AgatesworkedbythehandofmanarefoundingreatquantitiesinthebonebedsoftheGodavery。Somejavelinheadsinsandstone，basalt，andquartz，withscrapersandknives，mostofthemflatononesideandroundedontheother，appeartobeevenmoreancientthantheagateimplements。SomeoftheceltsresemblethoseofEuropeantype，otherstheflintweaponsfoundinEgypt，andtheclumsiestformsmaybecomparedtothosestillinuseamongstthenativesofAustralia。WemayalsomentionasomewhatraretypelatelydiscoveredintheislandofMelas，whichhavebeencharacterizedassaw-bladedknives。A
letterfromRivett-CarnacannouncesthediscoveryofweaponsandstoneimplementsinBanda，awildmountaindistrictonthenorthwestofIndia。Thescrapers，hesays，strangelyresemblethoseoftheEsquimaux，andthearrow-headsthoseofthemostancientinhabitantsofAmerica。[34]
ManymegalithicmonumentsaremetwithinplaceswidelyremovedfromeachotherinthevastIndianEmpire。CaptainCongreve，afterdescribingthecairnswiththeirrowsofstonesrangedincircles，thekistvaensordolmens，thehugerocksplacederectasatStonehenge，thebarrowshollowedoutofthecliffs，declareswithundisguisedastonishmentthatthereisnotaDruidicalmonumentofwhichhehadnotseenthecounterpartintheNeilgherryMountains。[35]
GeneralFaidherbedividesAfricaintotwodistinctregions——onenorthoftheGreatDesert，wheretheinhabitantsandthefaunaandflorahaveallalikecertaincharacteristicsincommonwiththoseofEurope；andtheothersouthoftheSahara，whichwasatonetimeseparatedfromthatinthenorthbyavastinlandsea。InthissouthernregionweareinNigritia，ortheAfricaofthenegroes，wheretheinhabitantsintheirphysicalcharacteristicsandintheirlanguage，themammals，andtheplants，differaltogetherfromthoseofthenorth。Inonepoint，however，thesetworegionsresembleeachother：inbothwerecognizeaStoneage，whichexistedinAlgeriaandinEgypt，aswellasonthebanksoftheSenegalandattheCapeofGoodHope。ThevalleyoftheNilefromCairotoAssouanhasyieldedaseriesofobjectsinflint，porphyry，andhornblendicrock，retainingtracesofhumanworkmanship，andremindingusofsimilarimplementsofEuropeantype。Theseobjects，[36]saysM。Arcelin，arealwaysfoundeitherbeneathmoderndepositsoratthesurfaceoftheupperplateauxatthehighestpointtowhichtheriverrises；
nothinghas，however，beenfoundinthealluvialdepositsoftheNile，inspiteofthemostperseveringsearch。AtthePrehistoricCongressheldatStockholm，someworkedflintswereproducedthathadbeenfoundintheLibyanDesert。Thisonceinhabiteddistrict，nowwithoutwaterorvegetation，canonlybereachedatthepresentdaywiththegreatestdifficulty。Isnotthisyetanotherproofofthegreatchangeswhichhavetakenplacesincetheadventofman？Lastly，theBoulakMuseumcontainsawholeseriesofstoneweaponsandimplements，showingintheirworkmanshipaprogressivedevelopmentsimilartothatwefindinEurope。ManyarchaeologistsareofopinionthattheworkedflintsfoundintheplainsofLowerEgyptdatefromNeolithictimes。ThosealonearePaleolithicwhichhavebeenfoundinadeposithardenoughforthehollowingoutoftombs，whicharecertainlyearlierthantheeighteenthdynasty。Wemustadd，however，thatneitherwiththePalaeolithicnorwiththeNeolithicrelicshavebeenfoundanybonesofextinctanimals。Somesavantsgoyetfurther：
theythinkthattheseworkedstonesarebutchipssplitoffbytheheatofthesun。[37]AphenomenonofthiskindismentionedbyDesorandEscherdelaLinthintheSaharaDesert；FraasquotesasimilarobservationmadebyLivingstoneintheheartofAfrica，andonebyWetzstein，who，notfarfromDamascus；sawhardbasaltrockssplitundertheinfluenceoftheearlymorningfreshness。IhavemyselfnoticedsimilarphenomenaintheNilevalley，butitmustbeaddedthatthefragmentsofrockbrokenoffbythecombinedinfluenceofheatandhumiditypresentverynotabledifferencestothoseworkedbythehandofman，andcannotreallybemistakenforthem。
InAlgeriahavebeenpreservedsomemostinterestingrelicsofprehistorictimes。IfIamnotmistaken，WorsaaewasthefirsttonotetheworkedstonesintheFrenchpossessionsinAfrica。Theyhavebeenpickedupingreatnumbers，especiallynearthewatercoursesatwhichtheancientinhabitantsofthecountryslakedtheirthirst，asdotheirdescendantsatthepresentday。TheexplorationoftheSaharadailyyieldsunexpecteddiscoveries；andalreadyfifteendifferentstationsformerlyinhabitedbymanhavebeenmadeout。InthoseremotedaysalargeriverflowednearWargla，whichwasthenanimportantcentre，andanumberoftoolspickedupbearwitnesstotheformerpresenceofanactiveandindustriouspopulation。Atoneplacetheflintimplements，arrow-heads，knives，andscrapersareallofaveryprimitivetype，andwerefoundsortedintopiles。ThiswasevidentlyaDEPOT，probablyformingthereservestockofthetribe。WarglaorperhapsGoleaatonetimeappearstohavebeentheextremelimitoftheStoneageinAlgeria，butquiterecentlytracesofprimitivemanhavebeendiscoveredamongsttheTuaregs。Theserelicsarehatchetsmadeofblackrock，andarrow-headsnotunlikethosewhichtheArabsattributetotheDjinn；butasweapproachthesouthwefindtheflintspickedupmoreclumsilyandunskilfullycut——aproofthattheyweretheworkofamorebarbarouspeoplewithlesspracticalskill。ItisthemegalithicmonumentsofAlgeria，ofwhichweshallspeakmoreindetailpresently，thatarethemostworthyofattention。AsinIndia，wemeetwiththeminthousands，andincertainpartsofthecontinenttheyextendforconsiderabledistances。Theyconsistoflong，square，circular，orovalenclosures——dolmenssimilartothoseofWesternEurope，——andalmostalwayssurroundedbycirclesofuprightstones。Thesilenceofhistoriansrespectingthemneednotmakeusdoubttheirextremeantiquity，fordiditnottakeaverylongtimetoinducethescientificmenofourdaytoturntheirattentiontoAlgeriaatall？
TheexplorationofTunisiahasenabledustostudytheStoneageinthatdistrict，andafewyearsagoitwasannouncedthatnearlythreethousandobjectsofdifferenttypeshadbeenfoundinthirteendifferentlocalities。[38]MysonfoundnearGabesanimmensenumberofsmallworkedflintsnotunlikeahumannail，theoriginanduseofwhichnoonehasbeenabletodetermine。Theassociationofweaponsandimplementsroughlyfinishedoff，withchipsandstonesstillinthenaturalstate，bearswitnesstotheexistenceatonetimeofworkshopsofsomeimportance。TherecentdiscoveriesofCollignoncorrespondwiththoseinAlgeria，andcompleteourknowledgeofthebasinoftheMediterranean。
IntheCaveofHercules，inMorocco，whichPomponiusMelaspokeofasofgreatantiquityinhisday，havebeenfoundagreatmanyworkedflints，suchasknivesandarrow-heads。WeshallreferlatertotheimportantmonumentofMzoraandthemenhirssurroundingit，thebuildersofwhichcertainlybelongedtoaracethatlivedmuchnearerourowndaythandidtheinhabitantsoftheCaveofHercules。
ThesouthofAfricaisnotsowellknownasthenorth，andthedifficultyofmakingexplorationsisagreatobstacletoprogress。Forsomecenturies，however，polishedstonehatchetsfromtheextremesouthofthecontinenthavebeenpreservedinthemuseumsofLeydenandCopenhagen，underthenameofTHUNDERSTONES，orSTONESOFGOD。AgreatmanyarefoundinBritishSouthAfrica，especiallyatGraham’sTownandTableBay。[39]Gooch，afterdescribingthephysicalconfigurationoftheCape，saysthatstoneimplementsarefoundinalltheterracesatwhateverleveloftheQuaternarydeposits。Withthesestoneobjectswerefoundagoodmanyfragmentsofcoarsehand-madepottery，thathadbeenmerelybakedinthesun，andwasstrengthenedwithgood-sizedpiecesofquartz。SimilarpeculiaritiesarenoticedinancientEuropeanpottery。Weshallhavetoreferagaintothesesingularanalogies，oneofthechiefaimsofthisbookbeingtobringthemintonotice。
InthetorridregionsbetweentheVaalandtheZambezirivers，wefindtracesofaraceofacivilizationdifferentfromthatofthesavagesconqueredbytheEnglish。AtNatalthegradualprogressoftheseunknownpeoplecanbetracedstepbystep。Totheearliestperiodofallbelongnothingbutroughlyhewnflints，andnotracesofpotteryhavebeenfound；thenfollowflintarrow-headsofmoredistinctform，andhereandtherefragmentsofsun-driedpottery。Ofmorerecentdatestillarepolishedstoneweaponsandmorefinelymouldedpottery；whilsttothelatestdateofallbelongweaponsofconsiderablevarietyofform，betteradaptedtotheneedsofman，andwiththeseweaponswerefoundhugestonemortarswhichhadbeenusedforcrushinggrain，andbearwitnesstotheuseofvegetablediet。
WealsomeetwithimportantruinsintheTransvaal。Somewallsarestillstandingwhicharethirtyfeethighandtenthick，formingimperishablememorialsofthepast。Theyarebuiltofhugeblocksofgranitepiledupwithoutcement。Weknownothingofthosewhoerectedthem；theirnameandhistoryarealikeeffacedfromthememoryofman，andweknownothingeitheroftheirancestorsoroftheirdescendants。
IntheAntipodescertaincuriousdiscoveriespointtotheexistenceofmaninthoseremoteandmysterioustimes，towhich，forwantofabetter，wegiveinEuropethenameoftheAgeoftheMammothandtheReindeer；andeverythingpointstotheconclusionthatmanappearedinthedifferentdivisionsoftheearthaboutthesametime。ProbablythefirstappearanceofourraceinAustraliawaspriortothelastconvulsionsofnaturewhichgavetothatcontinentitspresentconfiguration。“Scientificstudies，“saysM。Blanchard，[40]
“leadustobelievethatatoneperiodavastcontinentrosefromthePacificOcean，whichcontinentwasbrokenup，andtoagreatextentsubmerged，inconvulsionsofnature。NewZealandandtheneighboringislandsarerelicsofthisgreatland。“
IntheCorrioMountainsinNewZealand，ataheightofnearly4，921
feetabovethesea-level，havebeenfoundflintsshapedbythehandofman，associatedwithanumberofbonesoftheDinornis，thelargestknownbird。Otherfactsbearwitnesstoanextinctcivilization，whichwebelievetohavebeenextremelyancient，buttowhich，inthepresentstateofourknowledge，itisimpossibletoassignadate。IntheislandofTonga-Taboo，oneoftheFriendlygroup，isaremarkablemegalith，thebaseofwhichrestsonuprightsthirtyfeethigh，andsupportsacolossalstonebowlwhichisnolessthanthirteenfeetindiameterbyoneinheight。Inthesameislandisatrilithonconsistingofatransversebarrestingontwopillarsprovidedwithmortisesforitsreception。Thepillarsweighsixty-fivetons，andalocaltraditionaffirmsthatthecorallineconglomerateoutofwhichtheywerehewnwasbroughtfromWallisIsland，morethanathousandmilesoff。Itisdifficulttoexplain[41]howthemakersofthistrilithonmanagedtotransport，towork，andtoplacesuchmassesinposition。Inaneighboringislandacircleofupliftedstones，coveringanareaofseveralhundredyards，remindsusofthecromlechsofBrittany。Theso-calledBurial-MoundofObereaatOtaheite，ifitreallywasconstructedwithstonetools，isyetmorecurious。Imagineapyramidofwhichthebaseisalongsquare，twohundredandsixtyfeetlongbyeighty-sevenwide。Itisforty-threefeethigh。Thetopisreachedbyaflightofstepscutinthecorallinerock，allthesestepsbeingofthesamesizeandperfectlysquaredandpolished。[42]
FIGURE4
StonestatuesonEasterIsland。
OnarockattheentrancetotheportofSydneyakangarooissculptured。InEasterIslandRapa-NuiLaPerousediscoveredanumberofcoarselyexecutedbuststatuesFig。4。Therearealtogethersomefourhundredofthem，forminggroupsindifferentpartsoftheisland。TheexcavationsconductedbyPinartin1887haveprovedthesefigurestobesepulchralmonuments。Hemanagedtomakeaconsiderablecollectionofcraniaandhumanbones。RoundaboutthecrateroftheRana-Rarakuvolcano，fortyofthesefigureshavebeencounted，allofasimilartype，allcutinonepieceofsolidtrachyterock。Inanotherplaceareeightybustswithlongernosesandthickerlips，formingagroupbythemselves。Thelargestofthemissomethirty-ninefeethigh。Onthesidesofthevolcano，scatteredaboutamongstthestatues，havebeenpickedupaconsiderablenumberofknives，scrapers，andpointedpiecesofobsidian，whichwereprobablytoolsthrownawaybythesculptorsofthefigures。
Thesemonumentsandsculpturesarecertainlytheworkofaraceverydifferentfromthepresentnatives，whoarealtogetherincapableofproducinganythingofthekind，andwhoretainabsolutelynotraditionsrespectingtheirpredecessors。Thiscompleteoblivion，whichmayappearratherstrange，isbynomeansrareamongstsavageraces，andSirJohnLubbockcitesagreatmanyverycuriousexamples。“Oraltraditions，“
saysBroca，“arechangedanddistortedbyeachsucceedinggeneration；
andareatlasteffacedtogiveplacetoothersastransitory，andthusthemostimportanteventsare，soonerorlater，relegatedtooblivion。“[43]
Wehavedweltatconsiderablelengthinanothervolume[44]ontheearliestinhabitantsofAmerica。Muchstillremainsunknowninspiteoftheconsiderableandimportantworkdoneoflateyears。TheverynameoftheNewWorldseemstobealtogetheroutofplace，Americabeingasold，ifnotolder，thananycontinentoftheEasternHemisphere。LundhasbroughtforwardweightyreasonsforhistheorythatthecentralplateauofBrazilwasalreadyacountrywhentherestofthecontinentwasstillsubmergedoratleastrepre。sentedmerelybyafewsmallislets。Thistheory，however，evenifitcouldbeabsolutelyproved，wouldnothelpustofixthedateoftheearliestpresenceofmaninAmerica，stilllesstosaybywhatroutehearrivedthere。