theyarenotj……f……Come，followme，mymen，ontotheenemy！[45]—\"Meanwhile，outsidethegate，someofthemunicipalofficersselectedbyPétionamongstthemostrevolutionarymembersofthecouncil，overcomeresistancebytheirspeechesandcommands。
’Afterall，\"saysoneofthem，namedMouchet，\"therightofpetitionissacred。\"——\"Openthegate！\"shoutSergentandBoucher—René，\"nobodyhasarighttoshutit。Everycitizenhasarighttogothroughit！\"[46]Agunnerraisesthelatch，thegateopensandthecourtfillsinthewinklingofaneye；[47]thecrowdrushesunderthearchwayandupthegrandstairwaywithsuchimpetuositythatacannonbornealongbyhandreachesthethirdroomonthefirststorybeforeitstops。Thedoorscrackundertheblowsofaxesand，inthelargehalloftheOeildeB？uf，themultitudefindthemselvesfacetofacewiththeKing。
Insuchcircumstancestherepresentativesofpublicauthority，thedirectories，themunicipalities，themilitarychiefs，and，onthe6thofOctober，theKinghimself，haveallthusfaryielded；theyhaveeitheryieldedorperished。Santerre，certainoftheissue，preferredtotakenopartinthisaffair；heprudentlyholdsback，heshiesaway，andletsthecrowdpushhimintothecouncilchamber，wheretheQueen，theyoungDauphin，andtheladieshavetakenrefuge。[48]
There，withhistall，corpulentfigure，heformedasortofshieldtoforestalluselessandcompromisinginjuries。Inthemeantime，intheOeildeB？uf，heletsthingstaketheircourse；everythingwillbedoneinhisabsencethatoughttobedone，andinthisheseemstohavecalculatedjustly。——Ononeside，inawindowrecess，sitstheKingonabench，almostalone，whileinfrontofhim，asaguard，arefourorfiveoftheNationalGuards；ontheotherside，intheapartments，isanimmensecrowd，hourlyincreasingaccordingastherumoroftheirruptionspreadsinthevicinity，fifteenortwentythousandpersons，aprodigiousaccumulation，apell—melltraversedbyeddies，ahowlingseaofbodiescrushingeachother，andofwhichthesimplefluxandrefluxwouldflattenagainstthewallsobstaclestentimesasstrong，anuproarsufficienttoshatterthewindowpanes，\"frightfulyells，\"cursesandimprecations，\"DownwithM。Veto！\"\"LetVetogotothedevil！\"\"Takebackthepatriotministers！\"\"Heshallsign；wewon’tgoawaytillhedoes！\"[49]——Foremostamongthemall，Legendre，moreresolutethanSanterre，declareshimselfthespokesmanandtrusteeofthepowersofthesovereignpeople:\"Sir，\"sayshetotheKing，who，hesees，makesagestureofsurprise，\"yes，Sir，listentous；youaremadetolistentowhatwesay！Youareatraitor！Youhavealwaysdeceivedus；youdeceiveusnow！Butlookout，themeasureisfull；thepeoplearetiredofbeingplayedupon！\"——\"Sire，Sire，\"exclaimsanotherfanatic，\"Iaskyouinthenameofthehundredthousandbeingsaroundustorecallthepatriotministers……I
demandthesanctionofthedecreeagainstthepriestsandthetwentythousandmen。Eitherthesanctionoryoushalldie！\"——Butlittleiswantingforthethreattobecarriedout。Thefirstcomersareonhand，\"presentingpikes，\"amongthem\"abrigand，\"witharustyswordbladeontheendofapole，\"verysharp，\"andwhopointsthisattheKing。Afterwardstheattemptatassassinationismanytimesrenewed，obstinately，bythreeorfourmadmendeterminedtokill，andwhomakesignsofsodoing，one，ashabby，raggedfellow，whokeepsuphisexcitementwith\"thefoulestpropositions，\"thesecondone，\"aso—
calledconqueroroftheBastille，\"formerlyporte—têteforFoulonandBerthier，andsincedrivenoutofthebattalion，thethird，amarket—
porter，who，\"formorethananhour，\"armedwithasaber，makesaterribleefforttomakehiswaytotheking。[50]——Nothingisdone。
Thekingremainsimpassibleundereverythreat。Hetakesthehandofagrenadierwhowishestoencouragehim，and，placingitonhisbreast，bidshim，\"Seeifthatisthebeatingofaheartagitatedbyfear。\"[51]ToLegendreandthezealotswhocalluponhimtosanction，hereplieswithouttheleastexcitement:
\"IhaveneverdepartedfromtheConstitution……IwilldowhattheConstitutionrequiresmetodo……Itisyouwhobreakthelaw。\"
——And，fornearlythreehours，remainingstanding，blockadedonhisbench，[52]hepersistsinthiswithoutshowingasignofweaknessorofanger。Thiscooldeportmentatlastproducesaneffect，theimpressionitmakesonthespectatorsnotbeingatallthatwhichtheyanticipated。Itisveryclearthatthepersonagebeforethemisnotthemonsterwhichhasbeendepictedtothem，asomber，imperioustyrant，thesavage，cunningCharlesIX。theyhadhissedonthestage。
Theyseeamansomewhatstout，withplacid，benevolentfeatures，whomtheywouldtake，withouthisbluesash，foranordinary，peaceablebourgeois。[53]Hisministers，nearby，threeorfourmeninblackcoats，gentlemenandrespectableemployees，arejustwhattheyseemtobe。Inanotherwindowrecessstandshissister，MadameElizabeth，withhersweetandinnocentface。Thispretendedtyrantisamanlikeothermen；hespeaksgently，hesaysthatthelawisonhisside，andnobodysaysthecontrary；perhapsheislesswrongthanheisthoughttobe。Ifhewouldonlybecomeapatriot！——Awomanintheroombrandishesaswordwithacockadeonitspoint；theKingmakesasignandtheswordishandedtohim，whichheraisesand，hurrahingwiththecrowd，criesout:VivelaNation！Thatisalreadyonegoodsign。A
redcapisshakenintheairattheendofapole。Someoneoffersittohimandheputsitonhishead；applauseburstsforth，andshoutsofVivelaNation！VivelaLiberte！andevenviveleRoi！
Fromthistimeforththegreatestdangerisover。Butitisnotthatthebesiegersabandonthesiege。\"Hediddamnedwell，\"theyexclaim，\"toputthecapon，andifhehadn’twewouldhaveseenwhatwouldcomeofit。Anddamnit，ifhedoesnotsanctionthedecreeagainstthepriests，anddoitrightoff；wewillcomebackeveryday。Inthiswayweshalltirehimoutandmakehimafraidofus。——Butthedaywearson。Theheatisover—powering，thefatigueextreme，theKinglessdesertedandbetterprotected。Fiveorsixofthedeputies，threeofthemunicipalofficers，afewofficersoftheNationalGuard，havesucceededinmakingtheirwaytohim。Pétionhimself，mountedonasofa，haranguesthepeoplewithhisaccustomedflattery。[54]AtthesametimeSanterre，awareoftheopportunitybeinglost，assumestheattitudeofaliberator，andshoutsinhisroughvoice:\"Ianswerfortheroyalfamily。Letmeseetoit。\"AlineofNationalGuardsformsinfrontoftheKing，when，slowlyandwithdifficulty，urgedbythemayor，thecrowdmeltsaway，and，byeighto’clockintheevening，itisgone。
_
Notes:
[1]Moniteur，X。39andfollowingpages（sessionsofOct。5and6，1791）。SpeechesbyChabot，Couthon，Lequinio，andVergniaud。—MercuredeFrance，Oct。15。SpeechbyRobespierre，May17，1790。\"Thekingisnotthenation’srepresentative，butitsclerk。—Cf。ErnestHamel，\"ViedeRobespierre。\"
[2]Moniteur，XIII。97（sessionofJuly6，1792）
[3]BuchezetRoux，XIII。61，Jan。28，1792。TheKinginhisusuallymildwaycallstheattentionoftheAssemblytotheusurpationitiscommitting。\"Theformadoptedbyyouisopentoimportantobservations。Ishallnotextendtheseto—day；thegravityofthesituationdemandsthatIconcernmyselfmuchmorewithmaintainingharmonioussentimentsthanwithcontinuallydiscussingmyrights。\"
[4]Sauzay，II。99。LetterofthedeputyVernereytotheDirectoryofDoubs:\"TheDirectoryofthedepartmentmayalwaysactwiththegreatestseverityagainsttheseditious，and，apartfromthearticlerelatingtotheirpension，followthetrackmarkedoutinthedecree。
IftheexecutivedesirestoimpedetheoperationsoftheDirectory……thelatterhasitsrecourseintheNationalAssembly，whichinallprobabilitywillafforditashelteragainstministerialattacks。\"——
Moniteur，XII。202（sessionofApril23）。ReportofRoland，MinisteroftheInterior。Alreadyatthisdateforty—twodepartmentshadexpelledorinternedtheunswornecclesiastics。
[5]Mercure—de—France，Feb。25。
[6]Moniteur，X。440（sessionofNov。22，1791）。AlettertoM。
Southon，DirectoroftheMintatParis，isread，\"complainingofanarbitraryorder，thatoftheMinisteroftheInterior，toreporthimselfatPauonthe25thofthismonth，underpenaltyofdismissal。\"
Isnardsupportsthecharge:\"M。Southon，\"hesays，\"ishereatworkonaverycircumstantialdenunciationoftheMinisteroftheInterior[Applausefromthegalleries。]Ifcitizenswhoarezealousenoughtomakewaronabusesaresentbacktotheirdepartmentsweshallneverhavedenunciations\"[Theapplauseisrenewed。]—Ibid。，X，504
（sessionofNov。29）。SpeechbyIsnard:\"Ourministersmustknowthatwearenotfullysatisfiedwiththeconductofeachofthem[repeatedapplause]；thathenceforththeymustsimplychoosebetweenpublicgratitudeandthevengeanceofthelaw，andthatourunderstandingofthewordresponsibilityisdeath。\"[Theapplauseisrenewed。]——TheAssemblyordersthisspeechtobeprintedandsentintothedepartments。—Cf。XII，73，138，etc。
[7]Moniteur，XI。603。（SessionofMarch10。SpeechbyBrissot，tosecureadecreeofaccusationagainstM。Delessart，MinisterofForeignAffairs。）M。Delessartisa\"perfidiousman，\"forhavingstatedinadispatchthat\"theConstitution，withthegreatmajorityofthenation，hasbecomeasortofreligionwhichisembracedwiththegreatestenthusiasm。\"Brissotdenouncesthesetwoexpressionsasinadequateandanti—patriotic。—Ibid。，XII。438（sessionofMay20）。
SpeechbyGuadet:\"Larivière，thejuge—de—paix，hasconvictedhimselfofthebasestandmostatrociousofpassions，inhavingdesiredtousurpthepowerwhichtheConstitutionhasplacedinthehandsoftheNationalAssembly。\"——IdonotbelievethatLaubardemonthimselfcouldhavecomposedanythingequaltothesetwospeeches。——Cf。XII。
462（sessionofMay23）。SpeechbyBrissotandonebyGonsonnéontheAustriancommittee。Thefeeblenessandabsurdityoftheirargumentisincredible。
[8]AffairsoftheMinisterDuport—DutertreandoftheAmbassadortoVienna，M。deNoailles。
[9]MercuredeFrance，March10，1792。
[10]Moniteur，XI。607（sessionofMarch10）。
[11]Moniteur，XII。396（sessionofMay15）。Isnard’saddressistheground—planofRoland’sfamousletter。——Cf。passim，thesessionsoftheAssemblyduringtheGirondistministry，especiallythoseofMay19
and20，June5，etc。
[12]Dumouriez，\"Mémoires，\"bookIII。ch。VI。
[13]\"Letterofayoungmechanician，\"proposingtomakeaconstitutionalking，which，\"bymeansofaspring，wouldreceivefromthehandsofthepresidentoftheAssemblyalistofministersdesignatedbythemajority\"（1791）。
[14]Servan，whowasGirondistministerofwar，proposedtolet20000
fédérésorprovincialNationalguardsestablishthemselvesoutsideParis。（SR）。
[15]YouwillmeetthissinisterexpressionlateronwhentheGovernmentceasedkillinginFrancebutsimplysentundesirablesandimaginaryorrealopponentsoverseastodeath—camps。TransportationwasusedbyStalinandHitleronlytheirexterminationtookplaceintheirowncountriesnotoverseas。（SR）。
[16]Moniteur，XI。426（sessionofMay19）。SpeechbyLasource:\"Couldnotthingsbesoarrangedastohaveaconsiderableforcenearenoughtothecapitaltoterrifyandkeepinactivethefactions，theintriguers，thetraitorswhoareplottingperfidiousplansinitsbosom，simultaneouslywiththemaneuversofoutsideenemies？\"
[17]’MalletduPan，\"Mémoires。\"I。303。LetterofMalouet，June29:
\"Thekingiscalmandperfectlyresigned。Onthe19thhewrotetohisconfessor:\"Come，sir；neverhaveIhadsomuchneedofyourconsolations。Iamdonewithmen；Imustnowturnmyeyestoheaven。
Sadeventsareannouncedforto—morrow。Ishallhavecourage。’\"——
\"LettresdeCorayauProtopsaltedeSmyrne\"（translatedbyM。deQueuxdeSaint—Hilaire，）145，May1st:\"Thecourtisinperileverymoment。
DonotbesurprisedifIwriteyousomedaythathisunhappykingandhiswifeareassassinated。\"。\"
[18]RétifdelaBretonne，\"NuitsdeParis，\"VoLXVI。（analyzedbyLacroixin\"BibliothèquedeRétifdelaBretonne\"）。——RétifisthemaninPariswholivedthemostinthestreetsandhadthemostintercoursewiththelowclass。
[19]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3276。LetterfromtheDirectoryofClamecy，March27，andofficialreportofthecivilcommissioners，March31，1792，ontheriotoftheraftsmen。Tracu，theircaptain，armedwithacudgeltenfeetlong，compelledpeacefulpeopletomarchalongwithhim，threateningtoknockthemdown；hetriedtogettheheadofPeynier，theclerkoftheParisdealersinwood。\"Ishallhaveagoodsupperto—night，\"heexclaimed\"（ortheheadofthatbastardPeynierisafatone，andI’llstickitinmyPot！\"
[20]LettersofCoray，126。\"Thispillaginghaslastedthreedays，Jan。22，23and24，andweexpectfromhourtohoursimilarriotsstillmoreterrible。\"
[21]Mercier（\"TableaudeParis\"）hadalreadynoticedbeforetheRevolutionthishabitoftheParisianworkman，especiallyamongthelowestclassofworkmen。
[22]Mortimer—Ternaux，1。346（letterofJune21，1792）。
[23]BuchezetRoux，VIII。25（sessionoftheNationalAssembly，Nov。10，1790）。PetitionpresentedbyDantoninthenameoftheforty—
eightsectionsofParis。
[24]BuchezetRoux，XIV。268（May。1792）。ArticlebyRobespierreagainstthefêtedecreedinhonorofSimonneau，MayorofEtampes，assassinatedinariot:\"Simonneauwasguiltybeforehebecameavictim。\"
[25]HowcanoneforgetthatgreatseducerofthemassesHitler？Inhisbook\"HitlerSpeaks\"page208RauschningreportsHitlerassaying:
\"Itistruethatthemassesareuncritical，butnotinthewaytheseidiotsofMarxistsandreactionariesimagine。Themasseshavetheircriticalfaculties，too，buttheyfunctiondifferentlyfromthoseoftheprivateindividual。Themassesarelikeananimaltheyobeysinstincts。Theydonotreachconclusionsbyreasoning。Mysuccessininitiatingthegreatestpeople’smovementofalltimeisduetomyneverhavingdoneanythinginviolationofthevitallawsandfeelingsofthemass。Thesefeelingsmaybeprimitive，buttheyhavetheresistanceandindestructibilityofnaturalqualities。Aonceintenselyfeltexperienceinthelifeofthemasses，likerationcardsandinflation，willneveragainbedrivenoutoftheirblood。Themasseshaveasimplesystemofthinkingandfeeling，andanythingthatcannotbefittedintoitdisturbsthem。ItisonlybecauseItaketheirvitallawsintoconsiderationthatIcanrulethem。\"
[26]Moniteur，XII。254。—Accordingtotheroyalalmanacof1792
theParisnationalguardcomprises32，000men，dividedintosixtybattalions，towhichmustbeaddedthebattalionsofpikemen，spontaneouslyorganizedandcomposed，especiallyofthenon—activecitizens。—Cf。in\"LesRévolutionsdeParis，\"Prudhomme’sJournal，theengravingswhichrepresentthissortofprocession。
[27]BuchezetRoux，XV。122。DeclarationofLareynie，avolunteersoldierintheIleSaint—Louisbattalion。——TothosewhichhenamesI
addHuguenin，becauseonthe20thofJuneitwashisdutytoreadthepetitionoftherioters；alsoSaint—Huruge，becauseheledthemobwithSanterre。——AboutRossignol，Cf。Dauban，\"LaDemagogieàParis，\"
369（accordingtothemanuscriptmemoirsofMercierduRocher）。HereachesFontenayAug。21，1793，withtherepresentativeBourbotte，Momoro，commissary—general，threeadjutants，Moulins，Hasard，theex—
priest，Grammont，anex—actorandseveralprostitutes。\"TheprettiestsharedherbedwithBourbotteandRossignol。\"Theylodgeinamansiontowhichsealsareaffixed。\"Thesealswerebroken，andjewelry，dresses，andfemaleapparelwereconfiscatedforthebenefitofthegeneralandhisfollowers。Therewasnothing，evendowntothecrockery，whichdidnotbecomethebootyoftheseself—styledrepublicans\"
[28]MathondelaVarenne，\"Histoireparticulièredesévénementsquionteulieuenjuin，juillet，ao？t，etseptembre，1792，\"p。23。（HeknewSaint—Hurugepersonally。）Saint—HurugehadmarriedanactressatLyonsin1778。OnreturningtoParishelearnedthroughthepolicethathiswifewasatrollop，andhetreatedheraccordingly。Enraged，shelookedupSaint—Huruge’spastcareer，andfoundtwochargesagainsthim，onefortherobberyandassassinationofanalienmerchant，andtheotherforinfanticide；sheobtainedhisincarcerationbyalettre—de—cachet。HewasshutinCharentonfromJan。14，1781，toDecember，1784，whenhewastransferredtoanotherprisonandafterwardsexiledtohisestates，fromwhichhefledtoEngland。HereturnedtoFranceontheoutbreakoftheRevolution。
[29]Withrespecttoconnivance，Cf。Mortimer—Ternaux，I。132andthefollowingpages。—MalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"I。300。LetteroftheAbbédePradt，June21，1795。\"Theinsurrectionhadbeenannouncedforseveraldays……Theeveningbefore，150deputiessomanyJacobins，haddinedattheirgreattableintheChamps—Elysées，anddistributedpresentsofwineandfood。\"
[30]Moniteur，XII。642（sessionofJune12，1792，narrativeofM。
Delfaux，deputy）。—TheexecutionofDamienswaswitnessedbyParisiansstillliving，while\"CharlesIX。，，\"byMarieChénier，wasatthistimethemostpopulartragedy。——TheFrenchpeople，\"saysM。
Ferières（I。35），\"wentawayfromitsrepresentationeagerforvengeanceandtormentedwithathirstforblood。Attheendofthefourthactalugubriousbellannouncesthemomentofthemassacre，andtheaudience，drawinginitsbreathsighingandgroaning，furiouslyexclaimssilence！silence！asiffearingthatthesoundofthisdeath—
knellhadnotstirredthehearttoitsverydepths。\"——\"RévolutionsdeParis，\"numberforJune23，1792。\"Thespeakers，underfullsail，distributedtheirpartsamongstthemselves，\"oneagainstthestaffs，anotheragainstpriests，anotheragainstjudges，department，andtheministers，andespeciallytheking。\"Somethereare，andweagreeinthiswiththesieurDelfaux，whopassthemeasureandadvisemurderthroughgestures，eyes，andspeech。\"
[31]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。133。——Thereisthesamecalculationandthesamework—shopinthefaubourgSaints—Marcel（reportofSaint—
Prix，commandantoftheVal—de—Gracebattalion）。\"MindsremainedtranquiluntilaclubwasopenedatthePorteSaint—Marcel；nowtheyareallexcitedanddivided。Thisdub，whichisincontactwiththatofSanterre，urgescitizenstogoarmedto—morrow（June20）totheNationalAssemblyandtotheking’sPalace，notwithstandingtheactsoftheconstitutedauthorities。\"
[32]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。136。Thisprogramisfirstpresentedtothecouncil—generalofthecommunebyLazowskiandnineothers（June16）。
Thecouncil—generalrejectsitandreferstothelaw。\"Thepetitioners，onlearningthisdecision，loudlydeclarethatitshallnotpreventthemfromassemblinginarms\"（BuchezetRoux，XV。120，officialreportbyM。Borie）。——Thebibliographyofdocumentsrelatingtothe20thofJuneisgivenbyMortimer—Ternaux，I。397andfollowingpages。TheprincipaldocumentsarefoundinMortimer—
Ternaux，in\"L’HistoireParlementaire\"ofBuchezetRoux，andintheRevueRétrospective。
[33]\"CorrespondancedeMirabeauetM。delaMarck，\"III。319。LetteroftheCountdeMontmorin，June21，1792。\"TheParisbanditsnotbeingsufficient，theyhaveinvitedintheseoftheneighboringvillages。\"
[34]ReportsofthemunicipalofficersPerron（7o’clockinthemorning），Sergent（8o’clock），Mouchet，Gujard，andThomas（9
o’clock）。
[35]ReportofSaintPrix，commandantoftheVal—de—Gracebattalion（10o’clockInthemorning）。——ReportofAlexandre，commandingtheSaint—Marcelbattalion。\"Thewholebattalionwasbynomeansreadytomarch。\"——OfficialreportoftheMontreuilsection。Bonneau，thecommanderconcludestomarchonlyunderprotestandtoavoidspillingblood。
[36]DepositionofLareyrnie，avolunteersoldieroftheIleSaint—
Louisbattalion。
[37]DepositionofM。Witinghof，lieutenant—general。——
\"CorrespondenceofMirabeauandM。delaMarck。\"LetterofM。deMontmorin，June21。\"Attwoo’clockthegatheringamountedto8，000or10，000persons。\"
[38]Moniteur，XII。717。\"Whatamisfortuneforthefreemenwhohavetransferredtheirpowerstoyou，tofindthemselvesreducedtothecruelnecessityofdippingtheirhandsinthebloodofconspirators！\"
etc。——Thecharacteroftheleadersisapparentintheirstyle。Theincompetentcopyistwhodrewuptheaddressdidnotevenknowthemeaningofwords。\"Thepeoplesowillsit，anditsheadisofmoreaccountthanthatofcrowneddespots。Thatheadisthegenealogicaltreeofthenation，andbeforethatrobustheadthefeeblereedmustbend！\"Hehasalreadyrecitedthefableof\"TheOakandtheBulrush，\"
andheknowsthenamesofDemosthenes，Cicero，andCatiline。Itseemstobethecompositionofaschoolmasterturnedpublicletterwriter，atapennyapage。
[39]Hua，\"Mémoires，\"134。
[40]Moniteur，XII。718。
[41]\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"byR？derer，syndic—attorneyofthedepartment。
[42]Hua，134。——Bourrienne，\"Mémoires，\"I。49。（HewaswithBonaparteinarestaurant，rueSaint—Honoré，nearthePalais—Royal。）
\"Ongoingoutwesawatroopcomingfromthedirectionofthemarket，whichBonaparteestimatedatfrom5，000to6，000men，allinragsandarmedintheoddestmanner，yellingandshoutingthegrossestprovocations，andturningtowardstheTuileries。Itwascertainlythevilestandmostabjectlotthatcouldbefoundinthefaubourgs。’Letusfollowthatrabble，’saidBonapartetome。\"Theyascendtheterraceontheriverbank。\"Icouldnoteasilydescribethesurpriseandindignationwhichthesescenesexcitedinhim。Hedidnotlikesomuchweaknessandforbearance。’Checoglione！heexclaimedinaloudtone。
’Howcouldtheyletthoserascalsin？Fourorfivehundredofthemoughttohavebeensweptoffwithcannon，andtherestwouldstillberunning！’\"
[43]\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"byR？derer。—DepositionofLareynie。
[44]DepositionofLareynie。
[45]ReportofSaint—Prix。
[46]ReportbyMouchet。——DepositionofLareynie。（TheinterferenceofSergentandBoucher—Réneiscontested，butRaedererthinksitveryprobable。）
[47]M。Pinon，incommandofthe5thlegion，andM。Vannot，commandingabattalion，triedtoshuttheirongateofthearchway，butaredrivenbackandtold:\"Youwantthousandstoperish，doyou，tosaveoneman？\"ThissignificantexpressionisheardoverandoveragainduringtheRevolution，anditexplainsthesuccessoftheinsurrections。——Alexandre，incommandoftheSaint—Marcelbattalion，saysinhisreport:\"Whymakearesistancewhichcanbeofnousefulnesstothepublic，onewhichmayevencompromiseitagreatdealmore？……\"
[48]DepositionofLareynie。TheattitudeofSanterreishereclearlydefined。Atthefootofthestaircaseinthecourtheisstoppedbyagroupofcitizens，whothreaten\"tomakehimresponsibleforanyharmdone，\"andtellhim:\"Youalonearetheauthorofthisunconstitutionalassemblage；itisyoualonewhohaveledawaytheseworthypeople。Youarearascal！\"—\"ThetoneofthesehonestcitizensinaddressingthesieurSanterremadehimturnpale。But，encouragedbyaglancefromthesieurLegendre，heresortedtoahypocriticalsubterfuge，andaddressingthetroop，hesaid:’Gentlemen，drawupareport，officiallystatingthatIrefusetoentertheking’sapartments。’Theonlyanswerthecrowdmade，accustomedtodiviningwhatSanterremeant，wastohustlethegroupofhonestcitizensoutoftheway。
[49]Depositionsoffourofthenationalguard，Lecrosnier，Gossé，Bidault，andGuiboult。——ReportsofAcloqueanddeLachesnaye，commandingofficersofthelegion。——\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"
byR？derer。—Ibid。p。65:\"Ihavetostatethat，duringtheConvention，thebutcherLegendredeclaredtoBoissyd’Anglas，fromwhomIhadit，thattheplanwastokilltheking。\"——Prudhomme，\"CrimesdelaRévolution，\"III。43。\"Thekingwastobeassassinated。
Weheardcitizensallinragssaythatitwasapity；helookslikeagoodsortofabastard。\"
[50]MadameCampan，\"Mémoires，\"II。212。\"M。Vannot，commanderofthebattalion，hadturnedasideaweaponaimedattheking。OneofthegrenadiersoftheFilles—Saint—Thomaswardedoffablowwithasword，aimedinthesamedirectionwiththesameintention。\"
[51]DeclarationofLachesnaye，incommandofthelegion。—Moniteur，XII。719（eveningsessionofJune20）。SpeechofM。Alos，aneye—
witness。（Thekingdoesthistwice，usingaboutthesamewords，thefirsttimeimmediatelyontheirruptionofthecrowd，andthesecondtimeprobablyafterVergniaud’sharangue。）DeclarationofLachesnaye，incommandofthelegion。—Moniteur，XII。719（eveningsessionofJune20）。SpeechofM。Alos，aneye—witness。（Thekingdoesthistwice，usingaboutthesamewords，thefirsttimeimmediatelyontheirruptionofthecrowd，andthesecondtimeprobablyafterVergniaud’sharangue。）
[52]Theengravinginthe\"RévolutionsdeParis\"representshimseated，andseparatedfromthecrowdbyanemptyspace；thatisafalsehoodoftheparty……
[53]Thequeenproducesthesameimpression。Prudhomme，inhisjournal，callsher\"theAustrianpanther，\"whichwordwellexpressestheideaofherinthefaubourgs。Aprostitutestopsbeforeherandbestowsonheravolleyofcurses。Thereplyofthequeenis:\"HaveI
everdoneyouanywrong？\"\"No；butitisyouwhodosomuchharmtothenation。\"Youhavebeendeceived，\"repliesthequeen。\"ImarriedtheKingofFrance。Iamthemotherofthedauphin。IamaFrenchwoman。Ishallneveragainseemyowncountry。IshallneverbeeitherhappyormiserableanywherebutinFrance。WhenyoulovedmeIwashappythen。\"Theprostituteburstintotears。\"Ah。Madame，forgiveme！
Ididnotknowyou。Iseethatyouhavebeenverygood。\"Santerre，however，wishingtoputanendtothisemotion，criesout:\"Thegirlisdrunk\"—（MadameCampan，II。214。—ReportbyMandat，anofficerofthelegion。）
[54]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。213。\"Citizens，youhavejustlegallymadeknownyourwilltothehereditaryrepresentativeofthenation；youhavedonethiswiththedignity，withthemajestyofafreepeople！
Thereisnodoubtthatyourdemandswillbereiteratedbytheeighty—
threedepartments，whilethekingcannotrefrainfromacquiescinginthemanifestwillofthepeople……Retirenow，……andifyouremainanylonger，donotgiveoccasiontoanythingwhichmayincriminateyourworthyintentions。\"
CHAPTERVI。TheBirthoftheTerribleParisCommune。
I。
IndignationoftheConstitutionalists。——Causeoftheirweakness。—
TheGirondinsrenewtheattack。——Theirdoubleplan。
Astheblowhasmissedthetarget，itmustberepeated。Thisisthemoreurgent，inasmuchasthefactionhasthrownoffthemaskand\"honestpeople\"[1]onallsidesbecomeindignantatseeingtheConstitutionsubjecttothearbitrarinessofthelowestclass。Nearlyallthehigheradministrativebodies，seventy—fiveofthedepartmentdirectories，[2]giveintheiradhesiontoLafayette’sletter，orrespondbysupportingtheproclamation，sonobleandsomoderate，inwhichtheKing，recountingtheviolencedonetohim，maintainshislegalrightswithmournful，inflexiblegentleness。Manyofthetowns，largeandsmall，thankhimforhisfirmness，theaddressesbeingsignedby\"thenotablesoftheplace，\"[3]chevaliersofSt。Louis，formerofficials，judgesanddistrict—administrators，physicians，notaries，lawyers，recorders，post—masters，manufacturers，merchants，peoplewhoaresettleddown，inshortthemostprominentandthemostrespectedmen。AtParis，asimilarpetition，drawnupbytwoformerConstituents，contains247pagesofsignaturesattestedby99
notaries。[4]Eveninthecouncil—generalofthecommuneamajorityisinfavorofpubliclycensuringthemayorPétion，thesyndic—attorneyManuel，andthepoliceadministratorsPanis，Sergent，Viguer，andPerron。[5]OntheeveningofJune20th，thedepartmentcouncilordersaninvestigation；itfollowsthisup；iturgesiton；itprovesbyauthenticdocumentsthewillfulinaction，thehypocriticalconnivance，thedouble—dealingofthesyndic—attorneyandthemayor；[6]itsuspendsbothfromtheirfunctions，andcitesthembeforethecourtsaswellasSanterreandhisaccomplices。Lafayette，finally，addingtotheweightofhisopiniontheinfluenceofhispresence，appearsatthebaroftheNationalAssemblyanddemands\"effectual\"measuresagainsttheusurpationsoftheJacobinsect，insistingthattheinstigatorsoftheriotofthe20thofJunebepunished\"asguiltyoflése—nation。\"Asalastandstillmoresignificantsymptom，hisproceedingsareapprovedofintheAssemblybyamajorityofmorethanonehundredvotes。[7]
Allthismustandwillbecrushedout。ForonthesideoftheConstitutionalists，whatevertheymaybe，whetherKing，deputies，ministers，generals，administrators，notablesornational—guards，thewilltoactevaporatesinwords；andthereasonis，theyarecivilizedbeings，longaccustomedtothewaysofaregularcommunity，interestedfromfathertosoninkeepingthelaw，disconcertedatthethoughtofconsequences，upsetbymultifacetedideas，unabletocomprehendthat，inthestateofnaturetowhichFrancehasreverted，butoneideaisofanyaccount，thatofthemanwho，inacceptingadeclaredwar，meetstheoffensivewiththeoffensive，loadshisgun，descendsintothestreetandcontendswiththesavagedestroyersofhumansociety。—
—NobodycomestothesupportofLafayette，whoalonehasthecouragetotakethelead；aboutonehundredmenmusterattherendezvousnamedbyhimintheChamps—élysées。TheyagreetomarchtotheJacobinclubthefollowingdayandcloseit，providedthenumberisincreasedtothreehundred；butthenextdayonlythirtyturnup。LafayettecandonomorethanleaveParisandwritealettercontaininganotherprotest。——Protestations，appealstotheConstitution，tothelaw，topublicinterest，tocommonsense，well—reasonedarguments；thissidewillneverresorttoanythingelsethanspeechesandpaperwork；and，inthecomingconflictwordswillbeofnouse。——Imagineaquarrelbetweentwomen，oneablypresentinghiscaseandtheotherindulginginlittlemorethaninvective；thelatter，havingencounteredanenormousmastiffonhisroad，hascaressedhim，enticedhim，andledhimalongwithhimasanauxiliary。Tothemastiff，cleverargumentationisonlysomuchunmeaningsound；withhiseagereyesfixedonhistemporarymasterheawaitsonlyhissignaltospringontheadversarieshepointsout。Onthe20thofJunehehasalmoststrangledoneofthem，andcoveredhimwithhisslaver。Onthe21st，[8]heisreadytospringagain。Hecontinuestogrowlforfiftydays，atfirstsullenlyandthenwithterrificenergy。Onthe25thofJune，July14and27，August3and5，heagainmakesaspringandiskeptbackonlywithgreatdifficulty。[9]Alreadyononeoccasion，July29th，hisfangsarewetwithhumangore。[10]——AteachturnoftheparliamentarydebatethedefenselessConstitutionalistsbeholdsthoseopenjawsbeforehim；itisnotsurprisingthathethrowstothisdog，orallowstobethrowntohim，allthedecreesdemandedbytheGirondistsasaboneforhimtognawon。——SureoftheirstrengththeGirondistsrenewtheattack，andtheplanoftheircampaignseemstobeskillfullyprepared。TheyarequitewillingtoretaintheKingonhisthrone，butontheconditionthatheshallbeamerepuppet；
thatheshallrecallthepatriotministers，allowthemtoappointtheDauphin’stutor，andthatLafayetteshallberemoved；[11]otherwisetheAssemblywillpasstheactofde—thronementandseizetheexecutivepower。SuchisthedefilewithtwoissuesinwhichtheyhaveplacedtheAssemblyandtheKing。IftheKingbalksatleavingbythefirstdoor，theAssembly，equallynonplused，willleavethroughthesecond；ineithercase，astheall—powerfulministersofthesubmissiveKingorasexecutivedelegatesofthesubmissiveAssembly，theGirondistswillbecomethemastersofFrance。
II。
PressureontheKing。——PétionandManualbroughttotheH？tel—de—
ville。——TheMinistryobligedtoresign。——JacobinagitationagainsttheKing。——PressureontheAssembly。——PetitionoftheParisCommune。——Threatsofthepetitionersandofthegalleries。——
SessionofAugust8th。—Girondiststrategyfoiledintwoways。
WiththisinmindtheybeginbyattackingtheKing，andtrytomakehimyieldthroughfear。——TheyremovethesuspensionpronouncedagainstPétionandManuel，andrestorethembothtotheirplacesintheH？tel—de—ville。TheywillfromnowonrulePariswithoutrestrictionorsupervision；fortheDirectoryofthedepartmenthasresigned，andnosuperiorauthorityexiststopreventthemfromcallinguponorgivingordersastheypleasetothearmedforces；theyareexemptfromallsubordination，aswellasfromallcontrol。
BeholdtheKingofFranceingoodhands，inthoseofthemenwho，onthe20thofJune，refusedtonuzzlethepopularbrute，declaringthatithaddonewell，thatithadrightonitsside，andthatitmaybeginagain。Accordingtothem，thepalaceofthemonarchbelongstothepublic；peoplemayenteritastheywouldacoffee—house；inanyevent，asthemunicipalityisoccupiedwithothermatters，itcannotbeexpectedtokeeppeopleout。\"IstherenothingelsetoguardinParisbuttheTuileriesandtheKing？\"[12]——AnothermaneuverconsistsinrenderingtheKing’sinstrumentspowerless。Honorableandinoffensiveasthenewministersmaybe，theyneverappearintheAssemblywithoutbeinghootedatinthetribunes。Isnard，pointingwithhisfingertotheprincipalone，exclaims:\"Thatisatraitor！\"[13]Everypopularoutburstisimputedtothemasacrime，whileGuadetdeclaresthat，\"asroyalcounselors，theyareanswerableforanydisturbances\"thatthedoublevetomightproduce。[14]Notonlydoesthefactiondeclarethemguiltyoftheviolenceprovokedbyitself，but，again，itdemandstheirlivesforthemurderswhichitcommits。\"Francemustknow，\"saysVergniaud，\"thathereafterministersaretoanswerwiththeirheadsforanydisordersofwhichreligionisthepretext。\"——\"ThebloodjustspiltatBordeaux，\"saysDucos，\"maybelaidatthedooroftheexecutivepower。\"[15]LaSourceproposesto\"punishwithdeath，\"notalonetheministerwhoisnotpromptinorderingtheexecutionofadecree，but，again，theclerkswhodonotfulfilltheminister’sinstructions。Alwaysdeathoneveryoccasion，andforeveryonewhoisnotofthesect。Underthisconstantterror，theministersresigninabody，andtheKingisrequiredatoncetoappointothers；meanwhile，toincreasethedangeroftheirposition，theAssemblydecreesthathereaftertheyshall\"beanswerableforeachother。\"ItisevidentthattheyareaimingattheKingoverhisminister’sshoulders，whiletheGirondistsleavenothingunturnedtorendergovernmenttohimimpossible。TheKing，again，signsthisnewdecree；hedeclinestoprotest；tothepersecutionheisforcedtoundergoheopposesnothingbutsilence，sometimesasimple，frank，good—heartedexpression，[16]somekindly，touchingcomplaining，whichseemslikeasuppressedmoan。[17]Butdogmaticobstinacyandimpatientambitionarewillfullydeaftothemostsorrowfulstrains！
Hissinceritypassesforanewfalse—hood。Vergniaud，Brissot，Torné，Condorcet，inthetribune，chargehimwithtreachery，demandfromtheAssemblytherightofsuspendinghim，[18]andgivethesignaltotheirJacobinauxiliaries。——Attheinvitationoftheparentclub，theprovincialbranchesbestirthemselves，whileallotherinstrumentsofagitationbelongingtotherevolutionarymachinearelikewiseputinmotion，——gatheringsonthepublicsquares，homicidalannouncementsonthewalls，incendiaryresolutionsintheclubs，shoutinginthetribunes，insultingaddressesandseditiousdeputationsatthebaroftheNationalAssembly。[19]Aftertheworkingofthissystemforamonth，theGirondistsregardtheKingassubdued，and，onthe26thofJuly，Guadet，andthenBrissot，inthetribune，maketheirlastadvancestohim，andissuethefinalsummons。[20]Aprofounddelusion！Herefuses，thesameasonthe20thofJune:\"Girondistministers，Never！\"
Sincehebarsoneofthetwodoors，theywillpassoutattheother，and，iftheGirondistscannotrulethroughhim，theywillrulewithouthim。Pétion，inthenameoftheCommune，appearspersonallyandproposesanewplan，demandingthedethronement。\"Thisimportantmeasureoncepassed，\"[21]hesays，\"theconfidenceofthenationintheactualdynastybeingverydoubtful，wedemandthatabodyofministers，jointlyresponsible，appointedbytheNationalAssembly，but，astheconstitutionallawprovides，outsideofitself，electedbytheopenvoteoffreemen，beprovisionallyentrustedwiththeexecutivepower。\"Throughthisopenvotethesuffragewillbeeasilycontrolled。Thisisbutonemoredecreeextorted，likesomanyothers，themajorityforalongtimehavingbeensubjecttothesamepressureastheKing。\"Ifyourefusetorespondtoourwishes，\"asaplacardofthe23rdofJunehadalreadyinformedthem，\"ourhandsarelifted，andweshallstrikealltraitorswherevertheycanbefound，evenamongstyourselves。\"[22]——\"Courtfavorites，\"saysapetitionofAugust6，\"haveseatsinyourmidst。Lettheirinviolabilityperishifthenationalwillmustalwaystamelysubmittothatlethalpower！\"——IntheAssemblytheyellsfromthegalleriesarefrightful；thevoicesofthosewhospeakagainstdethronementareoverpowered；sogreatarethehooting，thespeakersaredrivenoutofthetribune。[23]Sometimesthe\"Right\"abandonsthediscussionandleavesthechamber。TheinsolenceofthegalleriesgoessofarthatfrequentlyalmosttheentireAssemblymurmurswhiletheyapplaud；themajority，inshort，loudlyexpressesangeratitsbondage。[24]——Letitbecareful！Inthetribunesandattheapproachestotheedifice，standtheFederates，menwhohaveatightgrip。Theywillforceittovotethedecisivemeasure，theaccusationofLafayette，thedecreeunderwhichthearmedchampionoftheKingandtheConstitutionmustfall。TheGirondists，tomakesureofit，exactacallofthehouse；inthiswaythenamesareannouncedandprinted，thusdesignatingtothepopulacetheopponentsofthemeasure，sothatnoneofthemaresureofgettingtotheirhomessafeandsound。——Lafayette，however，aliberal，ademocrat，andaroyalist，asdevotedtotheRevolutionastotheLaw，isjusttheman，who，throughhislimitedmentalgrasp，hisdisconnectedpoliticalconceptions，andthenoblenessofhiscontradictorysentiments，bestrepresentsthepresentopinionoftheAssembly，aswellasthatofFrance。[25]Moreover，hispopularity，hiscourage，andhisarmyarethelastrefuge。Themajorityfeelsthatingivinghimuptheythemselvesaregivenup，and，byavoteof400to224，itacquitshim。——Onthisside，again，thestrategyoftheGirondistsisfounderroneous。Powerslipsawayfromthemthesecondtime。NeithertheKingnortheAssemblyhaveconsentedtorestoreittothem，whiletheycannolongerleaveitsuspendedintheair，ordeferituntilabetteropportunity，andkeeptheirJacobinacolyteswaiting。Thefeebleleashrestrainingtherevolutionarydogbreaksintheirhands；thedogisfreeandinthestreetIII。
TheGirondinshaveworkedforthebenefitoftheJacobins。——Thearmedforcesentawayordisorganized。——TheFederatessummoned。——
BrestandMarseillessendmen。——Publicsessionsofadministrativebodies。——Permanenceofadministrativebodiesandofthesections。—
—Effectofthesetwomeasures。——ThecentralbureauoftheH？tel—
de—ville。——OriginandformationoftherevolutionaryCommune。
Neverwasbetterworkdoneforanother。Everymeasurereliedonbythemforgettingpowerback，servesonlytoplaceitinthehandsofthemob。——Ontheonehand，throughaseriesoflegislativeactsandmunicipalordinances，theyhavesetasideordisbandedthearmy，alonecapableofrepressingorintimidatingit。Onthe29thofMaytheydismissedtheking’sguard。Onthe15thofJulytheyorderedawayfromParisallregulartroops。Onthe16thofJuly，[26]theyselect\"fortheformationofabodyofinfantry—gendarmerie，theformerFrench—
guardsmenwhoservedintheRevolutionabouttheepochofthe1stdayofJune，1789，theofficers，under—officers，gunners，andsoldierswhogatheredaroundtheflagoflibertyafterthe12thofJulyofthatyear，\"thatistosay，abodyofrecognizedinsurgentsanddeserters。
Onthe6thofJuly，inalltownsof50，000soulsandover，theystrikedowntheNationalGuardbydischargingitsstaff，\"anaristocraticcorporation，\"saysapetition，[27]\"asortofmodernfeudalitycomposedoftraitors，whoseemtohaveformedaplanfordirectingpublicopinionastheyplease。\"EarlyinAugust，[28]theystrikeintotheheartoftheNationalGuardbysuppressingspecialcompanies，grenadiers，andchasseurs，recruitedamongstwell—to—do—people，thegenuineelite，strippedofitsuniform，reducedtoequality，lostinthemass，andnow，moreover，findingits’ranksdegradedbyamixtureofinterlopers，federates，andmenarmedwithpikes。Finally，tocompletethepell—mell，theyorderthatthepalaceguardbehereaftercomposeddailyofcitizenstakenfromthesixtybattalions，[29]sothatthechiefsmaynolongerknowtheirmennorthementheirchiefs；
sothatnoonemayplaceconfidenceinhischief，inhissubordinate，inhisneighbor，orinhimself；sothatallthestonesofthehumandikemaybeloosenedbeforehand，andthebarriercrumbleatthefirstonslaught。——Ontheotherhand，theyhavetakencaretoprovidetheinsurrectionwithafightingarmyandanadvancedguard。Byanotherseriesoflegislativeactsandmunicipalordinances，theyauthorizetheassemblageoftheFederatesatParis；theyallowthempayandmilitarylodgings；[30]theyallowthemtoorganizeunderacentralcommitteesittingattheJacobinclub，andtotaketheirinstructionsfromthatclub。Ofthesenew—comers，two—thirds，genuinesoldiersandtruepatriots，setoutforthecampatSoissonsandforthefrontier；
one—thirdofthem，however，remainatParis，[31]perhaps2，000，theriotersandpoliticians，who，feasted，entertained，indoctrinated，andeachlodgedwithaJacobin，becomemoreJacobinthantheirhosts，andincorporatethemselveswiththerevolutionarybattalions，soastoservethegoodcausewiththeirguns。[32]——Twosquads，latecomers，remainseparate，andareonlythemoreformidable；botharedispatchedbythetownsonthesea—costinwhich，fourmonthsbeforethis，\"twenty—onecapitalactsofinsurrectionhadoccurred，allunpunished，andseveralundersentenceofthemaritimejury。\"[33]Thefirst，numbering300men，comesfromBrest，*wherethemunicipality，asinfatuatedasthoseofMarseillesandAvignon，engagesinarmedexpeditionsagainstitsneighbors；wherepopularmurderistolerated；
*whereM。delaJailleisnearlykilled；
*wheretheheadofM。delaPatryisborneonapike；
*whereveteranrioterscomposethecrewsofthefleet，*where\"workerspaidbytheState，clerks，masters，non—commissionofficers，convertedintoagitators，politicalstump—speakers，movers，andcriticsoftheadministration，\"askonlytobegivenrolestoperformonamoreconspicuousstage。
Thesecondtroop，summonedfromMarseillesbytheGirondins，Rebecqui，andBarbaroux，[34]comprises516men，intrepid，ferociousadventurers，fromeverywhere，eitherMarseillesorabroad，Savoyards，Italians，Spaniards，drivenoutoftheircountry，almostallofthevilestclass，orgainingalivelihoodbyinfamouspursuits，\"hit—menandtheirhenchmenofevilhaunts，\"usedtoblood，quicktostrike，goodcut—throats，pickedmenoutofthebandsthathadmarchedonAix，Arles，andAvignon，thefrothofthatfrothwhich，forthreeyears，intheComtatandintheBouches—du—Rh？ne，boiledovertheuselessbarriersofthelaw。——TheverydaytheyreachParistheyshowwhattheycando。[35]WelcomedwithgreatpompbytheJacobinsandbySanterre，theyareconducted，forapurpose，totheChamps—Elysées，intoatavern，neartherestaurantinwhichthegrenadiersoftheFillesSt。Thomas，bankers，brokers，leadingmen，well—knownfortheirattachmenttoamonarchicalconstitution，weredininginabody，asannouncedseveraldaysinadvance。ThemobwhichhadformedaconvoyfortheMarseillesbattalion，gathersbeforetherestaurant，shouts，throwsmud，andthenletsflyavolleyofstones；thegrenadiersdrawtheirsabers。Forthwithashoutisheardjustinfrontofthem，ànouslesMarseillais！uponwhichthegangjumpoutofthewindowswithtruesouthernagility，clamberacrosstheditches，falluponthegrenadierswiththeirswords，killoneandwoundfifteen。——Nodébutcouldbemorebrilliant。Thepartyatlastpossessesmenofaction；[36]andtheymustbekeptwithinreach！Menwhodosuchgoodwork，andsoexpeditiously，mustbewellpostedneartheTuileries。Themayor，consequently，onthenightofthe8thofAugust，withoutinformingthecommandinggeneral，solelyonhisownauthority，ordersthemtoleavetheirbarracksintheRueBlancheandtakeuptheirquarters，withtheirarmsandcannon，inthebarracksbelongingtotheCordeliers。[37]
SuchisthemilitaryforceinthehandsoftheJacobinmasses；nothingremainsbuttoplacethecivilpowerintheirhandsalso，and，asthefirstgiftofthiskindwasmadetothembytheGirondins，theywillnotfailtomakethemthesecondone。——Onthe1stofJuly，theydecreethatthesessionsofadministrativebodiesshouldthenceforthbepublic；thisissubmittingmunicipalities，district，anddepartmentcouncils，aswellastheNationalAssemblyitself，totheclamor，theoutrages，themenaces，theruleoftheiraudiences，whichinthesebodiesasintheNationalAssembly，willalwaysbeJacobin。[38]Onthe11thofJuly，ondeclaringthecountryindanger，[39]theyrenderthesessionspermanent，firstoftheadministrativebodies，andnextoftheforty—eightsectionsofParis，whichisasurrenderoftheadministrativebodiesandtheforty—eightsectionsofParistotheJacobinminority，whichminority，throughitszealandbeingeverpresent，knowshowtoconvertitselfintoamajority。——Letustracetheconsequencesofthis，andseetheselectionwhichisthuseffectedbythedoubledecree。Thosewhoattendthesemeetings，dayandnight，arenotthesteady，busypeople。Inthefirstplace，theyaretoobusyintheirowncounting—rooms，shopsandfactoriestolosesomuchtime。Inthenextplace，theyaretoosensible，todocile，andtoohonesttogoandlorditovertheirmagistratesintheH？tel—de—
ville，orregardthemselvesintheirvarioussectionsasthesovereignpeople。Moreover，theyaredisgustedwithallthisbawling。Lastly，thestreetsofParis，especiallyatnight，arenotsafe；owingtosomuchoutdoorpolitics，thereisagreatincreaseofcaningandofknockingdown。Accordingly，foralongtime，theydonotattendattheclubs，noraretheyseeninthegalleriesoftheNationalAssembly；
norwilltheybeseenagainatthesessionsofthemunicipality，noratthemeetingsofthesections。——Nothing，ontheotherhand，ismoreattractivetotheidletipplersofthecafés，tobar—roomoracles，loungers，andtalkers，livinginfurnishedrooms，[40]totheparasitesandrefractoryofthesocialarmy，toallwhohaveleftthesocialstructuresandunabletogetbackagain，whowanttotearthingstopieces，and，forlackofaprivatecareer，establishoneforthemselvesinpublic。Permanentsessions，evenatnight，arenottoolongeitherforthem，orforlazyFederates，fordisorderedintellects，andforthesmalltroopofgenuinefanatics。Heretheyareeitherperformersorclaqueurs，anuproarnotbeingoffensivetothem，becausetheycreateit。Theyrelieveeachother，soastobealwaysonhandinsufficientnumber，orcompensateforadeficiencybyusurpationsandbrutality。ThesectionoftheThéatre—Fran？ais，forinstance，incontemptofthelaw，removesthedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassivecitizens，bygrantingtoallresidentsinitscircumscriptiontherighttobepresentatitsmeetingsandtherighttovote。Othersections[41]admittotheirsittingsallwell—disposedspectators，allwomen，children，andthenomads，allagitators，andtheagitated，who，asattheNationalAssembly，applaudorhootatthewordofcommand。Inthesectionsnotdisposedtobeatthemercyofananonymouspublic，thesameherdoffranticcharactersmakearacketatthedoors，andinsulttheelectorswhopassthroughthem。——Thankstothisitinerantthrongofco—operatingintruders，theJacobinextremistsrulethesectionsthesameastheAssembly；inthesectionsasintheAssembly，theydriveawayorsilencethemoderates，andwhenthehallbecomeshalfemptyordumb，theirmotionispassed。Hawkedaboutinthevicinity，themotionisevencarriedoff；inafewdaysitmakesthetourofParis，andreturnstotheAssemblyasanauthenticandunanimousexpressionofpopularwill。[42]
Atpresent，toensuretheexecutionofthiscounterfeitwill，itrequiresacentralcommittee，andthroughamasterpieceofdelusion，Pétion，theGirondistmayor，istheonewhoundertakestolodge，sanction，andorganizethecommittee。Onthe17thdayofJuly，[43]heestablishesintheofficesbelongingtotheCommune，\"acentralbureauofcorrespondencebetweenthesections。\"Tothisadulyelectedcommissioneristobringtheactspassedbyhissectioneachday，andcarryawaythecorrespondingactsoftheremainingforty—sevensections。Naturally，theseelectedcommissionerswillholdmeetingsoftheirown，appointingapresidentandsecretary，andmakingofficialreportsoftheirproceedingsinthesameformasaveritablemunicipalcouncil。Astheyareelectedto—day，andwithaspecialmandate，itisnaturalthattheyshouldconsiderthemselvesmorelegitimatethanamunicipalcouncilelectedfourorfivemonthsbeforethem，andwithaveryuncertainmandate。InstalledinthetownhallofParis（H？tel—de—
ville），onlytwostepsfromthemunicipalcouncil，itisnaturalforthemtoattempttotakeitsplace；tosubstitutethemselvesforit，theyhaveonlytocrossovertotheothersideofacorridor。
IV。
VainattemptsoftheGirondinstoputitdown。——Jacobinalarm，theirenthusiasm，andtheirprogram。
Thus，hatchedbytheGirondins，doestheterribleCommuneofPariscomeintobeing，thatofAugust10th，September2nd1792andMay31st。
1793。Theviperhashardlyleftitsnestbeforeitbeginstohiss。A
fortnightbeforethe10thofAugust[44]itbeginstouncoil，andthewisestatesmenwhohavesodiligentlyshelteredandfedit，standaghastatitshideous，flattenedhead。Accordingly，theybackawayfromituptothelasthour，andstrivetopreventitfrombitingthem。PétionhimselfvisitsRobespierreonthe7thofAugust，inordertorepresenttohimtheperilsofaninsurrection，andtoallowtheAssemblytimeenoughtodiscussthequestionofdethronement。ThesamedayVerginaudandGuadetproposetotheKing，throughthemediumofThierry，hisvalet—de—chambre，that，untilpeaceisassured，thegovernmentbecarriedonunderaregency。Pétion，onthenightofAugust9—10，issuesapressingcirculartothesections，urgingthemtoremaintranquil。[45]
Butitistoolate。Fiftydaysofexcitementandalarmhaveworkeduptheaberrationsofmorbidimaginationsintoadelirium。——OnthesecondofAugust，acrowdofmenandwomenrushtothebaroftheAssembly，exclaiming，\"Vengeance！Vengeance！ourbrethrenarebeingpoisoned！\"[46]Thefactasascertainedisthis:atSoissons，wherethebreadofthesoldierywaspreparedinachurch，somefragmentsofbrokenglasswerefoundintheoven，onthestrengthofwhicharumorwasstartedthat170volunteershaddied，andthat700werelyinginthehospital。Aferociousinstinctmakesmenseetheiradversariesintheirownimageandthusjustifythemtotakethosemeasureswhichtheyimaginetheirenemieswouldhavetakenintheirplace。[47]——
ThecommitteeofJacobinleadersstatespositivelythattheCourtisabouttoattack，and，accordingly，hasdevised\"notmerelysignsofthis，butofthemostunmistakableproof。\"[48]——\"ItistheTrojanhorse，\"exclaimedPanis；\"Wearelostifwedonotsucceedindisembowelingit……ThebombexplodesonthenightofAugust9—
10……Fifteenthousandaristocratsstandreadytoslaughterallpatriots。\"Patriots，consequently，attributetothemselvestherighttoslaughteraristocrats。——LateinJune，intheMinimessection，\"aFrenchguardsmanhadalreadydeterminedtokilltheKing，\"iftheKingpersistedinhisveto。Whenthepresidentofthesectionwantedtoexpulsetheregicide，itwasthelatterwhowasretainedandthepresidentwasexpelled。[49]Onthe14thofJuly，thedayoftheFederationfestival，anotherpredecessorofLouvelandFieschi，providedwithacutlass，hadintroducedhimselfintothebattalionondutyatthepalace，forthesamepurpose；duringtheceremonythecrowdwarmedup，and，foramoment，theKingowedhislifetothefirmnessofhisescort。Onthe27thofJuly，inthegardenoftheTuileries，d’Espréménil，theoldConstituent[50]，beaten，slashed，andhisclothestorn，pursuedlikeastagacrossthePalaisRoyal，fallsbleedingsonamattressatthegatesoftheTreasury。[51]Onthe29thofJuly，whilstoneofLafayette’saides，M。BureaudePusy，isatthebarofthehouse，\"theytrytohaveamotionpassedinthePalaisRoyaltoparadehisheadontheendofapike。\"[52]——Atthislevelofrageandfear，thebrutalandtheexcitedcanwaitnolonger。Onthe4thofAugust，[53]theMauconseilsectiondeclares\"totheAssembly，tothemunicipality，andtoallthecitizensofParis，thatitnolongerrecognizesLouisXVI。asKingoftheFrench\"。Itspresident，theforemanofatailor’sshop，anditssecretary，employedintheleathermarket，supporttheirmanifestowiththreelinesofatragedyfloatingvaguelyintheirminds，[54]andnametheBoulevardMadeleineSt。HonoréasarendezvousonthefollowingSundayforallwell—disposedpersons。Onthe6thofAugust，Varlet，apost—officeclerk，makesknowntotheAssembly，inthenameofthepetitionersoftheChampdeMars，theprogramofthefaction:
1。thedethronementoftheKing，2。theindictment，arrest，andspeedycondemnationofLafayette，3。theimmediateconvokingoftheprimaryassemblies，4。universalsuffrage，5。thedischargeofallstaffofficers，6。therenewalofthedepartmentaldirectories，7。therecallofallambassadors，8。thesuppressionofdiplomacy，9。andareturntothestateofnature。
TheGirondinsmaynowdelay，negotiate，beataboutandargueasmuchastheyplease；theirhesitationhasnoothereffectthattoconsignthemintothebackground，asbeinglukewarmandtimid。Thankstothem，the（Jacobin）factionnowhasitsdeliberativeassemblies，itsexecutivepowers，itscentralseatofgovernment，itsenlarged，tried，andreadyarmy，and，forciblyorotherwise，itsprogramwillbecarriedout。
V。
EveningofAugust8。——SessionofAugust9。——MorningofAugust10。—Assemblypurged。——
TheAssemblymustfirstofallbemadetodeposetheKing。Severaltimesalready，[55]onthe26thofJulyandAugust4，clandestinemeetingshadbeenheldwherestrangersdecidedthefateofFrance，andgavethesignalforinsurrection。——Restrainedwithgreatdifficulty，theyconsented\"tohavepatienceuntilAugust9，at11o’clockintheevening。\"[56]OnthatdaythediscussionofthedethronementistotakeplaceintheAssembly，andcalculationsaremadeonafavorablevoteundersuchapositivethreat；itsreluctancemustyieldtothecertaintyofamilitaryoccupation——Onthe8thofAugust，however，theAssemblyrefuses，byamajorityoftwo—thirds，toindictthegreatenemy，Lafayette。ThedoubleamputationessentialforStatesecurity，mustthereforebeginwiththedestructionofthismajority。
ThemomentLafayette’sacquittalisannounced，thegalleries，usuallysovociferous，maintain\"gloomysilence。\"[57]Thewordofcommandforthemistokeepthemselvesinreserveforthestreets。OnebyonethedeputieswhovotedforLafayettearepointedouttothemobatthedoors，andashoutisraised，\"therascals，theknaves，thetraitorslivingonthecivillist！Hangthem！Killthem！Putanendtothem！
Mud，mortar，plaster，stonesarethrownatthem，andtheyareseverelypummeled。M。Mézières，intheRueduDauphin，isseizedbythethroat，andawomanstrikesathim，whichheparries。IntheRueSt。
Honoré，anumberofmeninredcapssurroundM。Regnault—Beauceron，anddecideto\"stringhimupatthelantern\"；amaninhisjackethadalreadygrabbedhimfrombehindandraisedhimup，whenthegrenadiersofSainte—Opportunearriveintimetosethimfree。IntheRueSt。
Louis，M。Deuzy，repeatedlystruckonthebackwithstones，hasasabertwiceraisedoverhishead。InthePassagedesFeuillants，M。
Desboisispummeled，anda\"snuff—box，hispocket—book，andcane\"arestolenfromhim。InthelobbiesoftheAssembly，M。Girardinisonthepointofbeingassassinated。[58]Eightdeputiesbesidesthesearepursued，andtakerefugeintheguard—roomofthePalaisRoyal。A
Federateentersalongwiththem，and\"there，hiseyessparklingwithrageandthumpingonthetablelikeamadman，\"heexclaimstoM。
Dumolard，whoisthebestknown:\"\"IfyouareunluckyenoughtoputyourfeetintheAssemblyagain，I’llcutoffyourheadwithmysword！\"AstotheprincipaldefenderofLafayette，M。Vaublanc，heisassailedthreetimes，butheiswaryenoughnottoreturnhome；anumberofinfuriates，however，investhishouse，yellingoutthat\"eightycitizensaretoperishbytheirhands，andheisoneofthefirst\"；adozenofthegangascendtohisapartments，rummagethemineverycorner，makeanotherefforttofindhimintheadjoininghouses，and，notbeingabletosecurehim，trytofindhisfamily；heisnotifiedthat，ifhereturnstohishouse，hewillbemassacred。——Intheevening，ontheFeuillantsterrace，otherdeputiesaresubjectedtothesameoutrages；thegendarmerietriesinvaintoprotectthem，whilethe’commandantoftheNationalGuard，onleavinghispost，isattackedandcutdown。\"[59]——Meanwhile，someoftheJacobinsinthelobbies\"doomthemajorityoftheAssemblytodestruction\"；oneoratordeclaresthat\"thepeoplehavearighttoformlistsofproscription，\"
andtheclubaccordinglydecidesonprintingandpublishingthenamesofallthedeputieswhoacquittedLafayette。——Neverwasphysicalconstraintdisplayedandappliedwithsuchopenshamelessness。[60]
Onthefollowingday，August9，armedmengatheraroundtheapproachestotheAssembly，andsabersareseeneveninthecorridors。[61]Thegalleries，moreimperiousthanever，cheer，andbreakoutinironicshoutsoftriumphandapprovaleverytimetheattacksofthepreviouseveningaredenouncedinthetribune。Thepresidentcallstheoffenderstoordermorethantwentytimes，buthisvoiceandhisbellaredrownedintheuproar。Itisimpossibletoexpressanopinion。
Mostoftherepresentativeswhoweremaltreatedtheeveningbefore，writethattheywillnotreturn，whileothers，whoarepresent，declarethattheywillnotvoteagain\"iftheycannotbesecureoffreedomofconscienceintheirdeliberations。\"Atthisutterance，whichexpressesthesecretsentimentof\"nearlythewholeoftheAssembly，\"[62]\"allthemembersofthe’Right’，andmanyofthe’Left’arisesimultaneouslyandexclaim:’Yes，yes；wewilldebatenolongerunlesswearefree！\"——Asusual，however，themajoritygivesawaythemomenteffectivemeasuresaretobeadopted；itsheartsinks，asitalwayshasdone，onbeingcalledupontoactinself—defense，whiletheseofficialdeclarations，oneontopoftheother，inhidingfromitthegravityofthedanger，sinkitdeeperinitsowntimidity。
Atthissamesessionthesyndic—attorneyofthedepartmentreportsthatthemobisready，that900armedmenhadjustenteredParis，thatthetocsinwouldberungatmidnight，andthatthemunicipalitytoleratesorfavorstheinsurrection。Atthissamesession，theMinisterofJusticegivesnoticethat\"thelawsarepowerless，\"andthatthegovernmentisnolongerresponsible。Atthissamesession，Pétion，themayor，almostavowinghiscomplicity，appearsatthebarofthehouse，anddeclarespositivelythathewillhavenothingtodowiththepublicforces，because\"itwouldbearmingonebodyofcitizensagainstanother。\"[63]——Everysupportisevidentlyknockedaway。Feelingthatitisabandoned，theNationalAssemblygivesup，and，asalastexpedient，andwithadegreeofweaknessorsimplicitywhichadmirablydepictsthelegislatorsoftheepoch，itadoptsaphilosophicaddresstothepeople，\"instructingitwhattodointheexerciseofitssovereignty。\"
Howthisisdone，itmayseethenextmorning。At7o’clock，aJacobindeputystopsinacabbeforethedooroftheFeuillantsclub；acrowdgathersaroundhim，andhegiveshisname，Delmas。ThecrowdunderstooditasDumas，awell—knownConstitutionalist，and，inarage，draghimoutofthevehicleandknockhimdown；hadnototherdeputiesrunupandgivenassurancesthathewasthepatriotDelmas，ofToulouse，insteadof\"thetraitor，MathieuDumas，\"hewasalostman。[64]Dumasmakesnoefforttoenter。HefindsonthePlaceVend？measecondandnotlessinstructivewarning。Somewretches，followedbytheusualrabble，carryaboutanumberofheadsonpikes，thoseprobablyofthejournalistSuleau，andthreeothers，massacredaquarterofanhourbefore；\"boysquiteyoung，merechildren，playwiththeseheadsbytossingthemintheair，andcatchingthemontheendsoftheirsticks。\"——Thereisnodoubtbutthatthedeputiesofthe\"Right\"andeventhe\"Center，\"woulddowelltogohomeandstaythere。Infact，theyarenolongerseenintheAssembly。[65]Intheafternoon，outofthe630membersstillpresenttheeveningbefore，346donotanswerthecall，whileaboutthirtyothers，hadeitherwithdrawnbeforethisorsentintheirresignations。[66]Thepurgingiscomplete，likethattowhichCromwell，in1648，subjectedtheLongParliament。HenceforththeLegislativebody，reducedto224JacobinsorGirondins，with60frightenedortractableneutrals，willobeytheordersofthestreetwithoutanydifficulty。Achangehascomeoverthespiritofthebodyaswellasoveritscomposition；itisnothingmorenowthanaservileinstrumentinthehandsoftheseditious，whohavemutilatedit，andwho，mastersofitthroughafirstmisdeed，aregoingtouseittolegalizeothercrimes。
VI。
NightsofAugust9and10。——Thesections。——CommissionersofthesectionsattheH？tel—de—ville。——TherevolutionaryCommuneissubstitutedforthelegalCommune。
Duringthenightofthe9thand10thofAugusttheirgovernmentformsitselfforaction，ithasbeensetupasitwillbehave，withviolenceandfraud。i——Invainhavetheyannoyedandworkedonthesectionsforthepastfortnight；theyarenotyetsubmissive，onlysixoutofforty—eightatthepresenthour，eleveno’clockatnight，beingfoundsufficientlyexcitedorpurgedtosendtheircommissionersforthwith，withfullpower，totheH？tel—de—ville。Theotherswillfollow，butthemajorityrestsinertorrecalcitrant。[67]——Itisnecessary，therefore，todeceiveorforcethismajority，and，tothisend，darkness，thelatehour，disorder，dreadofthecomingday，andtheuncertaintyofwhattodo，arepreciousauxiliaries。Inmanyofthesections，[68]themeetingsarealreadyadjournedordeserted；onlyafewmembersofthepermanentbureauintheroom，withafewmen，perhapsasleep，onthenearlyemptybenches。Anemissaryarrivesfromtheinsurgentsections，alongwithacompanyoftrustyfellowsbelongingtothequarter，andcriesout，Savethecountry！Thesleepersopentheireyes，stretchthemselves，raisetheirhands，andelectwhoeverisdesignated，sometimesstrangersandotherunknownindividuals，whowillbedisownedthecomingdayatafullmeetingofthesection。Thereisnoofficialreportdrawnup，noballoting，thecoursepursuedbeingthemostprompt。AttheArsenalsection，sixelectorspresentchoosethreeamongtheirownnumbertorepresent1，400activecitizens。Elsewhere，athrongofshrews，night—brawlersanddishonorablepersons，invadethepremises，chaseoutthebelieversinlawandorder，andwinallthedesiredappointments。[69]Othersectionsconsenttoelect，butwithoutconsentingtogivepowerofattorney。Severalmakeexpressreservations，stipulatingthattheirdelegatesshallactinconcertwiththelegalmunicipality，distrustingthefuturecommittee，anddeclaringinadvancethattheywillnotobeyit。Afewelecttheircommissionersonlytoobtaininformation，and，atthesametime，toshowthattheyintendearnestlytostopallrioting。[70]Finally，atleasttwentysectionsabstainfromordisapproveoftheproceedingsandsendnodelegates。——Nevermind，theycanbedispensedwith。Atthreeo’clockinthemorning，19
sections，and，atseveno’clock，24or25，[71]arerepresentedonewayoranotherattheTown—hall（H？tel—de—ville），andthisrepresentationformsacentralcommittee。Anyhow，thereisnothingtopreventseventyoreightysubordinateintriguersanddesperadoes，whohaveslippedinorpushedthrough，fromcallingthemselvesauthorizeddelegatesandministersplenipotentiaryoftheentireParispopulation，[72]andtooperateaccordingly。——ScarcelyaretheyinstalledunderthepresidencyofHuguenin，withTallienassecretary，whentheyissueasummonsfor\"twenty—fivearmedmenfromeachsection，\"fivehundredstrappinglads，toactasguardsandserveasanexecutiveforce。——
Againstabandofthisdescriptionthemunicipalcouncil，insessionintheoppositechamber，isfeebleenough。Moreover，themostmoderateandfirmestofitsmembers，sentawayonpurpose，areonmissionstotheAssembly，atthepalace，andindifferentquartersofParis，whileitsgalleriesarecrammedwithvillainouslookingmen，postedtheretocreateanuproar，itsdeliberationsbeingcarriedonundermenacesofdeath。——That’swhy，asthenightpasses，theequilibriumbetweenthetwoassemblages，onelegaltheotherillegal，facingeachotherlikethetwosidesofascale，disappears。Lassitude，fear，discouragement，desertion，increaseononeside，whilenumbers，audacity，forceandusurpationincreaseontheother。Atlength，thelatterwrestsfromtheformeralltheactsitneedstostarttheinsurrectionandrenderdefenseimpossible。Aboutsixo’clockinthemorningtheintrudingcommittee，inthenameofthepeople，endsthematterbysuspendingthelegitimatecouncil，whichitthenexpels，andtakespossessionofitschairs。
Thefirstactofthenewsovereignrulersindicatesatoncewhattheymeantodo。M。deMandat，incommandoftheNationalguard，summonedtotheH？tel—de—ville，hadcometoexplaintothecouncilwhatdispositionhehadmadeofhistroops，andwhatordershehadissued。