[31]DecreeofMessidor23，yearII。，ontheconsolidationwiththenationaldomainoftheassetsandliabilitiesofhospitalsandothercharitableinstitutions。（Seereportsofprefetsontheeffectofthislaw，ontheruinofthehospitals，onthemiseryofthesick，offoundlingsandtheinfirm，fromyearsIX。toXIII。）—DecreesofAugust8and12，1793，andJuly24，1794，onacademiesandliterarysocieties。—DecreeofAugust24，1793，§29，ontheassetsandliabilitiesofcommunes。
[32]Schmidt，I。，144。（TwobillionsSeptember27，1793；onebillionfourhundredmillionsJune19，1794。）—DecreeofAugust24，September13，1793，ontheconversionoftitle—deedsandtheformationoftheGrandLedger。—DecreesofJuly31，August30andSeptember5，oncallingintheassignatsàfaceroyale。—DecreesofAugust1andSeptember5，1793，ontherefusaltoacceptassignatsatpar。
[33]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4421。（DocumentsontherevolutionarytaxesorganizedatTroyes，Brumaire11，yearII。）Threehundredandseventy—threepersonsaretaxed，especiallymanufacturers，merchantsandland—owners；theminimumofthetaxisonehundredfrancs，themaximumfiftythousandfrancs，thetotalbeingonemillionsevenhundredandsixty—twothousandsevenhundredfrancs。Seventy—sixpetitionsattachedtothepapersshowexactlythesituationofthingsinrelationtotrade，manufacturesandproperty，thestateoffortunesandcreditoftheupperandlowerbourgeoisclass。
[34]Mallet—Dupan，\"Mémoires，\"II。，17。\"Ihaveseenthethirty—
secondlistofémigrésatMarseilles，merelyofthosewhosepossessionshavebeenconfiscatedandsold；therearetwelvethousandofthem，andthelistswerenotfinished。\"—Reportsofpréfets。（VarbyFanchet，yearIX。）\"Theemigrationof1793throwsuponLeghornandthewholeItaliancoastaverylargenumberofMarseillesandToulontraders。Thesemen，generallyindustrious，haveestablished（there）
morethanonehundredandsixtysoapfactoriesandopenedamarketfortheoilofthisregion。ThiseventmaybelikenedtotheRevocationoftheEdictofNantes。\"—Cf。thereportsonthedepartmentsoftheRh？ne，Aude，LotandGaronne，LowerPyrenees，Orme，etc。
[35]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。332。（LetterofDésgranges，Bordeaux，Brumaire12，yearII。）\"Nobodyheretalksabouttradeanymorethanifithadneverexisted。\"
[36]Dr。Ja？n，\"Choixdedocumentsetlettresprivéestrouveesdansdespapiersdefamille，\"p。144。（LetterofGéd？onJa？n，bankeratParis，November18，1793。）\"Businesscarriedonwithdifficultyandatagreatriskoccasionfrequentandseriouslosses，creditandresourcesbeingalmostnothing。\"
[37]ArchivesNationales，F。7，2475。（LettersofThullier，procureur—
syndicoftheParisdepartment，September7and10，1793。—ReportbyamemberofthePiquessection，September8and10，1793。—Cf。thepetitionsoftradersandlawyersimprisonedatTroyes，Strasbourg，Bordeaux，etc。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，271。LetterofFrancastel:\"AtleastthreethousandmonopolistaristocratshavebeenarrestedatNantes……andthisisnotthelastpurification。\"
[38]DecreesofMay4，15，19，20and23，andofAugust30，1793。—
DecreesofJuly26，August15，SeptemberII，1793，andFebruary24，1794。—CamilleBoursier，\"EssaisurlaTerreurenAnjou，\"p。254。
（LetterofBuissarttohisfriendMaximilianRobespierre，Arras，Pluviose14，yearII。）\"wearedyingwithstarvationinthemidstofabundance；Ithinkthatthemercantilearistocracyoughttobekilledoutlikethenoblesandpriests。Thecommunes，withthehelpofastorehouseoffoodandgoodsmustalonebeallowedtotrade。Thisidea，wellcarriedout，canberealized；then，thebenefitsoftradewillturntotheadvantageoftheRepublic，thatistosay，totheadvantageofbuyerandseller。\"
[39]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，49。（Documentsonthelevyofrevolutionarytaxes，Belfort，Brumaire30，yearII。）\"Verneur，sr。，taxedattenthousandlivres，forhavingwithheldgoodsdepositedwithhimbyhissister，inordertosavethemfromthecomingtaxation。\"
CampardonI。，292。（JudgmentsoftherevolutionarycommissionatStrasbourg。）—\"Thehead—clerkinHecht’sapothecaryshopisaccusedofsellingtwoouncesofrhubarbandmannaatfifty—foursous；Hecht，theproprietor，iscondemnedtoafineoffifteenthousandlivres。
MadeleineMeyer，atRosheim，aretailer，isaccusedofsellingacandlefortensousandiscondemnedtoafineofonethousandlivres，payableinthreedays。Braun，butcherandbar—keeper，accusedofhavingsoldaglassofwinefortwentysous，iscondemnedtoafineoffortythousandfrancs，tobeimprisoneduntilthisispaid，andtoexposureinthepillorybeforehisownhouseforfourhours，withthisinscription:debaserofthenationalcurrency。\"—\"RecueildePieces，etc。，atStrasbourg，\"（supplement，pp。21，30，64）。\"MarieUrsuleSchnellenandMarieSchultzmann，servant，accusedofmonopolisingmilk。Theformerissentencedtothepilloryforonedayunderaplacard，monopoliserofmilk，andtoholdinonehandthemoneyand，intheother，themilk—pot；theother，aservantwithcitizenBenner……he，thesaidBenner，issentencedtoafineofthreehundredlivres，payableinthreedays。\"—\"DorothyFranz，convictedofhavingsoldtwoheadsofsaladattwentysous，andofthushavingdepreciatedthevalueofassignats，issentencedtoafineofthreethousandlivres，imprisonmentforsixweeksandexposureinthepilloryfortwohours。\"—Ibid。，I。，18。\"Agrocer，accusedofhavingsoldsugar—
candyatlowerthantherate，althoughnotcomprisedinthelist，issentencedtoonehundredthousandlivresfineandimprisonmentuntilpeaceisdeclared。\"—OrdersbySaint—JustandLebas，Nivose3，yearII。\"ThecriminalcourtofthedepartmentoftheLower—Rhineisorderedtodestroythehouseofanyoneconvictedofhavingmadesalesbelowtheratesfixedbythemaximum，\"consequently，thehouseofoneSchauer，afurrier，istorndown，Nivose7。
[40]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。322。（LetterbyHaupt，Belfort，Brumaire3，yearII。）\"Onmyarrivalhere，Ifoundthelawofthemaximumpromulgatedandinoperation……（but）thenecessarystepshavenotbeentakentopreventanewmonopolybythecountrypeople，whohaveflockedintotheshopsofthedealers，carriedoffalltheirgoodsandcreatedafactitiousdearth。\"
[41]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4421。（Petitionsofmerchantsandshop—keepersatTroyesinrelationtotherevolutionarytax，especiallyofhatters，linen，cottonandwoollenmanufacturers，weaversandgrocers。Thereisgenerallyalossofone—half，andsometimesofthree—fourthsofthepurchasemoney。）
[42]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。330。（LetterofBrutus，Marseilles，Nivose6，yearII。）\"SincethemaximumeverythingiswantingatMarseilles。\"—Ibid。（LetterbySolignyandGosse，Thionville，Nivose5，yearII。）\"Nopeasantiswillingtobringanythingtomarket……Theygooffsixleaguestogetabetterpriceandthusthecommuneswhichtheyoncesuppliedarefamishing……
Accordingastheyarepaidinspecieorassignatsthedifferenceoftenamountstotwohundredpercent。，andnearlyalwaystoonehundredpercent。\"—\"UnSejourenFrance，\"pp。188—189。—ArchivesNationales，D……§I。，file2。（LetterofRepresentativeAlbert，Germinal19，yearII。，andofJoffroy，nationalagent，districtofBar—sur—Aube，Germinal5，yearIII。\"Themunicipalitieshavealwaysgotthemselvesexemptedfromtherequisitions，whichallfallonthefarmersandproprietorsunabletosatisfythem……Theallotmentamongthetax—
payersismadewiththemostrevoltinginequality……Partialitythroughconnectionsofrelativesandoffriendship。\"
[43]DecreesofSeptember29，1793（articles8and9）；ofMay4and20，andJune26，1794。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，68—72。
（OrdersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Prairial26，yearII。）\"Thehorsesandwagonsofcoalpeddlers，thedriversaccustomedtotakingtoParisbylawaportionofthesupplyofcoalusedinbakinginthedepartmentofSeine—et—Marne，aredrafteduntilthe1stofBrumairenext，forthetransportationofcoaltoParis。Duringthistimetheycannotbedraftedforanyotherservice。\"（Agoodmanyordersinrelationtoprovisionsandarticlesofprimenecessitymaybefoundinthesefiles，mostlyinthehandwritingofRobertLindet。）
[44]Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"II。，69。—Dauban，\"Parisen1794。\"
（ReportbyPouvoyeur，March15，1794。）\"Areporthasbeenlongcirculatedthatalltheagedweretobeslaughtered；thereisnotaplacewherethisfalsehoodisnotuttered。\"
[45]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4435，file10，lettersofCollotd’Herbois，Brumaire17and19，yearII。—DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"340，341。LettersofCollotd’Herbois，November7and9，1793。
[46]DeMartel，ibid。，462。（ProclamationbyJavogues，Pluviose13，yearII。）
[47]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。330。（LetterofBrutus，politicalagent，Niv？se6。）
[48]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，116。（OrdersofTailleferandMarat—Valette，andDeliberationsoftheDirectoryofLot，Brumaire20，yearII。）
[49]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。331。（LetteroftheagentBertrand，Frimaire3。）
[50]Ibid。，vol。1332。（LetteroftheagentChépy，Brumaire2。）
[51]Ibid。，vol。1411。（LetterofBlessmannandHauser，Brumaire30。）
—Ibid。（LetterofHaupt，Belfort，Brumaire29。）\"IbelievethatMarat’sadviceshouldbefollowedhereandahundredscaffoldsbeerected；therearenotguillotinesenoughtocutofftheheadsofthemonopolists。IshalldowhatIcantohavethepleasureofseeingoneofthesedamnedbastardsplayhotcockles。\"
[52]Ibid。，vol。333。（LetterofGarrigues，Pluvi？se16。）
[53]\"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，\"pp。83—85。（JuneandJuly，1794。）—Ibid。，atNantes。—Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"
p。194，March4。
[54]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vols。331and332。（LettersofDésgranges，Frimaire3and8and10。）\"Manyofthepeasantshaveeatennobreadforafortnight。Mostofthemnolongerwork。\"BuchezetRoux，XVIII。，346。（Sessionoftheconvention，Brumaire14，SpeechbyLegendre。）
[55]Moniteur，xix。，671。（SpeechbyTallien，March12，1794。）BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，423。（LetterofJullien，June15，1794。）
[56]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，111。（LettersofMichaud，Chateauroux，Pluvi？se18and19，yearII。）
[57]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"410，492，498。（LettersfrorathenationalagentofthedistrictofSancoins，Thermidor9，yearII。；
fromtheDirectoryofAllier，Thermidor9；fromthenationalagentofthedistrictofVillefort，Thermidor9。）—GouverneurMorris，April10，1794，saysinalettertoWashingtonthatthefamineinmanyplacesisextremelysevere。Menreallydieofstarvationwhohavethemeanstobuybreadiftheycouldonlygetit。
[58]Volney，\"VoyageenOrient，\"II。，344。\"WhenConstantinoplelacksfoodtwentyprovincesarestarvedforitssupply。\"
[59]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II，46，68。（DecreeofcommitteeofPublicSafety。）TheTreasurypaysovertothecityofParisforsubsistence，onAug。2，1793，twomillions，August14，three，andSeptember2nd，onemillion；September8，16，and23，onemillioneach，andsoon……BetweenAugust7，1793andGerminal’9，yearII。，theTreasurypaidovertoParis，thirtyonemillions。
[60]Ibid，AF。，II。，68。DecreesofBrumaire14，Niv？se7andGerminal22onthedepartmentsassignedtothesupplyofParis。
BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，489。（SpeechbyDantoninJacobinclub，Aug。28，’793。）\"IconstantlyassertedthatitwasnecessarytogivealltothemayorofParisifheexactedittofeeditsinhabitants……LetussacrificeonehundredandtenmillionsandsaveParisandthroughit，theRepublic。\"
[61]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vols。1410and1411。ReportsofJune20and21，1793，July21，22，28，29and31，andeverydayofthemonthsofAugustandSeptember，1793。Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRevolutionFran？aise，\"vol。II。，passim—Dauban，\"Parisin1794，\"
（especiallythroughoutVent？se，yearII。）。—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportsforNiv？se，yearII。）
[62]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"。（ReportofVent？se2。）
[63]Mercier，\"ParisPendantlaRevolution，\"I。，355。
[64]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，141I。（ReportsofAugust1
and2，1763。）\"Atoneo’clockinthemorning，weweresurprisedtofindmenandwomenlyingalongthesidesofthehousespatientlywaitingfortheshopstoopen。\"—Dauban，231。（ReportofVent？se24。）Toobtainthelightsofahog，attheslaughterhouseneartheJardindesPlantes，attherateofthreefrancstensous，insteadofthirtysousasformerly，women\"werelyingonthegroundwithlittlebasketsbytheirsideandwaitingfourandfivehours。\"
[65]ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportsofNiv？se9and28。）
\"ThestreetsofParisarealwaysabominable；theyarecertainlyafraidtousethosebrooms。\"Dauban，120。（Vent？se9。）\"TherueSt。Anneisblockedupwithmanure。InthatpartofitneartheRueLouvois，heapsofthisstretchalongthewallsforthepastfortnight。\"
[66]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（ReportsofAugust9，1793。）Mercier，I。，353。—Dauban，530。（ReportsofFructidor27，yearII。\"Therearealwaysgreatgatheringsatthecoaldepots。Theybeginatmidnight。one，twoo’clockinthemorning。Manyofthehabituéstakeadvantageoftheobscurityandcommitallsortsofindecencies。\"
[67]Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRevolutionFran？aise，\"II。，155。
（ReportsofVent？se25。）—Dauban，188。（ReportsofVent？se19）。—
Ibid。，（ReportsofVent？se2。）Ibid。，126。（ReportsofVent？se10。）—
ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportsofNiv？se28，yearII。）
Thewomen\"denouncethebutchersandporksellerswhopaynoattentiontothemaximumlaw，givingonlythepoorestmeattothepoor。\"Ibid。，（ReportsofNiv？se6。）\"Itisfrightfultoseewhatthebutchersgivethepeople。\"
[68]Mercier，363。\"Thewomenstruggledwithalltheirmightagainstthemenandcontractedthehabitofswearing。Thelastontherowknewhowtowormthemselvesuptotheheadofit。\"BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，364。（\"JournaldelaMontague，\"July28，1793。\"OnecitizenwaskilledonSunday，July21，oneoftheGravilliers（club）intryingtoholdontoasixpoundloafofbreadwhichhehadjustsecuredforhimselfandfamily。AnotherhadacutonhisarmthesamedayintheRueFroid—Manteau。Apregnantwomanwaswoundedandherchilddiedinherwomb。\"
[69]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1410。（ReportsofAugust6
and7，1793。）
[70]Dauban，144。（ReportsofVent？se19。）
[71]Dauban，199。（ReportsofVent？se19。）—Dauban，\"LaDemagogieen1793，\"p。470。\"Scarcelyhadthepeasantsarrivedwhenharpiesinwomen’sclothesattackedthemandcarriedofftheirgoods……
Yesterday，apeasantwasbeatenforwantingtosellhisfoodatthe’maximum’rate。\"（October19，1793。）—Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"144，173，199。（ReportsofVent？se13，17and19。）—ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1410。（ReportsofJune26and27，1793。）Wagonsandboatsarepillagedforcandlesandsoap。
[72]Dauban，45。（ReportsofPluvi？se17。）222。（ReportsofVent？se23。）—160。（ReportsofVent？se15。）—340。（ReportsofGerminal28。）—87。（ReportsofVent？se5。）
[73]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，116。（OrderofPaganel，Castres，Pluvi？se6and7，yearII。\"Thestepstakentoobtainreturnsoffoodhavenotfulfilledtheobject……Thestatementsmadeareeitherfalseorinexact。\"）Cf。，fordetails，thecorrespondenceoftheotherrepresentativesonmission。—Dauban，\"Parisen1794。\"190。
（SpeechbyFouquier—TinvilleintheConvention，Vent？se19。）\"ThemayorofPontSt。Maxencehasdaredtosaythat’whenParissendsussugarwewillthenseeaboutlettingherhaveoureggsandbutter。’\"
[74]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（ReportsofAugust7and8，1793。）\"Seventhousandfivehundredpoundsofbread，abouttobetakenout，havebeenstoppedatthebarriers。\"—Dauban，45。
（Ordersoftheday。Pluvi？se17。）Lampsaresetupatalltheposts，\"especiallyatlaGreveandPassy，soastolightuptheriverandseethatnoeatablespassoutside。\"—Mercier，I。，355。—Dauban，181。
（ReportsofVent？se18。）—210。（ReportsofVent？se21。）—190。
SpeechbyFouquier，Vent？se19。）\"ThebutchersinPariswhocannotsellabovethemaximumcarrythemeattheybuytotheSèvresbutchersandsellitatanypricetheyplease。\"—257。（ReportsofVent？se27。）\"Yousee，aboutteno’clockintheevening，aristocratsandotheregoistscomingtothedealerswhosupplyEgalité’smansion（theDukeofOrleans）andbuychickensandturkeyswhichtheycarefullyconcealundertheirovercoats。\"
[75]Dauban，255。（OrdersofthedaybyHenriot，Vent？se27。）\"Ihavetorequestmybrethreninarmsnottotakeanyrationswhatever。Thislittledeprivationwillsilencethemalevolentwhoseekeveryopportunitytohumbleus。\"—Ibid。，359。\"OnFloreal29，betweenfiveandsixo’clockinthemorning，apatrolofaboutfifteenmenoftheBonnetRougesection，commandedbyasortofcommissary，stopsubsistencesontheOrleansroadandtakethemtotheirsection。\"
[76]Dauban，341。（LetteroftheCommissioneronSubsistences，Germinal23。）\"Thesuppliesarestolenunderthepeople’seyes，orwhattheygetisofinferiorquality。\"Thecommissionerissurprisedtofindthat，havingprovidedsomuch，solittlereachestheconsumers。
[77]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（ReportsofAugust11—12and31，andSept。1，1793。）—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。）（ReportsofNiv？se7and12，yearII。）
[78]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，60，68，69，71，82，93，216，231。—
Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis，\"187，190。—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportofLeharivel，Niv？se7。）—Thegunsmithsemployedbythegovernmentlikewisestatethattheyhaveforalongtimehadnothingtoeatbutbreadandcheese。
[79]Dauban，231。（ReportofPerriére，Vent？se24。）\"Butterofwhichtheymakeagod。\"
[80]Ibid。，68。（ReportofVent？se2。）
[81]ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportofNiv？se28。）—Dauban，144。（ReportofNiv？se14。）
[82]Dauban，81。（ReportofLatour—Lamontagne，Vent？se4。）
[83]SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，\"83。\"Friday，June15，1794，aproclamationismadethatallwhohaveanyprovisionsintheirhouses，wheat，barley，rye，flourandevenbread，mustdeclarethemwithintwentyfourhoursunderpenaltyofbeingregardedasanenemyofthecountryanddeclared’suspect，’putunderarrestandtriedbythecourts。\"—Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRevolutionFran？aise，\"II……214。AseizureismadeatPassyoftwopigsandfortypoundsofbutter，sixbushelsofbeans，etc。，inthedomicileofcitizenLucetwhohadlaidinsuppliesforsixteenpersonsofhisownhousehold。
[84]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，68。OrdersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Pluvi？se23，referringtothelawofBrumaire25，forbiddingtheextractionofmorethanfifteenpoundsofbranfromaquintalofflour。Orderdirectingtheremovalofboltersfrombakeriesandmills；hewhokeepsorconcealstheseonhisproperty\"shallbetreatedas’suspect’andputunderarrestuntilpeaceisdeclared。\"—BerryatSaintPrix，357，362。AtToulouse，threepersonsarecondemnedtodeathformonopoly。AtMontpelier，abaker，twodealersandamerchantareguillotinedforhavinginvoiced，concealedandkeptacertainquantityofgingerbreadcakesintendedsolelyforconsumptionbyanti—revolutionaries。
[85]\"UnSéjourenFrance，\"（April22，1794）。
[86]LudovicSciout，IV。，236。（ProclamationoftherepresentativesonmissioninFinisterre。）\"Magistratesofthepeopletellallfarmersandownersoflandthattheircropsbelongtothenationandthattheyaresimplyitsdepositaries。\"ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，92。
（OrdersbyB？，representativeinCautal，Pluvi？se8。）\"Whereas，asallcitizensinaRepublicformonefamily……allthosewhorefusetoassisttheirbrethrenandneighborsunderthespeciouspretextthattheyhavenotsufficientsuppliesmustberegardedas’suspect’
citizens。\"
[87]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，68。（OrdersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Prairial28。）Themaximumpriceisfourteenfrancsthequintal；afterMessidor30，itisnottobemorethanelevenfrancs。
[88]Ibid。，AF。，II。，116and106，ordersofPaganel，Castres，Pluvi？se6and7。OrdersofDartigoyte，Floréal23，25，and29。
[89]Ibid。，AF。，II。，147。（OrdersofMaignet，Avignon，Prairial2。）
[90]Moniteur，XXIII。，397（SpeechbyDubois—Crancé，May5，1795。）
\"TheCommitteeonCommerce（andSupplies）hadthirty—fivethousandemployeesinitsservice。\"
[91]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，68。（OrdersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Prairial28。）DecretofMessidor8，yearII。\"Allkindsofgrainandthehayofthepresentcroparerequiredbythegovernment。\"Anewestimateismade，eachfarmerbeingobligedtostatetheamountofhiscrop；verification，confiscationincaseofinaccuratedeclarations，andorderstothrashoutthesheaves。—
Dauban，490。（LetterofthenationalagentofVillefort，Thermidor19。）Calculationsandthereasoningoffarmerswithaviewtoavoidsowingandplanting:\"Notsomuchonaccountofthelackofhandsasnottoruinoneselfbysowingandraisinganexpensivecropwhich，theysay，affordsthemsmallreturnswhentheyselltheirgrainatsolowaprice。\"ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。106。（LetterofthenationalagentinGersandHaute—Garonne，Floréal25。）\"Theysayhere，thatassoonasthecropisgathered，allthegrainwillbetakenaway，withoutleavinganythingtoliveon。Itisstatedthatallsaltprovisionsaregoingtobetakenandtheagriculturistsreducedtothehorrorsofafamine。\"
[92]Moniteur，XXII。，21。（SpeechbyLindet，September7，1794。）\"Wehavelongfearedthatthegroundwouldnotbetilled，thatthemeadowswouldbecoveredwithcattlewhiletheproprietorsandfarmerswerekeptinprison。\"ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，No。I。（LetterfromthedistrictofBar—sur—Seine，Vent？se14，yearIII。）\"The’maximum’
causestheconcealmentofgrain。Thequit—claimsruinedtheconsumersandrenderedthemdesperate。Howmanywretches，indeed，havebeenarrested，—？attacked，confiscated，finedandruinedforhavinggoneofffifteenortwentyleaguestogetgrainwithwhichtofeedtheirwivesandchildren？\"
[93]AF。，II。，106。（CircularbyDartigoyte，Floréal25。）\"Youmustapplythisrule，thatis，makethemunicipalofficersresponsibleforthenoncultivationofthesoil。\"\"Ifanycitizenallowshimselfadifferentkindofbread，otherthanthatwhichallthecultivatorsandlaborersinthecommuneuse，Ishallhavehimbroughtbeforethecourtsconjointlywiththemunicipalityasbeingthefirstculpritguiltyofhavingtoleratedit……Reduce，ifnecessary，threefourthsofthebreadallowedtononlaboringcitizensbecausemuscadinsandmuscadines:haveresourcesand，besides，leadanidlelife。\"
[94]AF。，II。，III。（LettersofFerry，Bourges，Messidor23，tohis\"brethreninthepopularclub，\"and\"tothecitoyennes（women）ofIndre—et—Cher。\"）
[95]Moniteur，XXI。，171。（LetterfromAvignon，Messidor9，andletteroftheJacobinsofArles。
[96]Moniteur，XXI。，184。（DecreeofMessidor21。）
[97]GouverneurMorris。（correspondencewithWashington。LettersofMarch27andApril10，1794。）Hesaysthatthereisnorecordofsuchanearlyspring。Ryehasheadedoutandcloverisinflower。ItisastonishingtoseeapricotsinAprilaslargeaspigeons’eggs。Inthesouth，wherethedearthismostsevere，hehasgoodreasontobelievethatthegroundissupplyingtheinhabitantswithfood。A
frostlikethatoftheyearbeforeinthemonthofMay（1793）wouldhelpthefaminemorethanallthearmiesandfleetsinEurope。
[98]StalinwastotestthesystemandproveTaineright。（SR。）
[99]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，73。（LetterbytheDirectoryofCalvados，Prairial26，yearIII。）\"Wehavenotagrainofwheatinstore，andtheprisonsarefullofcultivators。\"ArchivesNationales，D。，§1，fileNo。3。（WarrantsofarrestissuedbyRepresentativeAlbert，Pluvi？se19，yearIII。，Germinal7and16。）Onthedetailsofthedifficultiesandannoyancesattendingtherequisitions，cf。thisfileandthefiveprecedingorfollowingfiles。（LetteroftheNationalagent，districtofNogent—sur—Seine，Germinal13。）\"Ihavehadsummonedbeforethedistrictcourtagreatmanycultivatorsandproprietorswhoareinarrearsinfurnishingtherequisitionsmadeonthembytheirrespectivemunicipalities……Alargemajoritydeclaredthattheywereunabletofurnishinfulleveniftheirseedweretaken。Thecourtorderedtheconfiscationofthesaidgrainwithafineequaltothevalueofthequantitydemandedofthosecalledupon……Itisnowmydutytoexecutethesentence。But，Imustobservetoyou，thatifyoudonotreducethefine，manyofthemwillbereducedtodespair。HenceIawaityouranswersothatImayactaccordingly。\"（Anotherletterfromthesameagent，Germinal9。）\"ItisimpossibletosupplythemarketofVillarceaux；sevencommunesunderrequisitionpreventeditthroughthedistrictofSozanneswhichconstantlykeepsanarmedforcetheretocarrygrainawayassoonasthrashed。\"—Itisinterestingtoremarktheinquisitorialsentimentalityoftheofficialagentsandthelowstageofculture。
（ProcesverbaloftheMagincourtmunicipality，Vent？se7。）OfcourseI
amobligedtocorrectthespellingsoastorenderitintelligible。
ThesaidCroiset，gendarme，wentwiththenationalagentintothehousesofcitizensinarrears，ofwhom，amongstthoseinarrears，nobodyrefusedbutJeanMauchin，whomwecouldnotkeepfromtalkingagainsthim，seeingthatheiswhollyegoistandonlywantsforhimself。Hedeclaredtousthat，if，thedaybeforehisharvestinghehadanyleft，hewouldshareitwiththecitizensthatneededit……Alas，yes，howcouldonerefrainfromshuttingupsuchanegoistwhowantsonlyforhimselftothedetrimentofhisfellowcitizens？A
proofofthetruthisthathefeedsinhishousethreedogs，atleastonehundredandfiftychickensandevenpigeons，whichusesupalotofgrain，enoughtohinderthesatisfactionofalltherequisitions。
Hemightdowithoutdogs，ashiscourtisenclosedhemightlikewisecontenthimselfwiththirtychickensandthenbeabletosatisfytherequisitions。\"Thisdocumentissigned\"Bertrand，Agen。\"—Mauchin，onthestrengthofit，isincarceratedatTroyes\"athisownexpense。\"
[100]Ibid。LetterfromthedistrictofBarsurSeine，Vent？se14，yearIII。Sincetheabolitionofthe\"maximum，\"\"theinhabitantstravelthirtyandfortyleaguestopurchasewheat。\"（LetterfromthemunicipalityofTroyes，Vent？se15。）\"Accordingtothepriceofgrain，whichwekeeponbuying，byagreement，breadwillcostfifteensous（thepound）nextdecade。\"
[101]Schmidt，\"PariserZust？nde，\"145—220。There—openingoftheBourse，April25，1795；ibid。，322，II。，105。—\"MemoirsofTheobaldWolf，\"vol。I。，p。200，（February3，1796）。AtHavre，thelouisd’oristhenworthfivethousandfrancs，andtheecuofsixfrancsinproportion。AtParis（February12），thelouisd’orisworthsixthousandfivehundred；adinnerfortwopersonsatthePalaisRoyalcostsonethousandfivehundredfrancs。—Mayer，（\"Frankreichin1796。\"）Hegivesadinnerfortenpersonswhichcoststhreehundredthousandfrancsinassignats。Atthisrateacabridecostsonethousandfrancs，andbythehoursixthousandfrancs。
[102]\"CorrespondancedeMalletduPanaveclacourdeVienne，\"I。，253（July18，1795）。\"ItisnotthesamenowasintheearlydaysoftheRevolution，whichthenboreheavilyonlyoncertainclassesofsociety；now，everybodyfeelsthescourge，hourly，ineverydepartmentofcivillife。Goodsandprovisionsadvancedaily（inprice）inmuchgreaterproportionthanthedeclineinassignats……Parisisreallyacityoffurnishingshops……Theimmensecompetitionfortheseobjectsraisesallgoodstwentyfivepercent。aweek……Itisthesamewithprovisions。Asackofwheatweighingthreequintalsisnowworthninethousandfrancs，apoundofbeefthirtysixfrancs，apairofshoesonehundredfrancs。Itisimpossibleforartisanstoraisetheirwagesproportionatelywithsuchalargeandrapidincrease。\"—Cf。\"DiaryofLordMalmesbury，\"III。，290（October27，1796）。After1795，thegainsofthepeasants，landownersandproducersareverylarge；from1792to1796theyaccumulateandhideawaymostofthecurrentcoin。Theywerecourageousenoughandsmartenoughtoprotecttheirhoardagainsttheviolenceoftherevolutionarygovernment；\"hence，atthetimeofthedepreciationofassignats，theyboughtlandextraordinarilycheap。\"In1796theycultivateandproduceagreatdeal。
[103]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，72。（LetteroftheadministratorsofthedistrictofMontpeliertotheConvention，Messidor26，yearII。）\"YourdecreeofNiv？se4last，suppressedthe’maximum，’whichstep，provokedbyjusticeandthe’maximum，’didnothavetheeffectyouanticipated。\"Thedearthceases，butthereisaprodigiousincreaseinprices，thefarmersellinghiswheatatfromfourhundredandseventytosixhundredandseventyfrancsthequintal。
[104]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，71。（DeliberationsofthecommuneofChamps，cantonofLagny，Prairial22，yearIII。Letteroftheprocureur—syndicofMeaux，Messidor3。LetterofthemunicipalityofRozoy，SeineetMarne，Messidor4。）—Ibid。，AF。，II。，74。（LetterofthemunicipalityofEmérainville，endorsedbytheDirectoryofMeaux，Messidor14。）\"Thecommunecanprocureonlyoat—breadforitsinhabitants，and，again，theyhavetogoalongwaytogetthis。Thisfood，ofsopooraquality，farfromstrengtheningthecitizenaccustomedtoagriculturallabor，disheartenshimandmakeshimill，theresultbeingthatthehaycannotbegotingoodtimeforlackofhands。\"—AtChamps，\"thecropofhayisreadyformowing，but，forwantoffood，thelaborerscannotdothework。\"
[105]Ibid。，AF。，II。，73。（LetterfromtheDirectoryofthedistrictofDieppe，Prairial22。）
[106]Ibid。（LetteroftheadministratorsofthedistrictofLouviers，Prairial26。）
[107]Ibid。（Letteroftheprocureur—syndicoftheCaendistrict，Caen，Messidor23。—LetterofRepresentativePorchertotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Messidor26。—Letterofthesame，Prairial24。\"Theconditionofthisdepartmentseemedtomefrightful……Theprivationsofthedepartmentwithrespecttosubsistencecannotbeover—statedtoyou；theevilisatitsheight。\"
[108]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，74。（LetteroftheBeauvaisadministrators，Prairial15。—LetteroftheBapaumeadministrator，Prairial24。—LetteroftheVervieradministrator，Messidor7。—
LetterofthecommissarysentbythedistrictofLaon，Messidor。）—
Cf。，I6id。，letterfromtheAbbevilledistrict，Prairial11。\"Thequintalofwheatissoldatonethousandassignats，orrather，thefarmerswillnottakeassignatsanymore，grainnottobehadforanythingbutcoin，and，asmostpeoplehavenonetogivetheyarehard—heartedenoughtodemandofonehisclothes，andofanotherhisfurniture，etc。\"
[109]Ibid。，AF。，II。，71。（LetteroftheRozoymunicipality。Seine—
et—Marne，Messidor4，yearIII。）AbushelofwheatinthevicinityofRozoybringsthreehundredfrancs。
[110]Ibid。，AF。，II。，74。（LetteroftheMontreuil—sur—Mermunicipality，Prairial29。）
[111]Ibid。（LetteroftheVervinsadministrators，Prairial11LetterofthecommuneofLaChapelle—sur—Somme，Prairial24。）
[112]Ibid。，AF。，II。，70。（Letteroftheprocureur—syndicofthedistrictofSaint—Germain，Thermidor10。）Thisfile，whichdepictsthesituationofthecommunesaroundParis，isspeciallyheartrendingandterrible。AmongotherinstancesofthemiseryofworkmenthefollowingpetitionofthemenemployedontheMarlywater—worksmaybegiven，Messidor28。\"TheworkmenandemployeesonthemachineatMarlybegleavetopresenttoyouthewretchedstatetowhichtheyarereducedbythedearnessofprovisions。Theirmoderatewages，whichatthemosthavereachedonlyfivelivrestwelvesous，andagain，forfourmonthspast，havingreceivedbuttwofrancssixteensous，nolongerprovidethemwithhalfapoundofbread，sinceitcostsfifteenandsixteenfrancsperpound。Wepoorpeoplehavenotbeenwantingincouragenorpatience，hopingthattimeswouldmend。Wehavebeenreducedtosellingmostofoureffectsandtoeatingbreadmadeofbranofwhichasampleisherewithsent，andwhichdistressesusverymuch（nousincommodebeaucoup）；mostofusareillandthosewhoarenotsoareinaveryfeeblestate。\"—Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis，\"
Thermidor9。\"Peasantsonthemarketsquarecomplainbitterlyofbeingrobbedinthefieldsandontheroad，andevenofhavingtheirsacks（ofgrain）plundered。\"
[113]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，file2。（LetteroftheErvymunicipality，Floréal17，yearIII。）\"Theindifferenceoftheegoistfarmersinthecountryisatitsheight；theypaynorespectwhatevertothelaws，killingthepoorbyrefusingtosell，orunwillingtoselltheirgrainatapricetheycanpay。\"—（Itwouldbenecessarytocopythewholeofthisfiletoshowthealimentarystateofthedepartments。）
[114]Ibid。，AF。，II。，74。（LetterofthedistrictadministratorsofBapaume，Prairial24。—LetterofthemunicipalityofBoulogne—sur—
Mer，Prairial24。）
[115]Ibid。，，AF。，II。，73。（LetterofthemunicipalityofBrionne，districtofBernay，Prairial7。）Thefarmersdonotbringintheirwheatbecausetheysellitelsewhereattherateoffifteenhundredandtwothousandfrancsthesackofthreehundredandthirtypounds。
[116]Ibid。，AF。，II。，71。（Letteroftheprocureur—syndicofthedistrictofMeaux，Messidor2。）\"Theirfateissharedbymanyoftheruralcommunes\"andthewholedistricthasbeenreducedtothisdearth\"toincreasetheresourcesofParisandthearmies。\"
[117]Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis。\"（ReportsofthePolice，Pluvi？se6，yearIII。）—Ibid。，Germinal16。\"AletterfromthedepartmentofDromestatesthattheyaredyingofhungerthere，breadsellingatthreefrancsthepound。\"
[118]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，70。（Deliberationsofthecouncil—generalofFranciade，Thermidor9，yearIII。）
[119]Ibid。（Letteroftheprocureur—syndicofthedistrictofSaint—
Germain，Thermidor10。）—Delécluze，\"SouvenirsdeSoixanteAnnées，\"
p。10。（TheDelécluzefamilyliveinMendonin1794andformostof1795。M。Delécluze，senior，andhissongotoMeauxandobtainofafarmerabagofgoodflourweighingthreehundredandtwentyfivepoundsforabouttenlouisd’orandfetchithome，takingthegreatestpainstokeepitconcealed。Bothfatherandson\"afterhavingcoveredtheprecioussackwithhayandstrawinthebottomofthecart，followitonfootatsomedistanceasthepeasantdrivesalong。\"MadameDelécluzekneadsthebreadherselfandbakesit。
[120]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，74。Thefollowingshowssomeofthemunicipalexpenditures。（DeliberationsofthecommuneofAnnecy，Thermidor8，yearIII。）\"Amountreceivedbythecommunefromthegovernment，1，200，000francs。Fraternalsubscriptions，400，000
francs。Forcedloan，2，400，000francs。Amountarisingfromgraingrantedbythegovernment，butnotpaidfor，400，000francs。\"（LetterfromthemunicipalityofLille，Fructidor7）\"Thedeficit，atthetimewetookholdofthegovernment，which，owingtothedifferencebetweenthepriceofgrainboughtandthepriceobtainedforbreaddistributedamongthenecessitous，hadamountedto2，270，023francs，soincreasedinThermidorastoamountto8，312，956francs。\"
consequently，thetownsruinthemselveswithindebtednesstoanincredibleextent。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，72。（LetterofthemunicipalityofTours，Vendémiaire19，yearIV。）Tourshasnotsufficientmoneywithwhichtobuyoilforitsstreetlampsandwhicharenolongerlitatnight。AdecreeispassedtoenabletheagentforprovisionsatParistosupplyitscommissarieswithtwentyquintalsofoilwhich，forthreehundredandfortylamps，keepsonehundredagoinguptoGerminal1。ThesameatToulouse。（ReportofDestrene，Moniteur，June24，1798。）OnNovember26，1794，Bordeauxisunabletopayseventytwofrancsforthirtybarrelsofwatertowashtheguillotine。（GranierdeCassagnac，I。，13。ExtractfromthearchivesofBordeaux。）Bordeauxisauthorizedtosellonethousandcasksofwinewhichhadformerlybeentakenonrequisitionbythegovernment，thetowntopayforthemattherateatwhichtheRepublicboughtthemandtosellthemasdearaspossibleinthewayofregulartrade。Theproceedsaretobeemployedinprovidingsubsistenceforitsinhabitants。（ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，72，ordersofVendémiaire4，yearIV。）Astoaidfurnishedbytheassignatsgrantedtotownsanddepartmentscf。thesamefiles；400，000francstoPoitiers，Pluvi？se18，fourmillionstoLyons，Pluvi？se17，threemillionsamonthtoNantes，afterThermidor14，tenmillionstothedepartmentofHeraultinFrimaireandPluvi？se，etc。
[121]ArchivesNationales，II。，§1，file2。（DeliberationsofthecommuneofTroyes，Vent？se15，yearIII。）—\"UnSejourenFrance。\"
（Amiens，May9，1795。）\"Aswehadobtainedafewsixfranccrownsandwereabletogetasmallsupplyofwheat……Mr。Dandtheservantseatbreadmadeofthreefourthsbranandonefourthflour。
Whenwebakeitwecarefullyclosethedoors，payingnoattentiontothedoorbell，andallownovisitortocomeinuntileverytraceoftheoperationisgone……Thedistributionnowconsistsofamixtureofsproutedwheat，peas，rye，etc。，whichscarcelyresemblesbread。\"（April12。）\"Thedistributionofbread（then）wasaquarterofapoundaday。Manyofthosewhoinotherrespectswerewelloff，gotnothingatall。\"
[122]Ibid。（LettersofthemunicipalityofTroyes，Vent？se15，yearIII。，andGerminal6。）Letterofthethreedeputies，sentbythemunicipalitytoParis，Pluvi？se，yearIII。（nodate。）
[123]\"UnSejourenFrance。\"（Amiens，Jan。30，1795。）ArchivesNationales。AF。，II。，74。（DeliberationofthecommuneofAmiens，Thermidor8，andFructidor7，yearIII。）
[124]\"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，\"p。97。（Thewomenstopcartsloadedwithwheat，keepthemallnight，stoneandwoundRepresentativeBernier，andsucceedingetting，each，eightpoundsofwheat。）
[125]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，73。（LetterofthemunicipalityofDieppe，Prairial22。）—AF。，II。，74。（LetterofthemunicipalityofVervins，Messidor7。LetterofthemunicipalityofLille，Fructidor7。）
[126]\"CorrespondancedeMalletduPanaveclaCourdeVienne，\"I。，90。Ibid。，131。OnemonthlateraquintalofflouratLyonsisworthtwohundredfrancsandapoundofbreadforty—fivesous。
[127]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，13。（LetterofthedeputiesextraordinaryofthethreeadministrativebodiesofChartres，Thermidor15:\"Inthenameofthiscommunedyingofhunger\"）—\"TheinhabitantsofChartreshavenotevenbeenallowedtoreceivetheirrentsingrain；allhasbeenpouredintothegovernmentstorehouses。\"
[128]Ibid。（PetitionofthecommuneofLaRochelle，Fructidor25，thatofPainb？uf，Fructidor9，thatofthemunicipalityofNantes，Thermidor14，thatofRouen，Fructidor1。）—Ibid。，AF。，II，72。
（LetterofthecommuneofBayonne，Fructidor1。）\"Penuryofprovisionsformorethantwoyears……Themunicipality，thepastsixmonths，isunderthecruelnecessityofreducingitssubjectstohalf—
a—poundofcorn—breadperday……attherateoftwenty—fivesousthepound，althoughthepoundcostsoverfivefrancs。\"Afterthesuppressionofthe\"maximum\"itlosesabouttwenty—fivethousandfrancsperday。
[129]Ibid。（LetterofRepresentativePorcher，Caen，Prairial24，Messidor3and26。LetterofthemunicipalityofCaen，Messidor3。）
[130]Ibid。AF。，II。，71。（LetterofthemunicipalityofAuxerre，Messidor19。）\"Wehavekeptalivethusfarthroughallsortsofexpedientsasifbymiracle。Ithasrequiredincalculableefforts，greatexpenditure，andreallysupernaturalmeanstoaccomplishit。
ButthereisstillonemonthbetweenthisandtheendofThermidor。
Howarewegoingtolive！Ourpeople，themajorityofwhomarefarmersandartisans，arerationedathalf—a—poundadayforeachpersonandthiswilllastbuttenortwelvedaysatmost。\"
[131]Meissner，\"VoyageàParis，\"339。\"Therewasnotamorselofbreadinourinn。Iwentmyselftofiveorsixbakeriesandpastryshopsandfoundthemallstripped。\"HefindsinthelastoneaboutadozenofsmallSavoybiscuitsforwhichhepaysfifteenfrancs。—
See，forthemilitaryproceedingsofthegovernmentinrelationtobread，theordersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，mostofthembythehandofLindet，AF。，II。，68—74。
[132]Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis，\"vols。II。andIII。，passim。
[133]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，68。（OrdersofVent？se20，yearIII。；Germinal19and20；Messidor8，etc。）
[134]ibid。OrdersofNiv？se5and22。
[135]Ibid。OrdersofPluvi？se19，Vent？se5，Floréal4and24。（ThefourteenbrewerswhichtheRepublickeepsagoingforitselfatDunkirkareexcepted。）—Theproceedingsarethesameinrelationtoothernecessaryarticles，—returnsdemandedofnuts，rape—seed，andotherseedsorfruitsproducingoil，alsothehoofsofcattleandsheep，withrequisitionsforeveryotherarticleenteringintothemanufactureofoil，andorderstokeepoil—millsagoing。\"Alladministrativebodieswillseethatthebutchersremovethefatfromtheirmeatbeforeofferingitforsale，thattheydonotthemselvesmakecandlesoutofit，andthattheydonotsellittosoap—
factories，etc。\"—（OrdersofVeridémiaire28，yearIII。）Theexecutivecommitteewillcollecteighthundredyokeofoxenanddistributethemamongthedealersinhayinordertotransportwoodandcoalfromthewoodsandcollieriestotheyards。Theywilldistributeproportionatelyeighthundredsetsofwheelsandharness。
Thewagonerswillbepaidandguardedthesameasmilitaryconvoys，anddraftedasrequired。Tofeedtheoxen，thedistrictadministratorswilltakebypre—emptionthenecessaryfieldsandpasturages，etc。\"（OrdersofPluvi？se10，yearIII。）
[136]Moniteur，XXIV。，397。—Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis。\"（ReportsofFrimaire16，yearIV。）\"CitizensinthedepartmentswonderhowitisthatPariscoststhemfivehundredandfortysixmillionspermonthmerelyforbreadwhentheyarestarving。ThisisolationofParis，forwhichallthebenefitsoftheRevolutionareexclusivelyreserved。
hastheworsteffectonthepublicmind。\"—Meissner，345。
[137]Mercier，\"ParisPendantlaRévolution，\"I。，355—357。—Schmidt，\"PariserZustande，\"I。，224。（TheSeineisfrozenoveronNovember23
andJanuary23，thethermometerstandingatsixteendegrees（Centigrade）belowzero。）—Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis。\"（ReportsofthePolice，Pluvi？se2，3and4。）
[138]Schmidt，\"PariserZustande，\"I。，228，andfollowingpages。
（February25，thedistributionofbreadisreducedtooneandone—halfpoundsperperson；March17，tooneandonehalfpoundsforworkmenandonepoundforothers。Finalreductiontoone—quarterofapound，March31。）—Ibid。，251，forulteriorrates。—DufortdeCheverney，（MS。Mémoires，August，1795。）M。deCheverneytakesuphisquartersattheoldLouvrewithhisfriendSedaine。\"IhadassistedthemwithfoodallIcould:theyownedtomethat，withoutthis，theywouldhavediedofstarvationnotwithstandingtheirmeans。\"
[139]Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis。\"（ReportsofGerminal15and27，andMessidor28，yearIII。，Brumaire14andFrimaire23，yearIV。）—
Ibid。（Germinal15，yearIII。）Butterisateightfrancsthepound，eggssevenfrancsforfourounces。—Ibid。，（Messidor19）breadisatsixteenfrancsthepound，（Messidor28）butteratfourteenfrancsthepound，（Brumaire29）flourat14，000francsthebagof325pounds。
[140]Ibid。（ReportofGerminal12，yearIII。）\"Theeatinghousesandpastry—cooksarebettersuppliedthanever。\"？\"Memoires（manuscript）
ofM。deCheverney。\"\"Mysister—in—law，withmorethanfortythousandlivresincome，registeredinthe’GrandLedger，’wasreducedtocultivatinghergarden，assistedbyhertwochambermaids。M。deRichebourg，formerlyintendant—generalofthePost—Office，hadtosellatonetimeaclockandatanothertimeawardrobetoliveon。’Myfriends，’hesaidtousoneday，’Ihavebeenobligedtoputmyclockinthepot。’\"—Schmidt。（ReportofFrimaire17，yearIV。）\"A
frequenteroftheStock—Exchangesellsalouisatfivethousandfrancs。Hedinesforonethousandfrancsandloudlyexclaims:’Ihavedinedatfourfrancstensous。Theyarereallysuperb，theseassignats！Icouldn’thavedinedsowellformerlyattwelvefrancs。’\"
[141]Schmidt。（ReportsofFrimaire9，yearIV。）\"Thereportsdescribethesadconditionofthosewho，withsmallincomesandhavingsoldtheirclothes，aresellingtheirfurniture，being，sotosay，attheirlastpiece；and，soonwithoutanything，arereducedtothelastextremitybycommittingsuicide。\"—Ibid。，Frimaire2，\"Therentierisruined，notbeingabletobuyfood。Employeesareallinthesamesituation。\"—Naturally，theconditionofemployeesandrentitersgrowsworsewiththedepreciationofassignats。Herearehouse—
keepingaccountsattheendof1795。（LetterofBeaumarchais’sisterJulietohiswife，December，1794。\"Beaumarchaisetsontemps，\"byDeLomenie，p。486。）\"Whenyougavemethosefourthousandfrancs（assignats），mydearfriend，myheartwentpit—a—pat。IthoughtthatIshouldgocrazywithsuchafortune。Iputtheminmypocketatonceandtalkedaboutotherthingssoastogettheideaoutofmymind。Onreturningtothehouse，getsomewoodandprovisionsasquickaspossiblebeforepricesgohigher！Dupont（theolddomestic）
startedoffanddidhisbest。Butthescalesfellfrommyeyesonseeing，notcountingfoodforamonth，theresultofthose4，275
francs:
1loadofwood1460francs9poundsofcandles，from8to100francsperpound900
4poundsofsugar，at100francsperpound400
3measuresofgrain，at40francs120
7poundsoil，at100francs700
12wicks，at5francs60
11/2bushelspotatoes，at200francsperbushel300
1month’swashing215
1poundgroundpowder70
2ouncespomatum（formerly3sous，now25francs）50
Sub—total4，275francsThereremainsthemonth’ssupplyofbutterandeggs，asyouknow，200francs，meat25or30francs，andotherarticlesinproportion507
Therewasnobreadfortwodays……Ihaveboughtonlyfourpoundsthelasttwodays，at45francs180
Total5，022francs。
\"WhenIthinkofthisroyaloutlay，asyoucallit，whichmakesmespendfrom18，000to20，000francsfornothing，Iwishthedevilhadthesystem……10，000francswhichIhavescatteredaboutthepastfortnight，alarmandtroublemesomuchthatIdonotknowhowtocalculatemyincomeinthisway。Inthreedaysthedifference（inthevalueofassignats）hassentwoodupfrom4，200to6，500francs，andextrasinproportionsothat，asIwroteyou，aloadpiledupandputawaycostsme7，100francs。Everyweeknow，thepot—au—feuandothermeatsforragouts，withoutanybutter，eggsandotherdetails，costfromseventoeighthundredfrancs。Washingalsogoesupsofastthateightthousandfrancsdonotsuffice。Allthisputsmeoutofhumor，whileinallthisexpenditureIdeclareonmyhonor（jejureparlasainevéritédemonc？ur）thatfortwoyearsIhaveindulgednofancyofmyownorspentanythingexceptonhouseholdexpenses。
Nevertheless，IhaveurgentneedofsomethingsforwhichIshouldrequirepilesofassignats。\"—WeseebyBeaumarchais’correspondencethatoneofhisfriendstravelsaroundintheenvironsofParistofindbread。\"Itissaidhere（hewritesfromSoizy，June5，1795）
thatflourmaybehadatBriare。IfthisweresoIwouldbargainwithareliablemantheretocarryittoyoubywater—carriagebetweenBriareandParis……InthemeantimeIdonotdespairoffindingaloaf。\"—LetterofafriendofBeaumarchais:\"Thislettercostsyouatleastonehundredfrancs，includingpaper，pen，ink，andlamp—oil。
Foreconomy’ssakeIwriteitinyourhouse。\"
[142]Cf。Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis，\"vols。II。andIII。
（ReportsofthePolice，atthedatesdesignated。）
[143]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"pp。562，568，572。
[144]Mallet—Dupan，\"CorrespondanceaveclacourdeVienne，\"I。，254。
（July18，1795。）
[145]Schmidt，ibid。（ReportofFructidor3，yearIII。）
[146]Schmidt，ibid。，vols。II。andIII。（Reportsofthepoliceatthedatesdesignated。）
[147]Meissner，\"VoyageàParis，\"132。Ibid。，104。\"Breadismadewithcoarse，stickyblackflour，becausetheyputinpotatoes，beans，Indiancornandmillet，andmoreoveritisbadlybaked。\"—GranierdeCassagnac，\"HistoireduDirectoire，\"I。，51。（LetterofM。Andottotheauthor。）\"Therewerethree—quarterpounddays，one—halfpoundandone—quarterpounddaysandmanyattwoounces。Iwasachildoftwelveandusedtogoandwaitfourhoursinthemorninginaline，ruedel’AncienneComédie。Therewasafourthpartofbraninthebread，whichwasverytenderandverysoft……anditcontainedone—
fourthexcessofwater。Ibroughtbackeightouncesofbreadadayforthefourpersonsinourhousehold。\"
[148]Dauban，586。
[149]Schmidt，ibid。（ReportsofBrumaire24，andFrimaire13，yearIV。）
[150]ThisstateofmiseryisprolongedfarbeyondthisepochinParisandtheprovinces。~f。Schmidt，\"TableauxdeParis，\"vol。III。—
FelixRocquam，\"L’EtatdelaFranceau18eBrumaire，\"p。156。（ReportbyFourcroy，Niv？se5，yearIX。）ConvoysofgrainfailtoreachBrestbecausetheEnglisharemastersatsea，whiletheroadsonlandareimpassable。\"weareassuredthatthepeopleofBresthavelongbeenonhalf—rationsandperhapsonquarter—rations。\"
[151]1stItisdifficulttoarriveatevenapproximatefigures，butthefollowingstatementswillrendertheideaclear。I。WhereverI
havecomparedthemortalityoftheRevolutionwiththatoftheancientregimeIhavefoundtheformergreaterthanthelatter，eveninthosepartsofFrancenotdevastatedbythecivilwar；andtheincreaseofthismortalityisenormous，especiallyinyearsII。andIII。—AtTroyes，with25，282inhabitants（in1790），duringthefiveyearsof1786，1787，1788，1789and1792（1790and1791aremissing），theaverageannualmortalityis991deaths，or39perthousandinhabitants；duringtheyearsII，III，IV，thisaverageis1，166or47
perthousandinhabitants；theincreaseisthen7deathsperyear，nearlyonefifth。（DocumentsprovidedbyM。AlbertBabeau。）—AtRheims，theaveragemortalityfrom1780to1789is1，350，which，forapopulationof35，597，（1790），gives41deathsperannumtoeverythousandinhabitants。IntheyearII。，thereare1，836deathswhichgivesforeachofthetwoyears64deathstoeverythousandpersons；
theincreaseis23deathsayear，thatistosaymorethanone—halfabovetheordinaryrate。（StatisticscommunicatedbyM。Jadart，archivisteatRheims。）—AtLimoges，theyearlyaverageofmortalitypreviousto1789was825to20，000inhabitants，orattherateof41
toathousand。FromJanuary1，1792，toSeptember22，1794，thereare3，449deaths，thatistosay，ayearlyaverageof63deathstoonethousandinhabitants，thatistosay，22extraperannum，whilethemortalitybearsmostlyonthepoor，foroutof2，073personswhodiebetweenJanuary17，1793，andSeptember22，1794，overone—half，1，100，dieinthehospital。—（LouisGuibert，\"AncienregistredesparoissesdeLimoges，\"pp。40，45，47。）—AtPoitiers，inyearIX。，thepopulationis18，223，andtheaveragemortalityofthepasttenyearswas724perannum。ButinyearII。，thereare2，094deaths，andinyearIII。2，032，largelyinthehospitals。Thus，evenoncomparingtheaveragemortalityofthetenyearsoftheRevolutionwiththemortalityofyearsII。andIII。，theaverageratehasalmosttrebled。—ThesameappliestoLoudens，wheretheaveragedeath—ratebeing151，inyearII。，itrisesto425。InsteadofthetripleforChatellerault，itisdouble，where，theaverageratebeing262，thedeath—raterisesto482，principallyinthemilitaryhospitals。
（\"StatistiquedelaVienne，\"byCochon，préfet，yearIX。）—AtNiort，population11，000，theannualmortalityofthetenyearspreceding1793averaged423，or38perthousand。InyearII。，thereare1，872，or170perthousandinhabitants，thenumberbeingmorethanquadrupled。InyearIII。，thereare1，122deaths，or122，whichisalmostthetriple。（’StatistiquedesDeux—Sèvres，\"byDupin，prefet，2ndmemorial，yearIX。）—AtStrasbourg，（\"RecueildesPiècesAuthentiques，\"etc。，vol。I。，p。32，declarationoftheMunicipality，）
\"twiceasmanydiedlastyear（yearII。）asduringanyoftheprecedingyears。\"—Accordingtothesefiguresandthedetailswehaveread，theannualmortalityduringyearsII。andIII。andmostofyearIV。，maybeestimatedashavingincreasedone—halfextra。Now，previousto1789，accordingtoMoheauandNecker，（Peuchet，\"StatistiqueelementairedelaFrance，\"1805，p。239，）theyearlymortalityinFrancewasonepersontoeverythirty，thatistosay，866，666deathstoapopulationof26millions。One—halfinadditiontothisfortwoandahalfyearsgives，consequently，onemillionandeightythousanddeaths。
2nd。DuringthewholeoftheDirectoryepisode，privationlastedandtherateofmortalityroseveryhigh，especiallyforsickchildren，theinfirmandtheaged，becausetheconventionhadconfiscatedthepossessionsofthehospitalsandpubliccharitywasalmostnull。Forexample，atLyons，\"TheAsylumshavingbeendeprivedofsistersofcharityduringyearsII。，III。andIV。，andmostofyearV。，thechildrengatheredintothemcouldneitherbefednorsuckledandthenumberthatperishedwasfrightful。\"（\"StatistiqueduRhone，\"byVernier，prefet，yearX。）—InNecker’stime，therewereabouteighthundredasylums，hospitalsandcharitableinstitutions，withonehundredthousandoronehundredandtenthousandinmates。
（Peuchet，ibid。，256。）Forlackofcareandfoodtheydieinmyriads，especiallyfoundlings，thenumberofwhichincreasesenormously:in1790，thefiguresdonotexceed23，000；inyearIX。，thenumbersurpasses62，000，（Peuchet，260）:\"Itisa’perfectdeluge，’\"saythereports；inthedepartmentofAisne，thereare1，097insteadof400；
inthatofLot—et—Garonne，fifteenhundred，（Statistiquesdespréfetsdel’Aisne，Gers，Lot—et—Garonne），andtheyarebornonlytodie。InthatofEure，afterafewmonths，itissixoutofseven；atLyons，792outof820；（StatistiquedesPrefetsduRhoneetdel’Eure）。AtMarseilles，itis′600outof618；atToulon，101outof104；intheaverage，19outof20。（Rocquam，\"EtatdeFranceau18eBrumaire，\"
p。33。ReportofFran？oisdeNantes。）AtTroyes，outof164broughtininyearIV。，134die；outof147receivedinyearVII。，136die。
（AlbertBabeau，II。，452。）AtParis，inyearIV。，outof3，122infantsreceived2，907perish。（Moniteur，yearV。，No。231。）—Thesickperishthesame。\"AtToulon，onlysevenpoundsofmeataregiveneachdaytoeightypatients；IsawinthecivilAsylum，\"saysFran？oisdeNantes，\"awomanwhohadjustundergoneasurgicaloperationtowhomtheygaveforarestorativeadozenbeansonawoodenplatter。\"
（Ibid。，16，31，andpassim，especiallyforBordeaux，Caen，Alen？on，St。L？，etc。）—Astobeggars，theseareinnumerable:inyearIX。，itisestimatedthatthereare3or4，000bydepartment，atleast300，000
inFrance。\"InthefourBrittanydepartmentsonecantrulysaythatathirdofthepopulationliveattheexpenseoftheothertwo—thirds，eitherbystealingfromthemorthroughcompellingassistance。\"
（Rocquain，\"ReportbyBarbé—Marbois，\"p。93。）
3rd。InyearIX。，theConsells—generauxarecalledupontoascertainwhetherthedepartmentshaveincreasedordiminishedinpopulationsince1789。（\"Analysedesprocés—verbauxdesConseils—Generauxdel’anXI。\"Infourvolumes。）Outof58whichreply，37statethatthepopulationwiththemhasdiminished；12，thatithasincreased；9，thatitremainsstationary。Ofthe22others，13attributethemaintenanceorincreaseofpopulation，atleastforthemostpart，tothemultiplicationofearlymarriagesinordertoavoidconscriptionandtothelargenumberofnaturalchildren。—Consequently，theaveragerateofpopulationiskeptupnotthroughpreservinglife，butthroughthesubstitutionofnewlivesfortheoldonesthataresacrificed。Bordeaux，nevertheless，lostone—tenthofitspopulation，Angersone—eighth，Pauone—seventh，Chamberyone—fourth，Rennesone—
third。Inthedepartmentswherethecivil—warwascarriedon，Argenton—Chateaulosttwo—thirdsofitspopulation，Bressuirefellfrom3，000to630inhabitants；Lyons，afterthesiege，fellfromapopulationof140，000thousandto80，000。（\"Analysedesprocés—
verbauxdesConseils—Generaux\"andStatistiquesdesPrefets。\"）
[152]Lareveillère—Lepeaux，\"Mémoires。\"I，248。（HebelongstotheCommitteeandisaneye—witness。）
BOOKFIFTH。TheEndoftheRevolutionaryGovernment。
CHAPTERI。
I。TheConvention。
TheConventionafterThermidor9。—ReactionagainsttheTerrorists。
—AversiontotheConstitutionalists。—Thedangertheyruniftheylosepower。
Neverthelesstheytoo，thesegluttedsovereigns，areanxious，andverymuchso，wehavejustseenwhy；it’saquestionofremaininginofficeinordertoremainalive，andhenceforththisistheirsoleconcern。
—AgoodJacobin，uptothe9thofThermidor，could，byshuttinghiseyes，stillbelieveinhiscreed。[1]Afterthe9thofThermidor，unlessbornblind，likeSoubrany，RommeandGoujon，afanaticwhoseintellectualorgansareasrigidasthelimbsofafakir，nobodyintheConventioncananylongerbelieveintheContrat—Social，inadespoticequalizingsocialism，inthemeritsofTerror，inthedivinerightofthepure。For，toescapetheguillotineofthepure，thepuresthadtobeguillotined，Saint—Just，CouthonandRobespierre，thehigh—priestofthesect。Thatverydaythe\"Montagnards，\"ingivinguptheirdoctor，abandonedtheirprinciples，andthereisnolongeranyprincipleormantowhichtheConventioncouldrally。Ineffect，beforeguillotiningRobespierreandhisassociatesasorthodox，itguillotinedtheGirondins，HébertandDanton，asheretics。Now，\"theexistenceofpopularidolsandofheadcharlatansisirrevocablyended。\"[2]Everthesameconventionalsymbolbeforetheemptysanctuaryintheblood—stainedtemple，andeverthesameloud—intonedanthem；butfaithisgone，andonlytheacolytesremaintodroneouttherevolutionarylitany，oldtrain—bearersandswingersofincense，thesubalternbutcherswho，throughasuddenstroke，havebecomepontiffs；inshort，thevaletsofthechurchwhohavedonnedthemitresandcroziersoftheirmastersafterhavingassassinatedthem。
Frommonthtomonth，underthepressureofpublicopinion，theydetachthemselvesfromtheworshipatwhichtheyhaveofficiated，for，howeverbluntedorpervertedtheirconsciences，theycannotavoidadmittingthatJacobinism，astheyhavepracticedit，wasthereligionofrobberyandmurder。PrevioustoThermidoranofficialphraseology[3]drownedwithitsdoctrinalroarthelivingtruth，whileeachConventionalsacristanorbeadle，confinedtohisownchapel，sawclearlyonlythehumansacrificesinwhichhehimselfhadtakenpart。
AfterThermidor，thefriendsandkindredofthedead，theoppressed，maketheirvoicesheard，andheisforcedtoseecollectivelyandindetailallthecrimestowhich，nearlyorremotely，hehascontributedeitherthroughhisassentorthroughhisvote，thesameasinMexico，thepriestofHuichiloboswalksaboutinthemidstofthesixhundredthousandskullsamassedinthevaultsofhistemple。—Inquicksuccession，duringthewholeofyearIII。，throughthefreedomofthepressandthegreatpublicdiscussions，thetruthbecomesknown。
First，comesanaccountofthefunerealjourneyofonehundredandthirty—twoNantese，draggedfromNantestoParis，[4]andthesolemnacquittal，receivedwithtransports，oftheninety—fourwhosurvive。
Afterthis，comethetrialsofthemostprominentterrorists，thatofCarrierandtheRevolutionaryCommitteeofNantes，thatofFouquier—
TinvilleandtheoldrevolutionaryTribunalofParis，thatofJosephLebon，[5]and，duringthirtyorfortyconsecutivesessions，hundredsofminute，verifieddepositionsendinginthemostcompleteandsatisfactorytestimony。—Inthemeantime，revelationsmultiplyatthetribuneoftheConvention；theseconsistofthelettersofthenewrepresentativesonmissionandthedenunciationsofthetownsagainsttheiroverthrowntyrants；againstMaignet，Dartigoyte，Piochefer—
Bernard，Levasseur，Crassous，Javogues，Lequinio，Lefiot，Piorry，Pinet，Monestier，Fouché，Laplanche，Lecarpentier，andmanyothers。
Addtothesethereportsofcommissionschargedwithexaminingintotheconductofolddictators，Collotd’Herbois，Billaud—Varennes，Barère，Amar，Vouland，VadierandDavid，thereportsoftherepresentativeschargedwithinvestigatingcertaindetailsoftheabolishedsystem，thatofGrégoireonrevolutionaryvandalism，thatofCambononrevolutionarytaxes，thatofCourtoisonRobespierre’spapers。—Alltheserayscombineinaterribleilluminationwhichimposesitselfevenontheeyesthatturnawayfromit:ItisnowbuttooplainthatFrance，forfourteenmonths，hasbeendevastatedbyagangofbandits。Allthatcanbesaidinfavoroftheleastpervertedandtheleastvileisthattheywerebornso，orhadbecomecrazy。[6]
—ThemajorityoftheConventioncannotevadethisgrowingtestimonyandtheMontagnardsexciteitshorror；andallthemore，becauseitbearsthemagrudge:the73whowereimprisonedandthesixteenwhowereproscribedhaveresumedtheirseats，the400silentwhohaveforsolongheldtheirseatsundertheknife，remembertheoppressiontowhichtheyhavebeensubject。Theynowrecoverandturnfirstagainstthemosttaintedscoundrels，andthenagainstthemembersoftheoldcommittees。—Whereuponthe\"Mountain，\"aswasitscustom，launchesitscustomarysupporters，thestarvedpopulace，theJacobinrabble，intheriotsofGerminalandPrairial，inyearIII。，andproclaimsanewthereignofTerror；theConventionagainseestheknifeoveritshead。Savedbyyoungmen，bytheNationalGuard，itbecomescourageousthroughfear，and，initsturn，itterrorizestheterrorists。TheFaubourgSaint—Antoineisdisarmed，tenthousandJacobinsarearrested，[7]andmorethansixtyMontagnardsaredecreedunderindictment；Collot，Billaud，BarèreandVadieraretobedeported；nineothermembersofformercommitteesaretobeimprisoned。Thelastoftheveritablefanatics，Romme，Goujon，Soubrany，Duquesnoy，BourbotteandDuroyarecondemnedtodeath，Immediatelyafterthesentencefiveofthemstabthemselvesonthestairsofthetribunal；twoofthewoundedwhosurviveareborne，alongwiththesixth，tothescaffoldandguillotined。TwoMontagnardsofthesamestamp，RhulandMaure，killthemselvesbeforetheirsentence。—HenceforththepurgedConventionregardsitselfaspure；itsfinalrigorhasexpiateditsformerbaseness，theguiltybloodwhichitspillswashingawaythestainsoftheinnocentbloodithadshedbefore。