Notewhathemeansby—personalinsult[101]，howheintendstoavengehimselfbyreprisalsoftheworstkind，towhatexcesshecarrieshisinterference，howheentersthecabinetsofforeignsovereigns，forciblyenteringandbreaking，todriveouttheircouncilorsandcontroltheirmeetings:liketheRomansenatewithanAntiochusoraPrusias，likeanEnglishResidentwiththeKingofOudeorofLahore。
Withothersasathome，hecannothelpbutactasamaster。Theaspirationforuniversaldominionisinhisverynature；itmaybemodified，keptincheck，butnevercanitbecompletelystifled。\"[102]
ItdeclaresitselfontheorganizationoftheConsulate。ItexplainswhythepeaceofAmienscouldnotlast；apartfromthediplomaticdiscussionsandbehindhisallegedgrievances，hischaracter，hisexactions，hisavowedplans，andtheuseheintendsmakingofhisforcesformtherealandtruecausesoftherupture。Incomprehensiblesometimeseveninexplicitterms，hetellstheEnglish:
ExpeltheBourbonsfromyourislandandclosethemouthsofyourjournalists。Ifthisisagainstyourconstitutionsomuchtheworseforit，orsomuchtheworseforyou。\"Therearegeneralprinciplesofinternationallawtowhichthe（special）lawsofstatesmustgiveway。\"[103]Changeyourfundamentallaws。Suppressthefreedomofthepressandtherightofasylumonyoursoil，thesameasIhavedone。
\"Ihaveaverypooropinionofagovernmentwhichisnotstrongenoughtointerdictthingsobjectionabletoforeigngovernments。\"[104]Astomine，myinterferencewithmyneighbors，mylateacquisitionsofterritory，thatdoesnotconcernyou:\"IsupposethatyouwanttotalkaboutPiedmontandSwitzerland？Thesearetrifles\"[105]\"EuroperecognizesthatHolland，Italy，andSwitzerlandareatthedispositionofFrance。[106]Ontheotherhand，SpainsubmitstomeandthroughherIholdPortugal。Thus，fromAmsterdamtoBordeaux，fromLisbontoCadizandGenoa，fromLeghorntoNaplesandtoTarentum，Icancloseeveryporttoyou；notreatyofcommercebetweenus。AnytreatythatImightgranttoyouwouldbetrifling:foreachmillionofmerchandisethatyouwouldsendintoFranceamillionofFrenchmerchandisewouldbeexported；[107]inotherwords，youwouldbesubjecttoanopenorconcealedcontinentalblockade，whichwouldcauseyouasmuchdistressinpeaceasifyouwereatwar。\"MyeyesareneverthelessfixedonEgypt；\"sixthousandFrenchmenwouldnowsufficetore—conquerit\"；[108]forcibly，orotherwise，Ishallreturnthere；opportunitieswillnotbelacking，andIshallbeonthewatchforthem；\"soonerorlatershewillbelongtoFrance，eitherthroughthedissolutionoftheOttomanempire，orthroughsomearrangementwiththePorte。\"[109]EvacuateMaltasothattheMediterraneanmaybecomeaFrenchlake；Imustruleonseaasonland，anddisposeoftheOrientasoftheOccident。Insum，\"withmyFrance，Englandmustnaturallyendinbecomingsimplyanappendix:naturehasmadeheroneofourislands，thesameasOleronorCorsica。\"[110]Naturally，withsuchaperspectivebeforethem，theEnglishkeepMaltaandrecommencethewar。Hehasanticipatedsuchanoccurrence，andhisresolutionistaken；ataglance，heperceivesandmeasuresthepaththiswillopentohim；withhisusualclear—sightednesshehascomprehended，andheannouncesthattheEnglishresistance\"forceshimtoconquerEurope……\"[111]—\"TheFirstConsulisonlythirty—threeandhasthusfardestroyedonlythesecond—classgovernments。WhoknowshowmuchtimehewillrequiretoagainchangethefaceofEuropeandresurrecttheWesternRomanEmpire？\"
TosubjugatetheContinentinordertoformacoalitionagainstEngland，such，henceforth，arehismeans，whichareasviolentastheendinview，whilethemeans，liketheend，aregivenbyhischaracter。Tooimperiousandtooimpatienttowaitortomanageothers，heisincapableofyieldingtotheirwillexceptthroughconstraint，andhiscollaboratorsaretohimnothingmorethansubjectsunderthenameofallies。—Later，atSt。Helena，withhisindestructibleimaginativeenergyandpowerofillusion，heplaysonthepublicwithhishumanitarianillusions。[112]But，ashehimselfavows，theaccomplishmentofhisretrospectivedreamrequiredbeforehandtheentiresubmissionofallEurope；aliberalsovereignandpacificator，\"acrownedWashington，yes，\"heusedtosay，\"butI
couldnotreasonablyattainthispoint，exceptthroughauniversaldictatorship，whichIaimedat。\"[113]InvaindoescommonsensedemonstratetohimthatsuchanenterpriseinevitablyralliestheContinenttothesideofEngland，andthathismeansdiverthimfromtheend。InvainisitrepeatedlyrepresentedtohimthatheneedsonesuregreatallyontheContinent；[114]thattoobtainthishemustconciliateAustria；thathemustnotdrivehertodespair，butratherwinheroverandcompensateheronthesideoftheOrient；placeherinpermanentconflictwithRussia，andattachhertothenewFrenchEmpirebyacommunityofvitalinterests。Invaindoeshe，afterTilsit，makeabargainofthiskindwithRussia。Thisbargaincannothold，becauseinthisarrangementNapoleon，asusualwithhim，alwaysencroaching，threatening，andattacking，wantstoreduceAlexandertotheroleofasubordinateandadupe。[115]Noclear—sightedwitnesscandoubtthis。In1809，adiplomatwrites:\"TheFrenchsystem，whichisnowtriumphant，isdirectedagainstthewholebodyofgreatstates，\"[116]notaloneagainstEngland，Prussia，andAustria，butagainstRussia，againsteverypowercapableofmaintainingitsindependence；for，ifsheremainsindependent，shemaybecomehostile，andasaprecautionarystepNapoleoncrushesinheraprobableenemy。
Allthemoresobecausethiscourseonceentereduponhecannotstop；
atthesametimehischaracterandthesituationinwhichhehasplacedhimselfimpelshimonwhilehispasthurrieshimalongtohisfuture。[117]AtthemomentoftheruptureofthetreatyofAmiensheisalreadysostrongandsoaggressivethathisneighborsareobliged，fortheirownsecurity，toformanalliancewithEngland；thisleadshimtobreakdownalltheoldmonarchiesthatarestillintact，toconquerNaples，tomutilateAustriathefirsttime，todismemberandcutupPrussia，tomutilateAustriathesecondtime，tomanufacturekingdomsforhisbrothersatNaples，inHollandandinWestphalia。——
Atthissamedate，alltheportsofhisempireareclosedagainsttheEnglish，whichleadshimtocloseagainstthemalltheportsoftheContinent，toorganizeagainstthemthecontinentalblockade，toproclaimagainstthemanEuropeancrusade，topreventtheneutralityofsovereignslikethePope，oflukewarmsubalternslikehisbrotherLouis，ofdoubtfulcollaboratorsorinadequate，liketheBraganzasofPortugalandtheBourbonsofSpain，andthereforetogetholdofPortugal，Spain，thePontificalStates，andHolland，andnextoftheHanseatictownsandtheduchyofOldenburg，toextendingalongtheentirecoast，fromthemouthsoftheCattaroandTriestetoHamburgandDantzic，hiscordonofmilitarychiefs，prefects，andcustom—
houses，asortofnetofwhichhedrawsthemeshestighterandtightereveryday，evenstiflingnotalonehishomeconsumer，buttheproducerandthemerchant。[118]—Andallthissometimesbyasimpledecree，withnootherallegedmotivethanhisinterest，hisconvenience，orhispleasure，[119]brusquelyandarbitrarily，inviolationofinternationallaw，humanity，andhospitality。Itwouldtakevolumestodescribehisabusesofpower，thetissueofbrutalitiesandknaveries，[120]theoppressionoftheallyanddespoilingofthevanquished，themilitarybrigandageexercisedoverpopulationsintimeofwar，andbythesystematicexactionspracticedonthemintimesofpeace。[121]
Accordingly，after1808，thesepopulationsriseagainsthim。Hehassodeeplyinjuredthemintheirinterests，andhurttheirfeelingstosuchanextent，[122]hehassotroddenthemdown，ransomed，andforcedthemintohisservice。Hehasdestroyed，apartfromFrenchlives，somanySpanish，Italian，Austrian，Prussian，Swiss，Bavarian，Saxon，andDutchlives，hehasslainsomanymenasenemies，hehasenlistedsuchnumbersathome，andslainsomanyunderhisownbannersasauxiliaries，thatnationsarestillmorehostiletohimthansovereigns。Unquestionably，nobodycanlivetogetherwithsuchacharacter；hisgeniusistoovast，toobaneful，andallthemorebecauseitissovast。Warwilllastaslongashereigns；itisinvaintoreducehim，toconfinehimathome，todrivehimbackwithintheancientfrontiersofFrance；nobarrierwillrestrainhim；notreatywillbindhim；peacewithhimwillneverbeotherthanatruce；
hewilluseitsimplytorecoverhimself，and，assoonashehasdonethis，hewillbeginagain；[123]heisinhisveryessenceanti—social。
ThemindofEuropeinthisrespectismadeupdefinitelyandunshakably。Onepettydetailaloneshowshowunanimousandprofoundthisconvictionwas。Onthe7thofMarchthenewsreachedViennathathehadescapedfromtheislandofElba，withoutitsbeingyetknownwherehewouldland。M。deMetternich[124]bringsthenewstotheEmperorofAustriabeforeeighto’clockinthemorning，whosaystohim，\"LosenotimeinfindingtheKingofPrussiaandtheEmperorofRussia，andtellthemthatIamreadytoordermyarmytomarchatonceforFrance。\"AtaquarterpasteightM。deMetternichiswiththeCzar，andathalf—pasteight，withtheKingofPrussia；bothofthemreplyinstantlyinthesamemanner。\"Atnineo’clock，\"saysM。deMetternich，\"Iwasback。Atteno’clockaidsflewineverydirectioncountermandingarmyorders……Thuswaswardeclaredinlessthananhour。\"
VI。FundamentalDefaultsofhisSystem。
Inwardprincipleofhisoutwarddeportment。—HesubordinatestheStatetohiminsteadofsubordinatinghimselftotheState。—Effectofthis。—Hisworkmerelyalife—interest。—Itisephemeral。—
Injurious。—Thenumberoflivesitcost。—ThemutilationofFrance。
—ViceofconstructioninhisEuropeanedifice。—AnalogousviceinhisFrenchedifice。
Otherheadsofstateshavesimilarlypassedtheirlivesindoingviolencetomankind；butitwasforsomethingthatwaslikelytolast，andforanationalinterest。Whattheydeemedthepublicgoodwasnotaphantomofthebrain，achimericalpoemduetoacapriceoftheimagination，topersonalpassions，totheirownpeculiarambitionandpride。Outsideofthemselvesandthecoinageoftheirbrainarealandsubstantialobjectofprimeimportanceexisted，namely，theState，thegreatbodyofsociety，thevastorganismwhichlastsindefinitelythroughthelongseriesofinterlinkedandresponsiblegenerations。
Iftheydrewbloodfromthepassinggenerationitwasforthebenefitofcominggenerations，topreservethemfromcivilwarorfromforeigndomination。[125]Theyhaveactedgenerallylikeablesurgeons，ifnotthroughvirtue，atleastthroughdynasticsentimentandfamilytraditions；havingpracticedfromfathertoson，theyhadacquiredtheprofessionalconscience；theirfirstandonlyaimwasthesafetyandhealthoftheirpatient。Itisforthisreasonthattheyhavenotrecklesslyundertakenextravagant，bloody，andover—riskyoperations；
rarelyhavetheygivenwaytotemptationthroughadesiretodisplaytheirskill，throughtheneedofdazzlingandastonishingtheworld，throughthenovelty，keenness，andsuccessoftheirsawsandscalpels。
Theyfeltthatalongerandsuperiorexistencetotheirownwasimposeduponthem；theylookedbeyondthem—selvesasfarastheirsightwouldreach，andsotookmeasuresthattheStateafterthemmightdowithoutthem，liveonintact，remainindependent，vigorous，andrespectedathwartthevicissitudesofEuropeanconflictandtheuncertainproblemsofcominghistory。Such，undertheancientrégime，waswhatwerecalledreasonsofstate；thesehadprevailedinthecouncilsofprincesforeighthundredyears；alongwithunavoidablefailuresandaftertemporarydeviations，thesehadbecomeforthetimebeingandremainedthepreponderatingmotive。Undoubtedlytheyexcusedorauthorizedmanybreachesoffaith，manyoutrages，and，tocometotheword，manycrimes；but，inthepoliticalorderofthings，especiallyinthemanagementofexternalaffairs，theyfurnishedagoverningandasalutaryprinciple。Underitsconstantinfluencethirtymonarchshadlabored，anditisthusthat，provinceafterprovince，theyhadsolidlyandenduringlybuiltupFrance，bywaysandmeansbeyondthereachofindividualsbutavailabletotheheadsofStates。
Now，thisprincipleislackingwiththeirimprovisedsuccessor。Onthethroneasinthecamp，whethergeneral，consul，oremperor，heremainsthemilitaryadventurer，andcaresonlyforhisownadvancement。Owingtothegreatdefectintheeducationofbothconscienceandsentiments，insteadofsubordinatinghimselftotheState，hesubordinatestheStatetohim；hedoesnotlookbeyondhisownbriefphysicalexistencetothenationwhichistosurvivehim。
Consequently，hesacrificesthefuturetothepresent，andhisworkisnottobeenduring。Afterhimthedeluge！Littledoeshecarewhouttersthisterriblephrase；andworsestill，heearnestlywishes，fromthebottomofhisheartthateverybodyshouldutterit。
\"Mybrother，\"saidJoseph，in1803，[126]\"desiresthatthenecessityofhisexistenceshouldbesostronglyfelt，andthebenefitofthisconsideredsogreat，thatnobodycouldlookbeyonditwithoutshuddering。Heknows，andbefeelsit，thathereignsthroughthisidearatherthanthroughforceorgratitude。Ifto—morrow，oronanyday，itcouldbesaid，’Hereisatranquil，establishedorderofthings，hereisaknownsuccessor；Bonapartemightdiewithoutfearofchangeordisturbance，’mybrotherwouldnolongerthinkhimselfsecure……Suchistheprinciplewhichgovernshim。\"
Invaindoyearsglideby，neverdoeshethinkofputtingFranceinawaytosubsistwithouthim；onthecontrary，hejeopardizeslastingacquisitionsbyexaggeratedannexations，anditisevidentfromtheveryfirstdaythattheEmpirewillendwiththeEmperor。In1805，thefivepercentsbeingateightyfrancs，hisMinisteroftheFinances，Gaudin，observestohimthatthisisareasonablerate。[127]
\"Nocomplaintcannowbemade，sincethesefundsareanannuityonYourMajesty’slife。\"—\"Whatdoyoumeanbythat？\"—\"ImeanthattheEmpirehasbecomesogreatastobeungovernablewithoutyou。\"—\"Ifmysuccessorisafoolsomuchtheworseforhim！\"—\"Yes，butsomuchtheworseforFrance！\"Twoyearslater，M。deMetternich，bywayofapoliticalsummingup，expresseshisgeneralopinion:\"ItisremarkablethatNapoleon，constantlydisturbingandmodifyingtherelationsofallEurope，hasnotyettakenasinglesteptowardensuringthemaintenanceofhissuccessors。\"[128]In1809，addsthesamediplomat:[129]\"Hisdeathwillbethesignalforanewandfrightfulupheaval；somanydividedelementsalltendtocombine。Deposedsovereignswillberecalledbyformersubjects；newprinceswillhavenewcrownstodefend。Averitablecivilwarwillrageforhalfacenturyoverthevastempireofthecontinentthedaywhenthearmsofironwhichheldthereinsareturnedintodust。\"In1811，\"everybodyisconvinced[130]thatonthedisappearanceofNapoleon，themasterinwhosehandsallpowerisconcentrated，thefirstinevitableconsequencewillbearevolution。\"Athome，inFrance，atthissamedate，hisownservitorsbegintocomprehendthathisempireisnotmerelyalife—interestandwillnotlastafterheisgone，butthattheEmpireisephemeralandwillnotlastduringhislife；forheisconstantlyraisinghisedificehigherandhigher，whileallthathisbuildinggainsinelevationitlosesinstability。\"TheEmperoriscrazy，\"saidDecreestoMarmont，[131]\"completelycrazy。Hewillruinusall，numerousasweare，andallwillendinsomefrightfulcatastrophe。\"Ineffect，heispushingFranceontotheabyss，forciblyandbydeceivingher，throughabreachoftrustwhichwillfully，andbyhisfault，growsworseandworsejustashisowninterests，ashecomprehendsthese，divergefromthoseofthepublicfromyeartoyear。
AtthetreatyofLunevilleandbeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens，[132]thisvariancewasalreadyconsiderable。ItbecomesmanifestatthetreatyofPresbourgandstillmoreevidentatthetreatyofTilsit。Itisglaringin1808，afterthedepositionoftheSpanishBourbons；itbecomesscandalousandmonstrousin1812，whenthewarwithRussiatookplace。NapoleonhimselfadmitsthatthiswarisagainsttheinterestsofFranceandyetheundertakesit。[133]
Later，atSt。Helena，hefallsintoameltingmoodover\"theFrenchpeoplewhomhelovedsodearly。\"[134]Thetruthis，helovesitasariderloveshishorse；ashemakesitrearandpranceandshowoffitspaces，whenheflattersandcaressesit；itisnotfortheadvantageoftheanimalbutforhisownpurposes，onaccountofitsusefulnesstohim；tobespurredonuntilexhausted，tojumpditchesgrowingwiderandwider，andleapfencesgrowinghigherandhigher；oneditchmore，andstillanotherfence，thelastobstaclewhichseemstobethelast，succeededbyothers，while，inanyevent，thehorseremainsforciblyandforever，whatitalreadyis，namely，abeastofburdenandbrokendown。—For，onthisRussianexpedition，insteadoffrightfuldisasters，letusimagineabrilliantsuccess，avictoryatSmolenskequaltothatofFriedland，atreatyofMoscowmoreadvantageousthanthatofTilsit，andtheCzarbroughttoheel。AsaresulttheCzarisprobablystrangledordethroned，apatrioticinsurrectionwilltakeplaceinRussiaasinSpain，twolastingwars，atthetwoextremitiesoftheContinent，againstreligiousfanaticism，moreirreconcilablethanpositiveinterests，andagainstascatteredbarbarismmoreindomitablethanaconcentratedcivilization。Atbest，aEuropeanempiresecretlyminedbyEuropeanresistance；anexteriorFranceforciblysuperposedontheenslavedContinent；[135]FrenchresidentsandcommandersatSt。PetersburgandRigaasatDantzic，Hamburg，Amsterdam，Lisbon，Barcelona，andTrieste。Everyable—bodiedFrenchmanthatcanbeemployedfromCadiztoMoscowinmaintainingandadministeringtheconquest。Alltheable—bodiedyouthannuallyseizedbytheconscription，and，iftheyhaveescapedthis，seizedagainbydecrees。[136]Theentiremalepopulationthusdevotedtoworksofconstraint，nothingelseinprospectforeitherthecultivatedortheuncultivated，nomilitaryorcivilcareerotherthanaprolongedguardduty，threatenedandthreatening，assoldier，customs—inspector，orgendarme，asprefect，sub—prefect，orcommissionerofpolice，thatistosay，assubalternhenchmanandbullyrestrainingsubjectsandraisingcontributions，confiscatingandburningmerchandise，seizinggrumblers，andmakingtherefractorytoethemark。[137]In1810，onehundredandsixtythousandoftherefractorywerealreadycondemnedbyname，and，moreover，penaltieswereimposedontheirfamiliestotheamountofonehundredandseventymillionsoffrancsIn1811and1812
therovingcolumnswhichtrackedfugitivesgatheredsixtythousandofthem，anddrovethemalongthecoastfromtheAdourtotheNiemen；onreachingthefrontier，theywereen—rolledinthegrandarmy；buttheydeserttheveryfirstmonth，theyandtheirchainedcompanions，attherateoffourorfivethousandaday。[138]ShouldEnglandbeconquered，garrisonswouldhavetobemaintainedthere，andofsoldiersequallyzealous。SuchisthedarkfuturewhichthissystemopenstotheFrench，evenwiththebestofgoodluck。Itturnsoutthattheluckisbad，andattheendof1812thegrandarmyisfreezinginthesnow；
Napoleon’shorsehaslethimtumble。Fortunately，theanimalhassimplyfoundered；\"HisMajesty’shealthwasneverbetter\"；[139]
nothinghashappenedtotherider；hegetsuponhislegs，andwhatconcernshimatthismomentisnotthesufferingsofhisbroken—downsteed，buthisownmishap；hisreputationasahorsemaniscompromised；theeffectonthepublic，thehootingoftheaudience，iswhattroubleshim，thecomedyofaperilousleap，announcedwithsuchaflourishoftrumpetsandendinginsuchadisgracefulfall。OnreachingWarsaw[140]hesaystohimself，tentimesover:
\"Thereisonlyastepfromthesublimetotheridiculous。\"
Thefollowingyear，atDresden，heexposesstillmorefoolishly，openly，andnakedlyhismasterpassion，themotiveswhichdeterminehim，theimmensityandferocityofhispitilesspride。
\"Whatdotheywantofme？\"saidhetoM。deMetternich。[141]\"Dotheywantmetodishonormyself？Never！Icandie，butneverwillI
yieldaninchofterritory！Yoursovereigns，borntothethrone，maybebeatentwentytimesoverandyetreturntotheircapitals:Icannotdothis，becauseIamaparvenusoldier。MydominationwillnotsurvivethedaywhenIshallhaveceasedtobestrong，and，consequently，feared。\"
Ineffect，hisdespotisminFranceisfoundedonhisEuropeanomnipotence；ifhedoesnotremainmasteroftheContinent，\"hemustsettlewiththecorpslégislatif。[142]Ratherthandescendtoaninferiorposition，ratherthanbeaconstitutionalmonarch，controlledbyparliamentarychambers，heplaysdoubleorquits，andwillrisklosingeverything。
\"Ihaveseenyoursoldiers，\"saysMetternichtohim，\"theyarechildren。Whenthisarmyofboysisgone，whatwillyoudothen？\"
Atthesewords，whichtouchhisheart，hegrowspale，hisfeaturescontract，andhisrageovercomeshim；likeawoundedmanwhohasmadeafalsestepandexposeshimself，hesaysviolentlytoMetternich:
\"YouarenotasoldierYoudonotknowtheimpulsesofasoldier’sbreast！Ihavegrownuponthebattle—field，andamanlikemedoesnotgiveadamnforthelivesofamillionmen！\"[143]
Hisimperialpipe—dreamshasdevouredmanymore。Between1804and1815hehashadslaughtered1，700，000Frenchmen，bornwithintheboundariesofancientFrance，[144]towhichmustbeadded，probably，2，000，000menbornoutsideoftheselimits，andslainforhim，underthetitleofallies，orslainbyhimunderthetitleofenemies。Allthatthepoor，enthusiastic，andcredulousGaulshavegainedbyentrustingtheirpublicwelfaretohimistwoinvasions；allthathebequeathstothemasarewardfortheirdevotion，afterthisprodigiouswasteoftheirbloodandthebloodofothers，isaFranceshornoffifteendepartmentsacquiredbytherepublic，deprivedofSavoy，oftheleftbankoftheRhineandofBelgium，despoiledofthenortheastanglebywhichitcompleteditsboundaries，fortifieditsmostvulnerablepoint，and，usingthewordsofVauban，\"madeitsfieldsquare，\"separatedfrom4，000，000newFrenchmenwhichithadassimilatedaftertwentyyearsoflifeincommon，and，worsestill，thrownbackwithinthefrontiersof1789，alone，diminishedinthemidstofitsaggrandizedneighbors，suspectedbyallEurope，andlastinglysurroundedbyathreateningcircleofdistrustandrancor。
SuchisthepoliticalworkofNapoleon，theworkofegoismservedbygenius。InhisEuropeanstructureasinhisFrenchstructurethissovereignegoismhasintroducedaviceofconstruction。ThisfundamentalviceismanifestattheoutsetintheEuropeanedifice，and，attheexpirationoffifteenyears，itbringsaboutasuddendownfall:intheFrenchedificeitisequallyseriousbutnotsoapparent；onlyattheendofhalfacentury，orevenawholecentury，isittobemadeclearlyvisible；butitsgradualandsloweffectswillbeequallyperniciousandtheyarenolesssure。
Notes:
[1]Seemy\"PhilosophyofArt\"fortextsandfacts，PartII。，ch。VI。
—Otheranalogies，whicharetoolongfordevelopmenthere，maybefound，especiallyinallthatconcernstheimaginationandlove。\"Hewasdisposedtoacceptthemarvelous，presentiments，andevencertainmysteriouscommunicationsbetweenbeings……Ihaveseenhimexcitedbytherustlingofthewind，speakenthusiasticallyoftheroarofthesea，andsometimesinclinedtobelieveinnocturnalapparitions；inshort，leaningtocertainsuperstitions。\"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，102，andIII。，164。）—Meneval（III。，114）noteshis\"crossinghimselfinvoluntarilyontheoccurrenceofsomegreatdanger，onthediscoveryofsomeimportantfact。\"Duringtheconsulate，intheevening，inacircleofladies，hesometimesimprovisedanddeclaimedtragic\"tales，\"Italianfashion，quiteworthyofthestory—tellersoftheXVthandXVIthcenturies。（Bourrienne，VI。，387，givesoneofhisimprovisations。Cf。MadamedeRémusat，I。，102。）—Astolove，hisletterstoJosephineduringtheItaliancampaignformoneofthebestexamplesofItalianpassionand\"inmostpiquantcontrastwiththetemperateandgracefuleleganceofhispredecessorM。deBeauharnais。\"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，143）。—Hisotheramours，simplyphysical，aretoodifficulttodealwith；Ihavegatheredsomedetailsorallyonthissubjectwhicharealmostfromfirsthandsandperfectlyauthentic。Itissufficienttociteonetextalreadypublished:\"AccordingtoJosephine，hehadnomoralprinciplewhatever；didhenotseducehissistersoneaftertheother？
\"—\"Iamnotamanlikeothermen，hesaidofhimself，\"andmorallawsandthoseofproprietydonotapplytome。\"（MadamedeRémusat，I。，204，206。）—Noteagain（II。，350）hisproposalstoCorvisart。—
Suchareeverywherethesentiments，customs，andmoralityofthegreatItalianpersonagesofabouttheyear1500。
[2]DePradt，\"Histoiredel’ambassadedanslegrand—duchédeVarsovie，\"p。96。\"withtheEmperor，desirespringsoutofhisimagination；hisideabecomespassionthemomentitcomesintohishead。\"
[3]Bourrienne，II。，298。—DeSégur，I。，426。
[4]Bodin，\"Recherchessurl’Anjou，\"II。，325。—\"Souvenirsd’unnonagénaire，\"byBesnard。—Sainte—Beuve，\"CauseriesduLundi，\"
articleonVolney。—MiotdeMelito，I。，297。HewantedtoadoptLouis’sson，andmakehimKingofItaly。Louisrefused，allegingthatthismarkedfavorwouldgivenewlifetothereportsspreadaboutatonetimeinrelationtothischild。\"Thereupon，Napoleon，exasperated，\"seizedPrinceLouisbythewaistandpushedhimviolentlyoutoftheroom。\"—\"Mémorial，\"Oct。10，1816。NapoleonrelatesthatatthelastconferenceofCampo—Fermio，toputanendtotheresistanceoftheAustrianplenipotentiary，hesuddenlyarose，seizedasetofporcelainonastandnearhimanddashedittothefloor，exclaiming，\"ThuswillIshatteryourmonarchybeforeamonthisover！\"（Bourriennequestionsthisstory。）
[5]VarnhagenvonEnse，\"AusgewahlteSchriften，\"III。，77（PublicreceptionofJuly22，1810）。NapoleonfirstspeakstotheAustrianAmbassadorandnexttotheRussianAmbassadorwithaconstrainedair，forcinghimselftobepolite，inwhichhecannotpersist。\"TreatingwithIdonotknowwhatunknownpersonage，heinterrogatedhim，reprimandedhim，threatenedhim，andkepthimforasufficientlylongtimeinastateofpainfuldismay。Thosewhostoodnearbyandwhocouldnothelpfeelingadismayed，statedlaterthattherehadbeennothingtoprovokesuchfury，thattheEmperorhadonlysoughtanopportunitytoventhisill—humor；thathediditpurposelyonsomepoordevilsoastoinspirefearinothersandtoputdowninadvanceanytendencytoopposition。Cf。Beugnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。，380，386，387。—ThismixtureofangerandcalculationlikewiseexplainshisconductatSainteHelenawithSirHudsonLowe，hisunbridleddiatribesandinsultsbestowedonthegovernorlikesomanyslapsintheface。
（W。Forsyth，\"HistoryoftheCaptivityofNapoleonatSaintHelena，fromthelettersandjournalsofSirHudsonLowe，\"III。，306。）
[6]MadamedeRémusat，II。，46。
[7]\"LesCahiersdeCoignat。\"191。\"AtPosen，already，Isawhimmounthishorseinsuchafuryastolandontheothersideandthengivehisgroomacutofthewhip。\"
[8]MadamedeRémusat，I。，222。
[9]EspeciallythelettersaddressedtoCardinalConsalviandtothePréfetofMontenotte（IamindebtedtoM。d’Haussonvilleforthisinformation）。—Besides，heislavishofthesameexpressionsinconversation。OnatourthroughNormandy，hesendsforthebishopofSéezandthuspubliclyaddresseshim:\"Insteadofmergingtheparties，youdistinguishbetweenconstitutionalistsandnon—constitutionalists。
Miserablefool！Youareapoorsubject，—handinyourresignationatonce！\"—Tothegrand—vicarshesays，\"Whichofyougovernsyourbishop—whoisatbestafool？\"—AsM。Legalloisispointedouttohim，whohadoflatebeenabsent。\"Fuck，wherewereyouthen？\"\"Withmyfamily。\"\"Withabishopwhoismerelyadamnedfool，whyareyousooftenaway，etc。？\"（D’Haussonville，VI。，176，andRoederer，vol。III。）
[10]MadamedeRémusat—I。，101；II。，338。
[11]Ibid。，I。，224。—M。deMeneval，I。，112，347；III。，120:\"Onaccountoftheextraordinaryeventofhismarriage，hesentahandwrittenlettertohisfuturefather—in—law（theEmperorofAustria）。Itwasagrandaffairforhim。Finally，afteragreateffort，hesucceededinpenningaletterthatwasreadable。\"—
Meneval，nevertheless，wasobliged\"tocorrectthedefectiveletterswithoutlettingthecorrectionsbetooplainlyseen。\"
[12]Forexample，atBayonneandatWarsaw（DePradt）；theoutrageousandnever—to—beforgottenscenewhich，onhisreturnfromSpain，occurredwithTalleyrand—（\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIEREtienne—Dennis，duc，ChancelierdeFrance。LibrariePlon，Paris1893。I。，357）；—
ThegratuitousinsultofM。deMetternich，in1813，thelastwordoftheirinterview（\"SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，\"I。，230）。—Cf。
hisnotlessgratuitousandhazardousconfidentialcommunicationstoMiotdeMelito，in1797，andhisfiveconversationswithSirHudsonLowe，immediatelyrecordedbyawitness，MajorGorrequer。（W。Forsyth，I。，147，161，200。）
[13]DePradt，prefaceX
[14]PeletdelaLozére，p。7。—Mollien，\"Mémoires，\"II。，222。—
\"SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，\"I。，66，69。
[15]\"MadamedeRémusat，\"I。，121:IhaveitfromCorvisartthatthepulsationsofhisarteriesarefewerthanisusualwithmen。Heneverexperiencedwhatiscommonlycalledgiddiness。\"Withhim，thenervousapparatusisperfectinallitsfunctions，incomparableforreceiving，recording，registering，combining，andreflecting，butotherorganssufferareactionandareverysensitive。\"（DeSégur，VI。，15and16，noteofDrs。YvanandMestivier，hisphysicians。）\"Topreservetheequilibriumitwasnecessarywithhimthattheskinshouldalwaysfulfillitsfunctions；assoonasthetissueswereaffectedbyanymoraloratmosphericcause……irritation，cough，ischuria。\"Hencehisneedoffrequentprolongedandveryhotbaths。\"Thespasmwasgenerallysharedbythestomachandthebladder。Ifinthestomach，hehadanervouscoughwhichexhaustedhismoralandphysicalenergies。\"SuchwasthecasebetweentheeveofthebattleofMoscowandthemorningafterhisentryintoMoscow:\"aconstantdrycough，difficultandintermittentbreathing；thepulsesluggish，weak，andirregular；theurinethickandsedimentary，dropbydropandpainful；
thelowerpartofthelegsandthefeetextremelyoedematous。\"
Already，in1806，atWarsaw，\"afterviolentconvulsionsinthestomach，\"hedeclaredtotheCountdeLoban，\"thatheborewithinhimthegermsofaprematuredeath，andthathewoulddieofthesamediseaseashisfather’s。\"（DeSégur，VI。，82。）AfterthevictoryofDresden，havingeatenaragoutcontaininggarlic，heisseizedwithsuchviolentgripingsastomakehimthinkhewaspoisoned，andhemakesaretrogrademovement，whichcausesthelossofVandamme’sdivision，and，consequently，theruinof1813。\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier，Etienne—Dennis，duc，chancelierdeFrance。LibrariePlon，Paris1893，（narrativeofDaru，aneye—witness。）—Thissusceptibilityofthenervesandstomachishereditarywithhimandshowsitselfinearlyyouth。\"Oneday，atBrienne，obligedtodroponhisknees，asapunishment，onthesilloftherefectory，heisseizedwithsuddenvomitingandaviolentnervousattack。\"DeSegur，I。，71。—Itiswellknownthathediedofacancerinthestomach，likehisfatherCharlesBonaparte。HisgrandfatherJosephBonaparte，hisuncleFesch，hisbrotherLucien，andhissisterCarolinediedofthesame，orofananalogousdisease。
[16]Meneval，I。，269。Constant，\"Mémoires，\"V。，62。DeSégur，VI。，114，117。
[17]MarshalMarmont，\"Mémoires，\"I。，306。Bourrienne，II。，119:
\"Whenoffthepoliticalfieldhewassensitive，kind，opentopity。\"
[18]PeletdelaLozére，p。7。DeChampagny，\"Souvenirs，\"p。103。Atfirst，theemotionwasmuchstronger。\"Hehadthefatalnewsfornearlythreehours；hehadgivenventtohisdespairalonebyhimself。
Hesummonedme……plaintivecriesinvoluntarilyescapedhim。\"
[19]MadamedeRémusat，I。，121，342；II。，50；III。，61，294，312。
[20]DeSégur，V。，348。
[21]Yung，II。，329，331。（NarratedbyLucien，andreporttoLouisXVIII。）
[22]\"Nouvellerelationdel’ItinérairedeNapoléon，deFontainebleauàl’Iledel’Elbe，\"byCountWaldberg—Truchsees，Prussiancommissioner（1885），pp。22，24，25，26，30，32，34，37。—Theviolentscenes，probably，oftheabdicationandtheattemptatFontainebleautopoisonhimselfhadalreadydisturbedhisbalance。OnreachingElba，hesaystotheAustriancommissioner，Koller，\"Astoyou，mydeargeneral，I
haveletyouseemybarerump。\"—Cf。in\"MadamedeRémusat，\"I。，108，oneofhisconfessionstoTalleyrand:hecrudelypointsoutinhimselfthedistancebetweennaturalinstinctandstudiedcourage。—Hereandelsewhere，weobtainaglimpseoftheactorandevenoftheItalianbuffoon；M。dePradtcalledhim\"JupiterScapin。\"ReadhisreflectionsbeforeM。dePradt，onhisreturnfromRussia，inwhichheappearsinthelightofacomedianwho，havingplayedbadlyandfailedinhispart，retiresbehindthescenes，runsdownthepiece，andcriticizetheimperfectionsoftheaudience。（DePradt，p。219。）
[23]Thereadermayfindhiscomprehensionoftheauthor’smeaningstrengthenedbythefollowingtranslationofapassagefromhisessayonJouffroy（PhilosophesclassiquesduXIXthSiécle，\"3rded。）:
\"Whatisaman，masterofhimself？Heisonewho，dyingwiththirst，refrainsfromswallowingacoolingdraft，merelymoisteninghislips:
whoinsultedinpublic，remainscalmincalculatinghismostappropriaterevenge；whoinbattle，hisnervesexcitedbyacharge，plansadifficultmaneuver，thinksitout，andwritesitdownwithalead—pencilwhileballsarewhistlingaroundhim，andsendsittohiscolonels。Inotherwords，itisamaninwhomthedeliberateandabstractideaofthegreatestgoodisstrongerthanallotherideasandsensations。Theconceptionofthegreatestgoodonceattained，everydislike，everyspeciesofindolence，everyfear，everyseduction，everyagitation，arefoundweak。Thetendencywhicharisefromtheideaofthegreatestgoodconstantlydominatesallothersanddeterminesallactions。\"TR。
[24]Bourrienne，I。21。
[25]Yung，1。，125。
[26]MadamedeRémusat，I。，267。—Yung，II。，109。OnhisreturntoCorsicahetakesuponhimselfthegovernmentofthewholefamily。
\"Nobodycoulddiscusswithhim，sayshisbrotherLucien；hetookoffenceattheslightestobservationandgotinapassionattheslightestresistance。Joseph（theeldest）darednotevenreplytohisbrother。\"
[27]Mémorial，August27—31，1815。
[28]\"MadamedeRémusat，\"I。，105。—Neverwasthereanablerandmoreperseveringsophist，morepersuasive，moreeloquent，inordertomakeitappearthathewasright。HencehisdictationsatSt。Helena；hisproclamations，messages，anddiplomaticcorrespondence；hisascendancyintalkingasgreatasthroughhisarms，overhissubjectandoverhisadversaries；alsohisposthumousascendancyoverposterity。Heisasgreatalawyerasheisacaptainandadministrator。Thepeculiarityofthisdispositionisneversubmittingtotruth，butalwaystospeakorwritewithreferencetoanaudience，topleadacause。Throughthistalentonecreatesphantomswhichdupetheaudience；ontheotherhand，astheauthorhimselfformspartoftheaudience，heendsinnotalongleadingothersintoerrorbutlikewisehimself，whichisthecasewithNapoleon。
[29]Yung，II。，111。（ReportbyVolney，Corsicancommissioner，1791。
—II。，287。（Mémorial，givingatrueaccountofthepoliticalandmilitarystateofCorsicainDecember，1790。）—II。，270。（DispatchoftherepresentativeLacombeSaint—Michel，Sept。10，1793。）—MiotdeMelitoI。，131，andfollowingpages。（HeispeacecommissionerinCorsicain1797and1801。）
[30]MiotdeMelito，II。，2。\"ThepartisansoftheFirstconsul’sfamily……regardedmesimplyastheinstrumentoftheirpassions，ofuseonlytoridthemoftheirenemies，soastocenterallfavorsontheirprotégés。\"
[31]Yung。，I。，220。（ManifestofOctober—31，1789。）—I。，265。
（Loanontheseminaryfundsobtainedbyforce，June23，1790。）—I。，267，269。（ArrestofM。delaJailleandotherofficers；planfortakingthecitadelofAjaccio。）—II。，115。（lettertoPaoli，February17，1792。）\"Lawsarelikethestatuesofcertaindivinities—veiledoncertainoccasions。\"—II。，125。（ElectionofBonaparteaslieutenant—colonelofabattalionofvolunteers，April1，1792。）TheeveningbeforehehadMurati，oneofthethreedepartmentalcommissioners，carriedoffbyanarmedbandfromthehouseofthePeraldi，hisadversaries，wherehelodged。Murati，seizedunawares，isbroughtbackbyforceandlockedupinBonaparte’shouse，whogravelysaystohim\"Iwantedyoutobefree，entirelyatliberty；
youwerenotsowiththePeraldi。\"—HisCorsicanbiographer（Nasica，\"Mémoiressurlajeunesseetl’enfancedeNapoléon，\"）considersthisaverypraiseworthyaction[32]Cf。onthispoint，theMemoirsofMarshalMarmont，I。，180，196；
theMemoirsofStendhal，onNapoleon；theReportofd’Antraigues（Yung，III。，170，171）；the\"MercureBritannique\"ofMallet—Dupan，andthefirstchapterof\"LaChartreusedeParme，\"byStendhal。
[33]\"CorrespondancedeNapoléon，\"I。（LetterofNapoleontotheDirectory，April26，1796。）—Proclamationofthesamedate:\"Youhavemadeforcedmarchesbarefoot，bivouackedwithoutbrandy，andoftenwithoutbread。\"
[34]Stendhal，\"ViedeNapoléon，\"p。151。\"Thecommonestofficerswerecrazywithdelightathavingwhitelinenandfinenewboots。Allwerefondofmusic；manywalkedaleagueintheraintosecureaseatintheLaScalaTheatre……InthesadplightinwhichthearmyfounditselfbeforeCastiglioneandArcole，everybody，excepttheknowingofficers，wasdisposedtoattempttheimpossiblesoasnottoquitItaly。\"—\"Marmont，\"I。，296:\"Wewereallofusveryyoung，……
allaglowwithstrengthandhealth，andenthusiasticforglory……
Thisvarietyofouroccupationsandpleasures，thisexcessiveemploymentofbodyandmindgavevaluetoexistence，andmadetimepasswithextraordinaryrapidity。\"
[35]\"CorrespondancedeNapoléon，\"I。ProclamationofMarch27，1796:
’Soldiers，youarenakedandpoorlyfed。Thegovernmentisvastlyindebtedtoyou；ithasnothingtogiveyou……Iamgoingtoleadyoutothemostfertileplainsintheworld；richprovinces，largecitieswillbeinyourpower；youwillthenobtainhonor，glory，andwealth。\"—ProclamationofApril26，1796:—\"Friends，Iguaranteethatconquesttoyou！\"—Cf。inMarmont’smemoirsthewayinwhichBonaparteplaysthepartoftempterinofferingMarmont，whorefuses，anopportunitytorobatreasurychest。
[36]MiotdeMelito，I。，154。（June，1797，inthegardensofMontebello。）\"SucharesubstantiallythemostremarkableexpressionsinthislongdiscoursewhichIhaverecordedandpreserved。\"
[37]MiotdeMelito，I。184。（ConversationwithBonaparte，November18，1797，atTurin。）\"Iremainedanhourwiththegeneraltête—à—tête。
Ishallrelatetheconversationexactlyasitoccurred，accordingtomynotes，madeatthetime。\"
[38]MathieuDumas，\"Mémoires，\"III。，156。\"Itiscertainthathethoughtofitfromthismomentandseriouslystudiedtheobstacles，means，andchancesofsuccess。\"（MathieuDumascitesthetestimonyofDesaix，whowasengagedintheenterprise）:\"Itseemsthatallwasready，whenBonapartejudgedthatthingswerenotyetripe，northemeanssufficient。\"—Hencehisdeparture。\"Hewantedtogetoutofthewayoftheruleandcapricesofthesecontemptibledictators，whilethelatterwantedtogetridofhimbecausehismilitaryfameandinfluenceinthearmywereobnoxioustothem。
[39]Larevellière—Lepaux（oneofthefivedirectorsonduty），\"Mémoires，\"II。，340。\"Allthatistrulygrandinthisenterprise，aswellasallthatisboldandextravagant，eitherinitsconceptionorexecution，belongswhollytoBonaparte。TheideaofitneveroccurredtotheDirectorynortoanyofitsmembers……Hisambitionandhispridecouldnotendurethealternativeofnolongerbeingprominentorofacceptingapostwhich，howevereminent，wouldhavealwayssubjectedhimtotheordersoftheDirectory。\"
[40]MadamedeRémusat，I。，142。\"JosephinelaidgreatstressontheEgyptianexpeditionasthecauseofhischangeoftemperandofthedailydespotismwhichmadehersuffersomuch。\"—\"MessouvenirssurNapoleon，\"325bythecountChaptal。（Bonaparte’sownwordstothepoetLemercierwhomighthaveaccompaniedhimtotheMiddleEastandtherewouldhavelearnedmanythingsabouthumannature）:\"Youwouldhaveseenacountrywherethesovereigntakesnoaccountofthelivesofhissubjects，andwherethesubjecthimselftakesnoaccountofhisownlife。Youwouldhavegotridofyourphilanthropic’notions。\"
[41]Roederer，III。，461（Jan。12，1803）
[42]Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"Vol。p。773。（NoteI。，onthesituation，in1806，oftheConventionalistswhohadsurvivedtherevolution。）Forinstance，Fouchéisminister；Jeanbon—Saint—André，prefect；Drouet（deVarennes），sub—prefect；Chépy（ofGrenoble），commissary—generalofthepoliceatBrest；131regicidesarefunctionaries，amongwhomwefindtwentyoneprefectsandforty—twomagistrates。—Occasionally，achancedocumentthathasbeenpreservedallowsonetocatch\"themanintheact。\"（\"Bulletinshebdomadairesdelacensure，1810and1814，\"
publishedbyM。Thurot，intheRevueCritique，1871）:\"Seizureof240
copiesofanindecentworkprintedforaccountofM。Palloy，theauthor。ThisPalloyenjoyedsomecelebrityduringtheRevolution，beingoneofthefamouspatriotsoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine。TheconstituentAssemblyhadconcededtohimtheownershipofthesiteoftheBastille，ofwhichhedistributeditsstonesamongallthecommunes。Heisabonvivant，whotookitintohisheadtowriteoutinaverybadstylethefilthystoryofhisamourswithaprostituteofthePalais—Royal。Hewasquitewillingthatthebookshouldbeseizedonconditionthathemightretainafewcopiesofhisjovialproduction。Heprofesseshighadmirationfor，andstrongattachmenttoHisMajesty’sperson，andexpresseshissentimentspiquantly，inthestyleof1789。\"
[43]Mémorial，\"June12，1816。
[44]MathieuDumas，III。，363（July4，1809，afewdaysbeforeWagram）。—MadamedeRémusat，\"I。，105:\"Ihaveneverheardhimexpressanyadmirationorcomprehensionofanobleaction。\"—I。，179:
OnAugustus’sclemencyandhissaying，\"Letusbefriends，Cinna，\"thefollowingishisinterpretationofit:\"Iunderstandthisactionsimplyasthefeintofatyrant，andapproveascalculationwhatI
findpuerileassentiment。\"—\"NotesparleComteChaptal\":\"Hebelievedneitherinvirtuenorinprobity，oftencallingthesetwowordsnothingbutabstractions；thisiswhatrenderedhimsodistrustfulandsoimmoral……Heneverexperiencedageneroussentiment；thisiswhyhewassocoldincompany，andwhyheneverhadafriend。Heregardedmenassomuchcounterfeitcoinorasmereinstruments。\"
[45]M。deMetternich，\"Mémoires，\"I。，241。—\"MadamedeRémusat，\"I。，93:\"Thatmanhasbeensoharmful（siassommateurdetoutevertu……）
toallvirtue。\"—MadamedeSta？l，\"ConsiderationssurlaRevolutionFran？aise，\"4thpart，ch。18。（Napoleon’sconductwithM。deMelzi，todestroyhiminpublicopinioninMilan，in1805。）
[46]MadamedeRémusat，I。，106；II。，247，336:\"Hismeansforgoverningmanwereallderivedfromthosewhichtendtodebasehim……Hetoleratedvirtueonlywhenhecouldcoveritwithridicule。\"
[47]Nearlyallhisfalsecalculationsareduetothisdefect，combinedwithanexcessofconstructiveimagination。—Cf。DePradt，p。94:\"TheEmperorisallsystem，allillusion，asonecannotfailtobewhenoneisallimagination。WhoeverhaswatchedhiscoursehasnoticedhiscreatingforhimselfanimaginarySpain，animaginaryCatholicism，animaginaryEngland，animaginaryfinancialstate，animaginarynoblesse，andstillmoreanimaginaryFrance，and，inlatetimes，animaginarycongress。\"
[48]Roederer，III。，495。（March8，1804。）
[49]Ibid。，III。，537（February11，1809。）
[50]Roederer，III。，514。（November4，1804。）
[51]Marmont，II。，242。
[52]CorrespondancedeNapoléon，\"I。（LettertoPrinceEugéne，April14，1806。）
[53]M。deMetternich，I。，284。
[54]Mollien，III。，427。
[55]\"NotesparleComteChaptal\":DuringtheConsulate，\"hisopinionnotbeingyetformedonmanypoints，healloweddiscussionanditwasthenpossibletoenlightenhimandenforceanopiniononceexpressedinhispresence。But，fromthemomentthathepossessedideasofhisown，eithertrueorfalse，onadministrativesubjects，heconsultednoone；……hetreatedeverybodywhodifferedfromhiminopinioncontemptuously，triedtomakethemappearridiculous，andoftenexclaimed，givinghisforeheadaslap，thatherewasaninstrumentfarmoreusefulthanthecounselsofmenwhowerecommonlysupposedtobeinstructedandexperienced……Forfouryears，hesoughttogatheraroundhimtheablemenofbothparties。Afterthis，thechoiceofhisagentsbegantobeindifferenttohim。Regardinghimselfasstrongenoughtoruleandcarryontheadministrationhimself，thetalentsandcharacterofthosewhostoodinhiswaywerediscarded。Whathewantedwasvaletsandnotcouncillors……Theministersweresimplyhead—clerksofthebureaus。TheCouncilofStateservedonlytogiveformtothedecreesemanatingfromhim；heruledeveninpettydetails。Everybodyaroundhimwastimidandpassive；hiswillwasregardedasthatofanoracleandexecutedwithoutreflection……
Self—isolatedfromothermen，havingconcentratedinhisownhandsallpowersandallaction，thoroughlyconvincedthatanother’slightandexperiencecouldbeofnousetohim，hethoughtthatarmsandhandswereallthatherequired。\"
[56]\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。InVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。VolI。chap。IX。
andX。pp。225—268。（Admirableportraitureofhisprincipalagents，Cambacérès，Talleyrand，Maret，Cretet，Real，etc。）Lacuée，directoroftheconscription，isaperfecttypeoftheimperialfunctionary。
HavingreceivedthebroadribbonoftheLegiond’Honneur，heexclaimed，attheheightofhisenthusiasm:\"whatwillnotFrancebecomeundersuchaman？Towhatdegreeofhappinessandglorywillitnotascend，alwaysprovidedtheconscriptionfurnisheshimwith200，000menayear！And，indeed，thatwillnotbedifficult，consideringtheextentoftheempire。\"—AndlikewisewithMerlindeDouai:\"Ineverknewamanlessendowedwiththesentimentofthejustandtheunjust；everythingseemstohimrightandgood，astheconsequencesofalegaltext。Hewasevenendowedwithakindofsatanicsmilewhichinvoluntarilyrosetohislips……everytimetheopportunityoccurred，when，inapplyinghisodiousscience，hereachedtheconclusionthatseverityisnecessaryorsomecondemnation。\"ThesamewithDefermon，infiscalmatters[57]MadamedeRémusat，II。，278；II。，175。
[58]Ibid。，III。，275，II。，45。（AproposofSavary，hismostintimateagent。）:\"Heisamanwhomustbeconstantlycorrupted。\"
[59]Ibid。，I。，109；II。，247；III。，366。
[60]\"MadamedeRémusat，\"II。，142，167，245。（Napoleon’sownwords。）
\"IfIorderedSavarytoridhimselfofhiswifeandchildren，Iamsurehewouldnothesitate。\"—Marmont，II。，194:\"WewereatViennain1809。Davoustsaid，speakingofhisownandMaret’sdevotion:\"IftheEmperorshouldsaytousboth，’MypoliticalinterestsrequirethedestructionofPariswithoutanyoneescaping，’Maretwouldkeepthesecret，Iamsure；butneverthelesshecouldnothelplettingitbeknownbygettinghisownfamilyout。I，ratherthanrevealit1wouldleavemywifeandchildrenthere。\"（Thesearebravadoexpressions，wordyexaggerations，butsignificant。）
[61]MadamedeRémusat，II。，379。
[62]SouvenirsdufeuducdeBroglie，\"I。，230。（WordsofMaret，atDresden，in1813；heprobablyrepeatsoneofNapoleon’sfigures。）
[63]Mollien，II。，9。
[64]D’Haussonville，\"L’égliseRomaineetlepremierEmpire，\"VI。，190，andpassim。
[65]Ibid。，III。，460—473。—Cf。onthesamescene，\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier（Etienne—Dennis，duc），ChancelierdeFrance。（Hewasbothwitnessandactor。）
[66]AnexpressionofCambacérès。M。deLavalette，II。，154。
[67]MadamedeRémusat，III。184
[68]\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—，I。，521。
Detailsofthemanufactureofcounterfeitmoney，byorderofSavary，inanisolatedbuildingontheplainofMontrouge。—Metternich，II。，358。（WordsofNapoleontoM。deMetternich）:\"Ihad300millionsofbanknotesoftheBankofViennaallreadyandwasgoingtofloodyouwiththem。\"Ibid。，CorrespondenceofM。deMetternichwithM。deChampagnyonthissubject（June，1810）。
[69]\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—Vol。II。
p。196。
[70]MadamedeRémusat，II。，335。
[71]MadamedeRémusat，I。，231。
[72]Ibid。，335。
[73]M。deMetternich，I。，284。\"OneofthosetowhomheseemedthemostattachedwasDuroc。’Helovesmethesameasadogloveshismaster，’isthephrasehemadeuseofinspeakingofhimtome。HecomparedBerthier’ssentimentforhispersontothatofachild’snurse。Farfrombeingopposedtohistheoryofthemotivesinfluencingmenthesesentimentswereitsnaturalconsequencewheneverhecameacrosssentimentstowhichhecouldnotapplythetheoryofcalculationbasedoncoldinterest，hesoughtthecauseofitinakindofinstinct。\"
[74]Beugnot，\"Mémoires，\"II。，59。
[75]\"Mémorial。\"\"IfIhadreturnedvictoriousfromMoscow，IwouldhavebroughtthePopenottoregrettemporalpower:Iwouldhaveconvertedhimintoanidol……Iwouldhavedirectedthereligiousworldaswellasthepoliticalworld……MycouncilswouldhaverepresentedChristianity，andthePopewouldhaveonlybeenpresidentofthem。\"
[76]DeSégur，III。，312。（InSpain，1809。）
[77]\"MémoiresduPrinceEugène。\"（LettersofNapoleon，August，1806。）
[78]LetterofNapoleontoFouché，March3，1810。（Leftoutinthe\"CorrespondancedeNapoléonI。，\"andpublishedbyM。Thiersin\"HistoireduConsulatetdel’Empire，XII。，p。115。
[79]DeSégur，III。，459。
[80]WordsofNapoleontoMarmont，who，afterthreemonthsinthehospital，returnstohiminSpainwithabrokenarmandhishandinablacksling:\"Youholdontothatragthen？\"Sainte—Beuve，wholovesthetruthasitreallyis，quotesthewordsastheycame，whichMarmontdarednotreproduce。（CauseriesduLundi，VI。，16。）—
\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier，LibrariePlon，Paris1893:\"M。deChampagnyhavingbeendismissedandreplaced，acourageousfrienddefendedhimandinsistedonhismerit:\"Youareright，\"saidtheEmperor，\"hehadsomewhenItookhim；butbycramminghimtoofull，Ihavemadehimstupid。\"
[81]Beugnot，I。，456，464
[82]Mme。deRémusat，II。，272。
[83]M。deChampagny，\"Souvenirs，\"117。
[84]MadamedeRémusat，I。，125。
[85]DeSégur，III。，456。
[86]\"TheAncientRegime，\"p。125。—\"？uvresdeLouisXIV。，\"191:
\"Ifthereisanypeculiarcharacteristicofthismonarchy，itisthefreeandeasyaccessofthesubjectstotheking；itanegalitédejusticebetweenboth，andwhich，sotosay，maintainsbothinagenialandhonestcompanionship，inspiteofthealmostinfinitedistanceinbirth，rank，andpower。Thisagreeablesociety，whichenablespersonsoftheCourttoassociatefamiliarlywithus，impressesthemandcharmsthemmorethanonecantell。\"
[87]MadamedeRémusat，II。，32，39。
[88]MadamedeRémusat，III。，169。
[89]Ibid。，II。，32，223，240，259；III。，169。
[90]Ibid。，I。，112，II。，77。
[91]M。deMetternich，I。，286。—\"ItwouldbedifficulttoimagineanygreaterawkwardnessthanthatofNapoleoninadrawing—room。—
VarnhagenvonEnse，\"Ausgew？hlteSchriften，\"III。，177。（AudienceofJuly10，1810）:\"Ineverheardaharshervoice，onesoinflexible。
Whenhesmiled，itwasonlywiththemouthandaportionofthecheeks；thebrowandeyesremainedimmovablysombre，……Thiscompoundofasmilewithseriousnesshadinitsomethingterribleandfrightful。\"—Ononeoccasion，atSt。Cloud，Varnhagenheardhimexclaimoverandoveragain，twentytimes，beforeagroupofladies，\"Howhot！\"
[92]Mme。deRémusat，II。，77，169。—Thibaudeau，\"MémoiressurleConsulat，\"p。18:\"Hesometimespaysthemleft—handedcomplimentsontheirtoiletoradventures，whichwashiswayofcensuringmorals。\"—
\"MessouvenirssurNapoléon，\"322byleComteChaptal:\"Atafête，intheH？teldeVille，heexclaimedtoMadame————，whohadjustgivenhernametohim:’GoodGod，theytoldmeyouwerepretty！’Tosomeoldpersons:’Youhaven’tlongtolive！Toanotherlady:’Itisafinetimeforyou，nowyourhusbandisonhiscampaigns！’Ingeneral，thetoneofBonapartewasthatofanill—bredlieutenant。Heofteninvitedadozenorfifteenpersonstodinnerandrosefromthetablebeforethesoupwasfinished……Thecourtwasaregulargalleywhereeachrowedaccordingtocommand。\"
[93]MadamedeRémusat，I。，114，122，206；II。，110，112。
[94]Ibid。，I。，277。
[95]\"Hansard’sParliamentaryHistory，\"vol。XXXVI。，。3I0。LordWhitworth’sdispatchtoLordHawkesbury，March14，1803，andaccountofthescenewithNapoleon。\"Allthistookplaceloudenoughforthetwohundredpersonspresenttohearit。\"—LordWhitworth（dispatchofMarch17）complainsofthistoTalleyrandandinformshimthatheshalldiscontinuehisvisitstotheTuileriesunlessheisassuredthatsimilarscenesshallnotoccuragain。—LordHawkesburyapprovesofthis（dispatchofMarch27），anddeclaresthattheproceedingisimproperandoffensivetotheKingofEngland。—Similarscenes，thesameconceitandintemperatelanguage，withM。deMetternich，atParis，in1809，alsoatDresden，in1813:againwithPrinceKorsakof，atParis，in1812；withM。deBalachof，atWilna，in1812，andwithPrinceCardito，atMilan，in1805。
[96]BeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens（\"Moniteur，\"Aug。8，1802）:TheFrenchgovernmentisnowmorefirmlyestablishedthantheEnglishgovernment。\"—（\"Moniteur\"Sept。10，1802）:\"Whatadifferencebetweenapeoplewhichconquersforloveofgloryandapeopleoftraderswhohappentobecomeconquerors！\"—（\"Moniteur，\"Feb。20，1803）:\"ThegovernmentdeclareswithajustpridethatEnglandcannotnowcontendagainstFrance。\"—Campaignof1805，9thbulletin，wordsofNapoleoninthepresenceofMack’sstaff:\"IrecommendmybrothertheEmperorofGermanytomakepeaceasquickashecan！Nowisthetimetorememberthatallempirescometoanend；theideathatanendmightcometothehouseofLorraineoughttoalarmhim。\"—LettertotheQueenofNaples，January2，1805:\"LetyourMajestylistentowhatIpredict。Onthefirstwarbreakingout，ofwhichshemightbethecause，sheandherchildrenwillhaveceasedtoreign；herchildrenwouldgowanderingaboutamongthedifferentcountriesofEuropebegginghelpfromtheirrelations。\"
[97]37thbulletin，announcingthemarchofanarmyonNaples\"topunishtheQueen’streacheryandcastfromthethronethatcriminalwoman，who，withsuchshamelessness，hasviolatedallthatmenholdsacred。\"—ProclamationofMay13，1809:\"Vienna，whichtheprincesofthehouseofLorrainehaveabandoned，notashonorablesoldiersyieldingtocircumstancesandthechancesofwar，butasperjurerspursuedbyremorse……InflyingfromViennatheiradieustoitsinhabitantsconsistedofmurderandfire。LikeMedea，theyhavesacrificedtheirchildrenwiththeirownhands。\"—13thbulletin:\"TherageofthehouseofLorraineagainstthecityofVienna，\"
[98]LettertotheKingofSpain，Sept。18，1803，andanotetotheSpanishministerofforeignaffairs，onthePrincedelaPaix:\"Thisfavorite，whohassucceededbythemostcriminalwaystoadegreeunheardofintheannalsofhistory……LetYourMajestyputawayamanwho，maintaininginhisrankthelowpassionsofhischaracter，haslivedwhollyonhisvices。\"—AfterthebattleofJéna，9th，17th，18th，and19thbulletins，comparisonoftheQueenofPrussiawithLadyHamilton，openandrepeatedinsinuations，imputingtoheranintriguewiththeEmperorAlexander。\"EverybodyadmitsthattheQueenofPrussiaistheauthoroftheevilsthePrussiannationsuffers。Thisisheardeverywhere。HowchangedsheissincethatfatalinterviewwiththeEmperorAlexander！……TheportraitoftheEmperorAlexander，presentedtoherbythePrince，wasfoundintheapartmentoftheQueenatPotsdam。\"
[99]\"LaGuerrepatriotique\"（1812—1815），accordingtothelettersofcontemporaries，byDoubravine（inRussian）。TheReportoftheRussianenvoy，M。deBalachof，isinFrench，[100]AnallusiontothemurderofPaulI。
[101]StanislasdeGirardin，\"Mémoires，\"III。，249。（ReceptionofNiv？se12，yearX。）TheFirstconsuladdressestheSenate:\"Citizens，IwarnyouthatIregardthenominationofDaunoutothesenateasapersonalinsult，andyouknowthatIhaveneverputupwithone。\"—
\"CorrespondancedeNapoleonI。\"（LetterofSept。23，1809，toM。deChampagny）:\"TheEmperorFrancisinsultedmeinwritingtomethatI
cedenothingtohim，when，outofconsiderationforhim，Ihavereducedmydemandsnearlyone—half。\"（Insteadof2，750，000Austriansubjectshedemandedonly1，600，000。）—Roederer，III。，377（Jan。24，1801）:\"TheFrenchpeoplemustputupwithmydefectsiftheyfindI
amofservicetothem；itismyfaultthatIcannotendureinsults。\"
[102]M。deMetternich，II。，378。（LettertotheEmperorofAustria，July28，1810。）
[103]NotepresentedbytheFrenchambassador，Otto，Aug。17，1802。
[104]StanislasGirardin，III。，296。（WordsoftheFirstconsul，Floreal24，yearXI。）:\"IhadproposedtotheBritishminister，forseveralmonths，tomakeanarrangementbywhichalawshouldbepassedinFranceandinEnglandprohibitingnewspapersandthemembersofthegovernmentfromexpressingeithergoodorillofforeigngovernments。
Heneverwouldconsenttoit。\"—St。Girardin:\"Hecouldnot。\"—
Bonaparte:\"Why？\"—St。Girardin:\"Becauseanagreementofthatsortwouldhavebeenopposedtothefundamentallawofthecountry。\"
Bonaparte:\"Ihaveapooropinion，\"etc。
[105]Hansard，vol。XXXVI。，p。1298。（DispatchofLordWhitworth，Feb。21，1803，conversationwiththeFirstconsulattheTuileries。）—
Seeley，’AShortHistoryofNapoleontheFirst。\"\"Triflesisasoftenedexpression，LordWhitworthaddsinaparenthesiswhichhasneverbeenprinted；\"theexpressionhemadeuseofistooinsignificantandtoolowtohaveaplaceinadispatchoranywhereelse，saveinthemouthofahack—driver。\"
[106]Lanfrey，\"HistoiredeNapoléon，\"II。，482。（WordsoftheFirstconsultotheSwissdelegates，conferenceofJanuary29，1803。）
[107]SirNeilCampbell，\"NapoleonatFontainebleauandElba，\"p。201。
（ThewordsofNapoleontoSirNeilCampbellandtotheothercommissioners。）—TheMémorialdeSainteHelenementionsthesameplaninalmostidenticalterms。—PeletdelaLozère，\"OpinionsdeNapoléonauconseild’état，\"p。238（sessionofMarch4，1806）:\"Withinforty—
eighthoursafterpeacewithEngland，IshallinterdictforeigncommoditiesandpromulgateanavigationactforbiddinganyotherthanFrenchvesselsenteringourports，builtofFrenchtimber，andwiththecrewstwo—thirdsFrench。EvencoalandEnglish’milords’shalllandonlyundertheFrenchflag。\"—Ibid。，32。
[108]Moniteur，January30，1803（Sebastiani）。
[109]Hansard，vol。XXXVI。，p。1298。（LordWhitworth’sdispatch，Feb。21，1803，theFirstConsul’swordstoLordWhitworth。）
[110]\"Memorial。\"（Napoleon’sownwords，March24，1806。）
[111]Lanfrey，II。，476。（NotetoOtto，October23，1802。）—
Thiers，VI。，249。
[112]LettertoClarke，MinisterofWar，Jan。18，1814。\"If，atLeipsic，Ihadhad30，000cannonballstofireoffontheeveningofthe18th，Ishouldto—daybemasteroftheworld。\"
[113]\"Memorial，\"Nov。30，1815。
[114]Lanfrey，III。，—399。LettersofTalleyrand，October11and27，1805，andmemorandumaddressedtoNapoleon。
[115]AtthecouncilheldinrelationtothefuturemarriageofNapoleon，CambacérèsvainlysupportedanalliancewiththeRussians。
Thefollowingweek，hesaystoM。Pasquier:\"Whenonehasonlyonegoodreasontogiveanditcannotpossiblybegiven，itisnaturalthatoneshouldbebeaten……，Youwillseethatitissogoodthatonephrasesufficestomakeitsforcefullyunderstood。IamdeeplyconvincedthatintwoyearsweshallhaveawarwiththatoftwopowerswhosedaughtertheEmperordoesnotmarry。NowawarwithAustriadoesnotcausemeanyuneasiness，andItrembleatawarwithRussia。Theconsequencesareincalculable。\"\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIER
（Etienne—Dennis，duc），LibrariePlon，Paris1893。VolI。，p293，p378。）。
[116]M。deMetternich，II。，305。（LettertotheEmperorofAustria，Aug。10，1809。）—Ibid。403……（LetterofJan。11，1811。）\"MyappreciationofNapoleon’splansandprojects，atbottom，hasnevervaried。Themonstrouspurposeofthecompletesubjectionofthecontinentunderoneheadwas，andisstill，hisobject。\"
[117]\"CorrespondancedeNapoleonI。\"（LettertotheKingofWurtemberg，April2，1814）:\"Thewarwilltakeplaceinspiteofhim（theEmperorAlexander），inspiteofme，inspiteoftheinterestsofFranceandthoseofRussia。Havingalreadyseenthissooften，itismypastexperiencewhichenablesmetounveilthefuture，\"
[118]Mollien，III。，135，190。—In1810\"priceshaveincreased400%
onsugar，and100%oncottonanddyestuffs。\"—\"Morethan20，000
custom—houseofficerswereemployedonthefrontieragainstmorethan100，000smugglers，inconstantactivityandfavoredbythepopulation。\"—\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—，I。，387。—Therewerelicensesforimportingcolonialproducts，butonconditionofexportingaproportionatequantityofFrenchmanufactures；now，Englandrefusedtoreceivethem。Consequently，\"notbeingallowedtobringthesearticlesbacktoFrance，theywerethrownoverboard。\"—\"Theybeganatfirstbydevotingtherefuseofmanufacturestothistrade，andthenendedbymanufacturingarticleswithoutotherdestination；forexample，atLyons，taffetasandsatins。\"
[119]ProclamationofDec。27，1805:\"TheNaplesdynastyhasceasedtoreign。ItsexistenceisincompatiblewiththereposeofEuropeandthehonorofmycrown。\"—MessagetotheSenate，Dec。10，1810:\"Freshguaranteeshavingbecomenecessary，theannexationtotheEmpireofthemouthsoftheEscaut，theMeuse，theRhine，theEms，theWeser，andtheElbe，seemedtometobethefirstandmostimportant……
TheannexationoftheValaisisananticipatedresultofthevastworksIhaveundertakenforthepasttenyearsinthatsectionoftheAlps。\"
[120]WearefamiliarwiththeSpanishaffair。HistreatmentofPortugalisanteriorandofsameorder。—\"Correspondance。\"（LettertoJunot，Oct。31，1807）:—’Ihavealreadyinformedyou，thatinauthorizingyoutoenterasanauxiliary，itwastoenableyoutopossessyourselfofthe（Portuguese）fleet，butmymindwasmadeuptotakePortugal。\"—（LettertoJunot，Dec。23，1807）:\"Disarmthecountry。SendallthePortuguesetroopstoFrance……Iwantthemoutofthecountry。Haveallprinces，ministers，andothermenwhoserveasrallyingpoints，senttoFrance。\"—（DecreeofDec。23，1807）:\"Anextracontributionof100millionfrancsshallbeimposedonthekingdomofPortugal，toredeemallproperty，ofwhateverdenomination，belongingtoprivateparties……AllpropertybelongingtotheQueenofPortugal，totheprince—regent，andtoprincesinappanage；……allthepossessionsofthenobleswhohavefollowedtheking，onhisabandoningthecountry，andwhohadnotreturnedtothekingdombeforeFebruary1，shallbeputundersequestration。\"—Cf。M。d’Haussonville，\"L’égliseRomaineetlepremierEmpire，\"5vols。（especiallythelastvolume）。NootherworkenablesonetoseeintoNapoleon’sobjectandproceedingsbetternormoreclosely。