Vaseendinginthesnoutofananimal。FoundonthehillofHissarlikatadepthof451/2feet。
ButtoreturntoDr。Schliemann’sfinecollection。Thepotteryfromthefirsttown，foundatadepthoffromthirty-twotofifty-twofeetFig。89，issuperioralikeincolor，form，andconstruction，tothekeramicwareofthefollowingperiods。Thepotter’swheelwasunknown，oratleastveryrarelyused，[255]andpotterywashandmadeandpolishedwithboneorwoodpolishers，themarksofwhichcanstillbemadeout。Theformsarevariedandoftengraceful，manyofthem，asdothosefoundinthemoundsofNorthAmericaimitatingthoseoftheanimalsamongwhichthepotterslived。Theusualcolorofthekeramicwareisblack，sometimesdecoratedwithwhitelozenge-shapedornaments。Somevaseshavealsobeenfoundcoloredred，yellow，andbrown，andevendeckedwithgarlandsofflowerandfruit，asaresomeofthoseofSantorin。Wemustalsomentionsomeapodalvases，andotherswiththreefeet，usedforfuneralpurposes，containinghumanashesFig。90。Theterra-cottafusaioles，foundinsuchnumbersamongtheruinsofthetownsthatrosesuccessivelyfromthehillofHissarlik，are，ontheotherhand，rareatDardania，ifwemayretainthatname。[256]
Funeralvasecontaininghumanashes。Foundatadepthof50feet。
Excavationshavebroughttolightmorethansixhundredceltsorknives，generallyofsmallersizethanthosefoundinDenmarkorFrance。Rockofmanykinds，includingserpentine，schist，felsite，jadeite，diorite，andnephrite，wereused；andsawsofflintorchalcedony，sometoothedononesideonly，othersonboth，areoffrequentoccurrence。Theywerefixedintohandlesofwoodorhorn，andkeptinplacewithsomeagglutinativesubstance，suchaspitch，severalofthemstillretainingtracesofthisprimitiveglue。Wemustalsomentionawls，pinsofboneandivory，andossiclesorknucklebones，ineverystageofmanufacture，confirmingtheaccountsofGreekhistorians，whotellusofthegreatantiquityofthegameplayedwiththem。TheDardaniansusedwoodenandboneimplementsandweaponsalmostexclusively。Itisimpossibletosaywhethertheywereacquaintedwiththeuseofmetals，butwemightassertthattheywereifwecouldquitecertainlyattributetothemacertainmouldofmicaschist，foundatadepthof451/2feet，whichbadbeenusedintheprocessofcastingspitsandpins，whichare。supposedtobeofmoreancientdatethanthefibulae。
Largeterra-cottavasesfoundatTroy。
Earthenwarepitcherfoundatadepthof191/2feet。
VasefoundbeneaththeruinsofTroy。
ThemostvaluableobjectsofthecollectioncomefromthedepositsrepresentingthetownofTroy；theyarealltwisted，broken，andcharred，bearingwitnesstothefiercenessoftheflamesinwhichthetownperished。ThesediscoveriesrevealtousthedailylifeofthepeopleofTroy。Judgingfromthenumberofboars’tusksfound，huntingmusthavebeenafavoritepastimewiththem。Thebonesofoxen，sheep，andgoats，ofsmallerspeciesthanthoseofthepresentday，havealsobeenfound。Horsesanddogswererare，andcatsunknown。Thedomesticpoultryofthepresentdaywasalsowanting，noremainsofbirdshavingbeenfoundexceptafewbonesofthewildswanandthewildgoose。Fishandmollusca，asprovedbytheimmensenumbersofbonesandshells，formedanimportantpartofthedietoftheTrojans。Theyalsofedlargelyoncereals，whichtheycultivatedwithsuccess；andwheat，thegrainsofwhichwereverysmall，wasknowntothem。Thepreservationofthesevegetablerelicswasduetocarbonization。
Terra-cottavasefoundwiththetreasureofPriam。
VasefoundbeneaththeruinsofTroy。
Thepotterydiscoveredisofaninfinitevariety，andincludesjarsfrom43/4feetto73/4feethighFig。91，ofWhichSchliemannfoundmorethansixhundred，nearlyallofthemempty。Theirsizeneednotsurpriseus，forCiampini[257]speaksofapotteryDOLIUM
ofsuchvastsizeandheightthataladderoftenortwelverungswasneededtoreachtheopening。[258]Withthesejarswerefoundsomelargegoblets，somelong-neckedvesselsFig。92，someamphorae，andvaseswiththreefeetFig。93。SomeofthevaseshadlidstheshapeofabellFig。94，otherswereprovidedwithflapsorhornsbywhichtoliftthemFig。95。Thepottergavefreeventtohisimagination，butthedecorationsrepresentingfish-bones，palmbranches，zigzags，circles，anddots，areallofveryinferiorexecution。
Earthenwarepigfoundatadepthof13feet。
Vasesurmountedbyanowl’shead。FoundbeneaththeruinsofTroy。
Twoseriesofterra-cottaobjectsdeservespecialmention，onerepresentinganimals，generallypigsFig。96，thoughanexamplehasbeenfoundofahippopotamus；afactofverygreatinterest，asthisanimaldoesnotliveatthepresentdayanywherebutintheheartofAfrica。Weknowfromthisterra-cottarepresentationthatitlivedinGreeceinthedaysofTroy。PlinyspeaksofitinUpperEgyptinhisday，andaccordingtoMarietteitlivedthirty-fivecenturiesbeforetheChristianerainthedeltaformedbythemouthoftheNile。ThesecondseriesofobjectsreferredtoaboveasofspecialinterestarevasesrepresentingtheheadsofowlswiththebustsofwomenFig。97。Itiseasytomakeoutthebeak，eyes，andearsofthebird，andthebreastsandnavelofthewoman。Insomeinstancestheface，breasts，andsexualorgansofawomanarerepresentedbyaseriesofdotsformingatrianglewiththepointdownwards。[259]Otherdotsrepresentanecklace，andverysimilardesignsaretobeseenontheChaldeancylinders。CanwethenconnecttheminanywaywiththerelicsofTroy，andisitpossiblethattheTrojansandChaldeanswereofcommonorigin？Howeverthatmaybe，theconstantrepetitionofthesesignsprovesthattheywereofhieraticcharacter。Terra-cottawasalsousedforaverygreatnumberofotherpurposes，aswasthecaseeverywherebeforetheintroductionofmetals。Somedeepandsomeflatplatesmadeofverycommonclayhavebeenfound，togetherwithbuttons，funnels，bells，children’stoys，andsealsonwhich，someauthoritiesthink，Hittitecharacterscanbemadeout。Nolamps，oranythingthatcouldservetheirpurpose，havebeenfound。TheTrojansprobablyusedtorchesofresinouswoodorbraziers，whentheyrequiredartificiallight。
ItwouldbeimpossibletogivealistoftheobjectsofeveryvarietyfoundamongtheruinsofTroy，withtheaidofwhichwecanformaverydefiniteideaoftheprivatelifeofitspeople。Somefragmentsofanivorylyre，andsomepipespiercedwiththreeholesatequaldistances，bearwitnesstotheirtasteformusic；adistaff，stillfullofcharredwool，desertedbythespinnerwhenshefledbeforetheconflagration，tellsofdomesticindustryandmanualdexterity，whilemarbleandstonephalliprovethatthegenerativeforcesofnaturewereworshipped。[260]
CoppervasesfoundatTroy。
Theweaponsandimplementsfoundincludedhaematiteanddioriteprojectilesusedinslings，stonehatchets，andhammerspiercedtoreceivehandles，flintsawsandobsidianknives。Metallurgybegantoplayanimportantpart，andstonewithitsminorresistingpowerwasquicklysupersededbybronze。Infact，VirchowwascertainlyjustifiedinsayingthatthewholetownbelongedtotheBronzeage。Ironwasstillunknown，atleastsofarnotraceofithasbeenfound，eitheramongtheruinsofTroyorofthetownswhichsucceededit。Severalcruciblesandmouldsofmica，schist，orclayhavebeenfoundwithoneofgraniteofrectangularshapebearingoneachfacethehollowsintendedtoreceivethefused-metal。TheSchliemannmuseumpossessesnumerousbattle-axes[261]ofbronze，somedouble-bladeddaggerswithcrookedends，lancessimilartothosediscoveredatKoban，[262]
andthousandsofspits，somewithsphericallyshapedheads，othersofspiralform。Someofthesespitsaremadeofcopper，asaresomelargenailsweighingthirtyounces，sothatthismetalwasevidentlystilloftenusedinapurestate。
Vasesofgoldandelectrum，withtwoingots，foundbeneaththeruinsofTroy。
GoldandsilverobjectsfromthetreasureofPriam。
Goldear-rings，head-dress，andnecklaceofgoldenbeadsfromthetreasureofPriam。
Atthefootofthepalace，theruinsofwhichrisefromtheAcropolisatadepthof271/2feet，thepick-axesoftheexplorersbroughttolightmetalshields，vasesFig。98，anddishesmixedtogetherinthegreatestconfusion，oftensolderedtogetherbytheintenseheattowhichtheyhadbeensubjected。Theyhadprobablybeenenclosedinawoodenchestthatwasdestroyedintheconflagration。[263]Weareastonishedatthewealthrevealedtous。Cups，goblets，andbottlesofgoldFigs。99and100laysidebysidewithgoldennecklaces[264]
andear-ringsofelectrum。[265]Theornamentsthathadbelongedtowomenareespeciallycurious。AtoneplacealoneseveraldiademsFig。101werepickedup，withfifty-sixear-rings，sixbracelets，andninethousandminorobjects，suchasrings，buckles，buttons，dice，pins，beads，andornamentsofagreatvariety。[266]Allthesetreasureswerepiledupinagreatsilvervase，intowhichtheyhaddoubtlessbeenhastilythrownintheconfusionofaprecipitateflight。Theyareallofcharacteristicforms，quiteunlikeanythinginAssyrianorEgyptianart。WeretheymadeinTroyitself？Dr。Schliemanndoubtsit；hethinksthatthemakersofsuchclumsypotteryarenotlikelytohavebeenabletoproducejewelryofsuchdelicateandremarkableworkmanship。Ishouldnotliketobesopositive，forevenamongstthemostadvancedpeopleswefindverycommonobjectsmixedwithothersshowingartisticskill。WhyshoulditnothavebeenthesameatTroy？IthinkthatinfutureTrojanartmusttakeitsplaceinthehistoryoftheprogressofhumanity。Thenineteenthcenturyhasbroughtthatarttolight，andbyastrangecapriceofchancethetreasuresofPriamadornthemuseumofBerlin，andwehaveseenthediademoffairHelenexhibitedintheSouthKensingtonMuseumofLondon。[267]
Treasuresnearlyasvaluableasthosewehavebeendescribingwerefoundinearthenwarevasesinseveralotherpartsoftheruins。Unfortunately，manyoftheobjectsfoundwerestolenandmelteddownbytheworkmen，whilstothersweretakentotheImperialPalaceatConstantinople，whencetheyaredoomedtobedispersed。In1873，however，Dr。Schliemannwasfortunateenoughtohituponadepositcontainingtwentygoldear-rings，andfourgoldenornamentswhichhadformedpartofanecklace。[268]SimilarornamentswerefoundatMykenae，nearBologna，intheCaucasus，intheLakedwellings，and，strangerstill，onthebanksoftheRioSuarezinColombia。[269]
IwillnotaddmoretowhatIhavealreadysaidaboutthetownswhichsucceededeachotherontheruinsofTroy，andofwhichthesuccessivestagesofrubbishonthehillofHissarlikaretheonlywitnessesleft。Theflamessparednonewhosettledonthatdoomedspot，andnewarrivalsdisappearedasrapidlyastheycame。TheIliumoftheGreeksandRomansaloneenjoyedanyprosperity，butittoowasinitsturnsweptaway；andatthepresentdayafewwanderingshepherdsandtheirflocksarethesoledwellersuponthehillimmortalizedbyHomer。
BeforeconcludingthischapterImustreferoncemoretoa，factofconsiderableinterest。InthatpartofthedepositsofHissarlikwhichrepresentsTroy，Dr。SchliemannpickeduptheperforatedwhorlstowhichthenameoffusaioleshasbeengivenFig。102，andofwhichwespokeinouraccountoftheLakeDwellingsofSwitzerland。Thesefusaiolesaregenerallyofcommonclaymixedwithbitsofmica，quartz，orsilica，thoughsomefewhavebeenfoundatMykenaeandTirynsofsteatite。Theclaywhorlsbeforebeingbakedwereplungedintoabathofaveryfineclayofgray，yellow，orblackcolor，andthencarefullypolished。Theynearlyallbearornamentsofveryprimitiveexecution，suchasstars，thesun，flowers，oranimals，andmorerarelyrepresentationsofthehumanfigure。