Thetracesofthisinitial，undifferentiatedpeaceablephaseofcultureseemfaintanddoubtfulifwelookmerelytosuchcategoricalevidenceofitsexistenceasisaffordedbyusagesandviewsinvoguewithinthehistoricalpresent，whetherincivilizedorinrudecommunities；butlessdubiousevidenceofitsexistenceistobefoundinpsychologicalsurvivals，inthewayofpersistentandpervadingtraitsofhumancharacter。Thesetraitssurviveperhapsinanespecialdegreeamongthoseethicelementswhichwerecrowdedintothebackgroundduringthepredatoryculture。Traitsthatweresuitedtotheearlierhabitsoflifethenbecamerelativelyuselessintheindividualstruggleforexistence。Andthoseelementsofthepopulation，orthoseethnicgroups，whichwerebytemperamentlessfittedtothepredatorylifewererepressedandpushedintothebackground。
Onthetransitiontothepredatoryculturethecharacterofthestruggleforexistencechangedinsomedegreefromastruggleofthegroupagainstanon-humanenvironmenttoastruggleagainstahumanenvironment。Thischangewasaccompaniedbyanincreasingantagonismandconsciousnessofantagonismbetweentheindividualmembersofthegroup。Theconditionsofsuccesswithinthegroup，aswellastheconditionsofthesurvivalofthegroup，changedinsomemeasure；andthedominantspiritualattitudeforthegroupgraduallychanged，andbroughtadifferentrangeofaptitudesandpropensitiesintothepositionoflegitimatedominanceintheacceptedschemeoflife。Amongthesearchaictraitsthataretoberegardedassurvivalsfromthepeaceableculturalphase，arethatinstinctofracesolidaritywhichwecallconscience，includingthesenseoftruthfulnessandequity，andtheinstinctofworkmanship，initsnaive，non-invidiousexpression。
Undertheguidanceofthelaterbiologicalandpsychologicalscience，humannaturewillhavetoberestatedintermsofhabit；
andintherestatement，this，inoutline，appearstobetheonlyassignableplaceandgroundofthesetraits。Thesehabitsoflifeareoftoopervadingacharactertobeascribedtotheinfluenceofalateorbriefdiscipline。Theeasewithwhichtheyaretemporarilyoverbornebythespecialexigenciesofrecentandmodernlifearguesthatthesehabitsarethesurvivingeffectsofadisciplineofextremelyancientdate，fromtheteachingsofwhichmenhavefrequentlybeenconstrainedtodepartindetailunderthealteredcircumstancesofalatertime；andthealmostubiquitousfashioninwhichtheyassertthemselveswheneverthepressureofspecialexigenciesisrelieved，arguesthattheprocessbywhichthetraitswerefixedandincorporatedintothespiritualmakeupofthetypemusthavelastedforarelativelyverylongtimeandwithoutseriousintermission。Thepointisnotseriouslyaffectedbyanyquestionastowhetheritwasaprocessofhabituationintheold-fashionedsenseofthewordoraprocessofselectiveadaptationoftherace。
Thecharacterandexigenciesoflife，underthatregimeofstatusandofindividualandclassantithesiswhichcoverstheentireintervalfromthebeginningofpredatoryculturetothepresent，arguethatthetraitsoftemperamenthereunderdiscussioncouldscarcelyhavearisenandacquiredfixityduringthatinterval。Itisentirelyprobablethatthesetraitshavecomedownfromanearliermethodoflife，andhavesurvivedthroughtheintervalofpredatoryandquasi-peaceablecultureinaconditionofincipient，oratleastimminent，desuetude，ratherthanthattheyhavebeenbroughtoutandfixedbythislaterculture。Theyappeartobehereditarycharacteristicsoftherace，andtohavepersistedinspiteofthealteredrequirementsofsuccessunderthepredatoryandthelaterpecuniarystagesofculture。Theyseemtohavepersistedbyforceofthetenacityoftransmissionthatbelongstoanhereditarytraitthatispresentinsomedegreeineverymemberofthespecies，andwhichthereforerestsonabroadbasisofracecontinuity。
Suchagenericfeatureisnotreadilyeliminated，evenunderaprocessofselectionsosevereandprotractedasthattowhichthetraitshereunderdiscussionweresubjectedduringthepredatoryandquasi-peaceablestages。Thesepeaceabletraitsareingreatpartalientothemethodsandtheanimusofbarbarianlife。Thesalientcharacteristicofthebarbariancultureisanunremittingemulationandantagonismbetweenclassesandbetweenindividuals。Thisemulativedisciplinefavorsthoseindividualsandlinesofdescentwhichpossessthepeaceablesavagetraitsinarelativelyslightdegree。Itthereforetendstoeliminatethesetraits，andithasapparentlyweakenedthem，inanappreciabledegree，inthepopulationsthathavebeensubjecttoit。Evenwheretheextremepenaltyfornon-conformitytothebarbariantypeoftemperamentisnotpaid，thereresultsatleastamoreorlessconsistentrepressionofthenon-conformingindividualsandlinesofdescent。Wherelifeislargelyastrugglebetweenindividualswithinthegroup，thepossessionoftheancientpeaceabletraitsinamarkeddegreewouldhamperanindividualinthestruggleforlife。
Underanyknownphaseofculture，otherorlaterthanthepresumptiveinitialphaseherespokenof，thegiftsofgood-nature，equity，andindiscriminatesympathydonotappreciablyfurtherthelifeoftheindividual。Theirpossessionmayservetoprotecttheindividualfromhardusageatthehandsofamajoritythatinsistsonamodicumoftheseingredientsintheiridealofanormalman；butapartfromtheirindirectandnegativeeffectinthisway，theindividualfaresbetterundertheregimeofcompetitioninproportionashehaslessofthesegifts。Freedomfromscruple，fromsympathy，honestyandregardforlife，may，withinfairlywidelimits，hesaidtofurtherthesuccessoftheindividualinthepecuniaryculture。Thehighlysuccessfulmenofalltimeshavecommonlybeenofthistype；
exceptthosewhosesuccesshasnotbeenscoredintermsofeitherwealthorpower。Itisonlywithinnarrowlimits，andthenonlyinaPickwickiansense，thathonestyisthebestpolicy。
AsseenfromthepointofviewoflifeundermoderncivilizedconditionsinanenlightenedcommunityoftheWesternculture，theprimitive，ante-predatorysavage，whosecharacterithasbeenattemptedtotraceinoutlineabove，wasnotagreatsuccess。Evenforthepurposesofthathypotheticalculturetowhichhistypeofhumannatureoweswhatstabilityithas——evenfortheendsofthepeaceablesavagegroup——thisprimitivemanhasquiteasmanyandasconspicuouseconomicfailingsashehaseconomicvirtues——asshouldbeplaintoanyonewhosesenseofthecaseisnotbiasedbyleniencybornofafellow-feeling。Athisbestheis“aclever，good-for-nothingfellow。“Theshortcomingsofthispresumptivelyprimitivetypeofcharacterareweakness，inefficiency，lackofinitiativeandingenuity，andayieldingandindolentamiability，togetherwithalivelybutinconsequentialanimisticsense。Alongwiththesetraitsgocertainotherswhichhavesomevalueforthecollectivelifeprocess，inthesensethattheyfurtherthefacilityoflifeinthegroup。Thesetraitsaretruthfulness，peaceableness，good-will，andanon-emulative，non-invidiousinterestinmenandthings。
Withtheadventofthepredatorystageoflifetherecomesachangeintherequirementsofthesuccessfulhumancharacter。
Men’shabitsoflifearerequiredtoadaptthemselvestonewexigenciesunderanewschemeofhumanrelations。Thesameunfoldingofenergy，whichhadpreviouslyfoundexpressioninthetraitsofsavageliferecitedabove，isnowrequiredtofindexpressionalonganewlineofaction，inanewgroupofhabitualresponsestoalteredstimuli。Themethodswhich，ascountedintermsoffacilityoflife，answeredmeasurablyundertheearlierconditions，arenolongeradequateunderthenewconditions。Theearliersituationwascharacterizedbyarelativeabsenceofantagonismordifferentiationofinterests，thelatersituationbyanemulationconstantlyincreasinginrelativeabsenceofantagonismordifferentiationofinterests，thelatersituationbyanemulationconstantlyincreasinginintensityandnarrowinginscope。Thetraitswhichcharacterizethepredatoryandsubsequentstagesofculture，andwhichindicatethetypesofmanbestfittedtosurviveundertheregimeofstatus，areintheirprimaryexpressionferocity，self-seeking，clannishness，anddisingenuousness——afreeresorttoforceandfraud。
Underthesevereandprotracteddisciplineoftheregimeofcompetition，theselectionofethnictypeshasactedtogiveasomewhatpronounceddominancetothesetraitsofcharacter，byfavoringthesurvivalofthoseethnicelementswhicharemostrichlyendowedintheserespects。Atthesametimetheearlier——
acquired，moregenerichabitsoftheracehaveneverceasedtohavesomeusefulnessforthepurposeofthelifeofthecollectivityandhaveneverfallenintodefinitiveabeyance。
Itmaybeworthwhiletopointoutthatthedolicho-blondtypeofEuropeanmanseemstoowemuchofitsdominatinginfluenceanditsmasterfulpositionintherecentculturetoitspossessingthecharacteristicsofpredatorymaninanexceptionaldegree。Thesespiritualtraits，togetherwithalargeendowmentofphysicalenergy——itselfprobablyaresultofselectionbetweengroupsandbetweenlinesofdescent——chieflygotoplaceanyethnicelementinthepositionofaleisureormasterclass，especiallyduringtheearlierphasesofthedevelopmentoftheinstitutionofaleisureclass。Thisneednotmeanthatpreciselythesamecomplementofaptitudesinanyindividualwouldinsurehimaneminentpersonalsuccess。Underthecompetitiveregime，theconditionsofsuccessfortheindividualarenotnecessarilythesameasthoseforaclass。Thesuccessofaclassorpartypresumesastrongelementofclannishness，orloyaltytoachief，oradherencetoatenet；whereasthecompetitiveindividualcanbestachievehisendsifhecombinesthebarbarian’senergy，initiative，self-seekinganddisingenuousnesswiththesavage’slackofloyaltyorclannishness。Itmayberemarkedbytheway，thatthemenwhohavescoredabrilliantNapoleonicsuccessonthebasisofanimpartialself-seekingandabsenceofscruple，havenotuncommonlyshownmoreofthephysicalcharacteristicsofthebrachycephalic-brunettethanofthedolicho-blond。Thegreaterproportionofmoderatelysuccessfulindividuals，inaself-seekingway，however，seem，inphysique，tobelongtothelast-namedethnicelement。
Thetemperamentinducedbythepredatoryhabitoflifemakesforthesurvivalandfullnessoflifeoftheindividualunderaregimeofemulation；atthesametimeitmakesforthesurvivalandsuccessofthegroupifthegroup’slifeasacollectivityisalsopredominantlyalifeofhostilecompetitionwithothergroups。Buttheevolutionofeconomiclifeintheindustriallymorematurecommunitieshasnowbeguntotakesuchaturnthattheinterestofthecommunitynolongercoincideswiththeemulativeinterestsoftheindividual。Intheircorporatecapacity，theseadvancedindustrialcommunitiesareceasingtobecompetitorsforthemeansoflifeorfortherighttolive——
exceptinsofarasthepredatorypropensitiesoftheirrulingclasseskeepupthetraditionofwarandrapine。Thesecommunitiesarenolongerhostiletooneanotherbyforceofcircumstances，otherthanthecircumstancesoftraditionandtemperament。Theirmaterialinterests——apart，possibly，fromtheinterestsofthecollectivegoodfame——arenotonlynolongerincompatible，butthesuccessofanyoneofthecommunitiesunquestionablyfurthersthefullnessoflifeofanyothercommunityinthegroup，forthepresentandforanincalculabletimetocome。Nooneofthemanylongerhasanymaterialinterestingettingthebetterofanyother。Thesameisnottrueinthesamedegreeasregardsindividualsandtheirrelationstooneanother。
Thecollectiveinterestsofanymoderncommunitycenterinindustrialefficiency。Theindividualisserviceablefortheendsofthecommunitysomewhatinproportiontohisefficiencyintheproductiveemploymentsvulgarlysocalled。Thiscollectiveinterestisbestservedbyhonesty，diligence，peacefulness，good-will，anabsenceofself-seeking，andanhabitualrecognitionandapprehensionofcausalsequence，withoutadmixtureofanimisticbeliefandwithoutasenseofdependenceonanypreternaturalinterventioninthecourseofevents。Notmuchistobesaidforthebeauty，moralexcellence，orgeneralworthinessandreputabilityofsuchaprosyhumannatureasthesetraitsimply；andthereislittlegroundofenthusiasmforthemannerofcollectivelifethatwouldresultfromtheprevalenceofthesetraitsinunmitigateddominance。Butthatisbesidethepoint。Thesuccessfulworkingofamodernindustrialcommunityisbestsecuredwherethesetraitsconcur，anditisattainedinthedegreeinwhichthehumanmaterialischaracterizedbytheirpossession。Theirpresenceinsomemeasureisrequiredinordertohaveatolerableadjustmenttothecircumstancesofthemodernindustrialsituation。Thecomplex，comprehensive。essentiallypeaceable，andhighlyorganizedmechanismofthemodernindustrialcommunityworkstothebestadvantagewhenthesetraits，ormostofthem，arepresentinthehighestpracticabledegree。Thesetraitsarepresentinamarkedlylessdegreeinthemanofthepredatorytypethanisusefulforthepurposesofthemoderncollectivelife。
Ontheotherhand，theimmediateinterestoftheindividualunderthecompetitiveregimeisbestservedbyshrewdtradingandunscrupulousmanagement。Thecharacteristicsnamedaboveasservingtheinterestsofthecommunityaredisserviceabletotheindividual，ratherthanotherwise。Thepresenceoftheseaptitudesinhismake-updivertshisenergiestootherendsthanthoseofpecuniarygain；andalsoinhispursuitofgaintheyleadhimtoseekgainbytheindirectandineffectualchannelsofindustry，ratherthanbyafreeandunfalteringcareerofsharppractice。Theindustrialaptitudesareprettyconsistentlyahindrancetotheindividual。Undertheregimeofemulationthemembersofamodernindustrialcommunityarerivals，eachofwhomwillbestattainhisindividualandimmediateadvantageif，throughanexceptionalexemptionfromscruple，heisableserenelytooverreachandinjurehisfellowswhenthechanceoffers。
Ithasalreadybeennoticedthatmoderneconomicinstitutionsfallintotworoughlydistinctcategories——thepecuniaryandtheindustrial。Thelikeistrueofemployments。