Wemustalsomentionamongstfavoriteornamentsbeadsmadeofjetandofveryfineochreousclaydriedinthesun，ofcalcareouscrystallinerock，andofgrayishschist，andinotherplacesofbeadsofamberorofhyalinequartz，thebrightnessofwhichattractedtheattention。AtthestationofMenieuxCharentewithflintsofatypetowhichitisusualtogivethenamesofMousterienorSolutreen，excavationshaveyieldednumerouscarefullypolishedballsofcalx，varyingindiameterfromonetotwoinches。Iftherehadbeenanydoubtsastotheiruse，thosedoubtswouldhavebeenremovedbythediscoveryatLaugerie-Basseofafragmentoftheshoulder-bladeofareindeeronwhichwasengravedthefigureofawomanwearingroundherneckanecklaceofclumsyroundballs。Otheryetstrangerornamentshavebeenfound，forwhichwhatwehavesaidaboutthecannibalismofearlymanshouldhavepreparedthereader。OurancestorsoftheStoneageadornedthemselveswithnecklacesofhumanteeth，andtwoskeletonshavebeendugoutwearingroundtheirnecksthistokenoftheirvictories。M。deBayepossessesinhiscollectionsomeroundpiecesofskullpiercedwithholesFig。28，andatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationin1886，atAnnArborMichiganwerepresentedsomeornamentsmadeofhumanbonesfromamoundinOhio。
IntakingfromthegangueinwhichitwasimbeddedaskullfromthemegalithicmonumentofVaureal，PrunerBeynoticedafragmentofahumanshoulderbladepiercedwithanincisioninwhichwasfixedalittleroundedpieceofbone。Thisstyleofornamentseemstohaveremainedinuseformanycenturies，forM。NicaisehaslatelydiscoveredatMoulind’OyesMarneanecklacemadeofcalxballs，shells，andpendantscutoutofthescalesofunioshells。Onthisnecklacehungaroundpieceofhumancranium，andintheGalliccemeteryatVarille，theexteriorlaminaofahumanlumbarvertebrawasfastenedtoanecklacemadeofcoralbeads。
RoundpiecesofskullpiercedwithholesAl。deBaye’scollection。
Wearealsoacquaintedwithfactsofanotherorder，whichmaybementionedinthisconnection。ThemenofMarjevolsdrankoutofhumancrania；theGrenobleMuseumownsadrinking-vesselofthiskind；othershavebeendiscoveredatBillancourt，atChavannes，attheChasseyCamp，andatSutz，AEfele，andLoci-asinSwitzerland，aswellasatBrookvilleintheStateofIndiana。Dr。Prunierespossesseshalfahumanradius，probablythatofafemale，carefullypolishedandconvertedintoastilettoFig。29。Dr。Garrigouhasanarrow-headmadeofahumanbone，PellegrinoafibulaconvertedintoapolisherfoundinthelowerbedsofthecelebratedCastioneTERREMAREnearParma。AtthemeetingofthePrehistoricCongressinParisin1869，PereiradaCostamentionedafemoraconvertedintoasceptreorstaffofoffice，andtoconcludethismelancholylist，Longperiermentionsahumanbonepiercedwithregularopenings，which，byastrangeironyofdeath，servedasaflutetodelighttheearsoftheliving……
Partofaroundedpieceofahumanparietal-Stilettomadeoftheendofahumanradius——Diskmadeoftheburrofastag’santler。
Oneoftheearliestnecessitiesofhumannaturemusthavebeencompanionship；forhelpwasabsolutelynecessarytoenablemantocopewiththedangerssurroundinghim。Tribes，formedatfirstofmembersofthesamefamily，musthaveexistedfromtheverydawnofhumanity。Thereindeerphalanges，piercedtoserveaswhistlesFig。30，foundatEyzies，Schussenreid，Laugerie-Basse，Bruniquel，intheChaffaudCaveandtheBelgianshelters，inapeat-marshofScania，intheislandofPalmaria，andinmanyotherplaces，weredoubtlessusedtosummonmentowarortothechase。IntheCottesCavewerefoundsomereindeerandaurochs’shanks，whichmaynaturallybesupposedtohaveservedthesamepurpose。ThecuriousobjectspreservedintheChristycollectionsmustalsohavebeenusedinwarorinthechase。Theybear，inadditiontothemarkoftheirowner，notchesofdifferentshapescommemoratinghisexploitsinbattleorinhunting。AtSolutre，MM。DucrostandArcelinnoticedfragmentsofelephants’
tusks，calcareousplaques，andsomesandstonedisksfromtheTrias，withnotchesandequidistantlinesevidentlyhavingasimilarpurpose。
WhistlefromtheMassenatCollection。
Fromwhistlestoregularmusicalinstrumentsthetransitionissimple。WithoutdescribingthatmentionedbyM。deLongperier，whichwecannotconfidentlyasserttobeofgreatantiquity，M。Piette，inoneofhisnumerousexcavations，discoveredaprimitiveflutemadeoftwobirdboneswhich，whenputtogetherandblowninto，producedmodulationssimilartothoseofthepipesusedbythepeopleofOceania；themonotonousmusicofwhichisalludedtobyCook。SometimeafterwardsM。PiettenoticedsimilarbonesintheRochebertiercollection。Sofarweknowofnootherdiscoveryofasimilarkind。
Thecuriousobjectsknownunderthenameofstavesofofficewould，ifitwereneeded，affordyetanotherproofthatthemenoftheStoneagelivedinsocieties，possessedanorganization，andacknowledgedachief。Thestavesofofficeconsistoflargepiecesofreindeerorstagantler，artisticallyworkedandpresentingaprettyuniformappearance。Theirsurfaceisdecoratedwithcarvingsandengravingsrepresentinganimals，plants，andhuntingscenes。Theyarethickerthantheyarewide，andthecareoftentakentoreducethethicknessisaproofthatanattemptwasmadetocombineeleganceandlightnesswithsolidityFigs。31，32，33，34，and35。Nearlyallofthemarepiercedatoneendwithlargeholes，ofwhichthenumbervaries。Someoftheseholeswerelateradditions。Mayweperhapsseeinthemthesignsofapriesthood，inwhichsuccessiverankswereattained，andinwhicheverynewachievementwasrewardedwithanewdistinction？Thisisdifficulttoprove，butthesestavescouldnothavebeenusedasweaponsorastools；thecaretakentocoverthemwithornaments，withthelongtimerequiredforthisdecoration，showsthevaluetheirownersattachedtothem。Theimpossibilityofanyotherhypothesisisthebestproofwehaveoftheiruse。
Staffofoffice。
AmongstthemarvellousobjectscollectedbyDr。SchliemannatHissarlik，weretwofragmentsofreindeerantlerpiercedwithholespresentingasingularresemblancetothosewehavebeendescribing。WemayalsocomparewiththemthePOGOMAGAN，thebadgeofofficeofIndianchiefsontheMackenzieRiver，theTartarKEMOUS，thesticksonwhichtheAustraliansmarkbyconventionalsignsanyeventofimportancetothemselvesortheirtribe，andthesimilarobjectsfromPersia，Assam，theCelebes，andNewZealand。Butwhyseekexamplessofaraway？Isnotthememoryoftheseancientinsigniapreservedinourownday，andmaytheynothavebeentheoriginalformsofthesceptresofourkingsandthecroziersofourbishops？
Staffofofficemadeofstag-hornpiercedwithfourholes。
StaffofofficefoundatLafaye。
Staffofofficeinreindeerantler，withahorseengravedonit，foundatThayngen。
Thesestaves，ofwhichhundredshavenowbeenfound，werepickedupinmanydifferentplaces，includingtheGoyetCaveinBelgium，thecavesofPerigordandCharente，andtheVeyrierStationinSavoy。AtThayngen，asmanyastwenty-threewerefound，allpiercedwithoneholeonly。[104]Wemustnotomittomentionamongstthesereliesofagesgoneby，oneofthemostinterestingfoundin1887atMontgaudierCharenteFig。35，whichbearsononesidearepresentationoftwoseals，andontheotheroftwoeels，theformerofwhichespeciallyareexecutedwithatruthtoform，boldnessofexecution，anddelicacyoftouchwhicharepositivelyastonishingwhenwerememberthattheartistwecannotrefusehimthistitlebadnotoolsathisdisposalbutafewmiserableflintsorroughlypointedbones。Thehinderlimbs，sostrangelyplacedinamphibia，arefaithfullyrendered；eachpawhasitsfivetoes，thetextureoftheskincanbemadeout，theheadisdelicatelymodelled；themuzzlewithitswhiskers，theeye，theorificeoftheear，alltestifytorealskill。TheexistenceofthesealintheQuaternaryepochinthesouthofFrancewasnotknownuntilquiterecently，whenMr。HardyfoundinacavenearPerigueuxtheremainsofasealPHOCAGROENLANDICA，associatedwithquiteanarcticfauna。InpartatleastthereforeoftheQuaternaryperiod，verygreatcoldmusthaveprevailedinPerigord。[105]
Withthisstaffofofficewerepickedupsomepiecesofivorycoveredwithgeometricaldesigns，engravedwithsomesharpimplement，stilettos，boneneedles，knives，flintscrapers，and，strangerstill，theremainsofthecave-lion，thecave-hyena，andtheRHINOCEROS
TICHORHINUS，allcontemporariesofthemostancientQuaternaryfauna。
StaffofofficefoundatMontgaudier。
ItwasnotonlyonthestavesofofficethatthemenoftheStoneageexercisedtheirtalent。Manyandvariedarethesubjectswhichhavebeenfoundengravedonplaquesofivoryoronstone，andincisedonbears’teethoronstaghorn。WerepresentoneformingthehiltofadaggerFig。36，andanotherrepresentingabearwiththeconvexforehead，characteristicofthespecies，engravedonapieceofschistFig。37，andamammothengravedonanivoryplaquewithitslongmane，trunk，andcurvedtusksFig。38。Theartistwhodepictedtheseanimalswithsuchfaithfulexactitudeevidentlylivedamongstthem。ThefirstdiscoveryofthiskindwasmadebyJoly-LetermeintheChaffaudCaveVienna；itwasareindeerboneonwhichtwostagswererepresented。[106]
Carveddagger-hiltLaugerie-Basse。
Thegreatcave-bear，drawnonapebblefoundintheMassatCaveGarrigoucollection。
IntheLortetCavewasfoundtheboneofastagonwhichcouldbemadeoutarepresentationoffishandreindeer，whilstatSordeswasdiscoveredabear’stoothwithasealengraveduponitFig。39，atMarsoulasapieceofribonwhichisdepictedananimalsaidtobeamusk-oxFig。40，andatFeyjatDordogneabird’sbonebearingonitadrawingofthreehorsesmovingrapidlyalong。Iamobligedtopassovermanyothermostinterestingexamples，butImustnotomittomentionthemagnificentexampleswhichformpartofthePeccadeaucollectionatLisle。Cartailhacmentionssomechamois，anox，andanelephant；someengravedonthebonesofdeerandothersonfragmentsofivory，oronreindeerantlers。Theartofthecave-menwasnowatitszenith。
Mammoth，orelephant，fromtheLenaCave。
Sealengravedonabear’stoothfoundatSordes。
ButforoneexceptiontowhichIshallreferagain，itiscurioustonotethatweonlyfindtheseengravingsandcarvings，whichsojustlyexciteourastonishmentinadistrictoflimitedextent，boundedonthenorthbytheCharente，onthesouthbythePyreneesandextendingontheeastnofartherthanthedepartmentoftheAriege。Itisapleasantthoughtthatinthemidstoftheirstruggleforexistence，andwhentheyhadtocontendwithgiganticpachydermsandformidablebeastsofprey，ourmostremoteancestors，thecontemporariesofthemammothandthelion，alreadydevelopedthoseartistictendencieswhicharethegloryoftheirdescendants。
Fragmentofabonewithregulardesigns。Fragmentofribonwhichisengravedamusk-ox，foundintheMarsoulasCave。
HeadofahorsefromtheThayngenCave。
BearengravedonabonefromtheThayngenCave。
IreferredabovetoailexceptionalexampleofprehistoricartfoundbeyondthebordersofFrance。InexcavationsintheThayngenCave，onthebordersofSwitzerlandandWurtemberg，twentymostremarkableexampleswerefound，inwhichitiseasytorecognizethehorseFig。41，thebearFig。42，andthereindeergrazingFig。43。[107]
All，especiallythelastnamed，arerenderedwithsuchperfection，thatitwasatfirstsupposedthattheyweretheworkofaforger。A
searchinginquiryhasprovedthattheyarenothingofthesort；
askilfulzoologistwouldhavebeenneededtorepresenttheOVIBOS
MOSCHATUSFig。44，whichretiredmanycenturiesagotowardstheextremenorth。Ifwedofindafewrareattemptsatartinotherdistricts，theyareabsolutelyrudimentary。ThestaffofofficefoundintheGoyetCaveisofveryrudeworkmanship。TheBrusselsMuseumcontainsafewotherspecimens，ofwhichthemostimportantisafragmentofsandstonefromtheFrontalCave，onwhichafewuncertainscratchesrepresentwhatlookslikeastag。SomeindistincttracesofengravinghavebeenmadeoutonthebonesfoundintheAltamiraCave，nearSantander，andrecentlyaboneonwhichakindofhorsewasengraved，waspickedupatCresswell’sCrags，Derbyshire，inacaveknowninthedistrictasMOTHERGRUNDY’SPARLOR。Thisspecimen，aswerethoseofThayngen，wasassociatedwithnumerousbonesofQuaternaryanimals，amongstwhichthoseofthehippopotamuswerethemostcurious。