AsMr。CadwalladrDaviesobservedatthebanquet，whichtookplaceonthefollowingday:“TheestablishmentofthenewinstitutionwillmarkthedawnofanewerainthehistoryoftheWelshpeople。Helookedtoit，notonlyasameansofimpartingacademicalknowledgetothestudentswithinitswalls，butalsoasameansofraisingtheintellectualandmoraltoneofthewholepeople。TheywerefondofquotingthesayingofagreatEnglishwriter，thattherewassomethingGrecianintheCelticrace，andthattheCelticwastherefiningelementintheBritishcharacter；butsuchremarks，oftenaccompaniedastheywerewithoffensivecomparisonsfromEisteddfodplatforms，wouldinfuturebeputtothetest，fortheywould，withtheirneweducationalmachinery，beplacedonafootingofperfectequalitywiththeScotchandtheIrishpeople。“
AndheremustcometoanendthecharacterhistoryofmyautumntourinIreland，Scotland，Yorkshire，andWales。Ihadnottheremotestintentionwhensettingoutofcollectinginformationandwritingdownmyrecollectionsofthejourney。ButthepersonsI
met，andtheinformationIreceived，wereofnosmallinterest——atleasttomyself；andItrustthatthereaderwillderiveasmuchpleasurefromperusingmyobservationsasIhavehadincollectingandwritingthemdown。IdothinkthattheremarkablepersonswhosehistoryandcharactersIhaveendeavoured，howeverbriefly，tosketch，willbefoundtoaffordmanyvaluableandimportantlessonsofSelf-Help；andtoillustratehowthemoralandindustrialfoundationsofacountrymaybebuiltupandestablished。
FootnotesforChapterXII。
[1]A“poet，“whodatesfrom“NewYork，March1883，“haspublishedsevenstanzas，entitled“ChangehereforBlairgowrie，“
fromwhichwetakethefollowing:——
“Fromearlymorntilllateate’en，John’shonestfaceistobeseen，Bustlingaboutthetrainsbetween，Be’tsunshineorbe’tshowery；
Andaseachonestopsathisdoor，Hegreetsitwiththewell-knownroarOf’ChangehereforBlairgowrie。’
EvenwhenthestillanddrowsynightHasdrawnthecurtainsofoursight，John’swatchfuleyesbecomemorebright，Andtakeanotherglow’rayeThro’yonbluedomeofsparklingstarsWhereVenusbrightandruddyMarsShinedownuponBlairgowrie。
Hekenseachjinkin’comet’strack，Andwhenit’slikelytocomeback，Whentheyhavetails，andwhentheylack——
Inheaventhewaggishpoweraye；
WhenJupiter’sbeltbucklehings，AndthePyxmarkonSaturn’srings，HeseesfromnearBlairgowrie。“
TheObservatory，No。61，p。146；andNo。68，p。371。
InanarticleonthesubjectintheDundeeEveningTelegraph，Mr。Robertsonobserves:“Ifourfinitemindsweremorecapableofcomprehension，whatagloriousviewofthegrandeuroftheDeitywouldbedisplayedtousinthecontemplationofthecentreandsourceoflightandheattothesolarsystem。Theforcerequisitetopoursuchcontinuousfloodstotheremotestpartsofthesystemmusteverbafflethemindofmantograsp。Butwearenottositdowninindolence:ourdutyistoinquireintoNature’sworks，thoughwecanneverexhaustthefield。OurmindscannotimaginemotionwithoutsomePowermovingthroughthemediumofsomesubordinateagency，everactingonthesun，tosendsuchfloodsoflightandheattoourotherwisecoldanddarkterrestrialball；butitistheoverwhelmingmagnitudeofsuchpowerthatweareincapableofcomprehending。Theagencynecessarytothrowoutthefloodsofflameseenduringthefewmomentsofatotaleclipseofthesun，andthepowerrequisitetoburstopenacavityinitssurface，suchascouldentirelyengulphourearth，willeversetallthethinkingcapacityofmanatnought。“
TheObservatory，Nos。34，42，45，49，and58。
WeregrettosaythatSheriffBarclaydiedafewmonthsago，greatlyrespectedbyallwhoknewhim。
SirE。DenisonBeckett，inhisRudimentaryTreatiseonclocksandWatchesandBells，hasgivenaninstanceorthetelescope-drivingclock，inventedbyMr。Cookep。213。
J。NormanLockyer，F。R。S——Stargazing，PastandPresent，p。
302。
Thisexcellentinstrumentisnowinthepossessionofmyson-in-law，Dr。Hartree，ofLeigh，nearTunbridge。
AninterestingaccountofMr。AlvanClarkisgiveninProfessorNewcomb’s’PopularAstronomy，’p。137。
AphotographicrepresentationofthisremarkabletelescopeisgivenasthefrontispiecetoMr。Lockyer’sStargazing，PastandPresent；andafulldescriptionoftheinstrumentisgiveninthetextofthesamework。Thisrefractingtelescopedidnotlongremainthelargest。Mr。AlvanClarkwascommissionedtoerectalargerequatorialforWashingtonObservatory；theobject-glasstheroughdisksofwhichwerealsofurnishedbyMessrs。ChanceofBirminghamexceedinginaperturethatofMr。
Cooke’sbyonlyoneinch。ThiswasfinishedandmountedinNovember，1873。AnotherinstrumentofsimilarsizeandpowerwasmanufacturedbyMr。ClarkfortheUniversityofVirginia。Buttheseinstrumentsdidnotlongmaintaintheirsupremacy。In1881，Mr。HowardGrubb，ofDublin，manufacturedastilllargerinstrumentfortheAustrianGovernment——theobject-glassbeingoftwenty-seveninchesaperture。ButMr。AlvanClarkwasnottobebeaten。In1882，hesuppliedtheRussianGovernmentwiththelargestrefractingtelescopeinexistencetheobject-glassbeingofthirtyinchesdiameter。Eventhis，however，istobesurpassedbythelenswhichMr。ClarkhasinhandfortheLickObservatoryCalifornia，whichistohaveaclearapertureofthreefeetindiameter。
[11]Sincetheabovepassagewaswrittenandintype，IhaveseeninSeptember1884thereflectingtelescopereferredtoatpp。
357-8。Itwasmountedonitscast-ironequatorialstand，andatworkinthefieldadjoiningthevillagegreenatBainbridge，Yorkshire。Themirrorofthetelescopeis8inchesindiameter；
itsfocallength，5feet；andthetubeinwhichitismounted，about6feetlong。Theinstrumentseemedtometohaveanexcellentdefiningpower。
ButMr。Lancaster，likeeveryeagerastronomer，isanxiousforfurtherimprovements。Heconsiderstheachromatictelescopethekingofinstruments，andisnowengagedintestingconvexopticalsurfaces，withaviewtoachievingatelescopeofthatdescription。Thechiefdifficultyistheheavychargeforthecircularblocksofflintglassrequisitefortheworkwhichhemeditates。“That，“hesays，“isthegreatdifficultywithamateursofmyclass。“Hehas，however，alreadycontrivedandconstructedamachineforgrindingandpolishingthelensesinanaccurateconvexform，anditworksquitesatisfactorily。Mr。
Lancastermakeshisowntools。Fromtherawmaterial，whetherofglassorsteel，heproducestheworkrequired。Astotools，allthatherequiresisabarofsteelandfire；hisfertilebrainandbusyhandsdotherest。Ilookedintothelittleworkshopbehindhissitting-room，andfounditfullofingeniousadaptations。Theturninglatheoccupiesaconsiderablepartofit；butwhenherequiresmorespace，thevillagesmithwithhisstithy，andthemillerwithhiswater-power，arealwaysreadytohelphim。Histools，thoughnotshowy，areeffective。Hisbestlensesaremadebyhimself:thosewhichhebuysarenottobedependedupon。ThebestflintglassisobtainedfromParisinblocks，whichhedivides，grinds，andpolishestoperfectform。
Iwasattractedbyanewlymademachine，placedonatableinthesitting-room；andoninquiryfoundthatitsobjectwastogrindandpolishlenses。Mr。Lancasterexplainedthatthedifficultytobeovercomeinagoodmachine，istomaketheemerycutthesurfaceequallyfromcentretoedgeofthelens，sothatthelenswillneitherlengthennorshortenthecurveduringitsproduction。Toquotehiswords:“Thisreallyinvolvestheproblemofthe’threebodies，’ordisturbingforcessocelebratedindynamicalmathematics，anditisfurthercomplicatedbyanotherquantity，the’coefficientofattrition，’orworkdonebythegrindingmaterial，aswellasthemischiefdonebycapillaryattractionandnodalpointsofsuperimposedcurvesinthepathofthetool。Thesecomplicationstendtocauseringsorwavesofunequalwearinthesurfaceoftheglass，andruinthedefiningpowerofthelens，whichdependsupontheuniformityofitscurve。Astheoutcomeofmuchpracticalexperiment，combinedwithmathematicalresearch，Isettledupontheratioofspeedbetweenthesheaveofthelens-toolguideandtheturn-table；
betweenwhoselimitsthepracticalequalizationofwearorcutoftheemerymightwiththegreaterfacilitybeadjusted，bymeansofvaryingthestrokeandeccentricityofthetool。Astheresultoftheseconsiderationsintheconstructionofthemachine，thesurfaceoftheglass’comesup’regularlyalloverthelens；andthepolishingonlytakesafewminutes’work——thuskeepingthetruthofsurfacegainedbyusingarigidtool。“
Themachineinquestionconsistsofarevolvingsheaveorring，withaslidingstripacrossitsdiameter；thesaidstriphavingaslotandclampingscrewatoneend，andaholetowardstheother，throughwhichpassestheaxisofthetoolusedinformingthelens，——theslotinthestripallowingthetooltogiveanystrokefrom0to1。25inch。Thelensiscarriedonarevolvingturn-table，withanarrangementtoallowtheaxisofthelenstocoincidewiththeaxisofthetable。Theratioofspeedbetweenthesheaveandturn-tableisarrangedbybeltandproperlysizedpulleys，andthewholecanbedriveneitherbyhandorbypower。
Thesheavemerelyservesasaguidetothetoolinitspath，andthelensmayeitherbeworkedontheturn-tableoruponachuckattachedtothetoolrod。Theworkuponthelensisthustoagreatextentindependentoftheerrorofthemachinethroughshaking，orbadfitting，orwear；andtheonlypartofthemachinewhichrequiresreallyfirst-classworkistheaxisoftheturn-table，whichinthismachineisaconicalbearingattop，withsteelcentrebelow，——thebearingturned，hardened，andthengrounduptrue，andruninanti-frictionmetal。Otherdetailsmightbegiven，buttheseareprobablyenoughforpresentpurposes。Wehope，atsomefuturetime，foraspecialdetailofMr。Lancaster’sinterestinginvestigations，fromhisownmindandpen。
[12]ThetranslationsaremadebyW。CadwalladrDavies，Esq。
[13]ThisevidencewasgivenbyMr。W。CadwalladrDaviesonthe28thOctober，1880。
End