1。Stonejavelin-headwithhandle。2。Stonehatchetwithhandle。
Otherhatchets，chieflythoseofasmallsize，werefixedintosheathsmadeofstag-horn，andtwochieftypesofthemhaveactuallybeenmadeout。[90]Thesheathsofthefirsttypeareshortandendinquadrangularbeads。TheyarefoundmostfrequentlyinSwitzerland，inthebasinsoftheRhoneandoftheSaone，andthroughoutthesouthofFrance。Thoseofthesecondtypearepiercedwithaholelargeenoughtopassthehandlethrough。ThesearefoundinthenorthwestofFrance，inBelgium，andinEngland。
Flintarrowsoftriangularorovalform，notchedorstalked，wereeverywhereusedforaconsiderablelengthoftime。TheyarefoundinthenumerouscavesofFrance，beneaththeANTASofPortugal，inthetombsofMykenae，aswellasamongtheAinosofJapanandthePatagoniansofSouthAmerica。Theirusenecessarilyinvolvesthatofabow，yetwedonotknowofasingleweaponsuchasthat，orofonethatcouldtakeitsplace，datingfromPaleolithictimes。Probablytherapiddecompositionofthewoodofwhichbowsweremadehasledtotheirdisappearance。DeMortillet[91]mentionsabowfoundinapile-dwellinginabognearRobenhausen，whichheascribestotheNeolithicperiod。AnotherisknownwhichwasfoundatLutz，alsoinSwitzerland。Toallappearancethemostancientbowsofhistorictimesgreatlyresemblethesetwoprehistoricexamples。
ThoughflintwasthematerialparexcellenceofQuaternarytimesforweaponsandtools，itcouldnotlongsufficefortheever-growingneedsofman。Ourmuseumscontainacompleteseriesofboneorstag-hornimplementssuchasdarts，arrow-heads，barbedarrows，harpoons，fibulae，andfinelycutneedlesoftenpiercedwitheyesFig。22。Theinventionofbarbsisworthyofspecialnotice；theseriesofpointsmadetheblowmuchmoredangerous，astheprojectileremainedinthefleshofawoundedanimalwhichwasnotabletogetitout。Butthiswasnottheonlyobjectofthebarbs。Arrangedsymmetricallyoneithersideofthearrowtheykeptitafloatintheairlikethewingsofabird，whichmayperhapshavesuggestedtheiruseandincreasedtheeffectandprecisionoftheshot。
10。Oneendofabow？。
11。Arrow-head。FromtheVache，Massat，andLourdescaves。
TheMarsoulasCavehasyieldedonebevelledarrowshaft，madeofreindeerantler，withadeepgrooveonthesurface。Asimilararrow-headwasfoundinthePacardCave，andinotherplacesarrowshavebeenfoundwithoneormoregroovesonthesurface。Werethesegroovesordrillsintendedtoholdpoison，andwasmanalreadyacquaintedwiththismelancholyDiodeofdestruction？Weknowthattheuseofpoisonwasknownatthemostremotehistoricantiquity。[92]
TheGreeksandScythiansusedthevenomoftheviper，andotherpeoplesemployedvegetablepoisons。Thereisnothingtopreventourbelievingthatsimilarmethodswereinuseinprehistorictimes。
FIGURE23
Amuletmadeofthepenienboneofabear，andfoundintheMarsoulasCave。
ThereisnodoubtthatitisthecavesofthesouthofFrancewhichhaveyieldedthemostinterestingobjects；needleswithdrilledeyes，andbarbedarrowshavebeenpickedupinconsiderablenumbersatEyzies，Laugerie-Basse，atBruniquel，Massat，andintheMadeleineCave。Dr。GarrigoumentionssomereindeerorroebuckantlersfoundinAriegecaves，whichhadbeenmadeintoregularstilettos。InthedepositsatLafayewerefouledstilettosorbodkins，varyinginlengthfromtwotosixinches；needlesmeasuringfromnineteentoonehundredandfivemillimetresandprovidedwitheyes；atMarsoulaswerefoundanamuletmadeofthepenienboneofabearFig。23，somependants，andsomepointedpiecesofbonewhichastonishusbythedelicacyoftheirworkmanship，andthedrawingswithwhichtheywereadorned。
VariousstoneandboneobjectsfromCalifornia。
AtPaviland，Dr。Bucklanddiscoveredawolfbonecuttoapoint。Kent’sHoleyieldedanumberofneedlesresemblingthoseoftheMadeleineCave；atAggtelekHungarywerefoundsomebonesofthecave-bearpointedtoserveasdaggers，cutintoscrapersorpiercedtoserveasamuletsorornaments。InBelgium，objectsverysimilartothesehavebeenfoundmadeofreindeerantleranddatingfromthemostremotetimes。Theantlersmoultedbythereindeerinthespringwereinespecialrequest。
ExcavationsinthesepulchralmoundsnearSanFranciscoCalifornia
haveyieldedthousandsofboneimplementsFig。24。OtherssimilartothemhavebeenfoundinthelayersofcindersatMadisonvilleOhioandbeneaththenumerouskitchen-middingsofthecoastsoftheAtlanticandPacific。
Theprocessesemployedbythecave-menwereverysimple。Inoneoftheexcavationssuperintendedbyhim，M。Dupont[93]pickeduptheradiusofahorsebearingsymmetricallymadeincisionsexecutedwithaviewtogettingoffsplintersofthebone。Thesesplinterswereroundedbyrubbingeitherwithchipsofflint，oronsuchpolishersasaretobeseeninanyofthemuseums；thenoneendwassharpened，andtheother，ifneedwere，piercedwithahole。Itisastonishingtofindsomeofthemasfineasthesteelneedlesofthepresentday，andwithperfectlyroundeyesmadewiththehelpofnothingbutaroughflint，andtherewouldstillbesomedoubtonthesubject，ifM。Lartet[
hadnotobtainedexactlysimilarresultsbyworkingonfragmentsofbonewiththeflintshehadfouledintheseexcavations。Otherexperimentsofasimilarkindwerenolessconclusive，forMerk[95]
perforatedallivoryplaquewithapointedflintwhichheusedasagimlet。
Someobjects，whicharesupposedtodatefromNeolithictimes，bearwitnesstoanaltogetherunexpecteddegreeofcivilization。IntheheartofGermany，inthepeat-bogsofLaybachandWorbzigonthebanksoftheSaale，havebeenfoundearthenwarespoonsoftheshapeofmodernspatulae；atGeraffinonLakeBienne，afinelyshapedspoonmadeofthewoodofayewtree；andatLagozza，anotherinshiningblackearthenware。LartethadalreadybroughttolightaboneimplementcoveredwithornamentsinreliefwhichheascribedtothePalaeolithicperiod，andwhichheimaginedhadbeenusedforextractingmarrow；andanotherarchaeologisttellsofobjectsinreindeerantlerfoundintheGourdanCave，whichhethinkswereusedforasimilarpurpose。IntheSaint-GermainMuseumarepreservedtheremainsofspoonsfromthebedoftheSeine，andinthecollectionsofEnglandarefragmentsofbonetakenfrombeneaththeWest-Kennetdolmen，whichwereallprobablyemployedforextractingmarrow。Butthemostimportantdiscoveryofall，whichleavesnodoubtonthesubject，isthatmadebyM。PerraultattheChasseyCamp，nearChalon-sur-Saone，beneathahearthdatingfromNeolithictimes。Hecollectedfourteenearthenwarespoons；oneofthemofaroundshapeandremarkableforitssize，wasunfortunatelybrokenFig。25。Itisofbrownearthenwarewitharatherroughsurfacemixedwithbitsofflint，andissomuchwornthatithadevidentlybeeninusealongtime。Lastlytwospoons，alsoofearthenware，haverecentlybeenfoundnearDondasLot-et-Garonne。Theuseofspoons，whichcertainlymarkedconsiderableprogress，mustthereforehavespreadrapidly。
DipperfoundintheexcavationsattheChasseyCamp。
Longpreviously，however，potteryofagreatvarietyofformborewitnesstotireplasticskillofman。Everywherewefindvesselsofcoarsematerialmixedwithgrainsofsandormicatogivemoreconsistencytothepastewhichwasbakedinthefire，andhadoftennofurtherornamentationthanthemarksofthefingersofthepotter。DoesthispotterydatefromPalaeolithictimes，orweretheearthenwarevesselslateradditionsatthetimeofthosedisturbancesofdepositswhicharethedespairofarchaeologists？Afewexamplesmayenableusbettertoanswerthisquestion。
FraastellsusthatfragmentsofpotteryhavebeenfoundinallthecavesofGermanyinwhichexcavationshavebeenmade。HequotesthatofHohlefels，wherehehimselfpickedupsuchfragmentsamongstthebonesofthemastodon，themammoth，therhinoceros，andthecave-lion，whentheremainsoftheseanimalswereforthefirsttimefoundinGermany。In1872，themakingoftherailwayfromNurembergtoRatisbonbroughttolightacaveofconsiderabledepth。Initslowerdepositswerefoundnothingbutthebonesofhyenas，bears，andlions，ofwhichthecavehadbeentheresortforcenturies。Amongthemostancientdeposits，relicsofasimilarkindwerefoundinabundance，butnowmixedwithnumerousfragmentsofpottery，workedflints，andfishbones，includingthoseofthecarpandthepike，withthebonesofmammals，amongstwhichpredominatedthoseoftherhinoceros，mostofthemintentionallysplitopen。AtArgecilla，twentyleaguesfromMadrid，Vilanovadiscoveredaregularworkshop，inwhichwereknivesandflintarrow-heads，togetherwithsomeveryprimitivepotterymadeofclaythathadevidentlybeenbroughtfromadistance，asthereisnoneinthedistrictinwhichthepotterywasfound，InanupperdepositVilanovacollectedmorethantwohundredimplementsmadeofdiorite，arockfrequentlyusedinSpain，someveryremarkableceltsofserpentinedatingfromtheNeolithicperiod，andnumerousfragmentsofverydelicatepottery。Notfaroffhediscoveredanotherworkshop，containingsomeveryfinehatchetsperfectlypolished，andsomekeramicwaretastilyornamented。Theprogressmadeisasmarkedintheweaponsandtoolsasinthepottery。
WehavealsoseensomefragmentsofearthenwarefromthecavesofChiampoandLaglio，nearLakeComo，andfromthatknownastheCavedeiColombi，intireislandofPalmaria，whichwasoccupiedshortlybeforetheNeolithicperiod。ButitisBelgiumwhichyieldsthemostdecisiveproofonthissubject，andavisittotheBrusselsMuseumisenoughtoconvincethemostincredulous。TheexcavationsmadeunderM。DupontinthecavesoftheMeuseandtheLessehaveagainandagainbroughttolightfragmentsofpottery，associatedwiththebonesofPalaeolithicanimals。Schmerling，too，hadalreadyfoundsimilarfragmentsintheEngisCave，mixedwithflintweaponsoftherudestdescription；andhisdiscoverieshavebeenstrikinglyconfirmedbythoserecentlymadeatSpy，nearNamur，[96]andbyothersmadebyM。Fraipont。[97]InportionsofthissameEngisCavenotpreviouslyexploredthelearnedprofessorofLiegefound，in1887，fragmentsofavaseofovoidform，someflintsoftheMousterientype，andsomebonesofextinctmammals。MostofthepotteryintheBrusselsMuseumisblackandofprimitivemake；somefewfragments，however，areoffinishedworkmanship。Wemaymentionespeciallyanovoidvase，remarkableforitssizeandforitslateralprojections。Thisvase，whichishand-modelled，camefromtheFrontalCave；theclayisofblackishhuemixedwithlittlebitsofcalcareousspar。M。Ordinaire，Vice-ConsulforFranceatCallao，speaksoftheCAYANESorMACAHUAS，whichareearthenwarebasinsofgreatsymmetryofform，madebytheComboswomen，withoutturningwheelsormillsofanykind。ThoughtheelegantshapeoftheFrontalandothervasesatfirstsurprisesus，reflectionconvincesusthatmenwhocouldcutstoneswithsuchrareskillwouldcertainlybeabletoproduceequallygoodpottery。
PotteryofasofarunclassifiedtypefoundintheArgentCaveFrance。
SimilarinstancesmayeasilybequotedfromFrance。ExcavationsatSolutrehaveyieldedseveralfragmentsofyellow，hand-madepotteryveryinsufficientlybaked；andotherpieceshavebeenfoundinthepeat-bogsofBastidedeBearnwiththebonesofreindeer，andworkedflintssimilartothosefoundinQuaternarydeposits。WemayaddthatatLafaye，Bize，andPondreHainaultdiscoveriesweremadeofpotterymixedwithhumanremainsandwiththoseofanimalsnowextinct；
andintheArgentCaveBasses-Alpesanewtype，showninFig。26，hasbeenfoundwhichmeritsspecialattention。IntheveryearliestdaysofprehistoricresearchtheNabrigasCaveLozerewasexcavatedbyM。Joly，whofoundinitmanyfragmentsofpottery。Inavolumepublishedshortlybeforehisdeathherelatesthecircumstancesofhisdiscovery，andearnestlymaintainsitsauthenticity。Laterexcavations，madeunderthedirectionofmastersinprehistoricscience，wouldhavethrownsomedoubtsontheassertionsmadebytheprofessorofToulouse，ifMM。MartelandLaunayhadnotbroughtforwardafreshproofinsupportofit。“Onthe30thAugust，1885，“[98]theysay，“wepickedupatNabrigasinadeephole，untouchedbypreviousexcavationsandnotdisplacedbywater，somehumanbonesandapieceofpotterysidebysidewithtwoskeletonsofURSUSSPELAEUS。Thehumanbones，ofindeterminaterace，includedanupperleftmaxillary，stillretainingthreeteeth，anincompletemastoidapophysis，andsevenpiecesofcrania，belongingtodifferentindividuals。Thepieceofpotteryonlymeasuredoneandahalfbytwoandaquarterinches；theclayisgrayandfriable，boundtogetherwithbigbitsofquartz，mica，andafewparticlesofcharcoal。“Therewouldappeartobenosufficientreasontoquestiontheexactnessofadiscoverysocarefullystudied。
Manyeminentarchaeologists，however，maintainthatpotterywascompletelyunknowninPaleolithictimes，andtheydonothesitatetoattributetoalaterperiodanydepositinwhichitoccurswhereitspresencecannotbeaccountedforbylaterdisplacements。M。CartailhacdeclaresthathehasneverbeenabletoestablisheitherinthesouthofFranceorinthecentraltable-landasinglefactwhichjustifiesusinassertingthatthemenoftheReindeer