiousandscientificfreedombreedinandin，untilitbecomeshardtotellthefamilyofonefromthatoftheother。Barbeyracthrewoverboardtheoldcomplexmedicalfarragosofthepharmacopoeias，ashischurchhaddisburdeneditselfofthepopishceremonies。
AmongthestudentswhofollowedhisinstructionsweretwoEnglishmen：
oneofthem，JohnLocke，afterwardsauthorofan“EssayontheHumanUnderstanding，“threeyearsyoungerthanhisteacher；theother，ThomasSydenham，fiveyearsolder。BothreturnedtoEngland。Locke，whosemedicalknowledgeisbornewitnesstobySydenham，hadthegoodfortunetoformacorrectopiniononadiseasefromwhichtheEarlofShaftesburywassuffering，whichledtoanoperationthatsavedhislife。Lessfelicitouswashisexperiencewithacertainancillaculinariavirgo，——whichIamafraidwouldinthosedayshavebeentranslatedkitchen-wench，insteadofladyoftheculinarydepartment，——whoturnedhimoffaftershehadgottiredofhim，andcalledinanotherpractitioner。[LockeandSydenham，p。124。ByJohnBrown，M。D。Edinburgh，1866。]Thishelped，perhaps，tospoilapromisingdoctor，andmakeanimmortalmetaphysician。Atanyrate，Lockelaiddowntheprofessionalwigandcane，andtooktootherstudies。
ThenameofThomasSydenhamisasdistinguishedinthehistoryofmedicineasthatofJohnLockeinphilosophy。AsBarbeyracwasfoundinoppositiontotheestablishedreligion，asLocketooktherationalsideagainstorthodoxBishopStillingfleet，soSydenhamwentwithParliamentagainstCharles，andwasneveradmittedaFellowbytheCollegeofPhysicians，which，afterhewasdead，placedhisbustintheirhallbythesideofthatofHarvey。
WhatSydenhamdidformedicinewasbrieflythishestudiedthecourseofdiseasescarefully，andespeciallyasaffectedbytheparticularseason；topatientswithfeverhegaveairandcoolingdrinks，insteadofsmotheringandheatingthem，withtheideaofsweatingouttheirdisease；heorderedhorsebackexercisetoconsumptives；he，likehisteacher，usedfewandcomparativelysimpleremedies；hedidnotgiveanydrugatall，ifhethoughtnonewasneeded，butletwellenoughalone。Hewasasensibleman，inshort，whoappliedhiscommonsensetodiseaseswhichhehadstudiedwiththebestlightofsciencethathecouldobtain。
Theinfluenceofthereformheintroducedmusthavebeenmoreorlessfeltinthiscountry，butnotmuchbeforethebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury，ashisgreatworkwasnotpublisheduntil1675，andtheninLatin。Iverystronglysuspectthattherewasnotsomuchtoreforminthesimplepracticeofthephysiciansofthenewcommunity，astherewasinthatofthelearnedbig-wigsofthe“College，“whovaluedtheirremediestoomuchinproportiontotheircomplexity，andtheextravagantandfantasticingredientswhichwenttotheirmaking。
DuringthememorablecenturywhichbredandboretheRevolution，themedicalprofessiongavegreatnamestoourhistory。ButJohnBrooksbelongedtotheState，andJosephWarrenbelongstothecountryandmankind，andtospeakofthemwouldleadmebeyondmylimited——
subject。TherewouldbelittlepleasureindwellingonthenameofBenjaminChurch；andasforthemedicalpoliticians，likeElishaCookeintheearlypartofthecentury，orCharlesJarvis，thebaldeagleofBoston，initslateryears，whethertheirpracticewasheroicornot，theirpatientswere，forheisaboldmanwhotrustsonethatismakingspeechesandcoaxingvoters，tomeddlewiththeinternalpoliticsofhiscorporealrepublic。
Onegreateventstandsoutinthemedicalhistoryofthiseighteenthcentury；namely，theintroductionofthepracticeofinoculationforsmall-pox。SixepidemicsofthiscomplainthadvisitedBostoninthecourseofahundredyears。“Prayershadbeenaskedinthechurchesformorethanahundredsickinasingleday，andthismanytimes。
Aboutathousandpersonshaddiedinatwelvemonth，wearetold，and，aswemayinfer，chieflyfromthiscause。
In1721，thisdisease，afterarespiteofnineteenyears，againappearedasanepidemic。InthatyearitwasthatCottonMather，browsing，aswashiswont，onalltheprintedfodderthatcamewithinreachofhisever-grindingmandibles，cameuponanaccountofinoculationaspractisedinTurkey，containedinthe“PhilosophicalTransactions。“Hespokeofittoseveralphysicians，whopaidlittleheedtohisstory；fortheyknewhismedicalwhims，andhadprobablybeenbored，aswesaynow-a-days，manyofthem，withlisteningtohis“AngelofBethesda，“andsatiatedwithhisspeculationsontheNishmathChajim。
TheReverendMather，——Iuseamodeofexpressionheoftenemployedwhenspeakingofhishonoredbrethren，——theReverendMatherwasrightthistime，andtheirreverentdoctorswholaughedathimwerewrong。
Oneonlyoftheirnumberdisputeshisclaimtogivingthefirstimpulsetothepractice，inBoston。Thisiswhatthatpersonsays：
“TheSmall-PoxspreadinBoston，NewEngland，A。1721，andtheReverendDr。CottonMather，havinghadtheuseoftheseCommunicationsfromDr。WilliamDouglass“thatis，thewriterofthesewords；surreptitiously，withouttheknowledgeofhisInformer，thathemighthavethehonourofaNewfanglednotion，setsanUndauntedOperatortowork，andinthisCountryabout290wereinoculated。“