awardedhim，uponafulldiscoveryoftheprinciplesofhistime-keeper，thepaymentofsuchasum，aswiththe2500L。hehadalreadyreceived，wouldmakeonehalfofthereward；andtheremaininghalfwastobepaidwhenotherchronometershadbeenmadeafterhisdesign，andtheircapabilitiesfullyproved。Hewasalsorequiredtoassignhisfourchronometers——oneofwhichwasstyledawatch——totheuseofthepublic。
HarrisonatonceproceededtogivefullexplanationsoftheprinciplesofhischronometertoDr。Maskelyne，andsixothergentlemen，whohadbeenappointedtoreceivethem。Hetookhistimekeepertopiecesintheirpresence，anddepositedintheirhandscorrectdrawingsofthesame，withtheparts，sothatotherskilfulmakersmightconstructsimilarchronometersonthesameprinciples。Indeed，therewasnodifficultyinmakingthem；
afterhisexplanationsanddrawingshadbeenpublished。AnexactcopyofhislastwatchwasmadebytheingeniousMr。Kendal；andwasusedbyCaptainCookinhisthreeyears’circumnavigationoftheworld，tohisperfectsatisfaction。
Englandhadalreadyinauguratedthatseriesofscientificexpeditionswhichweretoprovesofruitfulofresults，andtoraisehernavalreputationtosogreataheight。Intheseexpeditions，theofficers，thesailors，andthescientificmen，wereconstantlybroughtfacetofacewithunforeseendifficultiesanddangers，whichbroughtforththeirhighestqualitiesasmen。
Therewas，however，someintermixtureofnarrownessinthemindsofthosewhosentthemforth。Forinstance，whileDr。PriestleywasatLeeds，hewasaskedbySirJosephBankstojoinCaptainCook’ssecondexpeditiontotheSouthernSeas，asanastronomer。
Priestleygavehisassent，andmadearrangementstosetout。Butsomeweekslater，Banksinformedhimthathisappointmenthadbeencancelled，astheBoardofLongitudeobjectedtohistheology。Priestley’sotherwisegentlenaturewasroused。“WhatIam，andwhattheyare，inrespectofreligion，“hewrotetoBanks，inDecember，1771，“mighteasilyhavebeenknownbeforethethingwasproposedtomeatall。Besides，Ithoughtthatthishadbeenabusinessofphilosophy，andnotofdivinity。If，however，thisbethecase，IshallholdtheBoardofLongitudeinextremecontempt。“
CaptainCookwasappointedtothecommandoftheResolution，andCaptainWallistothecommandoftheAdventure，inNovember，1771。Theyproceededtoequiptheships；andamongsttheotherinstrumentstakenonboardCaptainCook’sship，weretwotimekeepers，onemadebyMr。LarcumKendal，onMr。Harrison’sprinciples，andtheotherbyMr。JohnArnold，onhisown。TheexpeditionleftDeptfordinApril，1772；andshortlyafterwardssailedfortheSouthSeas。“Mr。Kendal’swatch“isthesubjectoffrequentnoticesinCaptainCook’saccount。AttheCapeofGoodHope，itissaidtohave“answeredbeyondallexpectation。“
Furthersouth，intheneighbourhoodofCapeCircumcision，hesays，“theuseofthetelescopeisfounddifficultatfirst，butalittlepracticewillmakeitfamiliar。Bytheassistanceofthewatchweshallbeabletodiscoverthegreatesterrorthismethodofobservingthelongitudeatseaisliableto。“ItwasfoundthatHarrison’swatchwasmorecorrectthanArnold’s，andwhennearCapePalliserinNewZealand，Cooksays，“thisdayatnoon，whenweattendedthewinding-upofthewatches，thefuseeofMr。Arnold’swouldnotturnround，sothatafterseveralunsuccessfultrialswewereobligedtoletitgodown。“Fromthistime，completereliancewasplaceduponHarrison’schronometer。Sometimelater，Cooksays，“ImustheretakenoticethatourlongitudecanneverbeerroneouswhilewehavesogoodaguideasMr。Kendal’swatch。“Itmaybeobserved，thatatthebeginningofthevoyage，observationsweremadebythelunartables；butthese，beingfoundunreliable，wereeventuallydiscontinued。
ToreturntoHarrison。Hecontinuedtobeworriedbyofficialopposition。Hisclaimswerestillunsatisfied。Hiswatchathomeunderwentmanymoretrials。Dr。Maskelyne，theRoyalAstronomer，waschargedwithbeingunfavourabletothesuccessofchronometers，beingdeeplyinterestedinfindingthelongitudebylunartables；althoughthismethodisnowalmostentirelysupersededbythechronometer。HarrisonaccordinglycouldnotgetthecertificateofwhatwasduetohimundertheActofParliament。Yearspassedbeforehecouldobtaintheremainingamountofhisreward。Itwasnotuntiltheyear1773，orforty-fiveyearsafterthecommencementofhisexperiments，thathesucceededinobtainingit。ThefollowingisanentryinthelistofsuppliesgrantedbyParliamentinthatyer:“June14。
ToJohnHarrison，asafurtherrewardandencouragementoverandabovethesumsalreadyreceivedbyhim，forhisinventionofatimekeeperforascertainingthelongitudeatsea，andhisdiscoveryoftheprinciplesuponwhichthesamewasconstructed，8570pounds0s。0d。
JohnHarrisondidnotlongsurvivethesettlementofhisclaims；
forhediedonthe24thofMarch，1776，attheageofeighty-three。Hewasburiedatthesouth-westcornerofHampsteadparishchurchyard，whereatombstonewaserectedtohismemory，andaninscriptionplaceduponitcommemoratinghisservices。Hiswifesurvivedhimonlyayear；shediedatseventy-two，andwasburiedinthesametomb。Hisson，WilliamHarrison，F。R。S。，adeputy-lientenantofthecountiesofMonmouthandMiddlesex，diedin1815，attheripeageofeighty-eight，andwasalsointerredthere。Thetombhavingstoodformorethanacentury，becamesomewhatdilapidated；whentheClock-makers’
CompanyoftheCityofLondontookstepsin1879toreconstructit，andrecuttheinscriptions。Anappropriateceremonytookplaceatthefinaluncoveringofthetomb。
ButperhapsthemostinterestingworksconnectedwithJohnHarrisonandthegreatlabourofhislife，arethewoodenclockattheSouthKensingtonMuseum，andthefourchronometersmadebyhimfortheGovernment，whicharestillpreservedattheRoyalObservatory，Greenwich。Thethreeearlyonesareofgreatweight，andcanscarcelybemovedwithoutsomebodilylabour。
Butthefourth，themarinechronometerorwatch，isofsmalldimensions，andiseasilyhandled。Itstillpossessesthepowerofgoingaccurately；asdoes“Mr。Kendal’swatch，“whichwasmadeexactlyafterit。Thesewillalwaysprovethebestmemorialsofthisdistinguishedworkman。
BeforeconcludingthisbriefnoticeofthelifeandlaboursofJohnHarrison，itbecomesmetothankmostcordiallyMr。
Christie，Astronomer-Royal，forhiskindnessinexhibitingthevariouschronometersdepositedattheGreenwichObservatory，andforhispermissiontoinspecttheminutesoftheBoardofLongitude，wherethevariousinterviewsbetweentheinventorandthecommissioners，extendingovermanyyears，arefaithfullybuttooprocrastinatinglyrecorded。ItmaybefinallysaidofJohnHarrison，thatbyhisinventionofthechronometer——theever-sleeplessandever-trustyfriendofthemariner——heconferredanincalculablebenefitonscienceandnavigation，andestablishedhisclaimtoberegardedasoneofthegreatestbenefactorsofmankind。
POstscript——Inadditiontotheinformationcontainedinthischapter，IhavebeenrecentlyinformedbytheRev。Mr。Sankey，vicarofWragby，thatthefamilyisquiteextinctintheparish，exceptthewifeofaplumber，whoclaimsrelationshipwithHarrison。TherepresentativeoftheWinnfamilywascreatedLordSt。Oswaldin1885。HarrisonisnotquiteforgottenatFoulby。
Thehouseinwhichhewasbornwasalowthatchedcottage，withtworooms，oneusedasalivingroom，andtheotherasasleepingroom。Thehousewaspulleddownaboutfortyyearsago；buttheentrancedoor，beingofstrong，hardwood，isstillpreserved。
ThevicaraddsthatyoungHarrisonwouldlieoutonthegrassallnightinsummertime，studyingthedetailsofhiswoodenclock。
FootnotestoChapterIII。
[OriginallypublishedinLongmam’sMagazine，butnowrewrittenandenlarged。
PopularAstronomy。BySimonNewcomb，LL。D。，ProfessorU。S。
NavalObservatory。
BiographiaBritannica，vol。vi。part2，p。4375。Thisvolumewaspublishedin1766，beforethefinalrewardhadbeengrantedtoHarrison。
ThisclockisinthepossessionofAbrahamRiley，ofBromley，nearLeeds。Heinformsusthattheclockismadeofwoodthroughout，exceptingtheescapementandthedial，whicharemadeofbrass。Itbearsthemarkof“JohnHarrison，1713。“
Harrison’scompensationpendulumwasafterwardsimprovedbyArnold，Earnshaw，andotherEnglishmakers。Dent’sprismaticbalanceisnowconsideredthebest。
SeeMr。Folkes’sspeechtotheRoyalSoc。，30thNov。，1749。
Notrustworthylunartablesexistedatthattime。Itwasnotuntiltheyear1753thatTobiasMayer，aGerman，publishedthefirstlunartableswhichcouldbereliedupon。Forthis，theBritishGovernmentafterwardsawardedtoMayer’swidowthesumof5000L。
SirIsaacNewtongavehisdesigntoEdmundHalley，thenAstronomer-Royal。Halleylaiditononeside，anditwasfoundamonghispapersafterhisdeathin1742，twenty-fiveyearsafterthedeathofNewton。AsimilaromissionwasmadebySirG。B。
Airy，whichledtothediscoveryofNeptunebeingattributedtoLeverrierinsteadoftoAdams。
“ByCommerceareacquiredthetwothingswhichwisemenaccomptofallothersthemostnecessarytothewell-beingofaCommonwealth:Thatistosay，ageneralIndustryofMindandHardinessofBody，whichneverfailtobeaccompanyedwithHonourandPlenty。Sothat，questionless，whenCommercedoesnotflourish，aswellasotherProfessions，andwhenParticularPersonsoutofahabitofLazinessneglectatoncethenoblestwayofemployingtheirtimeandthefairestoccasionforadvancingtheirfortunes，thatKingdom，thoughotherwiseneversoglorious，wantssomethingofbeingcompleatlyhappy。“——ATreatisetouchingtheEastIndiaTrade1695。
Industryputsanentirelynewfaceupontheproductionsofnature。Bylabourmanhassubjugatedtheworld，reducedittohisdominion，andclothedtheearthwithanewgarment。Thefirstrudeploughthatmanthrustintothesoil，thefirstrudeaxeofstonewithwhichhefelledthepine，thefirstrudecanoescoopedbyhimfromitstrunktocrosstheriverandreachthegreenerfieldsbeyond，wereeachtheoutcomeofahumanfacultywhichbroughtwithinhisreachsomephysicalcomforthehadneverenjoyedbefore。
Materialthingsbecamesubjecttotheinfluenceoflabour。Fromtheclayoftheground，manmanufacturedthevesselswhichweretocontainhisfood。Outofthefleecycoveringofsheep，hemadeclothesforhimselfofmanykinds；fromtheflaxplanthedrewitsfibres，andmadelinenandcambric；fromthehempplanthemaderopesandfishingnets；fromthecottonpodhefabricatedfustians，dimities，andcalicoes。Fromtheragsofthese，orfromweedandtheshavingsofwood，hemadepaperonwhichbooksandnewspaperswereprinted。Leadwasformedbyhimintoprinter’stype，forthecommunicationofknowledgewithoutend。
Butthemostextraordinarychangesofallweremadeinaheavystonecontainingmetal，dugoutoftheground。Withthis，whensmeltedbywoodorcoal，andmanipulatedbyexperiencedskill，ironwasproduced。Fromthisextraordinarymetal，thesoulofeverymanufacture，andthemainspringperhapsofcivilisedsociety——arms，hammers，andaxesweremade；thenknives，scissors，andneedles；thenmachinerytoholdandcontroltheprodigiousforceofsteam；andeventuallyrailroadsandlocomotives，ironcladspropelledbythescrew，andironandsteelbridgesmilesinlength。
Thesilkmanufacture，thoughoriginatinginthesecretionofatinycaterpillar，isperhapsequallyextraordinary。Hundredsofthousandsofpoundsweightofthisslenderthread，nothickerthanthefilamentsspunbyaspider，giveemploymenttomillionsofworkersthroughouttheworld。Silk，andthemanytextureswroughtfromthisbeautifulmaterial，hadlongbeenknownintheEast；buttheperiodcannotbefixedwhenmanfirstdivestedthechrysalisofitsdwelling，anddiscoveredthatthelittleyellowballwhichadheredtotheleafofthemulberrytree，couldbeevolvedintoaslenderfilament，fromwhichtissuesofendlessvarietyandbeautycouldbemade。TheChineseweredoubtlessamongthefirstwhousedthethreadspunbythesilkwormforthepurposesofclothing。ThemanufacturewentwestwardfromChinatoIndiaandPersia，andfromthencetoEurope。AlexandertheGreatbroughthomewithhimastoreofrichsilksfromPersiaAristotleandPlinygivedescriptionsoftheindustriouslittlewormanditsproductions。VirgilisthefirstoftheRomanwriterswhoalludestotheproductionofsilkinChina；andthetermsheemploysshowhowlittlewasthenknownaboutthearticle。ItwasintroducedatRomeaboutthetimeofJuliusCaesar，whodisplayedaprofusionofsilksinsomeofhismagnificenttheatricalspectacles。Silkwassovaluablethatitwasthensoldforanequalweightofgold。Indeed，alawwaspassedthatnomanshoulddisgracehimselfbywearingasilkengarment。TheEmperorHeliogabalusdespisedthelaw，andworeadresscomposedwhollyofsilk。Theexamplethussetwasfollowedbywealthycitizens。AdemandforsilkfromtheEastsoonbecamegeneral。
ItwasnotuntilaboutthemiddleofthesixthcenturythattwoPersianmonks，whohadlongresidedinChina，andmadethemselvesacquaintedwiththemodeofrearingthesilkworm，succeededincarryingtheeggsoftheinsecttoConstantinople。Undertheirdirectiontheywerehatchedandfed。Asufficientnumberofbutterfliesweresavedtopropagatetherace，andmulberrytreeswereplantedtoaffordnourishmenttotherisinggenerationsofcaterpillars。Thustheindustrywaspropagated。ItspreadintotheItalianpeninsula；andeventuallymanufacturesofsilkvelvet，damask，andsatinbecameestablishedinVenice，Milan，Florence，Lucca，andotherplaces。
Indeed，forseveralcenturiesthemanufactureofsilkinEuropewasforthemostpartconfinedtoItaly。TherearingofsilkwormswasofgreatimportanceinModena，andyieldedaconsiderablerevenuetotheState。ThesilkproducedtherewasesteemedthebestinLombardy。Untilthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury，Bolognawastheonlycitywhichpossessedproper“throwing“mills，orthemachineryrequisitefortwistingandpreparingsilkenfibresfortheweaver。ThousandsofpeoplewereemployedatFlorenceandGenoaaboutthesametimeinthesilkmanufacture。AndatVeniceitwasheldinsuchhighesteem，thatthebusinessofasilkfactorywasconsideredanobleemployment。[1]
ItwaslongbeforetheuseofsilkbecamegeneralinEngland。