Wecannot，however，failtorecognizetheevidenceoffacts。Wecanunderstandhowmenwereeverywhereimpelledtoraisemoundsabovethebodiesoftheirancestors，toperpetuatetheirmemoryortoenclosetheirmortalremainsbetweenflatstonestosavethemfrombeingcrushedbytheweightofearthabovethem。Wemayeven，bystrainingapoint，admittheideathatalargecistdevelopedintoadolmen，butwhenindistrictsseparatedbyenormousdistancesweseemonumentswiththewallpiercedwithacircularopeningorcombininganinteriorcryptwithanexternalmoundanddolmen，itisimpossibletolookuponthesecloseresemblancesastheresultofanaccidentalcoincidence，andequallyimpossibletofailtoconcludethatthemenwhosefuneralriteswereremarkableforsuchclosesimilaritybelongedtothesamerace。
Whatthenwasthisrace？ArethesemonumentswitnessesofthegreatAryanimmigrationwhichwasforsolongsupposedtohavespreadfromIndiaoverthecontinentsofAsiaandEurope，andofwhichtheIndo-Europeanlanguagesweresaidtopreservethememory？Orisitreallythefactthatarelationshipoflanguagedoesnotimplyarelationshipofrace？WerethebuildersofthedolmensCeltsorGauls，LiguresorCymri？wasHenryMartinrightinascribingtotheCimeriiofScandinaviatheerectionintheBronzeageofthemegalithsofIreland？WasittheTuranians，withtheirworshipofancestor’s，theirrespectforthetombsoftheirforefather’s，andtheirdesiretoperpetuatetheirmemorytoeternity，whosetupthedolmensofBrittany？WasitnotperhapsrathertheIberians，whosedescendantsstillpeopleSpainandthenorthofAfrica？AccordingtoMaury，thedistributionofthemegalithicmonumentsofEuropemarksthelastrefugeofvanquishedNeolithicraces，fleeingbeforetheirconquerors。Allthesehypothesesareplausible，allcanbedefendedbyarguments，theweightofwhichitisimpossibletodeny，butnonearecapableofconclusiveproof，nonecanfinallyconvincethestudent。[168]
AnoldWelshpoet，referringtothelongbarrowsofhisnativeland，saysthattheyarealtogetherinexplicable，andthatitisimpossibletodecidewhosetthemuporwhoisburiedbeneaththem。Andsurelythisancientbard[169]isrightevennow。Vainlydowequestionthesesilentwitnessesoftheremotepast。Theygiveusnoanswer，andwecanbutrepeatherewhatwesaidatthebeginningofthisinquiry：
Humanscienceispowerlesstolifttheveilbidingtheearlyhistoryofhumanity。Williteverbeso？Orwillthedayyetdawnwhentheveilwillberentasunderatlast？Timealonecansolvethisquestion，whichisoneofthosesecretsofthefutureasdifficulttofathomasthoseofthepast。
Industry，Commerce，andSocialOrganization；Fights，WoundsandTrepanation。
WhenweconsiderthediscoveriesconnectedwiththeStoneageasawhole，wearestruckwiththeimmensenumbersofweaponsofeverykindandofeveryvarietyofformfoundindifferentregionsoftheglobe。TheRomandominationextendedoveragreatpartoftheOldWorld，anditlastedformanycenturies。Everywherethispeople，illustriousamongstthenations，haslefttokensofitspowerandofitsindustry。Romanweapons，jewelry，andcoinsoccupyconsiderablespacesinourmuseums；butnumerousasaretheserelicsoftheRomans，theyarefarinferiorinnumbertotheobjectsdatingfromprehistorictimes，andflintsworkedbythehandofmanhavebeenpickedupbythousandsinthelastfewyears，formingincontestablewitnessesoftherapidgrowthofalargepopulation。
Oneimportantpointremainsobscure。SchmerlinghasexcavatedfiftycavesinBelgium，andonlyfoundhumanrelicsintwoorthreeofthem；
andofsixhundredexploredbyLundinBrazil，onlysixcontainedhumanbones。SimilarresultswereobtainedintheexcavationsofthemoundsofNorthAmerica，aswellasinthecavesofFrance。M。Hamy，inabookpublishedafewyearsago，onlymentionstwelvefindsofhumanbones，whichcould，withoutanydoubt，bedatedfromPalaeolithictimes。True，thisnumberhasbeenaddedtobyrecentdiscoveries，butitisstillquiteinsignificant。Itisthesamethingwiththekitchen-middingsandtheLakesettlements。Thispaucityofactualhumanremainsformsagapintheevidencerelatingtoprehistoricman，whichdisturbancesanddisplacementsdonotsufficientlyaccountfor，andtowhichweshallreferagainwhenspeakingofprehistorictombs。
Workedflintsaregenerallyfoundinnumbersinoneplace，probablyformerlyastationorcentreofhumanhabitation。Menwerebeginningtoformthemselvesintosocieties，andthedwellings，firstofthefamilyandthenofthetribe，rapidlygatheredtogethernearsomeriverrichinfish，orsomeforeststockedwithgameaffordingplentyoffoodeasilyobtained。Thecavesalsoaffordproofsofthenumberofmenwhoinhabitedthem。Inonealone，nearCracow，Ossowskidiscovered876boneimplements，morethan3，000flintobjects，andthousandsoffragmentsofpottery。FromtheVeyriercave，nearMountSaleve，weretakennearly1，000stoneimplements；fromthoseofPetitMorin，2，000arrow-heads；fromthatofCottes，onthebanksoftheGartampe，morethan264pounds’weightofflints，someoftheMousterienandothersoftheMadeleinetype，mixedwiththebonesoftherhinoceros，andofseverallargebeastsofpreyofindeterminate。species。TheAbbeDucrostpickedup4，000flintsinonedwellingaloneatSolutre，wherethesoiliscalcareousandflintisnotnative，sothatitmusthavebeenbroughtfromadistance。Morethan8，000differentobjectsweretakenfromthefineNeolithicstationofOrsintheisleofOleron；12，000chipsofstone，bearingmarksofhumanworkmanship，werepickedupintheThayngenCave，andmorethan80，000inthedifferentcavesofBelgium。TheshelterofChaleuxaloneyielded30，000
piecesofstone，ateverystageofworkmanship，fromthewasteofthemanufactorytothehighlyfinishedimplement。Otherexplorershavebeennolessfortunate。TheMarquisofWavrinfoundintheenvironsofGreznolessthan60，000workedstonesbelongingtonolessthanthirtydifferenttypes，chieflyarrow-heads，sometriangular，othersalmond-shaped，othersagaincuttingtransversely，somewithandsomewithoutfeathers，somestalked，othersnot；inaword，arrowsofeveryknowntype。NothingbutanactualvisittotheRoyalMuseumofBrusselscangiveanyideaoftheimportanceofthediscoveriesmadeinBelgium。
TheenvironsofParisare，however，nolessrich。AsearlyasPalaeolithictimesthevalleysoftheSeineanditstributarieswereevidentlyinhabitedbyanumerouspopulation。M。RivierementionsastationnearClamart，where，inalimitedspace，hepickedupmorethan900flints，someworked，othersmerechips，manyofwhichbadbeensubjectedtoheat。Asand-pitofLevallois-Perretyielded4，000
stoneobjects，andontheplateauofChampigny，fullofsuchterriblememoriesforthepeopleofFrance，werefoundnearly1，200flints，knives，polishedhatchets，lanceheadsandscrapers，mixedwithnumerousfragmentsofhand-madepotterywithoutornamentation。
Areyetotherexamplesneeded？At。deMortilletestimatesatmorethan25，000thenumberofspecimensfoundontheplateauofSaintAcheul，thesceneoftheearliestdiscoveriesthatrevealedtheexistenceofmaninQuaternarytimes；andthestationofConcise，onLakeNeuchatel，whichisoneofthemostancientinSwitzerland，yieldedayetmoreconsiderablenumber。Manyhave，however，beenlostordestroyed；theballastoftherailwayskirtingthelakecontainsthousandsofworkedstonesandofpiecesofthewasteleftinmakingthem，allofwhichweretakenfromthebedofthelake。Itmustnotbeforgottenthatitisonlyoflateyearsthattheimportanceoftheserelicsofthepasthasbeenrecognizedandthatanyonehasdreamtofpreservingorofstudyingthem。
TheexcavationofagravelpitatDundrumCountyDown，Ireland
yielded1，100flintimplements，andM。BellucihimselfpickedupintheprovinceofPerousemorethan17，000pieces，chieflyspear-，lance-，orarrow-heads，belongingtosixdifferenttypes。TheBroholmMuseumcontains72，409weaponsandimplements，allfoundinDenmark。
Wecanquotesimilarfactsinothercountries。PrehistoricstationsarenumerousintheSaharaandthroughouttheWadyelMya，inAlgeria，andwehavealreadyspokenofthenumerousspecimensfoundnearWargla。Theworkshopsinthisdistrictaregenerallysurroundedbyimmensenumbersofostricheggs，whichseemtoindicatethatthatbirdwasalreadydomesticated。[170]
InAmerica，Dr。AbbotthassenttothePeabodyMuseummorethan20，000stones，whichwerecollectedbyhimatTrenton，onthebanksoftheDelaware，andquiterecentlyIwastoldthatinsinkingawellinIllinoistheworkmencameuponadepositofmorethan1，000
workedflints，allofovalform。EveryoneknowstheimportanceoftherecentdiscoveriesatWashington，andwemightmultiplyexamplesADINFINITUM，foreverywhereexplorerscomeuponundoubtedtracesoftheactiveworkandintelligenceofcomparativelydensepopulations，allofwhomhadattainedtoaboutthesamedegreeofdevelopment。
Thesenumerousdepositsoftenmarkthe，siteofregularworkshops，tokensoftheearliestattemptatsocialorganization。Innootherwaycanweexplainthepilesofflintsineverystageofworkmanshiplyingbesidethelumpsfromwhichtheyweredetached。OneofthemostcelebratedoftheseworkshopsisthatofGrand-Pressigny，chieftownofthecantonofthedepartmentofIndre-et-Loire，whichisadmirablysituatedbetweentwopicturesquerivers，theClaiseandtheCreuse。
TheflintimplementsofGrand-Pressigny，ofwhichspecimenscanbeseeninallthemuseumsofEurope，aresomesixteenincheslong，oflightcolor，pointedatoneendandsquareattheother。Onefaceisrough，theotherchippedintothreeoblongpieces，whilstthesidesareroughlyhewnintosaw-liketeeth。Ifweexaminetheseflintscloselywecaneasilymakeouttheexactpoint，theEYE，asworkmencallit，wherethestonewasstruck。AtCharbonniere，onthebanksoftheSaone，toquoteotherexamples，inaradiusoflessthanamile，werefoundweapons，tools，andnuclei，whichmaybecomparedwiththoseofGrand-Pressigny。Insomeplacesthecollectionsofflintsstillremaininglookasiftheyhadbeenusedforroad-making。Insomecaseshatchets，knives，andscrapersseemtohavebeenburiedinpits。Werethesethereservestoresofthetribe，ortheso-calledCACHESofthemerchants？
Itisdifficultmerelytonamethedifferentworkshopsormanufactoriesdiscoveredinthelastfewyears。Wemust，however，endeavortomentionthemostimportant，fortheseworkshops，wemustrepeat，areanimportantproofoftheexistenceofasocietyoforganizedworkingcommunities。WemeetwiththemontheshoresofthebayofKiel，intheislandofAnholt，inthemidstoftheKattegat，andonthebordersofthePetchoura，andoftheSoula，amongtheSamoieds。Virchowdiscoveredanarrow-headmanufactoryontheshoresofLakeBurtneek，andin1884theMoscowSocietyofNaturalSciencesmadeknowntheexistenceofimportantworkshopsneartheVetlugaRiver，intheprovinceofKostroma，sothatweknowthatinremoteprehistorictimesmenlivedandfoughtinarigorousclimateindistrictsbutsparselypopulatedinourownday。
Thereisnothingtosurpriseusinallthesefacts。RecentlyneartheYeneseiRiver，intheheartofSiberia，werefoundbronzedaggers，hatchetsandbridlebitsFig。71，allbearingwitnessinthebeautyoftheirworkmanshiptoamoreadvancedstateofcivilizationthantheLakeDwellingsormegalithicmonumentsfarthersouth。Manyofthemareornamentedwithfiguresofanimals，sothatatanepochlessremote，itistrue，thantheonewehavebeenconsidering，butstillfarremovedfromourown，wefindthattherewasanintelligentrace，withartistictastes，livinginacountrynowsointenselycoldastobeuninhabitabletoallbutafewmiserablenomadTartars。
AtSpiennes，nearMons，afieldwasdiscovered，knownastheCAMP
DESCAYAUX，strewnwithflints，someuncut，othershewn，togetherwithknivesandhatchetsinnumerable。TherewerealsocentresofmanufactureatHoxneandBrandon，inEngland，atBellariainBologna，andatRomeontheTiburtineWay。AtPonte-Molle，whereworkedflintswerediscoveredforthefirsttimeinItalyafewyearsago，aworkshopwasfound，remarkableforthegreatnumberofstags’
antlers，fromwhichthemiddleparthadbeenremoved，doubtlesstobeusedashandlesfortools。M。deRossi，whogivesusthesedetails，thinksthatthisstationwasinhabitedinthePaleolithicperiod。InthesettlementofConcisehavebeenfoundnotonlystoneimplements，butagreatmanyarticlesmadeofbone，sothatthisplacewasevidentlyanimportantmanufacturingcentre。Knives，stilettos，andarrowheadswereturnedouthere，andinthehandsofskilfulworkmenthetusksoftheboars，whichaboundedatthistimeinSwitzerland，wereconvertedintoexcellentchisels。