Reindeergrazing，fromtheThayngenCave。
Therepresentationofthehumanfigureisextremelyrare。Ihavealreadymentionedtheyoungmantryingtostrikeanaurochswhichisrunningawayfromhim；andthewomanwearinganecklace。TheformerFig。45，foundatLaugerie，isengravedonapieceofreindeerantlerabouttwenty-fivecentimetreslong。Theaurochswithitsheaddownandquantitiesofbristlinghair，widelyopennostrils，archedandupliftedtail，presentstheappearanceofaterrifiedanimalendeavoringtoescapethedangerthreateningit。Themanisnaked，andhasaroundhead，hishairisstiffandseemstostanduponthetopofhisskull；onthechinashortbeardcanclearlybemadeout；
thefaceexpressesthedelightandexcitementofthechase。Theneckislong，thearmshort，andthespineofunusuallength。Intheotherexampleoftherepresentationofthehumanfigure，thatofthewomanwearinganecklace，drawnonapieceofashoulder-bladeofareindeer，sheisseenlyingbyastag，andwouldseemtobeinanadvancedstateofpregnancy。Thepieceofbonehoweverisbroken，andtheheadofthewomanislost，whichofcoursegreatlylessensthevalueoftherelic。
HeadofOVIBOSMOSCHATUSengravedonwood，foundintheThayngenCave。
Youngmanchasingtheaurochs，fromLaugerie。
OnafragmentofastaffofofficefromtheMadeleineCaveisengravedamanbetweentwohorses’headsFig。46。Onareindeerantlerisrepresentedawomanwithflatbreastsandveryhighhips，followedbyaserpent；ashellfromthecragnearWalton-on-the-Nazehadahumanfaceroughlyengravedononeside。TheAbby，Bourgeois，intheexcavationssofruitfulofresultsatRochebertier，foundaroughcarvingofahumanfaceFig。47；M。PietteatMasd’Azilfoundalittlebustofawoman，carvedontherootofthetoothofahorse。Thisstatuettehadalowforehead，aprominentnose，aretreatingchin，andbreastsofthenegresstypeofthepresentday；
characteristicsquiteunlikethoseoftheskeletonstakenfromthiscaveorthosenearit。Wewonderwhethertheartistmeanttorepresentthefeaturesofaraceotherthanhisown。[108]M。duBouchetmentionsaroughsketchengravedonaflintdiscoverednearDax；theworkman，doubtlessdauntedbythedifficultiesofhistask，hadabandoneditunfinished。Itis，however，easytotellwhatitwasmeantfor。Theskullislowandflat，thenosebutslightlyprominent，theeyesareoblique，andneitherthemouthnorthechinarefinished。ThemagnificentcollectionoftheMarquisdeVibrayecontainsalittlefigurefromLaugerie，representinganudewomanwithoutarms。Thinandstiff，sheischieflyremarkablefortheexaggeratedsizeofthesexualorgans，andforsomepeculiarprotuberancesontheloins。Wedwellupontheformerpeculiarity，becauseitissofarextremelyrare，whereascertainrelicsoftheGreeksandRomans，inspiteofthecomparativelyadvancedcivilizationofthesetwogreatraces，aresuchthattheycanonlybeexhibitedinprivatemuseums。Suchdepravityasthisimplieswasthenquiteanexceptionamongthecave-men，andbutfortheoneexampleIhavejustmentioned，IhavenophallicrepresentationstorefertoexceptthefewfromtheMassenatcollection，whichwereshownattheExhibitionof1889。
Fragmentofastaffofoffice，fromtheMadeleineCave。
Humanfacecarvedonareindeerantler，foundintheRochebertierCaveCharente。
WemustnotclosethisaccountofthearteffortsofthemenoftheStoneagewithoutmentioningtheremarkablediscoverybyM。Siette，offlintscoveredwithlinesandgeometricaldesignscoloredwithredchalk。Thesearetheveryearliestexamplesoftheartofpaintingwhichhavehithertocometoourknowledge。TheybearwitnesstoaremarkableprogressmadebyourremoteancestorsofthevalleysofthePyrenees。
WecannotmoreappropriatelyclosethischapterthanbyquotingthemagnificentverseofLucretius，whichbringsbeforeus，betterthancouldalongdescription，theconditionofthesemen，andthehumblestarting-pointfromwhichhumanityhasadvancedtoachieveitsimmortaldestiny：
NecdumresigniscibanttractarenequeutiPellibusetspoliiscorpusvestireferarum，SednemoraatquecaveosmonteissylvasquecolebantEtfruticesintercondebantsqualidamembraVerberaventorumvitareimbreisquecoactei。[109]
Caves，Kitchen-Middings，LakeStations，“Terremares，“Crannoges，Burghs，“Nurhags，““Talayoti，“and“Truddhi。“
Theearliestracesofmenlivedinaclimatelessrigorousthanours，ontheshoresofwiderivers，inthemidstoffertiledistricts，wherefishingandthechaseeasilysuppliedalltheirneeds。Theseraceswerenumerousandprolific，andwefindtracesofthemalloverWesternEurope，fromNorfolktothemiddleofSpain。Whatwerethehomesofthesemenandtheirfamilies？Didtheycrouchindens，asTacitussaystheGermantribesdidinhisday？Inhis“AncientWiltshire，“SirR。CoaltHoaresaysthattheearliesthumanhabitationswereholesdugintheearthandcoveredoverwiththebranchesoftrees。NearJoignytherestillremainsomecircularholesintheground，aboutfiftyfeetindiameterbysixteentotwentydeep，knowninthecountryunderthenameofBUVARDS。Thetrunkofatreewasfixedatthebottomandroseabovetheground，andthebranchesplasteredwithclayformedtheroof。TheflooroftheseBUVARDSconsistsofagreasyblackearthmixedwithbones，cinders，charcoal，andworkedflints。Amongstthelastnamed，polishedhatchetspredominate，whichprovesthattheserefugeswereinhabitedinNeolithictimes，butthereisnothingtopreventoursupposingthattheywerealsooccupiedinthePalaeolithicperiod。Ameghinogivesastillmorestrikingexampleofanearth-dwelling。NearMercedes，abouttwentyleaguesfromBuenosAyres，hepickedupnumeroushumanbones，togetherwitharrow-heads，chisels，flintknives，bonestilettosandpolishers，andbonesofanimalsscratchedandcutbyman。Later，Ameghinodiscoveredtheactualdwellingofthisprimevalman，andhisstrangehomewasbeneaththecarapaceofagiganticarmadillo，thenowextinctglyptodonseeninFig。48。
Theglyptodon。
“Allaroundthecarapace，“saysAmeghino，“inthereddishagglomerateoftheoriginal。soillaycharcoalcinders，burntandsplitbones，andflints。Diggingbeneaththis，aflintimplementwasfound，withsomelongsplitllamaandstagbones，whichhadevidentlybeenhandledbyman，withsometoxodonandmylodonteeth。“Fig。49representsthenowextinctmylodon。Sometimeafterwards，thediscoveryofanothercarapaceundersimilarconditionsaddedweighttoAmeghino’ssupposition。[110]Inthemidstofthepampas，thosevasttreelessplains，wherenorockoraccidentofconformationaffordsshelterfromheatorcoldorahiding-placefromwildbeasts，manwasnotataloss；hehollowedoutforhimselfaholeintheearth，roofingitoverwiththeshellofaglyptodon，andsecuringaretreatwherehecouldbesafeatleastforatime。
Mylodonrobustus。
Itwasnotuntillater，driventodosobythecold，thatmanlearnttousethenaturalcaveshollowedoutinlimestonerocks，eitheringeologicalconvulsionsorbythequieteractionofwater。TheabsenceinthecaveswhichhavebeenexcavatedinAmericaofimplementsoftheChelleentype，themostancientknownasyet，wouldpointtothisconclusion，thoughitisimpossibletofixtheearliestdateoftheiroccupation。Thisdate，moreover，variesverymuchindifferentlocalities。Theearthwasbutgraduallypeopled，andourancestorspenetratedintodifferentcountriesinsuccessivemigrations。SomecaveshaverecentlybeendiscoveredinWales，inthemidstofGlacialdeposits。[111]TheBoulderClayandmarinedriftonneighboringheightsareincontrovertibleproofsofthesubmergenceofthisregion，whenGreatBritainwasalmostcompletelycoveredwithice。Excavationsmadein1886havebroughttolightaseriesofdeposits，oneabovetheother，thegravelandredearthcontainingQuaternarybonesandworkedflints，whilstthestalagmiteandoozeareevidentlyofmorerecentorigin。ThisistheusualstateofthingsinalltheEnglisheaves；butinthoseoftheClyde，thebonebedshadbeendisturbedandmixedwithstriatedpebblesandGlacialdrift。FromthisHicks，whosuperintendedtheexcavations，concludedthatmanandtheQuaternaryanimalshadlivedinthosecavesbeforetheGlacialepoch，andbeforethegreatsubmergence，whichinsomeplaceswasnolessthansome1，300
feetbelowthepresentlevelofthesea。Ifthiswereso，itwouldbeoneofthemostancientproofsnotonlyofthepresenceofman，butalsoofthekindofhabitationhefirstdweltin。Theseconclusionshave，however，beenhotlydisputed。M。Arcelin[112]remarksthatthereareinEnglandtwoexceptionalgeologicallandmarks，theForestBedrepresentingthelastPlioceneformations，andtheRiverGravels，whicharethemostancientQuaternarydeposits。Betweenthetwo，wefindtheBoulderClayofGlacialorigin。NowthefaunaofthecavesoftheClyde，farfromresemblingthatoftheForestBed，appearstobemorerecentthanthatoftheancientdepositsoftheRiverGravels。AmongstthisfaunawefindneithertheELEPHASANTIQUUSnortheRHINOCEROSMERCKII；the
workedflintsarenotlikethoseknownasbelongingtotheRiver-Graveltype，buttherelicsmorenearlyresemblethoseoftheReindeerperiodofFrance。Itisthereforeimpossible，inthepresentstateofourknowledge，toassertthatmanlivedinthesouthwestofEnglandintheGlacialepoch，tothephenomenaofwhich，ifhewitnessedthem，hemusteventuallyhavefallenavictim。
Ourancestorsmustconstantlyhavedisputedthepossessionoftheircavesofrefugewithanimals，butthereisoftenacertaindistinctionbetweenthosechieflyoccupiedbymanandthemeredensofwildbeasts。Thelatteraregenerallymoredifficultofaccess，andareonlytobeenteredbylong，low，narrow，darkpassages。Thosepermanentlyinhabitedbymanarewide，notverydeep，andtheyarewelllighted。ThatatMontgaudier，forinstance，hasanarchedentrancesomeforty-fivefeetwidebyeighteenhigh。Thecave-menhadalreadylearnttoappreciatetheadvantagesofairandlight。
Thecavesareoftenofconsiderableheight；thatofMassatissome560feethigh，thatofLhermis655，thatofBouichetanearly755，thatofLoubens820，andthatofSanthenayis，asmuchas1，344
feethigh。ThoseofEyzies，Moustier，andAurignacarealsoverylofty。AsthevalleyswerehollowedoutbytherushingtorrentsoftheQuaternaryfloods，mensoughtahomenearthewaterswhichwereindispensabletotheirexistence，andcametodwellontheshoresofrivers。Themostancientoftheinhabitedcaves，therefore，arethoseonthehighestlevels，butthedifferenceinthenatureofthecountryandthevaryingforceofgeologicalactionhaveledtosomanyexceptions，thatallwecansaywithanycertaintyisthatthecaveswereinhabitedatdifferentepochs。ThatofMontgaudier，forinstance，wasfilledwithanaccumulationofoozeaboutfortyfeetthick。Weaponsandtoolslayoneabovetheotherfromthebottomtothetop，anditiseasytodistinguishthesuccessionofhearthsbytheblackenedearth，cinders，charcoal，andcrushedboneslyingaboutthem。
InthePlacardCaveeightdifferentdepositsbearwitnesstothepresenceofman；andtheseareseparatedbyothersbareoftracesofhumanoccupation。Thelowestdeposit，whichissometwenty-fivefeetbelowthepresentlevelofthesoil，containsworkedflintsoftheMousterientype，abovewhich，butseparatedbyanaccumulationofDEBRISwhichhasfallenfromtheroof，comesalayerinwhichwasfoundanumberofarrow-headsoftheshapeoflaurelleaves。Thefaunaofboththeselevelsincludesthereindeer，thehorse，andtheaurochs。Aswegoupwefind，aboveanotherlayerofDEBRIS，theSolutreentypeoftoolsandweaponsrepresentedbyboneimplementsandnumerousarrow-heads，thistimestalkedandnotched。ThefourfollowinglevelscorrespondwiththosebelongingtowhatisknownastheMadeleinetype，andthearrow-headsaredecoratedwithgeometricaldesigns。Thetracesofhumanoccupationatdifferenttimes，doubtlessseparatedbylongintervals，arethereforeveryclearlydefined。TheFontabertCave，inDauphine，contained，atadepthofaboutsixfeet，tracesoffireandroughlyworkedflints，andaboutthreefeetbelowthesurfacelaytheskeletonofaman，whohadperhapsbeenovertakenbyafallofearth，stillholdinginhishandapolisheddipperoffineworkmanship。Yetathirdandevidentlymorerecentperiodischaracterizedbyajadecrescent。Wemighteasilymultiplyinstancesofasimilarkind，butthatwewishtoavoidsomuchrepetition。
Wesoonbegintofindevidenceoftheprogressmadebyman，andthoughinNeolithictimeshestillcontinuedtooccupycaveshelearnedtoadaptthembettertohisneeds。TherocksheltersofthePetit-Morinvalley，sowellexploredbyM。deBaye，arethebestexampleswecangive。
Thesecavesarehollowedoutofaverythickbeltofcretaceouslimestone。Theydatefromdifferentepochs，andeachpresentsspecialcharacteristicswhichcaneasilyberecognized。Somewereusedasburial-places，othersashabitations。Intheformertheentranceisofirregularshape，thewallsareroughlycut，andtheworkisofthemostelementarydescription。Thesepulchraleavesweresimplyclosedbyalargestonerolledintoplaceandcoveredwithrubbish，thebettertohidetheentrance。Thesheltersusedtoliveinshowmuchmorecarefulwork，andaredividedintotwounequalpartsbyawallcutinthelivingrock。Togetintothesecondpartitiononehastogodownsteps，cutinthelimestone，andthesestepsarewornwithlongusage。Theentrancewascutoutofamassivepieceofrock，leftthickonpurpose，andoneithersideoftheopeningtheedgesstillshowtherabbetwhichwastoreceivethedoor。Twosmallholesontherightandleftwereprobablyusedtofixabaracrossthe