……Often，atSaint—Cloud，hekeepsthecounselorsofstatefromnineo’clockinthemorninguntilfiveintheevening，withfifteenminutes’intermission，andseemsnomorefatiguedatthecloseofthesessionthanwhenitbegan。\"Duringthenightsessions\"manyofthememberssuccumbthroughweariness，whiletheMinisterofWarfallsasleep\"；hegivesthemashakeandwakesthemup，\"Come，come，citizens，letusbestirourselves，itisonlytwoo’clockandwemustearnthemoneytheFrenchpeoplepayus。\"ConsulorEmperor，[50]\"hedemandsofeachministeranaccountofthesmallestdetails:Itisnotraretoseethemleavingthecouncilroomovercomewithfatigue，duetothelonginterrogatoriestowhichhehassubjectedthem；heappearsnottohavenoticed，andtalksabouttheday’sworksimplyasarelaxationwhichhasscarcelygivenhismindexercise。\"Andwhatisworse，\"itoftenhappensthatonreturninghometheyfindadozenofhislettersrequiringimmediateresponse，forwhichthewholenightscarcelysuffices。\"Thequantityoffactsheisabletoretainandstoreaway，thequantityofideasheelaboratesandproduces，seemstosurpasshumancapacity，andthisinsatiable，inexhaustible，unmovablebrainthuskeepsonworkinguninterruptedlyforthirtyyears。Throughanotherresultofthesamementalorganization，Napoleon’sbrainisneverunproductive；that’stodayourgreatdanger。—Duringthepastthreehundredyearswehavemoreandmorelostsightoftheexactanddirectmeaningofthings。Subjecttotheconstraintsofaconservative，complex，andextendededucationalsystemwestudy*thesymbolsofobjectsratherthanontheobjectsthemselves；
*insteadofthegrounditself，amapofit；
*insteadofanimalsstrugglingforexistence，[51]nomenclaturesandclassifications，or，atbest，stuffedspecimensdisplayedinamuseum；
*insteadofpersonswhofeelandact，statistics，codes，histories，literatures，andphilosophies；
inshort，printedwords。Evenworse，abstractterms，whichfromcenturytocenturyhavebecomemoreabstractandthereforefurtherremovedfromexperience，moredifficulttounderstand，lessadaptableandmoredeceptive，especiallyinallthatrelatestohumanlifeandsociety。Here，duetothegrowthofgovernment，tothemultiplicationofservices，totheentanglementofinterests，theobject，indefinitelyenlargedandcomplex，noweludesourgrasp。Ourvague，incomplete，incorrectideaofitbadlycorrespondswithit，ordoesnotcorrespondatall。Inninemindsoutoften，orperhapsninety—
nineoutofahundred，itisbutlittlemorethanaword。Theothers，iftheydesiresomesignificantindicationofwhatsocietyactuallyisbeyondtheteachingsofbooks，requiretenorfifteenyearsofcloseobservationandstudytore—thinkthephraseswithwhichthesehavefilledtheirmemory，tointerpretthemanew，tomakecleartheirmeaning，togetatandverifytheirsense，tosubstituteforthemoreorlessemptyandindefinitetermthefullnessandprecisionofapersonalimpression。WehaveseenhowideasofSociety，State，Government，Sovereignty，Rights，Liberty，themostimportantofallideas，were，atthecloseoftheeighteenthcentury，curtailedandfalsified；how，inmostminds，simpleverbalreasoningcombinedthemtogetherindogmasandaxioms；whatanoffspringthesemetaphysicalsimulacragavebirthto，howmanylifelessandgrotesqueabortions，howmanymonstrousanddestructivechimeras。ThereisnoplaceforanyofthesefancifuldreamsinthemindofBonaparte；theycannotariseinit，norfindaccesstoit；hisaversiontotheunsubstantialphantomsofpoliticalabstractionextendsbeyonddisdain，eventodisgust。[52]Thatwhichwasthencalledideology，ishisparticularbugbear；heloathesitnotalonethroughcalculation，butstillmorethroughaninstinctivedemandforwhatisreal，asapracticalmanandstatesman，alwayskeepinginmind，likethegreatCatherine，\"thatheisoperating，notonpaper，butonthehumanhide，whichisticklish。\"
Everyideaentertainedbyhimhaditsorigininhispersonalobservation，andheusedhisownpersonalobservationstocontrolthem。
Ifbooksareusefultohimitistosuggestquestions，whichheneveranswersbutthroughhisownexperience。Hehasreadonlyalittle，andhastily；[53]hisclassicaleducationisrudimentary；inthewayofLatin，heremainedinthelowerclass。TheinstructionhegotattheMilitaryAcademyaswellasatBriennewasbelowmediocrity，while，afterBrienne，itisstatedthat\"forthelanguagesandbelles—
lettres，hehadnotaste。\"Nexttothis，theliteratureofeleganceandrefinement，thephilosophyoftheclosetanddrawing—room，withwhichhiscontemporariesareimbued，glidedoverhisintellectasoverahardrock。Nonebutmathematicaltruthsandpositivenotionsaboutgeographyandhistoryfoundtheirwayintohismindanddeeplyimpressedit。Everythingelse，aswithhispredecessorsofthefifteenthcentury，comestohimthroughtheoriginal，directactionofhisfacultiesincontactwithmenandthings，throughhispromptandsuretact，hisindefatigableandminuteattention，hisindefinitelyrepeatedandrectifieddivinationsduringlonghoursofsolitudeandsilence。Practice，andnotspeculation，isthesourceofhisinstruction，thesameaswithamechanicbroughtupamongstmachinery。
\"ThereisnothingrelatingtowarfarethatIcannotmakemyself。Ifnobodyknowshowtomakegunpowder，Ido。Icanconstructgun—
carriages。Ifcannonmustbecast，Iwillseethatitisdoneproperly。Iftacticaldetailsmustbetaught，Iwillteachthem。\"[54]
Thisiswhyheiscompetentrightfromthebeginning，generalintheartillery，major—general，diplomatist，financierandadministratorofallkinds。Thankstothisfertileapprenticeship，beginningwiththeConsulate，heshowsofficialsandveteranministerswhosendintheirreportstohimwhattodo。
\"Iamamoreexperiencedadministratorthanthey，[55]whenonehasbeenobligedtoextractfromhisbrainsthewaysandmeanswithwhichtofeed，maintain，control，andmovewiththesamespiritandwilltwoorthreehundredthousandmen，alongdistancefromtheircountry，onehassoondiscoveredthesecretsofadministration。\"
Ineachofthehumanmachineshebuildsandmanipulates，heperceivesrightawayalltheparts，eachinitsproperplaceandfunction，themotors，thetransmissions，thewheels，thecompositeaction，thespeedwhichensues，thefinalresult，thecompleteeffect，thenetproduct。
Neverishecontentwithasuperficialandsummaryinspection；hepenetratesintoobscurecornersandtothelowestdepths\"throughthetechnicalprecisionofhisquestions，\"withthelucidityofaspecialist，andinthisway，borrowinganexpressionfromthephilosophers，withhimtheconceptshouldbeadequatetoitspurpose。[56]
Hencehiseagernessfordetails，fortheseformthebodyandsubstanceoftheconcept；thehandthathasnotgraspedthese，orletsthemgo，retainsonlytheshell，anenvelope。Withrespecttothesehiscuriosityis\"insatiable。\"[57]Ineachministerialdepartmentheknowsmorethantheministers，andineachbureauheknowsasmuchastheclerks。\"Onhistable[58]liereportsofthepositionsofhisforcesonlandandonwater。Hehasfurnishedtheplansofthese，andfreshonesareissuedeverymonth\"；suchisthedailyreadinghelikesbest。
\"Ihavemyreportsonpositionsalwaysathand；mymemoryforanAlexandrineisnotgood，butIneverforgetasyllableofmyreportsonpositions。Ishallfindtheminmyroomthisevening，andIshallnotgotobeduntilIhavereadthem。\"
Healwaysknows\"hisposition\"onlandandatseabetterthanisknownintheWarandNavydepartments；bettereventhanhisstaff—officersthenumber，size，andqualitiesofhisshipsinoroutofport，thepresentandfuturestateofvesselsunderconstruction，thecompositionandstrengthoftheircrews，theformation，organization，staffofofficers，material，stations，andenlistments，pastandtocome，ofeacharmycorpsandofeachregiment。Itisthesameinthefinancialanddiplomaticservices，ineverybranchoftheadministration，laicorecclesiastical，inthephysicalorderandinthemoralorder。Histopographicalmemoryandhisgeographicalconceptionofcountries，places，ground，andobstaclesculminateinaninwardvisionwhichheevokesatwill，andwhich，yearsafterwards，revivesasfreshasonthefirstday。Hiscalculationofdistances，marches，andmaneuversissorigidamathematicaloperationthat，frequently，atadistanceoftwoorfourhundredleagues，[59]hismilitaryforesight，calculatedtwoorfourmonthsahead，turnsoutcorrect，almostonthedaynamed，andpreciselyonthespotdesignated。[60]Addtothisoneotherfaculty，andtherarestofall。
For，ifthingsturnoutasheforesawtheywould，itisbecause，aswithgreatchess—players，hehasaccuratelymeasurednotalonethemechanicalmovesofthepieces，butthecharacterandtalentofhisadversary，\"soundedhisdraftofwater，\"anddivinedhisprobablemistakes。Hehasaddedthecalculationofphysicalquantitiesandprobabilitiestothecalculationofmoralquantitiesandprobabilities，thusshowinghimselfasgreatapsychologistasheisanaccomplishedstrategist。Infact，noonehassurpassedhimintheartofjudgingtheconditionandmotivesofanindividualorofagroupofpeople，therealmotives，permanentortemporary，whichdriveorcurbmeningeneralorthisorthatmaninparticular，theincentivestobeemployed，thekindanddegreeofpressuretobeemployed。Thiscentralfacultyrulesalltheothers，andintheartofmasteringManhisgeniusisfoundsupreme。
III。HisacuteUnderstandingofOthers。
Hispsychologicalfacultyandwayofgettingatthethoughtandfeelingofothers。—Hisself—analysis。—Howheimaginesageneralsituationbyselectingaparticularcase，imaginingtheinvisibleinteriorbydeductingfromthevisibleexterior。—Originalityandsuperiorityofhisstyleanddiscourse。—Hisadaptationofthesetohishearersandtocircumstances。—Hisnotationandcalculationofserviceablemotives。
Nofacultyismorepreciousforapoliticalengineer；fortheforcesheactsuponareneverotherthanhumanpassions。Buthow，exceptthroughdivination，canthesepassions，whichgrowoutofthedeepestsentiments，bereached？How，savebyconjecture，canforcesbeestimatedwhichseemtodefyallmeasurement？Onthisdarkanduncertainground，whereonehastogropeone’sway，Napoleonmoveswithalmostabsolutecertainty；hemovespromptly。Firstofall，hestudieshimself；indeed，tofindone’swayintoanother’ssoulrequires，preliminarily，thatoneshoulddivedeepintoone’sown。[61]
\"Ihavealwaysdelightedinanalysis，\"saidhe，oneday，\"andshouldI
everfallseriouslyinloveIwouldtakemysentimenttopieces。WhyandHowaresuchimportantquestionsonecannotputthemtoone’sselftoooften。\"
\"Itiscertain，\"writesanobserver，\"thathe，ofallmen，istheonewhohasmostmeditatedonthewhywhichcontrolshumanactions。\"
Hismethod，thatoftheexperimentalsciences，consistsintestingeveryhypothesisordeductionbysomepositivefact，observedbyhimunderdefiniteconditions；aphysicalforcebeingascertainedandaccuratelymeasuredthroughthedeviationofaneedle，orthroughtheriseandfallofafluid，thisorthatinvisiblemoralforcecanlikewisebeascertainedandapproximatelymeasuredthroughsomeemotionalsign，somedecisivemanifestation，consistingofacertainword，tone，orgesture。Itisthesewords，tones，andgestureswhichhedwellson；hedetectsinwardsentimentsbytheoutwardexpression；
hefigurestohimselftheinternalbytheexternal，bysomefacialappearance，sometellingattitude，somebriefandtopicalscene，bysuchspecimenandshortcuts，sowellchosenanddetailedthattheyprovideasummaryoftheinnumerableseriesofanalogouscases。Inthisway，thevague，fleetingobjectissuddenlyarrested，broughttobear，andthengaugedandweighed，likesomeimpalpablegascollectedandkeptinagraduatedtransparentglasstube。—Accordingly，attheCouncilofState，whiletheothers，eitherjuristsoradministrators，seeabstractions，articlesofthelawandprecedents，heseespeopleastheyare—theFrenchman，theItalian，theGerman；thatofthepeasant，theworkman，thebourgeois，thenoble，thereturnedémigré，[62]thesoldier，theofficerandthefunctionary—everywheretheindividualmanasheis，themanwhoplows，manufactures，fights，marries，bringsforthchildren，toils，enjoyshimself，anddies。—
Nothingismorestrikingthanthecontrastbetweenthedull，graveargumentsadvancedbythewiseofficialeditor，andNapoleon’sownwordscaughtonthewing，atthemoment，vibratingandteemingwithillustrationsandimagery。[63]Aproposofdivorce，theprincipleofwhichhewishestomaintain:
\"Consult，now，nationalmannersandcustoms。Adulteryisnophenomenon；itiscommonenough—uneaffairedecanapé……Theremustbesomecurbonwomenwhocommitadulteryfortrinkets，poetry，Apollo，andthemuses，etc。\"
Butifdivorcebeallowedforincompatibilityoftemperyouunderminemarriage；thefragilityofthebondwillbeapparentthemomenttheobligationiscontracted；
\"itisjustasifamansaidtohimself，’IamgoingtomarryuntilI
feeldifferent。’\"
Nullityofmarriagemustnotbetoooftenallowed；onceamarriageismadeitisaseriousmattertoundoit。
\"Supposethat，inmarryingmycousinjustarrivedfromtheIndies，I
wedanadventuress。Shebearsmechildren，andIthendiscoversheisnotmycousin—isthatmarriagevalid？Doesnotpublicmoralitydemandthatitshouldbesoconsidered？Therehasbeenamutualexchangeofhearts，oftranspiration。\"
Ontherightofchildrentobesupportedandfedalthoughofage，hesays:
\"Willyouallowafathertodriveagirloffifteenoutofhishouse？
Afatherworth60，000francsayearmightsaytohisson，’Youarestoutandfat；goandturnplowman。’Thechildrenofarichfather，orofoneingoodcircumstances，arealwaysentitledtothepaternalporridge。Strikeouttheirrighttobefed，andyoucompelchildrentomurdertheirparents。\"
Astoadoption:
\"Youregardthisaslaw—makersandnotasstatesmen。Itisnotacivilcontractnorajudicialcontract。Theanalysis（ofthejurist）
leadstoviciousresults。Manisgovernedbyimaginationonly；
withoutimaginationheisabrute。Itisnotforfivecentsaday，simplytodistinguishhimself，thatamanconsentstobekilled；ifyouwanttoelectrifyhimtouchhisheart。Anotary，whoispaidafeeoftwelvefrancsforhisservices，cannotdothat。Itrequiressomeotherprocess，alegislativeact。Adoption，whatisthat？Animitationbywhichsocietytriestocounterfeitnature。Itisanewkindofsacrament……Societyordainsthatthebonesandbloodofonebeingshallbechangedintothebonesandbloodofanother。Itisthegreatestofalllegalacts。Itgivesthesentimentsofasontoonewhoneverhadthem，andreciprocallythoseofaparent。Whereoughtthistooriginate？Fromonhigh，likeaclapofthunder！\"
Allhisexpressionsarebrightflashesoneafteranother。[64]Nobody，sinceVoltaireandGaliani，haslaunchedforthsuchaprofusionofthem；onsociety，laws，government，FranceandtheFrench，somepenetrateandexplain，likethoseofMontesquieu，asifwithaflashoflightening。Hedoesnothammerthemoutlaboriously，buttheyburstforth，theoutpouringsofhisintellect，itsnatural，involuntary，constantaction。Andwhataddstotheirvalueisthat，outsideofcouncilsandprivateconversations，heabstainsfromthem，employingthemonlyintheserviceofthought；atothertimeshesubordinatesthemtotheendhehasinview，whichisalwaystheirpracticaleffect。Ordinarily，hewritesandspeaksinadifferentlanguage，inalanguagesuitedtohisaudience；hedispenseswiththeoddities，theirregularimprovisationsandimagination，theoutburstsofgeniusandinspiration。Heretainsandusesmerelythosewhichareintendedtoimpressthepersonagewhomhewishestodazzlewithagreatideaofhimself，suchasPiusVII。，ortheEmperorAlexander。
Inthiscase，hisconversationaltoneisthatofacaressing，expansive，amiablefamiliarity；heisthenbeforethefootlights，andwhenheactshecanplayallparts，tragedyorcomedy，withthesamelifeandspiritwhetherhefulminates，insinuates，orevenaffectssimplicity。Whenheiswithhisgenerals，ministers，andprincipalperformers，hefallsbackontheconcise，positive，technicalbusinessstyle；anyotherwouldbeharmful。Thekeenmindonlyrevealsitselfthroughthebrevityandimperiousstrengthandrudenessoftheaccent。
Forhisarmiesandthecommonrunofmen，hehashisproclamationsandbulletins，thatistosay，sonorousphrasescomposedforeffect，astatementoffactspurposelysimplifiedandfalsified，[65]inshort，anexcellenteffervescentwine，goodforexcitingenthusiasm，andanequallyexcellentnarcoticformaintainingcredulity，[66]asortofpopularmixturetobedistributedjustatthepropertime，andwhoseingredientsaresowellproportionedthatthepublicdrinksitwithdelight，andbecomesatonceintoxicated。—Hisstyleoneveryoccasion，whetheraffectedorspontaneous，showshiswonderfulknowledgeofthemassesandofindividuals；exceptintwoorthreecases，ononeexalteddomain，ofwhichhealwaysremainsignorant，hehaseverhitthemark，applyingtheappropriatelever，givingjustthepush，weight，anddegreeofimpulsionwhichbestaccomplisheshispurpose。Aseriesofbrief，accuratememoranda，correcteddaily，enableshimtoframeforhimselfasortofpsychologicaltabletwhereonhenotesdownandsumsup，inalmostnumericalvaluation，thementalandmoraldispositions，characters，faculties，passions，andaptitudes，thestrongorweakpoints，oftheinnumerablehumanbeings，nearorremote，onwhomheoperates。
IV。HisWonderfulMemory。
HisThreeAtlases。—Theirscaleandcompleteness。
Letustryforamomenttoshowtherangeandcontentsofthisintellect；wemayhavetogobacktoCaesartohisequal；but，forlackofdocuments，wehavenothingofCaesarbutgeneralfeatures—asummaryoutline。OfNapoleonwehave，besidestheperfectoutline，thefeaturesindetail。Readhiscorrespondence，daybyday，thenchapterbychapter；[67]forexample，in1806，afterthebattleofAusterlitz，or，stillbetter，in1809，afterhisreturnfromSpain，uptothepeaceofVienna；whateverourtechnicalshortcomingsmaybe，weshallfindthathismind，initscomprehensivenessandamplitude，largelysurpassesallknownorevencredibleproportions。
Hehasmentallywithinhimthreeprincipalatlases，alwaysathand，eachcomposedof\"abouttwentynote—books，\"eachdistinctandeachregularlypostedup。—
1。Thefirstoneismilitary，formingavastcollectionoftopographicalchartsasminuteasthoseofangeneralstaff，withdetailedplansofeverystronghold，alsospecificindicationsandthelocaldistributionofallforcesonseaandonland—crews，regiments，batteries，arsenals，storehouses，presentandfutureresourcesinsuppliesofmen，horses，vehicles，arms，munitions，food，andclothing。
2。Thesecond，whichiscivil，resemblestheheavy，thickvolumespublishedeveryyear，inwhichwenowreadthestateofthebudget，andcomprehend，first，theinnumerableitemsofordinaryandextraordinaryreceiptandexpenditure，internaltaxes，foreigncontributions，theproductsofthedomainsinFranceandoutofFrance，thefiscalservices，pensions，publicworks，andtherest；
next，alladministrativestatistics，thehierarchyoffunctionsandoffunctionaries，senators，deputies，ministers，prefects，bishops，professors，judges，andthoseundertheirorders，eachwhereheresides，withhisrank，jurisdiction，andsalary。
3。Thethirdisavastbiographicalandmoraldictionary，inwhich，asinthepigeon—holesoftheChiefofPolice，eachnotablepersonageandlocalgroup，eachprofessionalorsocialbody，andeveneachpopulation，hasitslabel，alongwithabriefnoteonitssituation，needs，andantecedents，and，therefore，itsdemonstratedcharacter，eventualdisposition，andprobableconduct。Eachlabel，card，orstripofpaperhasitssummary；allthesepartialsummaries，methodicallyclassified，terminateintotals，andthetotalsofthethreeatlases，combinedtogether，thusfurnishtheirpossessorwithanestimateofhisdisposableforces。
Now，in1809，howeverfulltheseatlases，theyareclearlyimprintedonNapoleon’smindheknowsnotonlythetotalandthepartialsummaries，butalsotheslightestdetails；hereadsthemreadilyandateveryhour；hecomprehendsinamass，andinallparticulars，thevariousnationshegovernsdirectly，orthroughsomeoneelse；thatistosay，60，000，000men，thedifferentcountrieshehasconqueredoroverrun，consistingof70，000squareleagues[68]。Atfirst，FranceincreasedbytheadditionofBelgiumandPiedmont；nextSpain，fromwhichheisjustreturned，andwherehehasplacedhisbrotherJoseph；
southernItaly，where，afterJoseph，hehasplacedMurat；centralItaly，whereheoccupiesRome；northernItaly，whereEugèneishisdelegate；DalmatiaandIstria，whichhehasjoinedtohisempire；
Austria，whichheinvadesforthesecondtime；theConfederationoftheRhine，whichhehasmadeandwhichhedirects；WestphaliaandHolland，wherehisbrothersareonlyhislieutenants；Prussia，whichhehassubduedandmutilatedandwhichheoppresses，andthestrongholdsofwhichhestillretains；and，addalastmentaltableau，thatwhichrepresentsthenorthernseas，theAtlanticandtheMediterranean，allthefleetsofthecontinentatseaandinportfromDantzictoFlessingenandBayonne，fromCadiztoToulonandGa？ta，fromTarentumtoVenice，Corfu，andConstantinople。[69]—Onthepsychologicalandmoralatlas，besidesaprimitivegapwhichhewillneverfillup，becausethisisacharacteristictrait，therearesomeestimateswhicharewrong，especiallywithregardtothePopeandtoCatholicconscience。InlikemannerheratestheenergyofnationalsentimentinSpainandGermanytoolow。HeratestoohighhisownprestigeinFranceandinthecountriesannexedtoher，thebalanceofconfidenceandzealonwhichhemayrely。Buttheseerrorsarerathertheproductofhiswillthanofhisintelligence，herecognizesthematintervals；ifhehasillusionsitisbecausehefabricatesthem；
lefttohimselfhisgoodsensewouldrestinfallible，itisonlyhispassionswhichblurredthelucidityofhisintellect。—Astotheothertwoatlases，thetopographicalandthemilitary，theyareascompleteandasexactasever；Nomatterhowmuchtherealitiestheycontainwillswellanddailybecomeevermorecomplex，theycontinuetocorrespondtoitintheirfullnessandprecision，traitfortrait。
V。HisImaginationanditsExcesses。
Hisconstructiveimagination。—Hisprojectsanddreams。—
Manifestationofthemasterfacultyanditsexcesses。
Butthismultitudeofinformationandobservationsformonlythesmallestportionofthementalpopulationswarminginthisimmensebrain；for，onhisideaofthereal，germinateandswarmhisconceptsofthepossible；withouttheseconceptstherewouldbenowaytohandleandtransformthings，andthathedidhandleandtransformthemweallknow。Beforeacting，hehasdecidedonhisplan，andifthisplanisadopted，itisoneamongseveralothers，[70]afterexamining，comparing，andgivingitthepreference；hehasaccordinglythoughtoveralltheothers。Behindeachcombinationadoptedbyhimwedetectthosehehasrejected；therearedozensofthembehindeachofhisdecisions，eachmaneuvereffected，eachtreatysigned，eachdecreepromulgated，eachorderissued，andIventuretosay，behindalmosteveryimprovisedactionorwordspoken。Forcalculationentersintoeverythinghedoes，evenintohisapparentexpansiveness，alsointohisoutburstswheninearnest；ifhegiveswaytothese，itisonpurpose，foreseeingtheeffect，withaviewtointimidateortodazzle。Heturnseverythinginothersaswellasinhimselftoaccount—hispassion，hisvehemence，hisweaknesses，histalkativeness，heexploitsitallfortheadvancementoftheedificeheisconstructing。[71]Certainlyamonghisdiversefaculties，howevergreat，thatoftheconstructiveimaginationisthemostpowerful。Attheverybeginningwefeelitsheatandboilingintensitybeneaththecoolnessandrigidityofhistechnicalandpositiveinstructions。
\"WhenIplanabattle，\"saidhetoRoederer，\"nomanismorespinelessthanIam。Ioverexaggeratetomyselfallthedangersandalltheevilsthatarepossibleunderthecircumstances。Iaminastateoftrulypainfulagitation。Butthisdoesnotpreventmefromappearingquitecomposedtopeoplearoundme；Iamlikeawomangivingbirthtoachild。[72]
Passionately，inthethroesofthecreator，heisthusabsorbedwithhiscomingcreation；healreadyanticipatesandenjoyslivinginhisimaginaryedifice。\"General，\"saidMadamedeClermont—Tonnerretohim，oneday，\"youarebuildingbehindascaffoldingwhichyouwilltakedownwhenyouhavedonewithit。\"\"Yes，Madame，that’sit，\"
repliedBonaparte；\"youareright。Iamalwayslivingtwoyearsinadvance。\"[73]Hisresponsecamewith\"incrediblevivacity，\"asifasuddeninspiration，thatofasoulstirredinitsinnermostfiber。—
Hereaswell，thepower，thespeed，fertility，play，andabundanceofhisthoughtseemunlimited。Whathehasaccomplishedisastonishing，butwhathehasundertakenismoreso；andwhateverhemayhaveundertakenisfarsurpassedbywhathehasimagined。Howevervigoroushispracticalfaculty，hispoeticalfacultyisstronger；itiseventoovigorousforastatesman；itsgrandeurisexaggeratedintoenormity，anditsenormitydegeneratesintomadness。InItaly，afterthe18thofFructidor，hesaidtoBourrienne:
\"Europeisamolehill；neverhavetherebeengreatempiresandgreatrevolutions，exceptintheOrient，withits600，000，000
inhabitants。\"[74]
ThefollowingyearatSaint—Jeand’Acre，ontheeveofthelastassault，headded\"IfIsucceedIshallfindinthetownthepasha’streasureandarmsfor300，000men。IstirupandarmallSyria……ImarchonDamascusandAleppo；asIadvanceinthecountrymyarmywillincreasewiththediscontented。Iproclaimtothepeopletheabolitionofslavery，andofthetyrannicalgovernmentofthepashas。IreachConstantinoplewitharmedmasses。IoverthrowtheTurkishEmpire；I
foundintheEastanewandgrandempire，whichfixesmyplacewithposterity，andperhapsIreturntoParisbythewayofAdrianople，orbyVienna，afterhavingannihilatedthehouseofAustria。\"[75]
Becomeconsul，andthenemperor，heoftenreferredtothishappyperiod，when，\"ridoftherestraintsofatroublesomecivilization，\"
hecouldimagineatwillandconstructatpleasure。[76]
\"Icreatedareligion；IsawmyselfontheroadtoAsia，mountedonanelephant，withaturbanonmyhead，andinmyhandanewKoran，whichIcomposedtosuitmyself。\"
ConfinedtoEurope，hethinks，after1804，thathewillreorganizeCharlemagne’sempire。
\"TheFrenchEmpirewillbecomethemothercountryofothersovereignties……ImeanthateverykinginEuropeshallbuildagrandpalaceatParisforhisownuse；onthecoronationoftheEmperoroftheFrenchthesekingswillcomeandoccupyit；theywillgracethisimposingceremonywiththeirpresence，andhonoritwiththeirsalutations。\"[77]ThePopewillcome；hecametothefirstone；
hemustnecessarilyreturntoParis，andfixhimselftherepermanently。WherecouldtheHolySeebebetteroffthaninthenewcapitalofChristianity，underNapoleon，heirtoCharlemagne，andtemporalsovereignoftheSovereignPontiff？Throughthetemporaltheemperorwillcontrolthespiritual，[78]andthroughthePope，consciences。\"
InNovember，1811，unusuallyexcited，hesaystoDePradt:
\"InfiveyearsIshallbemasteroftheworld；onlyRussiawillremain，butIwillcrushher。[79]……PariswillextendouttoSt。Cloud。\"
TorenderParisthephysicalcapitalofEuropeis，throughhisownconfession，\"oneofhisconstantdreams。\"
\"Attimes，\"hesays，[80]\"Iwouldliketoseeheracityoftwo，three，fourmillionsofinhabitants，somethingfabulous，colossal，unknowndowntoourday，anditspublicestablishmentsadequatetoitspopulation……Archimedesproposedtolifttheworldifhecouldbeallowedtoplacehislever；formyself，IwouldhavechangeditwhereverIcouldhavebeenallowedtoexercisemyenergy，perseverance，andbudgets。\"
Atallevents，hebelievesso；forhoweverloftyandbadlysupportedthenextstoryofhisstructuremaybe，hehasalwaysreadyanewstory，loftierandmoreunsteady，toputaboveit。Afewmonthsbeforelaunchinghimself，withallEuropeathisback，againstRussia，hesaidtoNarbonne:[81]
\"Afterall，mydearsir，thislongroadistheroadtoIndia。
AlexanderstartedasfaroffasMoscowtoreachtheGanges；thishasoccurredtomesinceSt。Jeand’Acre……ToreachEnglandto—
dayIneedtheextremityofEurope，fromwhichtotakeAsiaintherear……SupposeMoscowtaken，Russiasubdued，theczarreconciled，ordeadthroughsomecourtconspiracy，perhapsanotheranddependentthrone，andtellmewhetheritisnotpossibleforaFrencharmy，withitsauxiliaries，settingoutfromTiflis，togetasfarastheGanges，whereitneedsonlyathrustoftheFrenchswordtobringdownthewholeofthatgrandcommercialscaffoldingthroughoutIndia。
Itwouldbethemostgiganticexpedition，Iadmit，butpracticableinthenineteenthcentury。ThroughitFrance，atonestroke，wouldsecuretheindependenceoftheWestandthefreedomoftheseas。\"
Whileutteringthishiseyesshonewithstrangebrilliancy，andheaccumulatessubjects，weighingobstacles，means，andchances:theinspirationisunderfullheadway，andhegiveshimselfuptoit。Themasterfacultyfindsitselfsuddenlyfree，andittakesflight；theartist，[82]lockedupinpolitics，hasescapedfromhissheath；heiscreatingoutoftheidealandtheimpossible。Wetakehimforwhatheis，aposthumousbrotherofDanteandMichaelAngelo。Intheclearoutlinesofhisvision，intheintensity，coherency，andinwardlogicofhisdreams，intheprofundityofhismeditations，inthesuperhumangrandeurofhisconceptions，heis，indeed，theirfellowandtheirequal。Hisgeniusisofthesamestatureandthesamestructure；heisoneofthethreesovereignmindsoftheItalianRenaissance。Only，whilethefirsttwooperatedonpaperandonmarble，thelatteroperatesonthelivingbeing，onthesensitiveandsufferingfleshofhumanity。
_
Notes:
[1]ReformsintroducedbyNapoleonafterhiscoupd’état9Nov。1799。
（SR。）
[2]Themainauthorityis，ofcourse，the\"correspondancedel’EmpereurNapoléonI。，\"inthirty—two—volumes。Thiscorrespondance，\"
unfortunately，isstillincomplete，while，afterthesixthvolume，itmustnotbeforgottenthatmuchofithasbeenpurposelystrickenout。
\"Ingeneral，\"saytheeditors（XVI。，p。4），\"wehavebeengovernedsimplybythisplainrule，thatwewererequiredtopublishonlywhattheEmperorhimselfwouldhavegiventothepublichadhesurvivedhimself，and，anticipatingtheverdictoftime，exposedtoposterityhisownpersonalityandsystem。\"—Thesavantwhohasthemostcarefullyexaminedthiscorrespondence，entireintheFrencharchives，estimatesthatitcomprisesabout80，000pieces，ofwhich30，000havebeenpublishedinthecollectionreferredto；passagesin20，000oftheothershavebeenstrickenoutonaccountofpreviouspublication，andabout30，000more，throughconsiderationsofproprietyorpolicy。
Forexample，butlittlemorethanone—halfofthelettersfromNapoleontoBigotdePréameneuonecclesiasticalmattershavebeenpublished；manyoftheseomittedletters，allimportantandcharacteristic，maybefoundin\"L’égliseromaineetlePremierEmpire，\"byM。d’Haussonville。Theabove—mentionedsavantestimatesthenumberofimportantlettersnotyetpublishedat2，000。
[3]\"MémorialdeSainteHéléne，\"byLasCasas（May29，1816）。———\"InCorsica，Paoli，onahorsebackexcursion，explainedthepositionstohim，theplaceswherelibertyfoundresistanceortriumphed。
EstimatingthecharacterofNapoleonbywhathesawofitthroughpersonalobservation，Paolisaidtohim，\"Oh，Napoleon，thereisnothingmoderninyou，youbelongwhollytoPlutarch！\"——Antonomarchi，\"Mémoires，\"Oct。25，1819。Thesameaccount，slightlydifferent，istheregiven:\"Oh。Napoleon，\"saidPaolitome，\"youdonotbelongtothiscentury；youtalklikeoneofPlutarch’scharacters。Courage，youwilltakeflightyet！\"
[4]DeSégur，\"HistoireetMémoires，\"I。，150。（NarrativebyPontécoulant，memberofthecommitteeinthewar，June，1795。）\"Boissyd’AnglastoldhimthathehadseentheeveningbeforealittleItalian，pale，slender，andpuny，butsingularlyaudaciousinhisviewsandinthevigorofhisexpressions。—Thenextday，BonapartecallsonPontécou1ant，\"Attituderigidthroughamorbidpride，poorexterior，longvisage，hollowandbronzed……Heisjustfromthearmyandtalkslikeonewhoknowswhatheistalkingabout。\"
[5]Coston，\"BiographiedespremièresannéesdeNapoléonBuonaparte，\"
2vols。（1840），passim。—Yung，\"BonaparteetsonTemps，\"I。，300，302。（Piècesgénéalogiques。）—KingJoseph，\"Mémoires，\"I。，109，111。
（OnthevariousbranchesanddistinguishedmenoftheBonapartefamily。）—MiotdeMelito，\"Mémoires，\"II。，30。（DocumentsontheBonapartefamily，collectedonthespotbytheauthorin1801。）
[6]\"Mémorial，\"May6，1816。—MiotdeMelito，II。，30。（OntheBonapartesofSanMiniato）:\"ThelastoffshootofthisbranchwasacanonthenstilllivinginthissametownofSanMiniato，andvisitedbyBonaparteintheyearIV，whenhecametoFlorence。\"
[7]\"Correspondancedel’EmpereurNapoléonI。\"（LetterofBonaparte，Sept。29，1797，inrelationtoItaly）:\"ApeopleatbottominimicaltotheFrenchthroughtheprejudices，character，andcustomsofcenturies。\"
[8]MiotdeMelito，I。，126，（1796）:\"Florence，fortwocenturiesandahalf，hadlostthatantiqueenergywhich，inthestormytimesoftheRepublic，distinguishedthiscity。Indolencewasthedominantspiritofallclasses……AlmosteverywhereIsawonlymenlulledtorestbythecharmsofthemostexquisiteclimate，occupiedsolelywiththedetailsofamonotonousexistence，andtranquillyvegetatingunderitsbeneficentsky。\"—（OnMilan，in1796，cf。Stendhal，introductiontothe\"ChartreusedeParme。\"）
[9]\"MiotdeMelito，I。，131:\"HavingjustleftoneofthemostcivilizedcitiesinItaly，itwasnotwithoutsomeemotionthatI
foundmyselfsuddenlytransportedtoacountry（Corsica）which，initssavageaspect，itsruggedmountains，anditsinhabitantsuniformlydressedincoarsebrowncloth，contrastedsostronglywiththerichandsmilinglandscapeofTuscany，andwiththecomfort，Ishouldalmostsayelegance，ofcostumewornbythehappycultivatorsofthatfertilesoil。\"
[10]MiotdeMelito，II。，30:\"OfanotveryimportantfamilyofSartène。\"—II。，143。（OnthecantonofSartèneandtheVendettasof1796）。—Coston，I。，4:\"ThefamilyofMadameLaetitia，sprungfromthecountsofCotalto，cameoriginallyfromItaly。\"
[11]Hisfather，CharlesBonaparte，weakandevenfrivolous，\"toofondofpleasuretocareabouthischildren，\"andtoseetohisaffairs，tolerablylearnedandanindifferentheadofafamily，diedattheageofthirty—nineofacancerinthestomach，whichseemstobetheonlybequesthemadetohissonNapoleon。—Hismother，onthecontrary，serious，authoritative，thetrueheadofafamily，was，saidNapoleon，\"hardinheraffectionsshepunishedandrewardedwithoutdistinction，goodorbad；shemadeusallfeelit。\"—Onbecomingheadofthehousehold，\"shewastooparsimonious—evenridiculouslyso。
Thiswasduetoexcessofforesightonherpart；shehadknownwant，andherterriblesufferingswereneveroutofhermind……
Paolihadtriedpersuasionwithherbeforeresortingtoforce……Madamerepliedheroically，asaCorneliawouldhavedone……
From12to15，000peasantspoureddownfromthemountainsofAjaccio；
ourhousewaspillagedandburnt，ourvinesdestroyed，andourflocks……Inotherrespects，thiswoman，fromwhomitwouldhavebeensodifficulttoextractfivefrancs，wouldhavegivenupeverythingtosecuremyreturnfromElba，andafterWaterloosheofferedmeallshepossessedtorestoremyaffairs。\"（\"Mémorial，\"May29，1816，and\"Mémoiresd’Antonomarchi，\"Nov。18，1819。—OntheideasandwaysofBonaparte’smother，readher\"Conversation\"in\"JournaletMémoires，\"vol。IV。，byStanislasGirardin。）Duchessed’Abrantès，\"
Mémoires，\"II。，318，369。\"Avariciousoutofallreasonexceptonafewgraveoccasions……Noknowledgewhateveroftheusagesofsociety……veryignorant，notaloneofourliterature，butofherown。\"—Stendhal，\"ViedeNapoleon\":\"ThecharacterofhersonistobeexplainedbytheperfectlyItaliancharacterofMadameLaetitia。\"
[12]TheFrenchconquestiseffectedbyarmedforcebetweenJuly30，1768，andMay22，1769。TheBonapartefamilysubmittedMay23，1769，andNapoleonwasbornonthefollowing15thofAugust。
[13]Antonomarchi，\"Mémoires，\"October4，1819。\"Mémorial，\"May29，1816。
[14]MiotdeMelito，II。，33:\"ThedayIarrivedatBocognanotwomenlosttheirlivesthroughprivatevengeance。Abouteightyearsbeforethisoneoftheinhabitantsofthecantonhadkilledaneighbor，thefatheroftwochildren……Onreachingtheageofsixteenorseventeenyearsthesechildrenleftthecountryinordertodogthestepsofthemurderer，whokeptonthewatch，notdaringtogofarfromhisvillage……Findinghimplayingcardsunderatree，theyfiredatandkilledhim，andbesidesthisaccidentallyshotanothermanwhowasasleepafewpacesoff。Therelativesonbothsidespronouncedtheactjustifiableandaccordingtorule。\"Ibid。，I。，143:\"OnreachingBastiafromAjacciothetwoprincipalfamiliesoftheplace，thePeraldiandtheVisuldi，firedateachother，indisputingoverthehonorofentertainingme。
[15]Bourrienne，\"Mémoires，\"I。，18，19。
[16]DeSégur，\"HistoireetMémoires，\"I，，74。
[17]Yung，I。，195。（LetterofBonapartetoPaoli，June12，1789）；
I。，250（LetterofBonapartetoButtafuoco，January231790）。
[18]Yung，I。，107（LetterofNapoleontohisfather，Sept。12，1784）；I。，163（LetterofNapoleontoAbbéRaynal，July，1786）；I。，197（LetterofNapoleontoPaoli，June12，1789）。ThethreelettersonthehistoryofCorsicaarededicatedtoAbbéRaynalinaletterofJune24，1790，andmaybefoundinYung，I。，434。
[19]Readespeciallyhisessay\"OntheTruthsandSentimentsmostimportanttoinculcateonMenfortheirWelfare\"（asubjectproposedbytheAcademyofLyonsin1790）。Someboldmendrivenbygenius……Perfectiongrowsoutofreasonasfruitoutofatree……
Reason’seyesguardmanfromtheprecipiceofthepassions……
ThespectacleofthestrengthofvirtuewaswhattheLacedaemoniansprincipallyfelt……Mustmenthenbeluckyinthemeansbywhichtheyareledontohappiness？……Myrights（toproperty）arerenewedalongwithmytranspiration，circulateinmyblood，arewrittenonmynerves，onmyheart……Proclaimtotherich—yourwealthisyourmisfortune，withdrawnwithinthelatitudeofyoursenses……Lettheenemiesofnatureatthyvoicekeepsilenceandswallowtheirrabidserpents’tongues……
Thewretchedshunthesocietyofmen，thetapestryofgayetyturnstomourning……Such，gentlemen，aretheSentimentswhich，inanimalrelations，mankindshouldhavetaughtitforitswelfare。\"
[20]Yung，I。，252（LettertoButtafuoco）。\"Drippingwiththebloodofhisbrethren，sulliedbyeveryspeciesofcrime，hepresentshimselfwithconfidenceunderhisvestofageneral，thesolerewardofhiscriminalities。\"—I。，192（LettertotheCorsicanIntendant，April2，1879）。\"Cultivationiswhatruinsus\"—Seevariousmanuscriptletters，copiedbyYung，forinnumerableandgrossmistakesinFrench。—MiotdeMelito，I。，84（July，1796）。\"Hespokecurtlyand，atthistime，veryincorrectly。\"—MadamedeRémusat，I。，104。
\"Whateverlanguagehespokeitneverseemedfamiliartohim；heappearedtoforcehimselfinexpressinghisideas。\"—NotesparleComteChaptal（unpublished），councillorofstateandafterwardsministeroftheinteriorundertheConsulate:\"Atthistime，Bonapartedidnotblushattheslightknowledgeofadministrativedetailswhichhepossessed；heaskedagoodmanyquestionsanddemandeddefinitionsandthemeaningofthecommonestwordsinuse。Asitveryoftenhappenedwithhimnottoclearlycomprehendwordswhichheheardforthefirsttime，healwaysrepeatedtheseafterwardsasheunderstoodthem；forexample，heconstantlyusedsectionforsession，armisticeforamnesty，fulminatingpointforculminatingpoint，rentesvoyagèresfor’rentesviagères，’etc。\"
[21]DeSégur，I。，174
[22]Cf。the\"Mémoires\"ofMarshalMarmont，I。，15，fortheordinarysentimentsoftheyoungnobility。\"In1792Ihadasentimentforthepersonoftheking，difficulttodefine，ofwhichIrecoveredthetrace，andtosomeextentthepower，twenty—twoyearslater；asentimentofdevotionalmostreligiousincharacter，aninnaterespectasifduetoabeingofasuperiororder。ThewordKingthenpossessedamagic，aforce，whichnothinghadchangedinpureandhonestbreasts……Thisreligionofroyaltystillexistedinthemassofthenation，，andespeciallyamongstthewell—born，who，sufficientlyremotefrompower，wereratherstruckwithitsbrilliancythanwithitsimperfections……Thislovebecameasortofworship。\"
[23]Bourrienne，\"Mémoires，’I。27。—Ségur，I。445。In1795，atParis，Bonaparte，beingoutofmilitaryemployment，entersuponseveralcommercialspeculations，amongstwhichisabookstore，whichdoesnotsucceed。（StatedbySebastianiandmanyothers。）
[24]\"Mémorial，\"Aug。3，1816。
[25]Bourrienne，I。，171。（Originaltextofthe\"SouperdeBeaucaire。\"）
[26]Yung，II。，430，431。（WordsofCharlotteRobespierre。）Bonaparteasasouvenirofhisacquaintancewithher，grantedherapension，undertheconsulate，of3600francs。—Ibid。（LetterofTilly，chargéd’affairesatGenoa，toBuchot，commissionerofforeignaffairs。）Cf。inthe\"Mémorial，\"Napoleon’sfavorablejudgmentofRobespierre。
[27]Yung，II。，455。（LetterfromBonapartetoTilly，Aug。7，1794。）Ibid。，III。，120。（MemoirsofLucien。）\"BarrastakescareofJosephine’sdowry，whichisthecommandofthearmyinItaly。\"Ibid。，II。，477。（Gradingofgeneralofficers，notesbySchéreronBonaparte。）\"Heknowsallaboutartillery，butisrathertooambitious，andtoointriguingforpromotion。\"
[28]DeSégur，I。，162。—LaFayette，\"Mémoires，\"II。，215。
\"Mémorial\"（notedictatedbyNapoleon）。Hestatesthereasonsforandagainst，andadds，speakingofhimself:\"Thesesentiments，twenty—fiveyearsofage，confidenceinhisstrength，hisdestiny，determinedhim。\"Bourrienne，I。，51:\"Itiscertainthathehasalwaysbemoanedthatday；hehasoftensaidtomethathewouldgiveyearsofhislifetoeffacethatpageofhishistory。\"
[29]\"Mémorial，\"I。，Sept6，1815。\"ItisonlyafterLodithattheideacametomethatImight，afterall，becomeadecisiveactoronourpoliticalstage。Thenthefirstsparkofloftyambitiongleamedout。\"OnhisaimandconductintheItaliancampaignofSybel，\"Histoiredel’EuropependantlaRévolutionFran？aise\"（Dosquettranslation），vol。IV。，booksII。andIII。，especiallypp。182，199，334，335，406，420，475，489。
[30]Yung，III。，213。（LetterofM。deSucy，August4，1797。）
[31]Ibid。，III。，214。（Reportofd’EntraiguestoM。deMowikinoff，Sept。，1797。）\"IftherewasanykinginFrancewhichwasnothimself，hewouldliketohavebeenhiscreator，withhisrightsattheendofhissword，thisswordnevertobepartedwith，sothathemightplungeitintheking’sbosomifheeverceasedtobesubmissivetohim。\"—
MiotdeMelito，I。，154。（BonapartetoMontebello，beforeMiotandMelzi，June，1797。）Ibid，I。，184。（BonapartetoMiot，Nov。18，1797，atTurin。）
[32]D’Haussonville，\"L’égliseRomaineetlaPremierEmpire，\"I。，405。
（WordsofM。Cacault，signeroftheTreatyofTolentino，andFrenchSecretaryofLegationatRome，atthecommencementofnegotiationsfortheConcordat。）M。Cacautsaysthatheusedthisexpression，\"AfterthescenesofTolentinoandofLeghorn，andthefrightofManfredini，andMatéithreatened，andsomanyothervivacities。\"
[33]MadamedeSta？l，\"ConsidérationssurlaRévolutionFran？aise，\"
3rdpart，ch。XXVI。，and4thpart，ch。XVIII。
[34]PortraitofBonaparteinthe\"CabinetdesEtampes，\"\"drawnbyGuérin，engravedbyFiesinger，depositedintheNationalLibrary，Vendémiaire29，yearVII。\"
[35]MadamedeRémusat，\"Mémoires，\"I。，104。—MiotdeMelito，I。，84。
[36]MadamedeSta？l，\"Considerations，\"etc。，3rdpart，ch。XXV。—
MadamedeRémusat，II。，77。
[37]Stendhal，\"MémoiressurNapoléon，\"narrationofAdmiralDecrès。
—Samenarrationinthe\"Mémorial。\"
[38]DeSégur，I。，193。
[39]Roederer，\"Oeuvrescomplétes，\"II。，560。（ConversationswithGeneralLasallein1809，andLasalle’sjudgmentonthedébutsofNapoleon）。
[40]AnotherinstanceofthiscommandinginfluenceisfoundinthecaseofGeneralVandamme，anoldrevolutionarysoldierstillmorebrutalandenergeticthanAugereau。In1815，VandammesaidtoMarshald’Ornano，oneday，onascendingthestaircaseoftheTuileriestogether:\"Mydearfellow，thatdevilofaman（speakingoftheEmperor）fascinatesmeinawayIcannotaccountfor。I，whodon’tfeareitherGodorthedevil，whenIapproachhimItremblelikeachild。Hewouldmakemedashthroughtheeyeofaneedleintothefire！\"（\"LeGénéralVandamme，\"byduCasse，II。，385）。
[41]Roederer，III。，356。（Napoleonhimselfsays，February11，1809）:
\"I，military！Iamso，becauseIwasbornso；itismyhabit，myveryexistence。WhereverIhavebeenIhavealwayshadcommand。I
commandedattwenty—three，atthesiegeofToulon；IcommandedatParisinVendémiaire；IwonoverthesoldiersinItalythemomentI
presentedmyself。Iwasbornforthat。\"
[42]Observethevariousfeaturesofthesamementalandmoralstructureamongdifferentmembersofthefamily。（Speakingofhisbrothersandsistersinthe\"Memorial\"Napoleonsays）:\"Whatfamilyasnumerouspresentssuchasplendidgroup？\"—\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIER
（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。Vol。I。p。400。（Thisauthor，ayoungmagistrateunderLouisXVI。，ahighfunctionaryundertheEmpire，animportantpoliticalpersonageundertherestorationandtheJulymonarchy，isprobablythebestinformedandmostjudiciousofeye—witnessesduringthefirsthalfofourcentury。）:\"Theirvicesandvirtuessurpassordinaryproportionsandhaveaphysiognomyoftheirown。Butwhatespeciallydistinguishesthemisastubbornwill，andinflexibleresolution……Allpossessedtheinstinctoftheirgreatness。\"
Theyreadilyaccepted\"thehighestpositions；theyevengottobelievingthattheirelevationwasinevitable……NothingintheincrediblegoodfortuneofJosephastonishedhim；ofteninJanuary，1814，IheardhimsayoverandoveragainthatifhisbrotherhadnotmeddledwithhisaffairsafterthesecondentryintoMadrid，hewouldstillbeonthethroneofSpain。AstodeterminedobstinacywehaveonlytorefertotheresignationofLouis，theretirementofLucien，andtheresistancesofFesch；theyalonecouldstemthewillofNapoleonandsometimesbreakalancewithhim。—Passion，sensuality，thehabitofconsideringthemselvesoutsideofrules，andself—confidencecombinedwithtalent，superaboundamongthewomen，asinthefifteenthcentury。Elisa，inTuscany，hadavigorousbrain，washighspiritedandagenuinesovereign，notwithstandingthedisordersofherprivatelife，inwhichevenappearanceswerenotsufficientlymaintained。\"CarolineatNaples，\"withoutbeingmorescrupulousthanhersisters，\"betterobservedtheproprieties；noneoftheotherssomuchresembledtheEmperor；\"withher，alltastessuccumbedtoambition\"；itwasshewhoadvisedandprevaileduponherhusband，Murat，todesertNapoleonin1814。AstoPauline，themostbeautifulwomanofherepoch，\"nowife，sincethatoftheEmperorClaude，surpassedherintheuseshedaredmakeofhercharms；nothingcouldstopher，notevenamaladyattributedtothestrainofthislife—styleandforwhichwehavesooftenseenherborneinalitter。\"
—Jerome，\"inspiteoftheuncommonboldnessofhisdebaucheries，maintainedhisascendancyoverhiswifetothelast。\"—Onthe\"pressingeffortsandattempts\"ofJosephonMariaLouisein1814，ChancelierPasquier，afterSavary’spapersandtheevidenceofM。deSaint—Aignan，givesextraordinarydetails。—\"MessouvenirssurNapoléon，346，bythecountChaptal:\"Everymemberofthisnumerousfamily（Jér？me，Louis，Joseph，theBonapartesisters）mountedthronesasiftheyhadrecoveredsomuchproperty。\"
[43]Burkhardt，\"DieRenaissanceinItalien，\"passim。—Stendhal，\"HistoiredelapeintureenItalie\"（introduction），and\"Rome，Naples，etFlorence，\"passim。—\"NotesparleComteChaptal\":Whenthesenotesarepublished，manydetailswillbefoundintheminsupportofthejudgmentexpressedinthisandthefollowingchapters。ThepsychologyofNapoleonasheregivenislargelyconfirmedbythem。
[44]Roederer，III，380（1802）。
[45]NapoleonusestheFrenchwordjustwhichmeansbothfair，justifiable，pertinent，correct，andinmusictrue。
[46]\"Mémorial。\"
[47]DePradt，\"Histoiredel’Ambassadedanslagrande—duchédeVarsovieen1812，\"preface，p。X，and5。
[48]Roederer，III。，544（February24，1809）。Cf。Meneval，\"NapoléonetMarie—Louise，souvenirshistoriques，\"I。，210—213。
[49]PeletdelaLozère，\"OpinionsdeNapoléonauconseild’état，\"
p。8。—Roederer，III。，380。
[50]Mollien，\"Mémoires，\"I。，379；II。，230。—Roederer，III。，434。\"Heisattheheadofallthings。Hegoverns，administrates，negotiates，workseighteenhoursaday，withtheclearestandbestorganizedhead；
hehasgovernedmoreinthreeyearsthankingsinahundredyears。\"—
Lavalette，\"Mémoires，\"II。，75。（ThewordsofNapoleon’ssecretaryonNapoleon’slaborinParis，afterLeipsic）\"Heretiresateleven，butgetsupatthreeo’clockinthemorning，anduntiltheeveningthereisnotamomenthedoesnotdevotetowork。Itistimethisstopped，forhewillbeusedup，andmyselfbeforeheis。\"—Gaudin，DucdeGa？te，\"Mémoires，\"III。（supplement），p。75。Accountofaneveninginwhich，fromeighto’clocktothreeinthemorning，NapoleonexamineswithGaudinhisgeneralbudget，duringsevenconsecutivehours，withoutstoppingaminute。—SirNeilCampbell，\"NapoléonatFontainebleauandatElbe，\"p。243。\"JournaldeSirNeilCampbella’
l’iled’Elbe\":Ineversawanyman，inanystationinlife，sopersonallyactiveandsopersistentinhisactivity。Heseemstotakepleasureinperpetualmotionandinseeingthosewhoaccompanyhimcompletelytiredout，whichfrequentlyhappenedinmycasewhenI
accompaniedhim……Yesterday，afterhavingbeenonhislegsfromeightinthemorningtothreeintheafternoon，visitingthefrigatesandtransports，eventogoingdowntothelowercompartmentsamongthehorses，herodeonhorsebackforthreehours，and，asheafterwardssaidtome，toresthimself。\"
[51]Thestarting—pointofthegreatdiscoveriesofDarwinisthephysical，detaileddescriptionhemadeinhisstudyofanimalsandplants，asliving；duringthewholecourseoflife，throughsomanydifficultiesandsubjecttoafiercecompetition。Thisstudyiswhollylackingintheordinaryzoologistorbotanist，whosemindisbusyonlywithanatomicalpreparationsorcollectionsofplants。Ineveryscience，thedifficultyliesindescribinginanutshell，usingsignificantexamples，therealobject，justasitexistsbeforeus，anditstruehistory。ClaudeBernardonedayremarkedtome，\"Weshallknowphysiologywhenweareabletofollowstepbystepamoleculeofcarbonorazoteinthebodyofadog，giveitshistory，anddescribeitspassagefromitsentrancetoitsexit。\"
[52]Thibaudeau，\"MémoiressurleConsulat，\"204。（Aproposofthetribunate）:\"Theyconsistofadozenorfifteenmetaphysicianswhooughttobeflungintothewater；theycrawlallovermelikevermin。
[53]MadamedeRémusat，I。，115:\"Heisreallyignorant，havingreadverylittleandalwayshastily。\"—Stendhal，\"MémoiressurNapoleon\":
\"Hiseducationwasverydefective……Heknewnothingofthegreatprinciplesdiscoveredwithinthepastonehundredyears，\"andjustthosewhichconcernmanorsociety。\"Forexample，hehadnotreadMontesquieuasthiswriteroughttoberead，thatistosay，inawaytoacceptordecidedlyrejecteachofthethirty—onebooksofthe’Espritdeslois。’HehadnotthusreadBayle’sDictionarynortheEssayontheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith。ThisignoranceoftheEmperor’swasnotperceptibleinconversation，andfirst，becauseheledinconversation，andnextbecausewithItalianfinessenoquestionputbyhim，orcarelesssuppositionthrownout，everbetrayedthatignorance。\"—Bourrienne。I。，19，21:AtBrienne，\"unfortunatelyforus，themonkstowhomtheeducationofyouthwasconfidedknewnothing，andweretoopoortopaygoodforeignteachers……Itisinconceivablehowanycapablemanevergraduatedfromthiseducationalinstitution。\"—Yung，I。，125（NotesmadebyhimonBonaparte，whenhelefttheMilitaryAcademy）:\"Veryfondoftheabstractsciences，indifferenttoothers，wellgroundedinmathematicsandgeography。\"
[54]Roederer，III。，544（March6，1809），26，563（Jan。23，1811，andNov。12，1813）。
[55]Mollien，I。，348（ashorttimebeforetheruptureofthepeaceofAmiens），III。，16:\"ItwasattheendofJanuary，1809，thathewantedafullreportofthefinancialsituationonthe31stofDecember，1808……Thisreportwastobereadyintwodays。\"—III。，34:\"A
completebalancesheetofthepublictreasuryforthefirstsixmonthsof1812wasunderNapoleon’seyesatWitebsk，the11thofAugust，elevendaysafterthecloseofthesefirstsixmonths。Whatistrulywonderfulis，thatamidstsomanydifferentoccupationsandpreoccupations……hecouldpreservesuchanaccuraterunoftheproceedingsandmethodsoftheadministrativebranchesaboutwhichhewantedtoknowatanymoment。Nobodyhadanyexcusefornotansweringhim，foreachwasquestionedinhisownterms；itisthatsingularaptitudeoftheheadoftheState，andthetechnicalprecisionofhisquestions，whichaloneexplainshowhecouldmaintainsucharemarkableensembleinanadministrativesystemofwhichthesmallestthreadscenteredinhimself。\"
[56]200yearsafterthedeathofNapoleonSirAlfredAyerthuswritesin\"LANGUAGE，TRUTHANDLOGIC\":’Actually，weshallseethattheonlytesttowhichaformofscientificprocedurewhichsatisfiesthenecessaryconditionofself—consistencyissubject，isthetestofitssuccessinpractice。Weareentitledtohavefaithinourprocedurejustsolongasitdoestheworkitisdesignedtodo—thatis，enablesustopredictfutureexperience，andsotocontrolourenvironment。\"
AndonthePurposeofInquiry:
’Thetraditionaldisputesofphilosophersare，forthemostpart，asunwarrantedastheyareunfruitful。Thesurestwaytoendthemistoestablishbeyondquestionwhatshouldbethepurposeandthemethodofphilosophicalinquiry。’（SR。）
[57]AnexpressionofMollien。
[58]Meneval，I。，210，213。—Roederer，III。，537，545（FebruaryandMarch，1889）:WordsofNapoleon:\"Atthismomentitwasnearlymidnight。\"—Ibid。，IV。，55（November，1809）。ReadtheadmirableexaminationofRoedererbyNapoleonontheKingdomofNaples。Hisqueriesformavastsystematicandconcisenetwork，embracingtheentiresubject，leavingnophysicalormoraldata，nousefulcircumstancenotseizedupon。—Ségur，II。，231:M。DeSégur，orderedtoinspecteverypartofthecoast—line，hadsentinhisreport:\"’I
haveseenyourreports，’saidtheFirstConsultome，’andtheyareexact。Nevertheless，youforgotatOstentwocannonoutofthefour。’
—Andhepointedouttheplace，’aroadwaybehindthetown。’Iwentoutoverwhelmedwithastonishmentthatamongthousandsofcannondistributedamongthemountedbatteriesorlightartilleryonthecoast，twopiecesshouldnothaveescapedhisrecollection。\"—
\"Correspondance，\"lettertoKingJoseph，August6，1806:\"Theadmirableconditionofmyarmiesisduetothis，thatIgiveattentiontothemeverydayforanhourortwo，and，whenthemonthlyreportscomein，tothestateofmytroopsandfleets，allformingabouttwentylargevolumes。Ileaveeveryotheroccupationtoreadthemoverindetail，toseewhatdifferencethereisbetweenonemonthandanother。Itakemorepleasureinreadingthosethananyyounggirldoesinanovel。\"—CadetdeGassicourt，\"VoyageenAutriche\"（1809）。
OnhisreviewsatSchoenbrunnandhisverificationofthecontentsofapontoon—wagon，takenasanexample。
[59]OneancientFrenchleagueequalsapp。4km。（SR。）
[60]Bourrienne，II。，116；IV。，238:\"Hehadnotagoodmemoryforpropernames，words，anddates，butitwasprodigiousforfactsandlocalities。Irememberthat，onthewayfromParistoToulon，hecalledmyattentiontotenplacessuitableforgivingbattle……Itwasasouvenirofhisyouthfultravels，andhedescribedtomethelayoftheground，designatingthepositionshewouldhavetakenevenbeforewewereonthespot。\"March17，1800，puncturingacardwithapin，heshowsBourriennetheplacewhereheintendstobeatMélas，atSanJuliano。\"FourmonthsafterthisIfoundmyselfatSanJulianowithhisportfolioanddispatches，and，thatveryevening，atTorre—di—Gafolo，aleagueoff，Iwrotethebulletinofthebattleunderhisdictation\"（ofMarengo）。—DeSégur，II。，30（NarrativeofM。DarutoM。DeSégurAug。13，1805，attheheadquartersofLaManche，NapoleondictatestoM。DaruthecompleteplanofthecampaignagainstAustria）:\"Orderofmarches，theirduration，placesofconvergenceormeetingofthecolumns，attacksinfullforce，thevariousmovementsandmistakesoftheenemy，all，inthisrapiddictation，wasforeseentwomonthsbeforehandandatadistanceoftwohundredleagues……Thebattle—field，thevictories，andeventheverydaysonwhichweweretoenterMunichandViennawerethenannouncedandwrittendownasitallturnedout……DarusawtheseoraclesfulfilledonthedesignateddaysuptoourentryintoMunich；iftherewereanydifferencesoftimeandnotofresultsbetweenMunichandVienna，theywereallinourfavor。\"—M。deLaVallette，\"Mémoires，\"II。，p。35。（Hewaspostmaster—general）:\"ItoftenhappenedtomethatIwasnotascertainashewasofdistancesandofmanydetailsinmyadministrationonwhichhewasabletosetmestraight。\"—OnreturningfromthecampatBologna，Napoleonencountersasquadofsoldierswhohadgotlost，askswhatregimenttheybelongto，calculatesthedaytheyleft，theroadtheytook，whatdistancetheyshouldhavemarched。andthentellsthem，\"Youwillfindyourbattalionatsuchahaltingplace。\"—Atthistime，\"thearmynumbered200，000men。\"
[61]MadamedeRémusat，I。，103，268。
[62]Thibaudeau，p。25，I（ontheJacobinsurvivors）:\"Theyarenothingbutcommonartisans，painters，etc。，withlivelyimaginations，alittlebetterinstructedthanthepeople，livingamongstthepeopleandexercisinginfluenceoverthem。\"—MadamedeRémusat，I。，271（ontheroyalistparty）:\"Itisveryeasytodeceivethatpartybecauseitsstarting—pointisnotwhatitis，butwhatitwouldliketohave。\"
—I。，337:\"TheBourbonswillneverseeanythingexceptthroughtheOeildeBoeuf。\"—Thibaudeau，p。46:\"Insurrectionsandemigrationsareskindiseases；terrorismisaninternalmalady。\"Ibid。，75:\"Whatnowkeepsthespiritofthearmyupistheideasoldiershavethattheyoccupytheplacesofformernobles。\"
[63]Thibaudeau，pp。419to452。（Bothtextsaregiveninseparatecolumns。）Andpassim，forinstance，p。84，thefollowingportrayalofthedecadalsystemofworshipundertheRepublic:\"Itwasimaginedthatcitizenscouldbegottogetherinchurches，tofreezewithcoldandhear，read，andstudylaws，inwhichtherewasalreadybutlittlefunforthosewhoexecutedthem。\"Anotherexampleofthewayinwhichhisideasexpressedthemselvesthroughimagery（PeletdelaLozère，p。
242）:\"IamnotsatisfiedwiththecustomsregulationsontheAlps。
Theyshownolife。Wedon’theartherattleofcrownpiecespouringintothepublictreasury。\"ToappreciatethevividnessofNapoleon’sexpressionsandthoughtthereadermustconsult，especially，thefiveorsixlongconversations，notedontheveryeveningofthedaytheyoccurredbyRoederer；thetwoorthreeconversationslikewisenotedbyMiotdeMelito；thescenesnarratedbyBeugnot；thenotesofPeletdelaLozèreandbyStanislasdeGirardin，andnearlytheentirevolumebyThibaudeau。
[64]PeletdelaLozère，63，64。（OnthephysiologicaldifferencesbetweentheEnglishandtheFrench。）—MadamedeRémusat，I。，273，392:\"You，Frenchmen，arenotinearnestaboutanything，except，perhaps，equality，andevenhereyouwouldgladlygivethisupifyouweresureofbeingtheforemost……Thehopeofadvancementintheworldshouldbecherishedbyeverybody……KeepyourvanityalwaysaliveTheseverityoftherepublicangovernmentwouldhaveworriedyoutodeath。WhatstartedtheRevolution？Vanity。Whatwillendit？Vanity，again。Libertyismerelyapretext。\"—III。，153
\"Libertyisthecravingofasmallandprivilegedclassbynature，withfacultiessuperiortothecommonrunofmen；thisclass，therefore，maybeputunderrestraintwithimpunity；equality，onthecontrary，catchesthemultitude。\"—Thibaudeau，99:\"WhatdoIcarefortheopinionsandcackleofthedrawing—room？Ineverheedit。I
payattentiononlytowhatrudepeasantssay。\"Hisestimatesofcertainsituationsaremasterpiecesofpicturesqueconcision。\"WhydidIstopandsignthepreliminariesofLeoben？BecauseIplayedvingt—et—unandwassatisfiedwithtwenty。\"Hisinsightinto（dramatic）characteristhatofthemostsagaciouscritic。\"The’Mahomet’ofVoltaireisneitheraprophetnoranArab，onlyanimpostorgraduatedoutoftheécolePolytechnique。\"—\"MadamedeGenlistriestodefinevirtueasifshewerethediscovererofit。\"—
（OnMadamedeSta？l）:\"Thiswomanteachespeopletothinkwhonevertooktoit，orhaveforgottenhow。\"—（OnChateaubriand，oneofwhoserelationshadjustbeenshot）:\"HewillwriteafewpatheticpagesandreadthemaloudinthefaubourgSaint—Germain；prettywomenwillshedtears，andthatwillconsolehim。\"—（OnAbbéDelille）:\"Heiswitinitsdotage。\"—（OnPasquierandMolé）:\"Imakethemostofone，andmadetheother。\"—MadamedeRémusat，II。，389，391，394，399，402；III。，67。
[65]Bourrienne，II。，281，342:\"Itpainedmetowriteofficialstatementsunderhisdictation，ofwhicheachwasanimposture。\"Healwaysanswered:\"Mydearsir，youareasimpleton—youunderstandnothing！\"—MadamedeRémusat，II。，205，209。
[66]Seeespeciallythecampaignbulletinsfor1807，soinsultingtothekingandqueenofPrussia，but，owingtothatfact，sowellcalculatedtoexcitethecontemptuouslaughterandjeersofthesoldiers。
[67]In\"LaCorrespondancedeNapoleon，\"publishedinthirty—twovolumes，thelettersarearrangedunderdates。—Inhis’\"CorrespondanceavecEugène，vice—roid’Italie，\"theyarearrangedunderchapters；alsowithJoseph，KingofNaplesandafterwardsKingofSpain。Itiseasytoselectotherchaptersnotlessinstructive:
oneonforeignaffairs（letterstoM。deChampagny，MdeTalleyrand，andM。deBassano）；anotheronthefinances（letterstoM。GaudinandtoM。Mollien）；anotheronthenavy（letterstoAdmiralDecrès）；
anotheronmilitaryadministration（letterstoGeneralClarke）；
anotherontheaffairsoftheChurch（letterstoM。PortalisandtoM。
BigotdePréameneu）；anotheronthePolice（letterstoFouché），etc。
—Finally，bydividinganddistributinghislettersaccordingastheyrelatetothisorthatgrandenterprise，especiallytothisorthatmilitarycampaign，athirdclassificationcouldbemade。—Inthiswaywecanformaconceptofthevastnessofhispositiveknowledge，alsoofthescopeofhisintellectandtalents。Cf。especiallythefollowingletterstoPrinceEugène，JuneII，1806（onthesuppliesandexpensesoftheItalianarmy）；June1stand18th，1806（ontheoccupationofDalmatia，andonthemilitarysituation，offensiveanddefensive）。ToGen。Dejean，April28，1806（onthewarsupplies）；
June27，1806（onthefortificationsofPeschiera）July20，1806（onthefortificationsofWeselandofJuliers）。—\"MessouvenirssurNapoleon\"，p。353bytheCountChaptal:\"Oneday，theEmperorsaidtomethathewouldliketoorganizeamilitaryschoolatFontainebleau；
hethenexplainedtometheprincipalfeaturesoftheestablishment，andorderedmetodrawupthenecessaryarticlesandbringthemtohimthenextday。Iworkedallnightandtheywerereadyattheappointedhour。Hereadthemoverandpronouncedthemcorrect，butnotcomplete。Hebademetakeaseatandthendictatedtomefortwoorthreehoursaplanwhichconsistedoffivehundredandseventeenarticles。Nothingmoreperfect，inmyopinion，everissuedfromaman’sbrain。—Atanothertime，theEmpressJosephinewastotakethewatersatAix—la—Chapelle，andtheEmperorsummonedme。’TheEmpress，’saidhe，’istoleaveto—morrowmorning。Sheisagood—
natured，easy—goingwomanandmusthaveherrouteandbehaviormarkedoutforher。Writeitdown。’Hethendictatedinstructionstomeontwenty—onelargesheetsofpaper，inwhicheverythingshewastosayandtodowasdesignated，eventhequestionsandrepliesshewastomaketotheauthoritiesontheway。\"