CopperhatchetsfoundinHungary，andnowintheNationalMuseumofBudapest。
Itmayperhapsbeconvenienttointroduceafourthperiodwhencopperalonewasusedandourancestorswerestillignorantofthealloysnecessaryfortheproductionofbronze。Hesiodspeaksofathirdgenerationofmenaspossessingcopperonly，andalthoughitdoesnotdotoattachundueimportancetoisolatedfacts，recentdiscoveriesintheCevennes，inSpain，inHungary，andelsewhere，appeartoconfirmtheexistenceofanageofcopperFig。2。WemayaddthatthemoundsofNorthAmericacontainnonebutcopperimplementsandornaments，witnessesofatimewhenthatmetalalonewasknowneitherontheshoresoftheAtlanticorofthePacific[29]Fig。3。
FIGURE3
Copperbeads，fromConnett’sMound，Ohionaturalsize。
ItisimpossibletofixthedurationoftheStoneage。Itbeganwithman，itlastedforcountlesscenturies，andwefinditstillprevailingamongstcertainraceswhosettheirfacesagainstallprogress。ThescenessculptureduponEgyptianmonumentsdatingfromtheancientEmpirerepresenttheemploymentofstoneweapons，andtheirusewascontinuedthroughoutthetimeoftheLagidaeandevenintothatoftheRomandomination。Afewyearsago，ontheshoresoftheNile，I
sawsomeofthecommonpeopleshavetheirheadswithstonerazors，andtheBedouinsofGournahusingspearsheadedwithpointedflints。TheEthiopiansinthesuiteofXerxeshadnonebutstoneweapons，andyettheircivilizationwasseveralcenturiesolderthanthatofthePersians。TheexcavationsonthesiteofAlesiayieldedmanystoneweapons，thegloriousrelicsofthesoldiersofVercingetorix。AtMountBeuvray，onthesiteofBibracte，flinthatchetsandweaponshavebeendiscoveredassociatedwithGalliccoins。AtRome，M。deRossicollectedsimilarobjectsmixedwiththeAESRUDE。FlinthatchetsarementionedinthelifeofSt。Eloy，writtenbySt。Owen，andtheMerovingiantombshaveyieldedhundredsofsmallcutflints，thelastofferingstothedead。WilliamofPoitierstellsusthattheEnglishusedstoneweaponsatthebattleofHastingsin1066，andtheScotsledbyWallacedidthesameaslateas1288。NotuntilmanycenturiesafterthebeginningoftheChristianeradidtheSarmatiansknowtheuseofmetals；andinthefourteenthcenturywefindarace，probablyofAfricanorigin，makingtheirhatchets，knives，andarrowsofstone，andtippingtheirjavelinswithhorn。TheJapanese，moreover，usedstoneweaponsandimplementsuntiltheninthandeventhetenthcenturyA。D。
Butthereisnoneedtogobacktothepastforexamples。TheMexicansofthepresentdayuseobsidianhatchets，astheirfathersdidbeforethem；theEsquimauxusenephritisandjadeweaponswithRemingtonrifles。NordenskioldtellsusthattheTchoutchisknowofnoweaponsbutthosemadeofstone；thattheyshowtheirartisticfeelinginengravingsonbone，verysimilartothosefoundinthecavesofthesouthofFrance。In1854，theMqhavi，anIndiantribeoftheRioColoradoCalifornia，possessednometalobjects；anditisthesamewiththedwellersonthebanksoftheShingleRiverBrazil，theOyacouletsofFrenchGuiana，andmanyotherwanderingandsavageraces。PerePelitottellsusthatthenativeslivingonthebanksoftheMackenzieRiverarestillinthestoneage；andSchumackerhasgivenaninterestingexampleofthemanufactureofstoneweaponsbytheKlamathIndiansdwellingontheshoresofthePacific。Ithasbeenjustlysaid：“TheStoneageisnotafixedperiodintime，butonephaseofthedevelopmentofthehumanrace，thedurationofwhichvariesaccordingtotheenvironmentandtherace。“[30]
Inthuslimitingourideaofthestoneage，wemayconcludethatalikeinEuropeandinAmerica，[31]therehasbeenaperiodwhenmetalwasentirelyunknown，whenstoneswerethesoleweapons，thesoletoolsofman，whenthecave，forwhichhehadtodisputepossessionwithbearsandotherbeastsofprey，washissoleandprecariousrefuge，andwhenclumsyheapsofstonesservedalikeastemplesfortheworshipofhisgodsandsepulchralmonumentsinhonorofhischiefs。
ExcavationsineverydepartmentofFrancehaveyieldedthousandsofworkedflints，andtherearefewmoreinterestingstudiesthananexaminationofthemuralmapintheSaintGermainMuseumonwhicharemarkedwithscrupulousexactitudethedwelling-placesofourmostremoteancestors，andthemegalithicmonumentswhicharetheindestructiblememorialsofourforefathers。
IntheCrimeawerepickedupanumberofsmallflintscutintotheshapeofacrescentexactlylikethosefoundintheIndiesandinTunis，andtheAnthropologicalSocietyofMoscowhasintroducedustoaStoneagethememoryofwhichispreservedinthetumuliofRussia。OntheshoresofLakeLagodahavebeenfoundsomeimplementsofargillaceousschist，inCareliaandinFinlandtoolsmadeofslateandschist，oftenadornedwithclumsyfiguresofmenorofanimals。Therigoroftheclimatedidnotcheckthedevelopmentofthehumanrace；inthemostremotetimesLapland，Nordland，themostnortherlydistrictsofScandinavia，andeventhebitterlycoldIceland，werepeopled。TheExhibitionofParis，1878，containedsomestoneweaponsfoundontheshoresoftheWhiteSea。
OnseveralpartsofthecoastofDenmarkwemeetwithmoundsofanellipticalshapeandaboutninefeethigh，withahollowinthecentre，markingthesiteofaprehistoricdwelling。Itwasnotuntilabout1850thatthetruenatureofthesemoundswasdetermined。Excavationsinthemhavebroughttolightknives，hatchets，allmannerofstone，horn，andboneimplements，fragmentsofpottery，charredwood，withthebonesofmammalsandbirds，theskeletonsoffishes，theshellsofoystersandcocklesburiedbeneaththeashesofancienthearths。TotheseaccumulationsthecharacteristicnameofKITCHENMIDDINGS，orkitchenrefuse，hasbeengiven。
SeveralcaveshaverecentlybeenexaminedinPoland，oneofwhich，situatednearCracow，appearstobelongtoPalaeolithictimes。CountZawiskahasalreadygivenanaccountofhisinterestingdiscoveriestothePrehistoricCongressatStockholm。IntheWirzchowcaveheidentifiedsevendifferenthearths，andtookoutoftheaccumulationsofcindersvariousamulets，clumsyrepresentationsoffishcutinivory，splitbones，bears’，wolves’，andelks’teethpiercedwithaholeforthreading，andmorethanfourthousandstoneobjectsofasimilartypetothosefoundinRussia，Scandinavia，andGermany。WemeetwithsimilartracesofsuccessivehabitationinacavenearOjcow；
thevaluablecontentsofwhichincludedsomebeautifulflinttools，someawls，bonespatulae，andsomegoldornaments，mixed，inthelowerofthehearths，withthebonesofextinctanimals，andintheupper，withthoseofspeciesstillliving。
ThediscoveriesmadeintheAtterSeeandintheSalzburglakeswiththoseintheMoraviancavesprovewhathadpreviouslybeenverystoutlydenied，theexistenceinthosedistrictsofancientracesataveryremotedate。
ThemostancientinhabitantsofHungary，however，cannotbetracedfurtherbackthantoNeolithictimes。Inthatcountryhavebeenfound，withpolishedstoneimplements，thousandsofobjectsmadeofstag-horn，orbone，almostallwithoutexceptionfinelyfinishedoff。ThediscoveryofcoppertoolsandornamentsofapeculiarformintheDanubianprovinces，bearswitnesstoadistinctcivilizationinthosedistricts，andconfirmswhatwehavejustsaidaboutaCopperage。
FromtheLakeStationsofAustriaandHungary，wepassnaturallytothoseofSwitzerland。Weshallhavetointroducetoourreaderswholevillagesbuiltinthemidstofthewaters，andapeoplelongcompletelyforgotten。Inmanyofthesestations，nonebutstoneimplementshavebeenfound，andonthehalf-burntpilesonwhichthehutshadbeensetup，itisstilleasytomakeoutthenotchescutwithflinthatchets。
Wemeetwithsimilarpiledwellings，asthesestructuresarecalled，inFrance，Italy，Germany，Ireland，andEngland，forfromtheearliesttimesmanwasconstantlyengagedinsanguinarycontestswithhisfellowmen，andsoughtinthemidstofthewatersarefugefromtheeverpresentdangerssurroundinghim。
ThediscoveriesmadeinBelgiummustberankedamongstthemostimportantinEurope，andweshalloftenhaveoccasiontorefertothem。Holland，ontheotherhand，havingmuchofitbeenundertheseaforsolong，yieldsnothingtoourresearchesbutafewarrow-heads，hatchets，andknivesmadeofquartzordiorite，andallofthemofthecoarsestworkmanship。
NolessfruitfulinresultstoprehistoricsciencearetheresearchesmadeinthesouthofEurope。ThecongressthatmetatBologna，in1871，showedusthatintheTransalpineprovincesmanwaswitnessofthosephysicalphenomenawhichgavetoItalyitspresentconfiguration；
andtheexhibitioninconnectionwiththecongressenabledustogetagoodideaoftheprimitiveindustrywhichhasleftrelicsbehinditineverydistrictofthepeninsula。
SomehatchetsofasimilartypetothemostancientfoundinFranceweredugoutofagravelpitatSanIsidroonthebordersoftheMancanares，associatedwiththebonesofahugeelephantthathaslongbeenextinct；andacavehasrecentlybeendiscoverednearMadridfromwhichweredugoutnearlyfivehundredskeletons，thegreaternumberthicklycoatedwithstalagmite。Nearthebodieslayseveralflintweapons，andsomefragmentsofpottery。[32]CartailhactellsusofsimilardiscoveriesinvariouspartsofPortugal。[33]ThecavesofSantanderhaveyieldedworkedbonesandbarbedharpoons；andthoseofCastile，variousobjectsresemblingthoseoftheReindeerperiodofFrance。Itis，however，aninterestingandimportantfactthatthereindeernevercrossedthePyrenees。Althoughsofarexcavationshavebeenanythingbutcomplete，wearealreadyabletoassertthatduringPalaeolithictimestheancientIberiawasoccupiedbyraceswhoseindustrialdevelopmentwassimilartothatofmodernEurope。
ItwillbewelltomentionalsotheexcavationsmadeontheslopesofMountHymettus，andintheever-famousplainsofMarathon。FinlayhasbroughttogetherinGreeceaveryinterestingcollectionofstoneweaponsandimplementswhichhepickedupingreatnumbersatthebaseoftheAcropolisofAthens。Allthesediscoveriesprovetheexistenceofmanatatimeaboutwhichbutyesterdaynothingwasknown，andtowhichitisdifficultasyettogiveaname，thisexistencebeingprovedbythemostirrefragableofevidence，theworkofhisownhands。
AlthoughtheproofsoftherehavingbeenaStoneageinWesternEuropeareabsolutelyconvincing，itisdifficulttofeelequallysurewithregardtotheportionsoftheglobewheresomanydistrictsareclosedtotheexplorer。Everywhere，however，whereexcavationshavebeenmade，theyhaveyieldedthemostremarkableresults。M。deUjfalvyhasbroughtdioriteandserpentinehatchetsandwedgesfromthesouthofSiberia，andCountOuvarofftellsusofaQuaternarydeposit，theonlyoneknownatpresentatIrkutsk，inEasternSiberia，containingcutflints。NearTobolsk，Poliaskofffoundsomebeautifullyworkedstones。Otherarchaeologiststellusofhavingfound，intheeastoftheUralMountainsandontheshoresoftheJoswa，hammers，hatchets，pestles，nucleitheshapeofpolygonalprisms，androundorlongpiecesofflint，allpiercedwithacentralhole，whicharesupposedtohavebeenspindlewhorls。Lastly，KlementztellsusthattheloftyvalleysoftheYeneseianditstributarieswereinhabitedinthemostremotetimesbyraceswhodevelopedaspecialcivilization。
AttheotherextremityofthegreatAsiaticcontinent，adepositofcindersfoundattheentranceofacaveneartheNahrelKelbyieldedsomeflintknivesorscrapers，andmorerecentlyaprehistoricstationhasbeenmadeoutatHanoweh，alittlevillageofLebanon，eastofTyre。Theflintsareofprimitiveshapes，notunlikethemostancientformsfoundinFrance。TheywerediscoveredinamassofDEBRISofallkinds，formingaveryhardconglomerate。Someteeth，whichhadbelongedtoanimalsofthebovidae，cervidae，andequidaegroups，weregotoutwithconsiderabledifficulty，butthebonesintheconglomerateweretootouchbrokenuptobeidentified。Workedflintsandarrow-
orspear-headswerealsofoundinconsiderablequantitiesinvariouspartsofthetable-landofSinai，andattheopeningsofthecavesinwhichtheancientinhabitantstookrefuge。Itwaswithstonetoolsthatthesepeopleworkedtheminesriddlingthesidesofthemountains，anditisstilleasytomakeouttracesoftheiroperations。
WehavealreadyalludedtoJapan；foralongtimethebarbarianAinos，theearliestinhabitantsofthecountry，wereacquaintedwithnothingbutstone。FlintarrowswerepresentedtotheEmperorWu-Wangelevenhundredyearsbeforeourera；theannalsofoneoftheancientdynastiesspeakofflintweapons，andanencyclopaediapublishedinthereignoftheEmperorKang-Hispeaksofrockhatchets，someblackandsomegreen，andallalikedatingfromthemostremoteantiquity。