ButonehumanskeletonhassofarbeenfoundinSantorin，andthatisofaninhabitantwhohadevidentlybeenovertakeninhisflightandcrushedbeneaththeburningscoriaefromthevolcano。Thismanwasofmediumheight，andissupposedtohavebeenbetweenfortyandforty-eightyearsold。Thebonesofthepelvisarefirmlyconsolidated，andtheteetharewornwithmastication。
LetusendeavortoguessattheperiodwhenthepeopleofSantorinlived。DeLongperiertellsusthatvasessimilartothoseleftbythemarerepresentedonthetombofRekmaraamongstthepresentsofferedtoThothmesIII。，wholivedintheeighthcenturyB。C。，butifsothepeopleofSantorinappeartohaveborrowednothingintheirintercoursewithEgypt。ThefirstinvasionofGreecebythePhoeniciansissupposedtohavebeeninthefifteenthcenturyB。C。，butthebuildings，thepottery，andthevariousimplementsofTherasiaandAcrotiridifferessentiallyfromthoseofthePhoenicians，who，moreover，fromtheearliesttimes，usedmetals。MustwenotthereforeconcludethatthecatastrophewhichoverwhelmedSantorintookplacebeforethefifteenthcenturyB。C。？Conjecturesastothedateofthefataleruption，howeverplausible，areofnouseinanythingrelatingtotheoriginofthepeople，orthetimeoftheirfirstoccupationoftheisland。Onthesepointsallisstillhopelessconfusion，andwemustwaitforfurtherdiscoveriesbeforewecanhopetocometoanyconclusionsinthematter。
Wehavegonebacktotheveryearliestdaysofmanupontheearth；
wehaveshownthathewasthecontemporaryofthemammothandtherhinoceros，ofthecave-lionandthecave-bear；wehaveseenhimcrouchinginthedeeprecessesofhiscaveandfightingthebattleoflifewithnoweaponbutafewscarcelysharpenedflints，leadinganexistenceinfinitelymorewretchedthantheanimalsabouthim。Notwithoutemotionhavewewatchedourremoteancestorsintheirceaselessstruggleforexistence；notwithoutemotionhaveweseenthemgraduallygrowinginintelligenceandenergy，andattainingbyslowdegreestoacertainamountofcivilization。Santorinisastrikingandbrilliantproofoftheirprogress，andweshallappreciatethisprogressyetmorewhenwehaveexaminedtheruinspileduponthehillofHissarlik。Thereweshallclosethisportionofourwork，forfromthetimewhenthebuildingsofwhichtheseremainsweretherelicsmettheirdoom，theuseofmetals，copper，bronze，gold，silver，andironbecamegeneral。Historybegantobewritten，anditishertasktotellusofthemigrationsofraces，theearlyeffortsofhistoric，races，thefoundationofempires。Inaword，theprehistoricagewasover；thatofself-consciousportraiturewasnowtobegin。
AfewyearsagoIwasontheancientHellespontandmyfellow-travellers，groupedaboutthedeckofourvessel，weretryingtomakeoutontherecedingcoastofAsiathesitesofTroyandofthetumuliwhichwerethenstillsupposedtohavebeenthetombsofAchilles，Patrokles，andHector，butwhicharenow，thankstotheableresearchesofDr。Schliemann，knowntobelongtoacomparativelymodernepoch。Thestreams，bearingtheevermemorablenamesofSimoisandScamander，werealsoeagerlypointedoutbythewatchers，recallingthewordsofLamartine：
LenautonniervoguantsurlesflotsduBosphoreDesyeuxcherchaitencoreLepalaisdePriametlestoursd’Ilium。
Greatindeedistheprivilegeofgenius，immortalizingallthatittouches；foritmustbepointedoutthatTroywasneveranimportanttown，andthewarinwhichitdisappearedwasinrealitybutoneoftheincessantstrugglesbetweenthepettyprincesofGreeceandAsia。
WhenIvisitedtheEast，scholarswerenotatallagreedastothesiteofthetownwhichwassolongbesiegedbytheGreeks；andcertainscepticalspiritsevenwentsofarastodenythatthereeverwassuchapersonasHomeratall，orthatiftherewere，hewrotetheepicpoemwhichhasbornehis。namesolong。Tradition，however，wasprettyconstantinpointingtothehillofHissarlikasthesiteonwhichTroywasbuilt。Strabowasquiteanexceptioninrelegatingthetowntothelowerendofthebay；wherethemiserablelittlevillageofAkshi-koinowstands。In1788anewideawasstarted；LechevalierinhisaccountofhisjourneyinTroasclaimstohaverecognizedthesiteofTroyatBunarbashi。Atthattimeeruditionwasnotveryprofound，andLechevalier’ssitewasaccepted；indeeditwaslongmaintained，andquiterecentlyithasbeendefendedbyPerrot。Butthenineteenthcenturyismoreexacting；themostplausiblehypothesesarenotenoughwithoutfactstosupportthem，andexcavationsatAkshi-koiandatBunarbashishowthatthereneverwasatownoneitherofthesesites。
ExcavationsonthehillofHissarlik，begunbyDr。Schliemannin1871，andcarriedonunderhissuperintendenceformorethantenyears，have，onthecontrary，yieldedmostdefinite，satisfactory，andconclusiveresults。Atadepthoffifty-twofeetthediggerscametothevirginsoil，averyhardconchiferouslimestone。TheimmensemassesofDEBRIS
ofwhichtheembankmentismadeupdatefrontdifferentepochs；wehavebeforeus，ifwemayusesuchanexpression，aperpendicularPentapolisorseriesoffiveancientcitiesoneabovetheother。Onetownwasdestroyedbyassaultandbyfire；anotherrapidlyrosefromitsruins，builtwithstonestakenfrontthemidstofthoseveryremains。Thestudyofthepiled-uprubbishenablesustobuildupagainapictureoftheremotepastwithallitsvicissitudes，andVirchowmaywellsaythatthehillofHissarlikwillforeverbeconsideredoneofthebestauthenticatedwitnessesoftheprogressofcivilization。[249]
Thefirstlayerofrubbishrestsontherockitself，andmayverywellhavebelongedtothetownbuiltbyDardanus，ofwhichTlepolemusrelatesthedestructionbyhisgrandfatherHercules。[250]AccordingtotheHomericstorysixgenerations，andaccordingtogenerallyacceptedmoderncalculationstwocenturies，separateDardanusfromPriam。Ifthereforeweaccept1200B。C。asthedateoftheTrojanwar，thetownbuiltbyDardanuswoulddatefrom1400B。C。，andweshould。possessdata，ifnotabsolutelycertain，atleastapproximatelyso。[251]
ThereremainbutafewrelicsofthebuildingserectedbythefirstinhabitantsofthebillofHissarlik，whichrelicsconsistofgreatblocksofirregularsize，withremainsofbearingwallscomposedofsmallstonescementedtogetherwithclayandfacedwithaglazewhichhaswithstoodthewearandtearofcenturies。
Thesecondtown，whichwouldappeartohavebeenthatdescribedintheIliad，wasprobablybuiltbyaraceforeigntothosewhoerectedthefirst。Thehill，whichwastobecometheAcropolisofthenewtown，wassurroundedbythenew-comerswithawallseveralfeetthick，ofwhichthefoundationsconsistedofunhewnstones；whilsttheupperpartwasmadeofartificiallybakedbricks，thebakinghavingbeendoneaftertheywereputinplace，bylargefireslitinvacantplacesleftatregularintervals；anarrangementrecallingwhatwehavesaidinspeakingofvitrifiedforts。[252]ItisalsointerestingtonoteasimilarmodeofconstructionatAztalaninWisconsininstructureswhichprobablydatefromthetimeoftheMoundBuilders。ThewallsatHissarlikwereprotectedbyre-enteringanglesandprojectingforts。TheinterioroftheENCEINTEwasreachedbythreedoors，anditisstilleasytomakeouttheruinsofthedifferentbuildings。A
roomsixty-fivefeetlongbythirty-twowideissurroundedbyverythickwalls，andtowardsthesoutheastisasquarevestibule，openingintotheroombyalargedoor。[253]These，Dr。Schliemannthinks，weretheNAOSandPRONAOSofatemplededicatedtothetutelarygodsofthetown。Quiteclosetothemisanotherbuildingwithsimilardispositions；asquarevestibulegivingaccesstoalargeroom，whichinitsturnleadstoasmallerapartment。Thesetwobuildings，whicharereachedthroughaPROPYLAEUM，aretheonlyonesofwhichtheexplorershavebeenabletomakeoutthemeasurementswithanyexactitude。
Otherruinsareevidentlyremainsoftheroyalresidence。Thehomesofthepeoplewereclusteredonthesidesandatthefootofthehill。AfterthedestructionofthetownbytheGreeks，theAcropolisformedonevastmassofruins，fromwhichbitsofwallsstoodouthereandthereasmutewitnessesofthecatastrophe。Thethinlayerofblackearthcoveringtheruinsseemstopointtothespeedyrebuildingofthetown。Thehousesofthethirdsettlementareveryirregularlygrouped，andconsistedmostlyofonestoryonly，containinganumberofverysmallrooms。Someofthewallsareofbrickswithglazedfacings，othersofverysmallstonescementedtogetherwithclay。Inonehouseofratherlargersizethantheotherswasfoundsomecementmadeofcinders，mixedwithfragmentsofcharcoal，brokenbones，andtheremainsofshellsandpottery。Onthenorthwestthenewcolonistserectedwallsinplaceofthosewhichhadfallendown，buttheywereofveryinferiormasonry，coarsebricksbakedonthespot，inthewaycustomaryamongtheTrojans，havingformedthematerial。
ThedestructionofthethirdtownwasmorecompletethanthatofTroy。Thewallsofthehousescanstillbemadeoutrisingtoacertainheight，anditwasuponthemasfoundationsthatthefourthcolonysetuptheirabodes。Thesedwellingsaresmallerstill，withflatroofsformedofbeamsonwhichwaslaidacoatingofrushesandclay。Everygenerationappearstohavebeenpoorerthanthelast，alikeinmaterialwealthandinfertilityofresource。
Thefifthcolonyspreadnorthwardsandeastwards。Theirhomeswerebuiltverymuchinthesamestyleasthoseoftheirpredecessors。Theresemblancedoesnotendthere，andDr。Schliemannnotesthatamongtheruinsofthethreetowns，whichsuccessivelyrosefromthesiteofTroy，arefoundsimilarstrange-lookingidols，hatchetsinjade，porphyry，diorite，andbronze，gobletswithtwohandles，clumsystonehammers，trachytegrindstones，andfusaiolesorperforatedwhorlsbearingsymbolicsignsofasimilarform。EvidentlythemenwhosucceededeachotherafterthegreatsiegeofTroyonthenowcelebratedhillofHissarlikbelongedtothesamerace，perhapseventothesametribe。Thereare，however，certainnotabledifferenceswhichmustnotbepassedover。Thelaterpotteryisnotofsuchfineclayorsowellmouldedastheearlierspecimens，norarethestonehammers，whichappeartohavebeenthechiefimplementsused，ofsuchgoodworkmanship。Thepilesofshellslefttoaccumulateaboutthehousesofthefourthandfifthtownscanonlybecomparedtothekitchen-middingssooftenreferredto，andthereisnodoubtthatthosewholeftsuchheapsofrubbishabouttheirdwellingscouldnothavebeensocivilizedaswerethecelebratedTrojans。
BeneaththeruinsoftheGreektown，whichstrictlyspeakingbelongstohistory，Schliemannfoundaquantityofpotteryofcuriousshapesandverydifferenttoanythinghehadpreviouslydiscovered。HeascribesthemtoaLydiancolonywhichdweltforashorttimeuponthehill。Thispotteryresemblesthatknownasproto-Etruscan，ofwhichsomanyspecimenshavebeenfoundinItaly。Probablythemakersofbothwerecontemporaries。
BynumerousandcarefulmeasurementsDr。Schliemannhasbeenabletodetermineexactlythethicknessofthelayers，whichcorrespondwiththedifferentperiodsduringwhichHissarlikwasinhabited。TheremainsoftheGreekandLydiantownsextendtoadepthof71/2feetbeneaththeactuallevelofthesoil；thefourthlayer，from71/2to15feet；
thethird，from15to221/2feet；Troyitself，from221/2to32feet；
andlastlyDardania，from32to52feet。ThelastlayercarriesusbacktothegoldenageofGreekart，wherealldoubtisfinallyatanend。Thebas-reliefsofremarkableworkmanshipbearwitnesstotheIlium，foundedinmemoryofTroy。ThisisthetownvisitedbyXerxes，AlexandertheGreat，andJuliantheApostate。[254]Thatthetownstillexistedaboutthemiddleofthefourthcenturyisprovedbymedalstakenfromtheruins，butitevidentlyfellintodecadencesoonafterthattime，foritsvery。namewasforgottenbyhistory，anditwasreservedforourowntimetoresuscitatetheancientcityofPriamanditssuccessorsfromtheruinswhichleadbeenpiledupbythedestructivehandofmanandbythelapseoftinge。Butthistaskhasbeennoblyachievedbytheenthusiasm，scientificacumen，andwemayperhapsaddgood-fortuneofanarchaeologistwhocherishedapositivepassionforeverythingrelatingtoHomerictimes。
Thenumberofobjectspickedupatdifferentstagesoftheexcavationswasveryconsiderable。Dr。Schliemannneglectedabsolutelynothingthatappearedtohimatallworthyofhiscollection，whichnowbelongstotheRoyalMuseumofBerlinandcontainssometwentythousandobjects，includingweaponsandimplements，someofstone，othersofbronze，andthousandsofvasesandfusaioles，gazinguponwhichweseerisebeforeoureyesapictureofacivilizationunknownbeforebutthroughtheIliadandafewmeagrehistoricalallusions。
BeforewenoteindetailthemostremarkableoftheobjectsinDr。Schliemann’scollection，wemustaddthatrecentresearcheshavealsobroughttolighttheremainsofalittletemplededicatedtoPallasAtheneandreferredtoinhistory，aswellasthoseofalargeDorictempleerectedbyLysimachus，andofamagnificenttheatrecapableofholdingsixthousandspectators，andwhichprobablydatesfromtheendoftheRomanRepublic。Thehumanbonespickedlipamongtheruinsofthedifferenttownsplaybeattributedtothepractice，alreadygeneral，ofcremation。VirchowhasexaminedtheskullofawomanfoundatTroy，whichisofapronouncedbrachycephalictype82。5。Thecraniafromthethirdtown，ontheotherhand，aredolichocephalic，themeancranialcapacitybeingsixty-seven。Ifwecouldreasonwithanycertaintyfromcranialcapacity，thiswouldappeartopointtoadifferentrace，butitwouldnotdotocometoanypositiveconclusionwithonlyoneTrojancraniumtojudgeby。