Great，however，asthisusurpationmaybe，theminority，inordertosuppressthemajority，accommodatethemselvestoit，theJacobinsinthechambermakingcommoncausewiththeJacobinsinthegalleries。
Thedisturbersshouldnotbeputout；\"itwouldbeexcludingfromourdeliberations，\"saysGrangeneuve，\"thatwhichbelongsessentiallytothepeople。\"Ononeofthedeputiesdemandingmeasurestoenforcesilence，\"TornédemandsthatthepropositionbereferredtothePortugalinquisition。\"Choudieu\"declaresthatitcanonlyemanatefromdeputieswhoforgetthatrespectwhichisduetothepeople，theirsovereignjudge。\"[35]\"Theactionofthegalleries，\"saysLecointe—Puyraiveaux，\"isanoutburstofpatriotism。\"Finally，thissameChoudieu，twistingandturningallrightsaboutwithincomparableaudacity，wishestoconferlegislativeprivilegesontheaudience，anddemandsadecreeagainstthedeputieswho，guiltyofpopularlèse—
majesté，presumetocomplainofthosewhoinsultthem。——Anotherpieceofoppressivemachinery，stillmoreenergetic，operatesoutsideontheapproachestotheAssembly。LiketheirpredecessorsoftheConstituentAssembly，themembersofthe\"Right\"\"cannotleavethebuildingwithoutencounteringthethreatsandimprecationsofenragedcrowds。Criesof’tothelantern！’greettheearsofDumolard，Vaublanc，Raucourd，andLacretelleasoftenasthoseoftheAbbéMauryandMontlosier。\"[36]Afterhavinghurledabuseatthepresident，MathieuDumas，theyinsulthiswifewhohasbeenrecognizedinareservedgallery。[37]IntheTuileries，crowdsarealwaysstandingtherelisteningtothebrawlerswhodenouncesuspecteddeputiesbyname，andwoetoanyamongthemwhotakesthatpathonhiswaytothechamber！Abroadsideofinsultsgreetshimashepassesalong。Ifthedeputyhappenstobeafarmer，theyexclaim:\"Lookatthatqueeroldaristocrat——anoldpeasantdogthatusedtowatchcows！\"OnedayHua，ongoingupthestepsoftheTuileriesterrace，isseizedbythehairbyanoldvixenwhobidshim\"Bowyourheadtoyoursovereigns，thepeople，youbastardofadeputy！\"Onthe20thofJuneoneofthepatriots，whoiscrossingtheAssemblyroom，whispersinhisear，\"Youscampofadeputy，you’llneverdiebutbymyhand！\"Anothertime，havingdefendedthejuge—de—paixLarivière，thereawaitshimatthedoor，inthemiddleofthenight，\"asetofblackguards，whocrowdaroundhimandthrusttheirfistsandcudgelsinhisface；\"happily，hisfriendsDumasandDaverhoult，twomilitaryofficers，foreseeingthedanger，presenttheirpistolsandsethimfree\"althoughwithsomedifficulty。\"——Asthe10thofAugustdrawsnearthereismoreopenaggression。Vaublanc，forhavingdefendedLafayette，justmissesbeingcuttopiecesthreetimesonleavingtheAssembly；sixtyofthedeputiesaretreatedinthesamefashion，beingstruck，coveredwithmud，andthreatenedwithdeathiftheydaregoback。[38]——Withsuchalliesaminorityisverystrong。Thankstoitstwoagenciesofconstraintitwilldetachthevotesitneedsfromthemajorityand，eitherthroughterrororcraft，securethepassageofallthedecreesitneeds。
VI。
Parliamentarymaneuvers。——Abusesofurgency。——Voteontheprinciple。——Callbyname。—Intimidationofthe\"Center。\"——
Opponentsinactive。——Themajorityfinallydisposedof。
Sometimesitsucceedssurreptitiouslybyrushingthemthrough。As\"thereisnoorderofthedaycirculatedbeforehand，and，inanyevent，nonewhichanybodyisobligedtoadhereto，\"[39]theAssemblyiscapturedbysurprise。\"Thefirstknaveamongstthe’Left，’（whichexpression，saysHua，Idonotstrikeout，becausethereweremanyamongthosegentlemen），broughtupaready—maderesolution，preparedtheeveningbeforebyaclique。Wewerenotpreparedforitanddemandedthatitshouldbereferredtoacommittee。Insteadofdoingthis，however，theresolutionwasdeclaredurgent，and，whetherwewouldornot，discussionhadtotakeplaceforthwith。\"[40]——\"Therewereothertacticsequallyperfidious，whichThuriot，especially，madeuseof。Thisgreatrascalgotupandproposed，notthedraftofalaw，butwhathecalledaprinciple；forinstance，adecreeshouldbepassedconfiscatingthepropertyoftheémigrés，……orthatunswornpriestsshouldbesubjecttospecialsurveillance。[41]……Inreply，hewastoldthathisprinciplewasthecoreofalaw，theverylawitself；soletitbedebatedbyreferringittoacommitteetomakeareportonit。——Notatall——thematterisurgent；acommitteemightfixthearticlesasitpleases；theyareworthlessiftheprincipleisnotcommonsense。\"Throughthisexpeditiousmethoddiscussionisstifled。TheJacobinspurposelypreventtheAssemblyfromgivingthematteranyconsideration。Theycountonitsbewilderment。Inthenameofreason，theydiscardreasonasfarastheycan，andhastenavotebecausetheirdecreesdonotstanduptoanalysis。——Atothertimes，andespeciallyongrandoccasions，theycompelavote。Ingeneral，votesaregivenbythememberseithersittingdownorstandingup，and，forthefourhundreddeputiesofthe\"Center，\"subjecttothescoldingoftheexasperatedgalleries，itisatolerablyhardtrial。\"Partofthemdonotarise，ortheyrisewiththe’Left’。\"[42]Ifthe\"Right\"happenstohaveamajority，\"thisiscontestedinbadfaithandacallofthehouseisdemanded。\"Now，\"thecallsofthehouse，throughanintolerableabuse，arealwayspublished；theJacobinsdeclaringthatitiswellforthepeopletoknowtheirfriendsfromtheirenemies。\"Themeaningofthisisthatthislistoftheoppositionwillsoonserveasalistoftheoutlaws，onwhichthetimidarenotdisposedtoinscribethemselves。Theresultisanimmediatedefectionintheheavybattalionsofthe\"Centre\"；
\"thisisapositivefact，\"saysHua，\"ofwhichwewereallwitnesses；
wealwayslostahundredvotesonthecallofthehouse。\"——Towardstheendtheygiveup，andprotestnomore，exceptbystayingaway:onthe14thofJune，whentheabolishmentofthewholesystemoffeudalcreditwasbeingdealtwith，onlytheextremeleftwasattending；therestofthe\"Assemblyhallwasnearlyempty\"；outof497deputiesinattendance，200hadleftthesession。[43]Encouragedforamomentbytheappearanceofsomepossibleprotection，theytwiceexonerateGeneralLafayette，behindwhomtheyseeanarmy，[44]andbravethedespotsoftheAssembly，theclubs，andthestreets。But，forlackofamilitarychiefandbase，thevisiblemajorityistwiceobligedtoyield，tokeepsilent，andflyorretreatunderthedictatorshipofthevictoriousfaction，whichhasstrainedandforcedthelegislativemachineuntilithasbecomedisjointedandbrokendown。[45]
NOTES:
[1]\"Correspondence（manuscript）ofBarondeSta？l，\"withhisCourtinSweden。Oct。6，1791。
[2]\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—Dumouriez，\"Mémoires，\"III。ch。V:\"TheJacobinparty，havingbranchesalloverthecountry，useditsprovincialclubstocontroltheelections。Everycrackbrain，everyseditiousscribbler，alltheagitatorswereelected……veryfewenlightenedorprudentmen，andstillfewerofthenobles，werechosen。\"——Moniteur，XII。199（meetingofApril23，1792）。SpeechM。Lecointe—Puyravaux。\"Weneednotdissimulate；indeed，weareproudtosay，thatthislegislatureiscomposedofpersonswhoarenotrich。\"
[3]MathieuDumas，\"Mémoires，\"I。521。\"Theexcitementintheelectoralassemblageswasverygreat；thearistocratsandlargeland—
ownersabstainedfromcomingthere。\"——CorrespondancedeMirabeauetduComtedelaMark，III。246，Oct。10，1791。\"Nineteentwentiethsofthislegislaturehavenoothertransportation（turn—out）thangaloshesandumbrellas。Ithasbeenestimated，thatallthesedeputiesputtogetherdonotpossess300，000livressolidincome。ThemajorityofthemembersofthisAssemblyhavereceivednoeducationwhatever。\"
[4]TheyrankasMaréchauxdecamp，agradecorrespondingtothatofbrigadier—general。TheyareDupuy—Montbrun（deceasedinMarch，1792），Descrots—d’Estrée，aweakandwornoldmanwhomhischildrenforcedintotheLegislativeAssembly，and，lastly，MathieuDumas，aconservative，andtheonlyprominentone。
[5]\"CorrespondanceduBarondeSta？l，\"Jan。19，1792。——GouverneurMorris（II。162，Feb。4，1792）writestoWashingtonthatM。deWarville，onthediplomaticcommittee，proposedtocedeDunkirkandCalaistoEngland，asapledgeoffidelitybyFrance，inanyengagementwhichshemightenterinto。Youcanjudge，bythis，ofthewisdomandvirtueofthefactiontowhichhebelongs——BuchezetRoux，XXX89（defenseofBrissot，Jan。5，1793）\"Brissot，likeallnoisy，reckless，ambitiousmen，startedinfullblastwiththestrangestparadoxes。In1780。inhis’Recherchesphilosophiquessurledroitdepropriété，’hewroteasfollows:’If40crownssufficetomaintainexistence，thepossessionof200，000crownsisplainlyunjustandarobbery……Exclusiveownershipisaveritablecrimeagainstnature……Thepunishmentofrobberyinourinstitutionsisanactofvirtuewhichnatureherselfcommands。’\"
[6]Moniteur，speechbyCambon，sittingsofFeb。2andApril20，1792。
[7]Ibid。，（sittingofApril3）。SpeechbyM。Cailliasson。Thepropertybelongingtothenation，soldandtobesold，isvaluedat2，195millions，whiletheassignatsalreadyissuedamountto2，100
millions。——Cf。MercuredeFrance，Dec。17，1791，p。201；Jan。28，1792，p。215；May19，1792，p。205。——Dumouriez，\"Mémoires，\"III。
296，and339，340，344，346。—\"Cambon，aravinglunatic，withouteducation，humaneprinciple，orintegrity（public）ameddler，anignoramus，andverygiddy。Hetellsmethatoneresourceremainedtohim，whichis，toseizeallthecoininBelgium，alltheplatebelongingtothechurches，andallthecashdeposits……that，onruiningtheBelgians，onreducingthemtothesamestateofsufferingastheFrench，theywouldnecessarilysharetheirfatewiththem；thattheywouldthenbeadmittedmembersoftheRepublic，withtheprospectofalwaysmakingheadway，throughthesamelineofpolicy；thatthedecreeofDec。15，1792，admirablyfavoredthisand，becauseittendedtoacompletedisorganization，andthattheluckiestthingthatcouldhappentoFrancewastodisorganizeallitsneighborsandreducethemtothesamestateofanarchy。\"（ThisconversationbetweenCambonandDumouriezoccursinthemiddleofJanuary，1793。）—Moniteur，XIV。758
（sittingofDec。15，1792）。ReportbyCambon。
[8]ChroniquedeParis，Sept。4，1792。\"Itisasadandterriblesituationwhichforcesapeople，naturallyamiableandgenerous，totakesuchvengeance！\"—Cf。theveryacutearticle，bySt。Beuve，onCondorcet，in\"CauseriesduLundi，\"——Hua（acolleagueofCondorcet，intheLegislativeAssembly），\"Mémoires，\"89。\"Condorcet，inhisjournal，regularlyfalsifiedthings，withanaudacitywhichisunparelleled。Theopinionsofthe’Right’weresomutilatedandtravestiedthenextdayinhisjournal，thatwe，whohadutteredthem，couldscarcelyrecognisethem。Oncomplainingofthistohimandoncharginghimwithperfidy，thephilosopheronlysmiled。\"
[9]Malouet，II。215。——Dumouriez，III。ch。V。\"Theywereelectedtorepresentthenationtodefend，theysay，itsinterestsagainstaperfidiouscourt。\"
[10]Moniteur，X。223（sessionofOct。26，1791）。SpeechbyM。
Fran？oisDuval。——Grandiloquenceistheorderofthedayattheveryfirstmeeting。Onthe1stofOctober，1791，twelveoldmen，marchinginprocession，goouttofetchtheconstitutionalact。\"M。Camus，keeperoftherecords，withacomposedairanddowncasteyes，enterswithmeasuredsteps，\"bearinginbothhandsthesacreddocumentwhichheholdsagainsthisbreast，whilethedeputiesstandupandbaretheirheads。\"PeopleofFrance，\"saysanorator，\"citizensofParis，allgenerousFrenchmen，andyou，ourfellowcitizens——virtuous，intelligentwomen，bringingyourgentleinfluenceintothesanctuaryofthelaw——beholdtheguaranteeofpeacewhichthelegislaturepresentstoyou！\"——Weseemtobewitnessingthelastactofanopera。
[11]Ibid。，XII。230（sessionsofApril26andMay5）。ReportandspeechbyFran？oisdeNantes。Thewholespeech，acomictreasurefromthebeginningtotheend，oughttohavebeenquoted:\"Tellme，pontiffofRome，whatyoursentimentswillbewhenyouwelcomeyourworthyandfaithfulco—operators？……Ibeholdyoursacredhands，readytolaunchthosepontificalthunderbolts，which，etc……LetthebrazierofSc？volabebroughtin，and，withouroutstretchedpalmsabovetheburningcoals，wewillshowthatthereisnospeciesoftorture，notormentwhichcanexciteafrownonthebrowofhimwhomtheloveofcountryexaltsabovehumanity！\"——Supposethat，justatthismoment，alightedcandlehadbeenplacedunderhishand！
[12]Moniteur，XI。179（sessionofJan。20，1792）。—Ibid。，216
（sessionofJan。24）。—XII。426（May9）。
[13]Ibid。，XII。479（sessionofMay24）。—XIII。71（sessionofJuly7，speechbyLasource）。—Cf。XIV。301（sessionofJuly31）aquotationfromVoltairebroughtinforthesuppressionoftheconvents。
[14]Moniteur。SpeechbyAubertDubayer，sessionofAug。30。
[15]SpeechbyChaumette，procureurofthecommune，tothenewlymarried。（Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。408）。
[16]Theclasstowhichtheybelongedhasbeenportrayed，tothelife，byM。Roye—Collard（Sainte—Beuve，\"NouveauxLundis，\"IV。263）:\"A
younglawyeratParis，atfirstreceivedinafewhousesontheIleSt。Louis，hesoonwithdrewfromthisinferiorworldofattorneysandpettyfoggers，whosetoneoppressedhim。Theverythoughtoftheimpressionthisgallantandintenselyvulgarmediocritymadeuponhim，stillinspireddisgust。Hemuchpreferredtotalkwithlongshoremen，ifneedbe，thanwiththesescentedlimbsofthelaw。\"
[17]EtienneDumont，\"Mémoires，\"40。——MercuredeFrance，Nov。19，1791；Feb。11andMarch3，1792。（articlesbyMalletduPan）。
[18]Moniteur，Dec。17（examinationatthebarofthehouseofRauch，apretendedlaborcontractor，whomtheyareobligedtosendoffacquitted）。Rauchtellsthem:\"Ihavenomoney，andcannotfindaplacewhereIcansleepatlessthan6sous，becauseIpeeinthebed。\"——Moniteur，XII。574。（sessionofJune4），reportbyChabot:\"A
peddlerfromMortagne，saysthatadomesticcomingfromCoblentztoldhimthattherewasatroopabouttocarryoffthekingandpoisonhim，soastothrowtheodiumofitontheNationalAssembly。\"BernassaisdePoitierswrites:\"Abravecitizentoldmelastevening:’Ihavebeentoseeaservant—girl，livingwithanoble。Sheassuredmethathermasterwasgoingto—nighttoParis，tojointhe30，000，who，inaboutamonth，meanttocutthethroatsoftheNationalAssemblyandsetfiretoeverycornerofParis！’\"—\"M。Gerard，asaddleratAmiens，writestousthatLouisXVIistobeaidedinhisflightby5，000relays，andthatafterwardstheyaregoingtofirered—hotbulletsontheNationalAssembly。\"
[19]MercuredeFrance，Nov。5，1791（sessionofOct。25）。——Ibid。，Dec。23。—Moniteur，XII。192（sessionofApril21，1792）。——XII。447
（addresstotheFrench，byClootz）:\"Godbroughtorderoutofprimitivechaos；theFrenchwillbringorderoutoffeudalchaos。Godismighty，andmanifestedhiswill；wearemighty，andwewillmanifestourwill……Themoreextensivetheseatofwarthesooner，andmorefortunately，willthesuitofplebeiansagainstthenoblesbedecided……Werequireenemies，……Savoy，Tuscany，andquickly，quickly！\"
[20]Cf。Moniteur，XI。192（sittingofJan。22，1792）。\"M。Burnet，chaplainofthenationalguard，presentshimselfatthebarofthehousewithanEnglishwoman，namedLydiaKirkham，andthreesmallchildren，oneofwhichisinherarms。M。Burnetannouncesthatsheishiswifeandthatthechildinherarmsisthefruitoftheiraffection。Afterreferringtotheforceofnaturalsentimentswhichhecouldnotresist，thepetitionerthuscontinues:’Oneday，Imetoneofthosesacredquestioners。Unfortunateman，saidhe，ofwhatareyouguilty？Ofthischild，sir；andIhavemarriedthiswoman，whoisaProtestant，andherreligionhasnothingtodowithmine……Deathormywife！Suchisthecrythatnaturenowandalwayswill，inspiremewith。\"—ThepetitionerreceivesthehonorsoftheAssembly。—（Ibid。，XII369）。
[21]Thegrotesqueisoftenthatofafarce。\"M。Piorry，inthenameofpoor；butvirtuouscitizens，tenderstwopairsofbuckles，withthismotto:’Theyhaveservedtoholdtheshoe—strapsonmyfeet；theywillservetoreduceunderthem，withtheimprintandcharacteroftruth，alltyrantsleaguedagainsttheconstitution’（Moniteur，XII。
457，sessionofMay21）\"—Ibid。，XIII。249（sessionofJuly25）。\"A
youngcitoyenneofferstocombat，inperson，againsttheenemiesofhercountry；\"andthepresident，withagallantair，replies:\"Maderathertosoothe，thantocombattyrants，youroffer，etc。\"
[22]Moniteur，XL576（sessionofMarch6）；XII。237，314，368
（sessionsofApril27，May5and14）。
[23]MercuredeFrance。Sept。19，1791，Feb。11，andMarch3，1792。——
BuchezetRoux，XVI185（sessionofJuly26，1792）。
[24]\"MémoiresdeMalletduPan，\"1433（tableauofthethreeparties，withspecialinformation）。
[25]BuchezetRoux，XII。348（letterbythedeputyChéron，presidentoftheFeuillantsClub）。ThedeputiesoftheLegislativeAssembly，registeredattheFeuillantsClub，number264besidesalargenumberofdeputiesintheConstituentAssembly。——AccordingtoMalletduPantheso—calledIndependentsnumber250。
[26]Thesefiguresareverifiedbydecisiveballottings（Mortimer—
Ternauz，II。205，348。）
[27]Moniteur，XII。393（sessionofMay15，speechbyIsnard）:\"TheConstituentAssemblyonlyhalfdareddowhatithadthepowertodo。
Ithasleftinthefieldofliberty，evenaroundtheveryrootsoftheyoungconstitutionaltree，theoldrootsofdespotismandofthearistocracy……Ithasboundustothetrunkoftheconstitutionaltree，likepowerlessvictimsgivenuptotherageoftheirenemies。\"—
—EtienneDumontsawtrulytheeducationaldefectspeculiartotheparty。Hesays，aproposofMadameRoland:\"Ifoundinhertoomuchofthatdistrustfuldespotismwhichbelongstoignoranceoftheworld……Whatherintellectualdevelopmentlackedwasagreaterknowledgeoftheworldandintercoursewithmenofsuperiorjudgmenttoherown。
Rolandhimselfhadlittleintellectualbreadth，whileallthosewhofrequentedherhouseneverroseabovetheprejudicesofthevulgar。\"
[28]\"Souvenirs\"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。
[29]MadamedeStael，\"ConsiderationssurlaRévolutionFran？aise，IIIrdpart，ch。III。—MadamedeSta？lconversedwiththemandjudgesthemaccordingtotheshrewdperceptionsofawomanoftheworld。
[30]Louvet，\"Mémoires\"32。\"Ibelongedtotheboldphilosopherswho，beforetheendof1791，lamentedthefateofagreatnation，compelledtostophalf—wayinthecareeroffreedom，\"and，onpage38——\"A
ministerofjusticewasneeded。Thefourministers（Roland，Servane，etc。）\"casttheireyesonme……Duranthonwaspreferredtome。Thiswasthefirstmistakeoftherepublicanparty。Itpaiddearforit。
Thatmistakecostmycountryagooddealofbloodandmanytears。\"
Lateron，hethinksthathehasthequalificationsforambassadortoConstantinople。
[31]Buzot，\"Mémoires\"（Ed。Dauban），pp。31，39。\"Bornwithaproudandindependentspiritwhichneverbowedatanyone’scommand，howcouldI
accepttheideaofamanbeingheldsacred？Withmyheartandheadpossessedbythegreatbeingsoftheancientrepublics，whoarethegreatesthonortothehumanspecies，Ipracticedtheirmaximsfrommyearliestyears，andnourishedmyselfonastudyoftheirvirtues……
Thepretendednecessityofamonarchy……couldnotamalgamate，inmymind，withthegrandandnobleconceptionsformedbyme，ofthedignityofthehumanspecies。Hopedeceivedme，itistrue，butmyerrorwastooglorioustoallowmetorepentofit。\"—Self—
admirationislikewisethementalsubstratumofMadameRoland，Roland，Pétion，Barbaroux，Louvet，etc。，（seetheirwritings）。MalletduPanwellsays:\"OnreadingthememoirsofMadameRoland，onedetectstheactress，rehearsingforthestage。\"——Rolandisanadministrativepuppetandwould—beorator，whosewifepullsthestrings。Thereisanodd，dullstreakinhim，peculiarlyhisown。Forexample，in1787
（GuillondeMontléon，\"HistoiredelavilledeLyon，pendantlaRévolution，\"1。58），heproposestoutilizethedead，byconvertingthemintooilandphosphoricacid。In1788，heproposestotheVillefrancheAcademytoinquire\"whetheritwouldnotbetothepublicadvantagetoinstitutetribunalsfortryingthedead？\"inimitationoftheEgyptians。InhisreportofJan。5，1792，hegivesaplanforestablishingpublicfestivals，\"inimitationoftheSpartans，\"andtakesforamotto，Nonomnismoriar（BarondeGirardot，\"RolandandMadameRoland\"。I。83，185）
[32]Politicalclubunitingmoderateandconstitutionalmonarchists。
Theygottheirnicknamebecausetheyheldtheirmeetingsintheoldconventformerlyusedbythefeullants，abranchofCistercianswho，ledbyLaBarrière，brokeawayin1577。TheFeuillantClubwasdissolvedin1791。（SR）。
[33]Moniteur，XI。61（sessionofJan7，1792）。—Ibid。，204（Jan。
25）；281（Feb。1）；310（Feb。4）；318（Feb。6）；343（Feb。9）；487（Feb。
26）。—XII。22（April2）。Reportsofallthesessionsmustbereadtoappreciatetheforceofthepressure。See，especially，thesessionsofApril9and16，May15and29，June8，9，15，and25，July1，2，5，9，11，17，18，and21，and，afterthisdate，allthesessions。—
Lacretelle，\"DixAnsd’Epreuves，\"p。78—81。\"TheLegislativeAssemblyservedundertheJacobinClubwhilekeepingupacounterfeitairofindependence。TheprogresswhichfearhadmadeintheFrenchcharacterwasverygreat，atatimewheneverythingwaspitchedinthehaughtiestkey……Themajority，asfarasintentionsgo，wasfortheconservatives；theactualmajoritywasfortherepublicans。\"
[34]Moniteur，XIII。212，sessionofJuly22。
[35]Moniteur，XII。22，sessionofApril2。—Mortimer—Ternaux，II。
95。—Moniteur，XIII。222，sessionofJuly22。
[36]Lacretelle，\"DixAnsd’Epreuves，\"80。
[37]MathieuDumas，\"Mémoires，\"II。88（Feb。23）。—Hua，\"Mémoires\"
d’unAvocatauParliamentdeParis，\"106，121，134，154。Moniteur，XIII。212（sessionofJuly21），speechbyM。———\"Theavenuestothisbuildingaredailybesetwithahordeofpeoplewhoinsulttherepresentativesofthenation。\"
[38]DeVaublanc，\"Mémoires，\"344。—Moniteur，XIII。368（lettersandspeechesofdeputies，sessionofAug。9）。
[39]Hua，115。——Ibid。，90。3outof4deputiesofSeine—et—OisewereJacobins。\"Wemetonceaweektotalkovertheaffairsofthedepartment。Wewereobligedtodriveoutthevagabondswho，evenatthetable，talkedofnothingbutkilling。\"
[40]Moniteur，XII。702。Forexample，onthe19thofJune，1792，onamotionunexpectedlyproposedbyCondorcet，thatthedepartmentsbeauthorizedtoburnalltitles（tonobility）inthevariousdepots。——
Adoptedatonce，andunanimously。
[41]LaterStalinandhissuccessorsshouldinvesttheUnitedNationsandotherinternationalorganizationstoindirectlyproposeandensuretheacceptanceofanewconventionofhumanrights，children’srights，therightsofrefugeesetc。InmanycasesthesebecamethebaseofnationallegislationwhichisnowgivingtroubletomanyoftheWesterndemocracies。（SR）。
[42]Hua，114。
[43]Moniteur，XII。664。—MercuredeFrance，June23，1792。
[44]Hua，141。——MathieuDumas，II。399:\"ItisremarkablethatLafonddeLadébat，oneofourtrustiestfriends，waselectedpresidentonthe23rdofJuly，1792。ThisshowsthatthemajorityoftheAssemblywasstillsound；butitwasonlybroughtaboutbyasecretvoteinthechoiceofcandidates。Thesamemenwhoobeyedtheirconsciences，throughasentimentofjusticeandofpropriety，couldnotfacethedangerwhichsurroundedtheminthethreatsofthefactionswhentheywerecalledupontovotebyrisingorsitting。\"
[45]Thisdescriptionandothersofthesameperiodhaveundoubtedlybeenstudiedcarefullybythousandsofsocialistsandpoliticalhopefulswho，inanycase，madeuseofsimilartacticstotakeoverthousandsofgoverningcommittees，institutionsandorganizations。
（SR）。
CHAPTERIII。
I。
PolicyoftheAssembly。—StateofFranceattheendof1791。—
PowerlessnessoftheLaw。
Ifthedeputieswho，onthe1stofOctober，1791，sosolemnlyandenthusiasticallysworetotheConstitution，hadbeenwillingtoopentheireyes，theywouldhaveseenthisConstitutionconstantlyviolated，bothinitsletterandspirit，overtheentireterritory。Asusual，andthroughthevanityofauthorship，M。Thouret，thelastpresidentoftheConstituentAssembly，had，inhisfinalreport，hiddendisagreeabletruthunderneathpompousanddelusivephrases；butitwasonlynecessarytolookoverthemonthlyrecordtoseewhether，asguaranteedbyhim，\"thedecreeswerefaithfullyexecutedinallpartsoftheempire。\"——\"Whereisthisfaithfulexecutiontobefound？\"inquiresMalletduPan。[1]\"IsitatToulon，inthemidstofthedeadandwounded，shotintheveryfaceoftheamazedmunicipalityandDirectory？IsitatMarseilles，wheretwoprivateindividualsareknockeddownandmassacredasaristocrats，\"underthepretext\"thattheysoldtochildrenpoisonedsugar—plumswithwhichtobeginacounter—revolution？\"IsitatArles，\"againstwhich4，000menfromMarseilles，dispatchedbytheclub，areatthismomentmarching？\"IsitatBayeux，\"wherethesieurFauchetagainstwhomawarrantforarrestisout，besidesbeingunderthebanofpoliticaldisability，hasjustbeenelecteddeputytotheLegislativeAssembly？\"IsitatBlois，\"wherethecommandant，doomedtodeathforhavingtriedtoexecutethesedecrees，isforcedtosendawayaloyalregimentandsubmittolicentioustroops？\"IsitatN？mes，\"wheretheDauphinyregiment，onleavingthetownbytheMinister’sorders，isorderedbythepeople\"andtheclub\"todisobeytheMinisterandremain？\"Isitinthoseregimentswhoseofficers，withpistolsattheirbreasts，areobligedtoleaveandgiveplacetoamateurs？IsitatToulouse，\"where，attheendofAugust，theadministrativeauthoritiesorderallunswornprieststoleavethetowninthreedays，andwithdrawtoadistanceoffourleagues？\"IsitintheoutskirtsofToulouse，\"where，onthe28thofAugust，amunicipalofficerishungatastreet—lampafteranaffraywithguns？\"IsitatParis，where，onthe25thofSeptember，theIrishcollege，vainlyprotectedbyaninternationaltreaty，hasjustbeenassailedbythemob；whereCatholics，listeningtotheorthodoxmass，aredrivenoutanddraggedtotheauthorizedmassinthevicinity；whereonewomanistornfromtheconfessional，andanotherfloggedwithalltheirmight？[2]
Thesetroubles，itissaid，aretransient；ontheConstitutionbeingproclaimed，orderwillreturnofitself。Verywell，theConstitutionisvoted，acceptedbytheKing，proclaimed，andentrustedtotheLegislativeAssembly。LettheLegislativeAssemblyconsiderwhatisdoneinthefirstfewweeks。IntheeightdepartmentsthatsurroundParis，thereareriotsoneverymarket—day；farmsareinvadedandthecultivatorsofthesoilareransomedbybandsofvagabonds；themayorofMelunisriddledwithballsanddraggedoutfromthehandsofthemobstreamingwithblood。[3]AtBelfort，ariotforthepurposeofretainingaconvoyofcoin，andthecommissioneroftheUpper—Rhineindangerofdeath；atBouxvillers，ownersofpropertyattackedbypoorNationalGuards，andbythesoldiersofSalm—Salm，housesbrokenintoandcellarspillaged；atMirecourt，aflockofwomenbeatingdrums，and，forthreedays，holdingtheH？tel—de—Villeinastateofsiege。—
—OnedayRochefortisinastateofinsurrection，andtheworkmenoftheharborcompelthemunicipalitytounfurltheredflag。[4]Onthefollowingday，itisLille，thepeopleofwhich，\"unwillingtoexchangeitsmoneyandassignatsforpaper—rags，calledbilletsdeconfiance，gatherintomobsandthreaten，whileawholegarrisonisnecessarytopreventanexplosion。\"Onthe16thofOctober，itisAvignoninthepowerofbandits，withtheabominablebutcheryoftheGlacière。Onthe5thofNovember，atCaen，thereareeighty—twogentlemen，townsmenandartisans，knockeddownanddraggedtoprison，forhavingofferedtheirservicestothemunicipalityasspecialconstables。Onthe14thofNovember，atMontpellier，theroughstriumph；eightmenandwomenarekilledinthestreetsorintheirhouses，andallconservativesaredisarmedorputtoflight。BytheendofOctober，itisagiganticcolumnofsmokeandflameshootingupwardsuddenlyfromweektoweekandspreadingeverywhere，growing，ontheothersideoftheAtlantic，intocivilwarinSt。Domingo，wherewildbeastsareletlooseagainsttheirkeepers；50，000blackstakethefield，and，attheoutset，1，000whitesareassassinated，15，000Negroesslain，200sugar—millsdestroyedanddamagedonetotheamountof600，000，000；\"acolonyofitselfaloneworthtenprovinces，isalmostannihilated。\"[5]AtParis，Condorcetisbusywritinginhisjournalthat\"thisnewsisnotreliable，therebeingnoobjectinitbuttocreateaFrenchempirebeyondtheseasfortheKing，wheretherewillbemastersandslaves。\"AcorporaloftheParisNationalGuard，onhisownauthority，orderstheKingtoremainindoors，fearingthathemayescape，andforbidsasentineltolethimgooutafternineo’clockintheevening；[6]attheTuileries，stump—speakersintheopenairdenouncearistocratsandpriests；atthePalais—Royal，thereisapandemoniumofpubliclustandincendiaryspeeches。[7]
Therearecentersofriotinallquarters，\"asmanyrobberiesastherearequarter—hours，andnorobberspunished；nopolice；overcrowdedcourts；moredelinquentsthanthereareprisonstoholdthem；nearlyalltheprivatemansionsclosed；theannualconsumptioninthefaubourgSt。Germainalonediminishedby250millions；20，000thieves，withbrandedbacks，idlingawaytimeinhousesofbadrepute，atthetheaters，inthePalais—Royal，attheNationalAssembly，andinthecoffee—houses；thousandsofbeggarsinfestingthestreets，crossways，andpublicsquares。Everywhereanimageofthedeepestpovertywhichisnotcallingforone’spityasitisaccompaniedwithinsolence。
Swarmsoftatteredvendorsareofferingallsortsofpaper—money，issuedbyanybodythatchosetoputitincirculation，cutupintobits，sold，given，andcomingbackinrags，foulerthanthemiserablecreatureswhodealinit。\"[8]Outof700，000inhabitantsthereare100，000ofthepoor，ofwhich60，000haveflockedinfromthedepartments；[9]amongthemare30，000needyartisansfromthenationalworkshops，dischargedandsenthomeintheprecedingmonthofJune，butwho，returningthreemonthslater，areagainswallowedupinthegreatsinkofvagabondage，hurlingtheirfloatingmassagainstthecrazyedificeofpublicauthorityandfurnishingtheforcesofsedition。——AtParis，andintheprovinces，disobedienceexiststhroughoutthehierarchy。Directoriescountermandministerialorders。
Here，municipalitiesbravethecommandsoftheirDirectory；there，communitiesorderaroundtheirmayorwithadrawnsword。Elsewhere，soldiersandsailorsputtheirofficersunderarrest。Theaccusedinsultthejudgeonthebenchandforcehimtocancelhisverdict；
mobstaxorplunderwheatinthemarket；NationalGuardspreventitsdistribution，orseizeitinthestorehouses。Thereisnosecurityforproperty，lives，orconsciences。ThemajorityofFrenchmenaredeprivedoftheirrighttoworshipintheirownfaith，andofvotingattheelections。Thereisnosafety，dayornight，fortheéliteofthenation，forecclesiasticsandthegentry，forarmyandnavyofficers，forrichmerchantsandlargelandedproprietors；noprotectioninthecourts，noincomefrompublicfunds；denunciationsabound，expulsions，banishmentstotheinterior，attacksonprivatehouses；thereisnorightoffreeassemblage，eventoenforcethelawundertheordersoflegalauthorities。[10]Opposedtothis，andincontrastwithit，istheprivilegeandimmunityofasectformedintoapoliticalcorporation，\"whichextendsitsfiliationsoverthewholekingdom，andevenabroad；whichhasitsowntreasury，itscommittees，anditsby—laws；whichrulesthegovernment，whichjudgesjustice，\"[11]andwhich，fromthecapitaltothehamlet，usurpsordirectstheadministration。Liberty，equality，andthemajestyofthelawexistnowhere，exceptinwords。OfthethreethousanddecreesgivenbirthtobytheConstituentAssembly，themostlauded，thosethebestsetoffbyaphilosophicbaptism，formamassofstillbornabortionsofwhichFranceistheburying—ground。Thatwhichreallysubsistsunderneaththefalseappearancesofright，proclaimedandsworntooverandoveragain，is，ontheonehand，anoppressionoftheupperandcultivatedclasses，fromwhichalltherightsofmanarewithdrawn，and，ontheotherhand，thetyrannyofthefanaticalandbrutalrabblewhichassumestoitselfalltherightsofsovereignty。
II。
TheAssemblyhostiletotheoppressedandfavoringoppressors。——
Decreesagainstthenoblesandclergy。——Amnestyfordeserters，convicts，andbandits。——Anarchicalandlevelingmaxims。
InvaindothehonestmenoftheAssemblyprotestagainstthisscandalandthisoverthrow。TheAssembly，guidedandforcedbytheJacobins，willonlyamendthelawtodamntheoppressedandtoauthorizetheiroppressors。——WithoutmakinganydistinctionbetweenarmedassemblagesatCoblentz，whichithadarighttopunish，andrefugees，threetimesasnumerous，oldmen，womenandchildren，somanyindifferentandinoffensivepeople，notmerelynoblesbutplebeians，[12]wholeftthesoilonlytoescapepopularoutrages，itconfiscatesthepropertyofallemigrantsandordersthistobesold。[13]Throughthenewrestrictionofthepassport，thosewhoremainaretiedtotheirdomiciles，theirfreedomofmovement，evenintheinterior，beingsubjecttothedecisionofeachJacobinmunicipality。[14]Itcompletestheirruinbydeprivingthemwithoutindemnityofallincomefromtheirrealestate，ofalltheseignorialrightswhichtheConstituentAssemblyhaddeclaredtobelegitimate。[15]Itabolishes，asfarasitcan，theirhistoryandtheirpast，byburninginthepublicdepotstheirgenealogicaltitles。[16]——Toallunswornecclesiastics，two—thirdsoftheFrenchclergy，itwithholdsbread，thesmallpensionallowedthemforfood，whichistheransomoftheirconfiscatedpossessions；[17]itdeclaresthem\"suspectedofrevoltagainstthelawandofbadintentionsagainstthecountry；\"itsubjectsthemtospecialsurveillance；itauthorizestheirexpulsionwithouttrialbylocalrulersincaseofdisturbances；itdecreesthatinsuchcasestheyshallbebanished。[18]Itsuppresses\"allsecularcongregationsofmenandwomenecclesiasticorlaic，eventhosewhollydevotedtohospitalservicewilltakeawayfrom600，000childrenthemeansoflearningtoreadandwrite。\"[19]Itlaysinjunctionsontheirdress；itplacesepiscopalpalacesinthemarketforsale，alsothebuildingsstilloccupiedbymonksandnuns。[20]ItwelcomeswithroundsofapplauseamarriedpriestwhointroduceshiswifetotheAssembly。——NotonlyistheAssemblydestructivebutitisinsulting；theauthorsofeachdecreepassedbyitaddtoitsthunderbolttherattlinghailoftheirownabuseandslander。
\"Children，\"saysadeputy，\"havethepoisonofaristocracyandfanaticisminjectedintothembythecongregations。\"[21]
\"Purgetheruraldistrictsoftheverminwhichisdevouringthem！\"—
\"Everybodyknows，\"saysIsnard，\"thatthepriestisascowardlyasheisvindictive……LetthesepestiferousfellowsbesentbacktoRomanandItalianlazarettos……Whatreligionisthatwhich，initsnature，isunsocialandrebelliousinprinciple？\"
Whetherunsworn，whetherimmigrantsactuallyorinfeeling，\"largeproprietors，richmerchants，falseconservatives，\"[22]arealloutspokenconspiratorsorconcealedenemies。Allpublicdisastersareimputedtothem。\"Thecauseofthetroubles，\"saysBrissot，[23]\"whichlaywastethecolonies，istheinfernalvanityofthewhiteswhohavethreetimesviolatedanengagementwhichtheyhavethreetimessworntomaintain。\"Scarcityofworkandshortcropsareaccountedforthroughtheircunningmalevolence。
\"Alargenumberofrichmen，\"saysFran？oisdeNantes，[24]\"allowtheirpropertytorundownandtheirfieldstoliefallow，soastoenjoyseeingthesufferingofthepeople。\"
Franceisdividedintotwoparties，ontheonehand，thearistocracytowhichisattributedeveryvice，and，ontheotherhand，thepeopleonwhomisconferredeveryvirtue。[25]
\"Thedefenseofliberty，\"saysLamarque，[26]\"isbaselyabandonedeverydaybytherichandbytheformernobility，whoputonthemaskofpatriotismonlytocheatus。Itisnotinthisclass，butonlyinthatofcitizenswhoaredisdainfullycalledthepeople，thatwefindpurebeings，thoseardentsoulsreallyworthyofliberty。\"——Onestepmoreandeverythingwillbepermittedtothevirtuousagainstthewicked；ifmisfortunebefallsthearistocratssomuchtheworseforthem。Thoseofficerswhoarestoned，M。delaJailleandothers，\"wouldn’ttheydobetternottodeservebeingsacrificedtopopularfury？\"[27]Isnardexclaimsinthetribune，\"itisthelong—continuedimmunityenjoyedbycriminalswhichhasrenderedthepeopleexecutioners。Yes，anangrypeople，likeanangryGod，isonlytoooftentheterriblesupplementofsilentlaws。\"[28]——Inotherwordscrimesarejustifiedandassassinationsstillprovokedagainstthosewhohavebeenassassinatedforthepasttwoyears。
Byaforcedconclusion，ifthevictimsarecriminals，theirexecutionersarehonest，andtheAssembly，whichrigorouslyproceedsagainsttheformer，reservesallitsindulgenceforthelatter。Itreinstatesthenumerousdeserterswhoabandonedtheirflagsprevioustothe1stofJanuary，1789；[29]itallowsthemthreesousperleaguemileage，andbringsthembacktotheirhomesortotheirregimentstobecome，alongwiththeirbrethrenwhosedesertionismorerecent，eitherleadersorrecruitsforthemob。ItreleasesfromthegalleysthefortySwissguardsofChateaurouxwhomtheirowncantonsdesiredtohavekeptthere；itpermitsthese\"’martyrstoLiberty\"topromenadethestreetsofParisinatriumphalcar；[30]itadmitsthemtothebarofthehouse，and，takingaformalvoteonit，extendstothemthehonorsofthesession。[31]Finally，asifitweretheirspecialbusinesstoletlooseonthepublicthemostferociousandfoulestoftherabble，itamnestiesJourdan，Mainvielle，Duprat，andRaphel，fugitiveconvicts，jail—birds，thecondottieriofalllandsassumingthetitleof\"thebravebrigandsofAvignon，\"andwho，foreighteenmonths，havepillagedandplunderedtheComtat[32]；itstopsthetrial，almostover，oftheGlacièrebutchers；ittoleratesthereturnoftheseasvictors，[33]andtheirinstallationbytheirownactintheplacesofthefugitivemagistrates，allowingAvignontobetreatedasaconqueredcity，and，henceforth，tobecometheirpreyandtheirbooty。Thisisawillfulrestorationofthevermintothesocialbody，and，inthisfeverishbody，nothingisoverlookedthatwillincreasethefever。Themostanarchicalanddeleteriousmaximsemanate，likemiasma，fromtheAssemblybenches。Thereductionofthingstoanabsolutelevelisadoptedasaprinciple；\"equalityofrights，\"saysLamarque，[34]\"istobemaintainedonlybytendingsteadilytoanequalityoffortunes；\"thistheoryispracticallyappliedonallsidessincetheproletariatispillagingallwhoownproperty。——\"Letthecommunalpossessionsbepartitionedamongthecitizensofthesurroundingvillages，\"saysFran？oisdeNantes，\"inaninverseratiototheirfortunes，andlethimwhohastheleastinheritancetakethelargestshareinthedivisions。\"[35]Conceivetheeffectofthismotionreadateveningtopeasantswhoareatthisverymomentclaimingtheirlord’sforestfortheircommune。M。Corneilleprohibitsanytaxtobeleviedforthepublictreasuryonthewagesofmanuallabor，becausenature，andnotsociety，givesusthe\"righttolive。\"[36]Ontheotherhand，heconfersonthepublictreasurytherightoftakingthewholeofanincome，becauseitissociety，andnotnature，whichinstitutespublicfunds；hence，accordingtohim，thepoormajoritymustberelievedofalltaxation，andalltaxesmustfallontherichminority。Thesystemiswell—timedandtheargumentaptforconvincingindigentorstraitenedtax—payers，namely，therefractorymajority，thatitstaxesarejust，andthatitshouldnotrefusetobetaxed。—
\"Underthereignofliberty，\"saysPresidentDaverhoult，[37]\"thepeoplehavetherighttoinsistnotmerelyonsubsistence，butagainonplentyandhappiness。\"[38]
Accordingly，beinginastateofpovertytheyhavebeenbetrayed。——
\"ElevatedtotheheightachievedbytheFrenchpeople，\"saysanotherpresident，\"itlooksdownuponthetempestsunderitsfeet。\"[39]Thetempestisathandandburstsoveritshead。War，likeablackcloud，risesabovethehorizon，overspreadsthesky，thundersandwrapsFrancefilledwithexplosivematerialsinacircleoflightening，anditistheAssemblywhich，throughthegreatestofitsmistakes，drawsdowntheboltonthenation’shead。
III。
War。——Dispositionofforeignpowers。——TheKing’sdislikes。——
ProvocationoftheGirondins。——Datesandcausesoftherupture。
Itmighthavebeenturnedasidewithalittleprudence。Twoprincipalgrievanceswerealleged，onebyFranceandtheotherbytheEmpire。——
Ontheonehand，andveryjustly，Francecomplainedofthegatheringofémigré’s，whichtheEmperorandElectorstoleratedagainstitonthefrontier。Inthefirstplace，however，afewthousandgentlemen，withouttroopsorstores，andnearlywithoutmoney，[40]werehardlytobefeared，and，besidesthis，longbeforethedecisivehourcamethesetroopsweredispersed，atoncebytheEmperorinhisowndominions，and，fifteendaysafterwards，bytheElectorofTrèvesinhiselectorate。[41]——Ontheotherhand，accordingtotreaties，theGermanprinces，whoownedestatesinAlsace，madeclaimsforthefeudalrightsabolishedontheirFrenchpossessionsandtheDietforbadethemtoaccepttheofferedindemnity。But，asfarastheDietisconcerned，nothingwaseasiernormorecustomarythantoletnegotiationsdragalong，therebeingnoriskorinconvenienceattendingthesuitas，duringthedelay，theclaimantsremainedempty—
handed。——If，now，behindtheostensiblemotives，therealintentionsaresoughtfor，itiscertainthat，uptoJanuary，1792，theintentionsofAustriawerepacific。ThegrantsmadetotheComted’Artois，intheDeclarationofPilnitz，weremerelyacourt—
sprinklingofholy—water，thesemblanceofanillusorypromiseandsubjecttoaEuropeanconcertofaction，thatistosay，annulledbeforehandbyanindefinitepostponement，whilethispretendedleagueofsovereignsisatonce\"placedbythepoliticiansintheclassofaugustcomedies。[42]\"Farfromtakinguparmsagainst\"NewFrance\"inthenameofoldFrance，theemperorLeopoldandhisprimeministerKaunitz，weredelightedtoseetheconstitutioncompletedandacceptedbytheKing；it\"gotthemoutofanembarrassingposition，\"[43]andPrussiaaswell。Intherunningofgovernments，politicaladvantageisthegreatincentiveandbothpowersneededalltheirforcesinanotherdirection，inPoland。Oneforretarding，andtheotherforacceleratingthedivisionofthiscountry，andboth，whenthepartitiontookplace，togetenoughforthemselvesandpreventRussiafromgettingtoomuch。——ThesovereignsofPrussiaandAustria，accordingly，didnothaveanyideaofsavingLouisXVI，norofconductingtheémigrésback，norofconqueringFrenchprovinces。Ifanythingwastobeexpectedfromthemonaccountofpersonalill—will，therewasnofearoftheirarmedintervention。——InFranceitisnottheKingwhourgesarupture；heknowstoowellthatthehazardsofwarwillplacehimandhisdependentsinmortaldanger。Secretlyaswellaspublicly，inwritingtotheémigrés，hiswishesaretobringthembackortorestrainthem。InhisprivatecorrespondenceheasksoftheEuropeanpowersnotphysicalbutmoralaid，theexternalsupportofacongresswhichwillpermitmoderatemen，thepartisansoforder，allownersofproperty，toraisetheirheadsandrallyaroundthethroneandthelawsagainstanarchy。Inhisministerialcorrespondenceeveryprecautionistakennottotouchofforletsomeonetouchoffanexplosion。Atthecriticalmomentofthediscussion[44]heentreatsthedeputies，throughM。Delessart，hisMinisterofForeignAffairs，toweightheirwordsandespeciallynottosendademandcontaininga\"deadline。\"Heresists，asfarashispassivenatureallowshim，totheverylast。Onbeingforcedtodeclarewarherequiresbeforehandthesignedadviceofallhisministers。Hedoesnotutterthefatalwords，untilhe，\"withtearsinhiseyes\"andinthemostdirestraits，isdraggedonbyanAssemblyqualifyingallcautionastreasonandwhichhasjustdispatchedM。
Delessarttoappear，underacapitalcharge，beforethesupremecourtatOrléans。
ItistheAssemblythenwhichlaunchesthedisabledshipontheroaringabyssesofanunknownsea，withoutarudderandleakingateveryseam。Italoneslipsthecablewhichhelditinportandwhichtheforeignpowersneitherdarednordesiredtosever。Here，again，theGirondistsaretheleadersandholdtheaxe；sincethelastofOctobertheyhavegraspeditandstruckrepeatedblows。[45]——Asanexception，theextremeJacobins，Couthon，Collotd’Herbois，Danton，Robespierre，donotsidewiththem。Robespierre，whoatfirstproposedtoconfinetheEmperor\"withinthecircleofPopilius，\"[46]fearstheplacingoftoogreatapowerintheKing’shands，and，growingmistrustful，preachesdistrust。——Butthegreatmassoftheparty，ledbyclamorouspublicopinion，impelsonthetimidmarchinginfront。Ofthemanythingsofwhichknowledgeisnecessarytoconductsuccessfullysuchacomplexanddelicateaffair，theyknownothing。
Theyareignorantaboutcabinets，courts，populations，treaties，precedents，timelyformsandrequisitestyle。TheirguideandcounselorinforeignrelationsisBrissotwhosepre—eminenceisbasedontheirignoranceandwho，exaltedintoastatesman，becomesforafewmonthsthemostconspicuousfigureinEurope。[47]TowhateverextentaEuropeancalamitymaybeattributedtoanyoneman，thisoneistobeattributedtohim。Itisthiswretch，borninapastry—cook’sshop，broughtupinanattorney’soffice，formerlyapoliceagentat150francspermonth，onceinleaguewithscandal—mongersandblack—
mailers，[48]apenny—a—liner，busybody，andmeddler，who，withthehalf—informationofanomad，scrapsofnewspaperideasandreading—
roomlore，[49]addedtohisscribblingsasawriterandhisclubdeclamation，directsthedestiniesofFranceandstartsawarinEuropewhichistodestroysixmillionsoflives。Intheatticwherehiswifeiswashinghisshirts，heenjoysrebukingrulersand，onthe20thofOctober，inthetribune，[50]hebeginsbyinsultingthirtyforeignsovereigns。Suchkeen，intenseenjoymentisthestuffonwhichthenewfanaticismdailyfeedsitself。MadameRolandherselfdelights，withevidentcomplacency，init，somethingwhichcanbeseeninthetwofamouslettersinwhich，withasupercilioustone，shefirstinstructstheKingandnextthePope。[51]Brissot，atbottom，regardshimselfasaLouisXIV，andexpresslyinvitestheJacobinstoimitatethehaughtywaysoftheGreatMonarch。[52]——Tothetactlessnessoftheintruder，andthetouchinessoftheparvenu，wecanaddtherigidityofthesectarian。TheJacobins，inthenameofabstractrights，denyhistoricrights；theyimposefromabove，andbyforce，thattruthofwhichtheyaretheapostles，andallowthemselveseveryprovocationwhichtheyprohibittoothers。
\"LetustellEurope，\"criesIsnard，[53]\"thattenmillionsofFrenchmen，armedwiththesword，withthepen，withreason，witheloquence，might，ifprovoked，changethefaceoftheworldandmaketyrantstrembleontheirthronesofclay。\"
\"Whereverathroneexists，\"saysHéraultdeSéchelles，\"thereisanenemy。\"[54]
\"Anhonestpeacebetweentyrannyandliberty，\"saysBrissot，\"isimpossible。OurConstitutionisaneternalanathematoabsolutemonarchs……Itplacesthemontrial，itpronouncesjudgmentonthem；itseemstosaytoeach:to—morrowthouhaveceasedtobeorshaltbekingonlythroughthepeople……Warisnowanationalbenefit，andnottohavewaristheonlycalamitytobedreaded。\"[55]
\"Telltheking，\"saysGensonné，\"thatthewarisamust，thatpublicopiniondemandsit，thatthesafetyoftheempiremakesitalaw。\"[56]
\"Thestatewearein，\"concludesVergniaud，\"isaveritablestateofdestructionthatmayleadustodisgraceanddeath。Sothentoarms！
toarms！Citizens，freemen，defendyourliberty，confirmthehopesofthatofthehumanrace……Losenottheadvantageofyourposition。
Attacknowthatthereiseverysignofcompletesuccess……Thespiritsofpastgenerationsseemtomecrowdingintothistempletoconjureyou，inthenameoftheevilswhichslaveryhadcompelledthemtoendure，toprotectthefuturegenerationswhosedestiniesareinyourhands！Letthisprayerbegranted！BeforthefutureanewProvidence！Allyyourselveswitheternaljustice！\"[57]
AmongtheMarseillesspeakersthereisnolongeranyroomforseriousdiscussion。Brissot，inreplytotheclaimmadebytheEmperoronbehalfoftheprinces’propertyinAlsatia，repliesthat\"thesovereigntyofthepeopleisnotboundbythetreatiesoftyrants。\"[58]Astothegatheringsoftheémigrés，theEmperorhavingyieldedonthispoint，hewillyieldontheothers。[59]LethimformallyrenounceallcombinationsagainstFrance。
\"Iwantwaronthe10thofFebruary，\"saysBrissot，\"unlesswehavereceivedhisrenunciation。\"
Noexplanations；itissatisfactionwewant；\"torequiresatisfactionistoputtheEmperoratourmercy。\"[60]TheAssembly，soeagertostartthequarrel，usurpstheKing’srighttotakethefirststepandformallydeclareswar，fixingthedate。[61]——Thedieisnowcast。
\"Theywantwar，\"saystheEmperor，\"andtheyshallhaveit。\"
AustriaimmediatelyformsanalliancewithPrussia，threatened，likeherself，withrevolutionarypropaganda。[62]BysoundingthealarmbellestheJacobins，mastersoftheAssembly，havesucceededinbringingaboutthat\"monstrousalliance，\"and，fromdaytoday，thisalarmsoundsthelouder。Oneyearmore，thankstothispolicy，andFrancewillhaveallEuropeforanenemyandasitsonlyfriend，theRegencyofAlgiers，whoseinternalsystemofgovernmentisaboutthesameasherown。
IV。
Secretmotivesoftheleaders。——Theircontrolcompromisedbypeace。
——Discontentoftherichandcultivatedclass。——Formationandincreaseofthepartyoforder。——TheKingandthispartyreconciled。
Behindtheircarmagnoles[63]wecandetectadesignwhichtheywillavowlateron。
\"WewerealwaysobstructedbytheConstitution，\"Brissotistosay，\"andnothingbutwarcoulddestroytheConstitution。\"[64]
Diplomaticwrongs，consequently，ofwhichtheymakeparade，aresimplypretexts；iftheyurgewaritisforthepurposeofoverthrowingthelegalorderofthingswhichannoysthem；theirrealobjectistheconquestsofpower，asecondinternalrevolution，theapplicationoftheirsystemandafinalstateofequality。——Concealedbehindthemisthemostpoliticandabsoluteoftheorists，aman\"whosegreatartistheattainmentofhisendswithoutshowinghimself，thepreparationofothersforfar—sightedviewsofwhichtheyhavenosuspicion，andthatofspeakingbutlittleinpublicandactinginsecret。\"[65]ThismanisSieyès，\"theleaderofeverythingwithoutseemingtoleadanything。\"[66]AsinfatuatedasRousseauwithhisownspeculations，butasunscrupulousandasclear—sightedasMacchiavelliintheselectionofpracticalmeans，hewas，is，andwillbe，indecisivemoments，theconsultingcounselofradicaldemocracy。
\"Hispridetoleratesnosuperiority。Hecausesnobilitytobeabolishedbecauseheisnotanoble；becausehedoesnotpossessallhewilldestroyall。HisfundamentaldoctrinefortheconsolidationoftheRevolutionis，thatitisindispensabletochangereligionandtochangethedynasty。\"
Now，hadpeacebeenmaintainedallthiswasimpossible；moreovertheascendanceofthepartywascompromised。Entireclassesthathadadheredtothepartywhenitlaunchedinsurrectionagainsttheprivileged，brokeloosefromitnowthatinsurrectionwasdirectedagainstthem；amongthoughtfulmenandamongthosewithproperty，mostweredisgustedwithanarchy，andlikewisedisgustedwiththeabettorsofit。Manyadministrators，magistratesandfunctionariesrecentlyelected，loudlycomplainedoftheirauthoritybeingsubjecttothemob。Manycultivators，manufacturersandmerchantshavebecomesilentlyexasperatedatthefruitsoftheirlaborandeconomybeingsurrenderedatdiscretiontorobbersandtheindigent。Itwashardfortheflour—dealersofEtampesnottodaresendawaytheirwheat，tobeobligedtosupplycustomersatnight，totrembleintheirownhouses，andtoknowthatiftheywentout—doorstheyriskedtheirlives。[67]
ItwashardforwholesalegrocersinParistoseetheirwarehousesinvaded，theirwindowssmashed，theirbagsofcoffeeandboxesofsugarvaluedatalowprice，parceledoutandcarriedawaybyoldhagsortakengratisbyscampswhoranoffandsoldthemattheotherendofthestreet。[68]Itwashardinallplacesforthefamiliesoftheoldbourgeoisie，fortheformerlyprominentmenineachtownandvillage，fortheeminentineachart，professionortrade，forreputableandwell—to—dopeople，inshort，forthemajorityofmenwhohadagoodroofovertheirheadsandagoodcoatontheirbacks，toundergotheillegaldominationofacrowdledbyafewhundredordozensofstump—speakersandfirebrands。——Already，inthebeginningof1792，thisdissatisfactionwassogreatastobedenouncedinthetribuneandinthepress。Isnard[69]railedagainst\"thatmultitudeoflargeproperty—holders，thoseopulentmerchants，thosehaughty，wealthypersonageswho，advantageouslyplacedinthesocialamphitheater，areunwillingtohavetheirseatschanged。\"Thebourgeoisie，\"wrotePétion，[70]\"thatnumerousclassfreeofanyanxiety，isseparatingitselffromthepeople；itconsidersitselfabovethem，……theyarethesoleobjectofitsdistrust。Itiseverywherehauntedbytheoneideathattherevolutionisawarbetweenthosewhohaveandthosewhohavenot。\"——Itabstains，indeed，fromtheelections，itkeepsawayfrompatrioticclubs，itdemandstherestorationoforderandthereignoflaw；itralliestoitself\"themultitudeofconservative，timidpeople，forwhomtranquilityistheprimenecessity，\"andespecially，whichisstillmoreserious，itchargesthedisturbancesupontheirveritableauthors。Withsuppressedindignationandamassofundisputedevidence，AndréChénier，amanoffeeling，startsupinthemidstofthesilentcrowdandopenlytearsoffthemaskfromtheJacobins。[71]
Hebringsintofulllightthedailysophismbywhichamob，\"somehundredsofidlersgatheredinagardenoratatheater，areimpudentlycalledthepeople。\"Heportraysthose\"threeorfourthousandusurpersofnationalsovereigntywhomtheiroratorsandwritersdailyintoxicatewithgrosserincensethananyadulationofferedtotheworstofdespots；\"thoseassemblieswhere\"aninfinitelysmallnumberofFrenchappearslarge，becausetheyareunitedandyell；\"thatParisclubfromwhichhonest，industrious，intelligentpeoplehadwithdrawnonebyonetogiveplacetointriguersindebt，topersonsoftarnishedreputations，tothehypocritesofpatriotism，totheloversofuproar，toabortivetalents，tocorruptedintellects，tooutcastsofeverykindanddegreewho，unabletomanagetheirownbusiness，indemnifythemselvesbymanagingthatofthepublic。Heshowshow，aroundthecentralfactoryanditstwelvehundredbranchesofinsurrection，thetwelvehundredaffiliatedclubs，which，\"holdingeachother’shands，formasortofelectricchainaroundallFrance\"andgivingitashockateverytouchfromthecenter；theirconfederation，installedandenthroned，isnotonlyasaStatewithintheState，butratherasasovereignStateinavassalState；summoningtheiradministrativebodiestotheirbar，judicialverdictssetasidethroughtheirintervention，privateindividualssearched，assessedandcondemnedthroughtheirverdicts。
Allthisconstitutesasteady，systematicdefenseofinsubordinationandrevolt；as，\"underthenameofhoardingandmonopoly，commerceandindustryaredescribedasmisdemeanors；\"propertyisunsettledandeveryrichmanrenderedsuspicious，\"talentandintegritysilenced。\"
Inshort，apublicconspiracymadeagainstsocietyintheverynameofsociety，\"whilethesacredsymboloflibertyismadeuseofasaseal\"
toexemptafewtyrantsfrompunishment。SuchaprotestsaidaloudwhatmostFrenchmenmutteredtothemselves，andfrommonthtomonth，graverexcessesexitedgreatercensure。
\"Anarchyexists[72]toadegreescarcelytobeparalleled，wrotetheambassadoroftheUnitedStates。Thehorrorandapprehension，whichthelicentiousassociationshaveuniversallyinspired，aresuchthatthereisreasontobelievethatthegreatmassoftheFrenchpopulationwouldconsiderevendespotismablessing，ifaccompaniedwiththatsecuritytopersonsandproperty，experiencedevenundertheworstgovernmentsinEurope。\"
Anotherobserver，notlesscompetent，[73]says:
\"itisplaintomyeyesthatwhenLouisXVI。finallysuccumbed，hehadmorepartisansinFrancethantheyearprevious，atthetimeofhisflighttoVarennes。\"
Thetruthofthis，indeed，wasfrequentlyverifiedattheendof1791
andbeginningof1792，byvariousinvestigations。[74]\"Eighteenthousandofficersofeverygrade，electedbytheconstitutionalists，seventy—onedepartmentadministrationsoutofeighty—two，mostofthetribunals，[75]alltradersandmanufacturers，everychiefandalargeportionoftheNationalGuardofParis，\"inshort，theéliteofthenation，andamongcitizensgenerally，thegreatmajoritywholivedfromdaytodaywereforhim，andforthe\"Right\"oftheAssemblyagainstthe\"Left\"。Ifinternaltroublehadnotbeencomplicatedbyexternaldifficulties，therewouldhavebeenachangeinopinion，andthistheKingexpected。InacceptingtheConstitution，hethoughtthatitsdefectswouldberevealedinpracticaloperationandthattheywouldleadtoareform。InthemeantimehescrupulouslyobservedtheConstitution，and，throughinterestaswellasconscience，kepthisoathtotheletter。\"ThemostfaithfulexecutionoftheConstitution，\"
hesaidtooneofhisministers，\"isthesurestwaytomakethenationseethechangesthatoughttobemadeinit。\"[76]——Inotherwords，hecountedonexperience，anditisveryprobablethatiftherehadbeennothingtointerferewithexperience，hiscalculationswouldhavefinallychosenbetweenthedefendersoforderandtheinstigatorsofdisorder。Itwouldhavedecidedforthemagistratesagainsttheclubs，forthepoliceagainstrioters，forthekingagainstthemob。Inoneortwoyearsmoreitwouldhavelearnedthatarestorationoftheexecutivepowerwasindispensableforsecuringtheexecutionofthelaws；thatthechiefofpolice，withhishandstied，couldnotdohisduty；thatitwasundoubtedlywisetogivehimhisorders，butthatifhewastobeofanyuseagainstknavesandfools，hishandsshouldfirstbesetfree。
V。
Effectsofthewaronthecommonpeople。——Itsalarmsandfury。——Thesecondrevolutionaryoutburstanditscharacteristics。——AllianceoftheGirondistswiththemob。——Theredcapandpikes。——Universalsubstitutionofgovernmentbyforceforgovernmentbylaw。
Justthecontrarywithwar；theaspectofthingschanges，andthealternativeistheotherway。Itisnolongerachoicebetweenorderanddisorder，butbetweenthenewandtheoldregime，for，behindforeignopponentsonthefrontier，therestandtheémigrés。Thecommotionisterrible，especiallyamongstthelowerclasseswhichmainlyborethewholeweightoftheoldestablishment；amongthemillionswholivebythesweatoftheirbrow，artisans，smallfarmers，métayers，day—laborersandsoldiers，alsothesmugglersofsaltandotherarticles，poachers，vagabonds，beggarsandhalf—beggars，who，taxed，plundered，andharshlytreatedforcenturies，havetoendure，fromfathertoson，poverty，oppressionanddisdain。Theyknowthroughtheirownexperiencethedifferencebetweentheirlateandtheirpresentcondition。Theyhaveonlytofallbackonpersonalknowledgetoreviveintheirimaginationstheenormousroyal，ecclesiastical，andseignorialtaxes，thedirecttaxofeighty—onepercent。，thebailiffsincharge，theseizuresandthehusbandryservice，theinquisitionofexcisemen，ofinspectorsofthesalttax，winetax（ratsdecave）andgame—keepers，theravagesofwildbirdsandofpigeons，theextortionsofthecollectorandhisclerk，thedelayandpartialityinobtainingjustice，therashnessandbrutalityofthepolice，thekicksandcuffsoftheconstabulary，thepoorwretchesgatheredlikeheapsofdirtandfilth，thepromiscuousness，theover—
crowding，thefilthandthestarvationoftheprisons。[77]Theyhavesimplytoopentheireyestoseetheirimmensedeliverance；alldirectorindirecttaxesforthepasttwoyearslegallyabolishedorpracticallysuppressed，beerattwopenniesapot，wineatsix，pigeonsintheirmeat—safes，gameontheirturn—spits，thewoodofthenationalforestsintheirlofts，thegendarmerietimid，thepoliceabsent，inmanyplacesthecropsalltheirs，theownernotdaringtoclaimhisshare，thejudgeavoidingcondemningthem，theconstablerefusingtoservepapersonthem，privilegesrestoredintheirfavor，thepublicauthoritiescringingtothecrowdsandyieldingtotheirexactions，remainingquietorunarmedinthefaceoftheirmisdeeds，theiroutragesexcusedortolerated，theirsuperiorgoodsenseanddeepfeelinglaudedinthousandsofspeeches，thejacketandtheblouseconsideredassymbolsofpatriotism，andsupremacyintheStateclaimedforthesans—culottes[78]inthenametheirmeritsandtheirvirtues。——Andnowtheoverthrowofallthisisannouncedtothem，aleagueagainstthemofforeignkings，theemigrantsinarms，aninvasionimminent，theCroatsandPandoursinthefield，hordesofmercenariesandbarbarianscrowdingdownonthemagaintoputtheminchains。——Fromtheworkshoptothecottagethererollsalongaformidableoutburstofanger，accompaniedwithnationalsongs，denouncingtheplotsoftyrantsandsummoningthepeopletoarms。[79]
ThisisthesecondwaveoftheRevolution，fastswellingandroaring，lessgeneralthanthefirst，sinceitbearsalongwithitbutlittlemorethanthelowerclass，buthigherandmuchmoredestructive。
Notonly，indeed，isthemassnowlaunchedforthcoarseandcrude，butanewsentimentanimatesit，theforceofwhichisincalculable，thatofplebeianpride，thatofthepoorman，thesubject，who，suddenlyerectafteragesofdebasement，relishes，farbeyondhishopesandunstintedly，thedelightsofequality，independence，anddominion。
\"FifteenmillionswhiteNegroes，\"saysMalletduPan，[80]worsefed，moremiserablethanthoseofSt。Domingo，likethemrebelledandfreedfromallauthoritybytheirrevolt，accustomedlikethem，throughthirtymonthsoflicense，torulingoverallthatisleftoftheirformermasters，proudlikethemoftherestorationoftheircasteandexultingintheirhornyhands。Onemayimaginetheirtransportsofrageonhearingthetrumpet—blastwhichawakensthem，showingthemonthehorizonthereturningplanters，bringingwiththemnewwhipsandheaviermanacles？——Nothingismoredistrustfulthansuchasentimentinsuchbreasts——quicklyalarmed，readytostrike，readyforanyactofviolence，blindlycredulous，headlongandeasilyimpelled，notmerelyagainstrealenemiesontheoutside，butatfirstagainstimaginaryenemiesontheinside，[81]butalsoagainsttheKing，theministers，thegentry，priests，parliamentarians，orthodoxCatholics；
againstalladministratorsandmagistratesimprudentenoughtohaveappealedtothelaw；
allmanufacturers，merchants，andownersofpropertywhocondemndisorder；
thewealthywhoseegotismkeepsthemathome；
allthosewhoarewell—off，well—bredandwell—dressed。
Theyareallundersuspicionbecausetheyhavelostbythenewregime，orbecausetheyhavenotadopteditsways。——SuchisthecolossalbrutewhichtheGirondinsintroduceintothepoliticalarena。[82]Forsixmonthstheyshakeredflagsbeforeitseyes，goaditon，workitupintoarageanddriveitforwardbydecreesandproclamations，*againsttheiradversariesandagainstitskeepers，*againstthenoblesandtheclergy，*againstaristocratsinsideFranceincomplicitywiththoseofCoblentz，*against\"theAustriancommittee\"theaccompliceofAustria，*againsttheKing，whosecautiontheytransformintotreachery，*againstthewholegovernmenttowhichtheyimputetheanarchytheyexcite，andthewarofwhichtheythemselvesaretheinstigators。[83]
Thusover—excitedandtopsy—turvy，theproletariatrequireonlyarmsandarallying—point。TheGirondinsfurnishboth。Throughastrikingcoincidence，onewhichshowsthattheplanwasconcerted，[84]theystartthreepoliticalenginesatthesametime。Justatthemomentwhen，throughtheirdeliberatesaber—rattling，theymadewarinevitable，theyinventedpopularinsigniaandarmedthepoor。AttheendofJanuary，1792，almostduringoneweek，theyannouncedtheirultimatumtoAustriausingafixeddeadline，theyadoptedtheredwoolencapandbeganthemanufactureofpikes。——Itisevidentthatpikesareofnouseintheopenfieldagainstcannonandaregulararmy；accordinglytheareintendedforuseintheinteriorandintowns。Letthenational—guardwhocanpayforhisuniform，andtheactivecitizenwhosethreefrancsofdirecttaxgiveshimaprivilege，owntheirguns；thestevedore，themarket—porter，thelodger，thepassivecitizen，whosepovertyexcludesthemfromvotingmusthavetheirpikes，and，intheseinsurrectionarytimes，aballotisnotworthagoodpikewieldedbybrawnyarms。——Themagistrateinhisrobesmayissueanysummonshepleases，butitwillberammeddownhisthroat，and，lestheshouldbeindoubtofthisheismadetoknowitbeforehand。\"TheRevolutionbeganwithpikesandpikeswillfinishit。\"[85]\"Ah，\"saytheregularsoftheTuileriesgardens，\"ifthegoodpatriotsoftheChampsdeMarsonlyhadhadpikeslikethesetheblue—coats（Lafayette’sguards）wouldnothavehadsuchagoodhand！\"