\"Handcuffthemall！\"shoutedJavert。
\"Comeon！\"criedavoicewhichwasnotthevoiceofaman，butofwhichnoonewouldeverhavesaid:\"Itisawoman’svoice。\"
TheThenardierwomanhadentrenchedherselfinoneoftheanglesofthewindow，anditwasshewhohadjustgivenventtothisroar。
Thepolicemenandagentsrecoiled。
Shehadthrownoffhershawl。butretainedherbonnet；
herhusband，whowascrouchingbehindher，wasalmosthiddenunderthediscardedshawl，andshewasshieldinghimwithherbody，assheelevatedthepaving—stoneaboveherheadwiththegestureofagiantessonthepointofhurlingarock。
\"Beware！\"sheshouted。
Allcrowdedbacktowardsthecorridor。Abroadopenspacewasclearedinthemiddleofthegarret。
TheThenardierwomancastaglanceattheruffianswhohadallowedthemselvestobepinioned，andmutteredinhoarseandgutturalaccents:——
\"Thecowards！\"
Javertsmiled，andadvancedacrosstheopenspacewhichtheThenardierwasdevouringwithhereyes。
\"Don’tcomenearme，\"shecried，\"orI’llcrushyou。\"
\"Whatagrenadier！\"ejaculatedJavert；\"you’vegotabeardlikeaman，mother，butIhaveclawslikeawoman。\"
Andhecontinuedtoadvance。
TheThenardier，dishevelledandterrible，setherfeetfarapart，threwherselfbackwards，andhurledthepaving—stoneatJavert’shead。
Javertducked，thestonepassedoverhim，struckthewallbehind，knockedoffahugepieceofplastering，and，reboundingfromangletoangleacrossthehovel，nowluckilyalmostempty，restedatJavert’sfeet。
Atthesamemoment，JavertreachedtheThenardiercouple。
Oneofhisbighandsdescendedonthewoman’sshoulder；theotheronthehusband’shead。
\"Thehandcuffs！\"heshouted。
Thepolicementroopedininforce，andinafewsecondsJavert’sorderhadbeenexecuted。
TheThenardierfemale，overwhelmed，staredatherpinionedhands，andatthoseofherhusband，whohaddroppedtothefloor，andexclaimed，weeping:——
\"Mydaughters！\"
\"Theyareinthejug，\"saidJavert。
Inthemeanwhile，theagentshadcaughtsightofthedrunkenmanasleepbehindthedoor，andwereshakinghim:——
Heawoke，stammering:——
\"Isitallover，Jondrette？\"
\"Yes，\"repliedJavert。
Thesixpinionedruffianswerestanding，andstillpreservedtheirspectralmien；allthreebesmearedwithblack，allthreemasked。
\"Keeponyourmasks，\"saidJavert。
AndpassingtheminreviewwithaglanceofaFrederickII。
ataPotsdamparade，hesaidtothethree\"chimney—builders\":——
\"Goodday，Bigrenaille！goodday，Brujon！goodday，Deuxmilliards！\"
Thenturningtothethreemaskedmen，hesaidtothemanwiththemeat—axe:——
\"Goodday，Gueulemer！\"
Andtothemanwiththecudgel:——
\"Goodday，Babet！\"
Andtotheventriloquist:——
\"Yourhealth，Claquesous。\"
Atthatmoment，hecaughtsightoftheruffians’prisoner。who，eversincetheentranceofthepolice，hadnotutteredaword，andhadheldhisheaddown。
\"Untiethegentleman！\"saidJavert，\"andletnoonegoout！\"
Thatsaid，heseatedhimselfwithsovereigndignitybeforethetable，wherethecandleandthewriting—materialsstillremained，drewastampedpaperfromhispocket，andbegantopreparehisreport。
Whenhehadwrittenthefirstlines，whichareformulasthatnevervary，heraisedhiseyes:——
\"Letthegentlemanwhomthesegentlemenboundstepforward。\"
Thepolicemenglancedroundthem。
\"Well，\"saidJavert，\"whereishe？\"
Theprisoneroftheruffians，M。Leblanc，M。UrbainFabre，thefatherofUrsuleortheLark，haddisappeared。
Thedoorwasguarded，butthewindowwasnot。Assoonashehadfoundhimselfreleasedfromhisbonds，andwhileJavertwasdrawinguphisreport，hehadtakenadvantageofconfusion，thecrowd，thedarkness，andofamomentwhenthegeneralattentionwasdivertedfromhim，todashoutofthewindow。
Anagentsprangtotheopeningandlookedout。Hesawnooneoutside。
Theropeladderwasstillshaking。
\"Thedevil！\"ejaculatedJavertbetweenhisteeth，\"hemusthavebeenthemostvaluableofthelot。\"
CHAPTERXXII
THELITTLEONEWHOWASCRYINGINVOLUMETWO
OnthedayfollowingthatonwhichtheseeventstookplaceinthehouseontheBoulevarddel’Hopital，achild，whoseemedtobecomingfromthedirectionofthebridgeofAusterlitz，wasascendingtheside—alleyontherightinthedirectionoftheBarrieredeFontainebleau。
Nighthadfullycome。
Thisladwaspale，thin，cladinrags，withlinentrousersinthemonthofFebruary，andwassingingatthetopofhisvoice。
AtthecorneroftheRueduPetit—Banquier，abentoldwomanwasrummaginginaheapofrefusebythelightofastreetlantern；
thechildjostledherashepassed，thenrecoiled，exclaiming:——
\"Hello！AndItookitforanenormous，enormousdog！\"
Hepronouncedthewordenormousthesecondtimewithajeeringswellofthevoicewhichmightbetolerablywellrepresentedbycapitals:
\"anenormous，ENORMOUSdog。\"
Theoldwomanstraightenedherselfupinafury。
\"Nastybrat！\"shegrumbled。\"IfIhadn’tbeenbendingover，IknowwellwhereIwouldhaveplantedmyfootonyou。\"
Theboywasalreadyfaraway。
\"Kisss！kisss！\"hecried。\"Afterthat，Idon’tthinkIwasmistaken！\"
Theoldwoman，chokingwithindignation，nowrosecompletelyupright，andtheredgleamofthelanternfullylightedupherlividface，allhollowedintoanglesandwrinkles，withcrow’s—feetmeetingthecornersofhermouth。
Herbodywaslostinthedarkness，andonlyherheadwasvisible。
OnewouldhavepronouncedheramaskofDecrepitudecarvedoutbyalightfromthenight。
Theboysurveyedher。
\"Madame，\"saidhe，\"doesnotpossessthatstyleofbeautywhichpleasesme。\"
Hethenpursuedhisroad，andresumedhissong:——
\"LeroiCoupdesabotS’enallaitalachasse，Alachasseauxcorbeaux——\"
Attheendofthesethreelineshepaused。HehadarrivedinfrontofNo。50—52，andfindingthedoorfastened，hebegantoassaultitwithresoundingandheroickicks，whichbetrayedrathertheman’sshoesthathewaswearingthanthechild’sfeetwhichheowned。
Inthemeanwhile，theveryoldwomanwhomhehadencounteredatthecorneroftheRueduPetit—Banquierhastenedupbehindhim，utteringclamorouscriesandindulginginlavishandexaggeratedgestures。
\"What’sthis？What’sthis？LordGod！He’sbatteringthedoordown！
He’sknockingthehousedown。\"
Thekickscontinued。
Theoldwomanstrainedherlungs。
\"Isthatthewaybuildingsaretreatednowadays？\"
Allatonceshepaused。
Shehadrecognizedthegamin。
\"What！soit’sthatimp！\"
\"Why，it’stheoldlady，\"saidthelad。\"Goodday，Bougonmuche。
Ihavecometoseemyancestors。\"
Theoldwomanretortedwithacompositegrimace，andawonderfulimprovisationofhatredtakingadvantageoffeeblenessandugliness，whichwas，unfortunately，wastedinthedark:——
\"There’snoonehere。\"
\"Bah！\"retortedtheboy，\"where’smyfather？\"
\"AtLaForce。\"
\"Come，now！Andmymother？\"
\"AtSaint—Lazare。\"
\"Well！Andmysisters？\"
\"AttheMadelonettes。\"
Theladscratchedhisheadbehindhisear，staredatMa’amBougon，andsaid:——
\"Ah！\"
Thenheexecutedapirouetteonhisheel；amomentlater，theoldwoman，whohadremainedonthedoor—step，heardhimsinginginhisclear，youngvoice，asheplungedundertheblackelm—trees，inthewintrywind:——
\"LeroiCoupdesabot[31]
S’enallaitalachasse，Alachasseauxcorbeaux，Montesurdeuxechasses。
Quandonpassaitdessous，Onluipayaitdeuxsous。\"
[31]KingBootkickwenta—huntingaftercrows，mountedontwostilts。
Whenonepassedbeneaththem，onepaidhimtwosous。
[TheendofVolumeIII。\"Marius\"]
VOLUMEIV。SAINT—DENIS。
THEIDYLINTHERUEPLUMETANDTHEEPICINTHERUESAINT—DENIS
BOOKFIRST。——AFEWPAGESOFHISTORY
CHAPTERI
WELLCUT
1831and1832，thetwoyearswhichareimmediatelyconnectedwiththeRevolutionofJuly，formoneofthemostpeculiarandstrikingmomentsofhistory。Thesetwoyearsriseliketwomountainsmidwaybetweenthosewhichprecedeandthosewhichfollowthem。Theyhavearevolutionarygrandeur。Precipicesaretobedistinguishedthere。
Thesocialmasses，theveryassizesofcivilization，thesolidgroupofsuperposedandadheringinterests，thecentury—oldprofilesoftheancientFrenchformation，appearanddisappearinthemeveryinstant，athwartthestormcloudsofsystems，ofpassions，andoftheories。
Theseappearancesanddisappearanceshavebeendesignatedasmovementandresistance。Atintervals，truth，thatdaylightofthehumansoul，canbedescriedshiningthere。
Thisremarkableepochisdecidedlycircumscribedandisbeginningtobesufficientlydistantfromustoallowofourgraspingtheprincipallinesevenatthepresentday。
Weshallmaketheattempt。
TheRestorationhadbeenoneofthoseintermediatephases，hardtodefine，inwhichthereisfatigue，buzzing，murmurs，sleep，tumult，andwhicharenothingelsethanthearrivalofagreatnationatahalting—place。
Theseepochsarepeculiarandmisleadthepoliticianswhodesiretoconvertthemtoprofit。Inthebeginning，thenationasksnothingbutrepose；itthirstsforbutonething，peace；ithasbutoneambition，tobesmall。Whichisthetranslationofremainingtranquil。
Ofgreatevents，greathazards，greatadventures，greatmen，thankGod，wehaveseenenough，wehavethemheapedhigherthanourheads。WewouldexchangeCaesarforPrusias，andNapoleonfortheKingofYvetot。
\"Whatagoodlittlekingwashe！\"Wehavemarchedsincedaybreak，wehavereachedtheeveningofalongandtoilsomeday；wehavemadeourfirstchangewithMirabeau，thesecondwithRobespierre，thethirdwithBonaparte；wearewornout。Eachonedemandsabed。
Devotionwhichisweary，heroismwhichhasgrownold，ambitionswhicharesated，fortuneswhicharemade，seek，demand，implore，solicit，what？Ashelter。Theyhaveit。Theytakepossessionofpeace，oftranquillity，ofleisure；behold，theyarecontent。But，atthesametimecertainfactsarise，compelrecognition，andknockatthedoorintheirturn。Thesefactsaretheproductsofrevolutionsandwars，theyare，theyexist，theyhavetherighttoinstallthemselvesinsociety，andtheydoinstallthemselvestherein；
andmostofthetime，factsarethestewardsofthehouseholdandfouriers[32]whodonothingbutpreparelodgingsforprinciples。
[32]Inoldentimes，fouriersweretheofficialswhoprecededtheCourtandallottedthelodgings。
This，then，iswhatappearstophilosophicalpoliticians:——
Atthesametimethatwearymendemandrepose，accomplishedfactsdemandguarantees。Guaranteesarethesametofactsthatreposeistomen。
ThisiswhatEnglanddemandedoftheStuartsaftertheProtector；
thisiswhatFrancedemandedoftheBourbonsaftertheEmpire。
Theseguaranteesareanecessityofthetimes。Theymustbeaccorded。
Princes\"grant\"them，butinreality，itistheforceofthingswhichgivesthem。Aprofoundtruth，andoneusefultoknow，whichtheStuartsdidnotsuspectin1662andwhichtheBourbonsdidnotevenobtainaglimpseofin1814。
Thepredestinedfamily，whichreturnedtoFrancewhenNapoleonfell，hadthefatalsimplicitytobelievethatitwasitselfwhichbestowed，andthatwhatithadbestoweditcouldtakebackagain；thattheHouseofBourbonpossessedtherightdivine，thatFrancepossessednothing，andthatthepoliticalrightconcededinthecharterofLouisXVIII。
wasmerelyabranchoftherightdivine，wasdetachedbytheHouseofBourbonandgraciouslygiventothepeopleuntilsuchdayasitshouldpleasetheKingtoreassumeit。Still，theHouseofBourbonshouldhavefelt，fromthedispleasurecreatedbythegift，thatitdidnotcomefromit。
Thishousewaschurlishtothenineteenthcentury。Itputonanill—temperedlookateverydevelopmentofthenation。Tomakeuseofatrivialword，thatistosay，ofapopularandatrueword，itlookedglum。Thepeoplesawthis。
ItthoughtitpossessedstrengthbecausetheEmpirehadbeencarriedawaybeforeitlikeatheatricalstage—setting。Itdidnotperceivethatithad，itself，beenbroughtininthesamefashion。ItdidnotperceivethatitalsolayinthathandwhichhadremovedNapoleon。
Itthoughtthatithadroots，becauseitwasthepast。Itwasmistaken；
itformedapartofthepast，butthewholepastwasFrance。
TherootsofFrenchsocietywerenotfixedintheBourbons，butinthenations。Theseobscureandlivelyrootsconstituted，nottherightofafamily，butthehistoryofapeople。
Theywereeverywhere，exceptunderthethrone。
TheHouseofBourbonwastoFrancetheillustriousandbleedingknotinherhistory，butwasnolongertheprincipalelementofherdestiny，andthenecessarybaseofherpolitics。ShecouldgetalongwithouttheBourbons；shehaddonewithoutthemfortwoandtwentyyears；
therehadbeenabreakofcontinuity；theydidnotsuspectthefact。
Andhowshouldtheyhavesuspectedit，theywhofanciedthatLouisXVII。
reignedonthe9thofThermidor，andthatLouisXVIII。wasreigningatthebattleofMarengo？Never，sincetheoriginofhistory，hadprincesbeensoblindinthepresenceoffactsandtheportionofdivineauthoritywhichfactscontainandpromulgate。Neverhadthatpretensionherebelowwhichiscalledtherightofkingsdeniedtosuchapointtherightfromonhigh。
Acapitalerrorwhichledthisfamilytolayitshandoncemoreontheguarantees\"granted\"in1814，ontheconcessions，asittermedthem。Sad。Asadthing！Whatittermeditsconcessionswereourconquests；whatittermedourencroachmentswereourrights。
Whenthehourseemedtoittohavecome，theRestoration，supposingitselfvictoriousoverBonaparteandwell—rootedinthecountry，thatistosay，believingitselftobestronganddeep，abruptlydecidedonitsplanofaction，andriskeditsstroke。
OnemorningitdrewitselfupbeforethefaceofFrance，and，elevatingitsvoice，itcontestedthecollectivetitleandtheindividualrightofthenationtosovereignty，ofthecitizentoliberty。
Inotherwords，itdeniedtothenationthatwhichmadeitanation，andtothecitizenthatwhichmadehimacitizen。
ThisisthefoundationofthosefamousactswhicharecalledtheordinancesofJuly。TheRestorationfell。
Itfelljustly。But，weadmit，ithadnotbeenabsolutelyhostiletoallformsofprogress。Greatthingshadbeenaccomplished，withitalongside。
UndertheRestoration，thenationhadgrownaccustomedtocalmdiscussion，whichhadbeenlackingundertheRepublic，andtograndeurinpeace，whichhadbeenwantingundertheEmpire。FrancefreeandstronghadofferedanencouragingspectacletotheotherpeoplesofEurope。
TheRevolutionhadhadthewordunderRobespierre；thecannonhadhadthewordunderBonaparte；itwasunderLouisXVIII。
andCharlesX。thatitwastheturnofintelligencetohavetheword。Thewindceased，thetorchwaslightedoncemore。
Ontheloftyheights，thepurelightofmindcouldbeseenflickering。
Amagnificent，useful，andcharmingspectacle。Foraspaceoffifteenyears，thosegreatprincipleswhicharesooldforthethinker，sonewforthestatesman，couldbeseenatworkinperfectpeace，onthepublicsquare；equalitybeforethelaw，libertyofconscience，libertyofspeech，libertyofthepress，theaccessibilityofallaptitudestoallfunctions。Thusitproceededuntil1830。
TheBourbonswereaninstrumentofcivilizationwhichbrokeinthehandsofProvidence。
ThefalloftheBourbonswasfullofgrandeur，notontheirside，butonthesideofthenation。Theyquittedthethronewithgravity，butwithoutauthority；theirdescentintothenightwasnotoneofthosesolemndisappearanceswhichleaveasombreemotioninhistory；
itwasneitherthespectralcalmofCharlesI。，northeeaglescreamofNapoleon。Theydeparted，thatisall。Theylaiddownthecrown，andretainednoaureole。Theywereworthy，buttheywerenotaugust。
Theylacked，inacertainmeasure，themajestyoftheirmisfortune。
CharlesX。duringthevoyagefromCherbourg，causingaroundtabletobecutoverintoasquaretable，appearedtobemoreanxiousaboutimperilledetiquettethanaboutthecrumblingmonarchy。
Thisdiminutionsaddeneddevotedmenwholovedtheirpersons，andseriousmenwhohonoredtheirrace。Thepopulacewasadmirable。Thenation，attackedonemorningwithweapons，byasortofroyalinsurrection，feltitselfinthepossessionofsomuchforcethatitdidnotgointoarage。Itdefendeditself，restraineditself，restoredthingstotheirplaces，thegovernmenttolaw，theBourbonstoexile，alas！andthenhalted！IttooktheoldkingCharlesX。frombeneaththatdaiswhichhadshelteredLouisXIV。andsethimgentlyontheground。
Ittouchedtheroyalpersonagesonlywithsadnessandprecaution。
Itwasnotoneman，itwasnotafewmen，itwasFrance，Franceentire，Francevictoriousandintoxicatedwithhervictory，whoseemedtobecomingtoherself，andwhoputintopractice，beforetheeyesofthewholeworld，thesegravewordsofGuillaumeduVairafterthedayoftheBarricades:——
\"Itiseasyforthosewhoareaccustomedtoskimthefavorsofthegreat，andtospring，likeabirdfromboughtobough，fromanafflictedfortunetoaflourishingone，toshowthemselvesharshtowardstheirPrinceinhisadversity；butasforme，thefortuneofmyKingsandespeciallyofmyafflictedKings，willalwaysbevenerabletome。\"
TheBourbonscarriedawaywiththemrespect，butnotregret。
Aswehavejuststated，theirmisfortunewasgreaterthantheywere。
Theyfadedoutinthehorizon。
TheRevolutionofJulyinstantlyhadfriendsandenemiesthroughouttheentireworld。Thefirstrushedtowardherwithjoyandenthusiasm，theothersturnedaway，eachaccordingtohisnature。Atthefirstblush，theprincesofEurope，theowlsofthisdawn，shuttheireyes，woundedandstupefied，andonlyopenedthemtothreaten。
Afrightwhichcanbecomprehended，awrathwhichcanbepardoned。
Thisstrangerevolutionhadhardlyproducedashock；ithadnotevenpaidtovanquishedroyaltythehonoroftreatingitasanenemy，andofsheddingitsblood。Intheeyesofdespoticgovernments，whoarealwaysinterestedinhavinglibertycalumniateitself，theRevolutionofJulycommittedthefaultofbeingformidableandofremaininggentle。Nothing，however，wasattemptedorplottedagainstit。Themostdiscontented，themostirritated，themosttrembling，salutedit；whateverouregotismandourrancormaybe，amysteriousrespectspringsfromeventsinwhichwearesensibleofthecollaborationofsomeonewhoisworkingaboveman。
TheRevolutionofJulyisthetriumphofrightoverthrowingthefact。
Athingwhichisfullofsplendor。
Rightoverthrowingthefact。HencethebrilliancyoftheRevolutionof1830，hence，also，itsmildness。Righttriumphanthasnoneedofbeingviolent。
Rightisthejustandthetrue。
Thepropertyofrightistoremaineternallybeautifulandpure。
Thefact，evenwhenmostnecessarytoallappearances，evenwhenmostthoroughlyacceptedbycontemporaries，ifitexistonlyasafact，andifitcontainonlytoolittleofright，ornoneatall，isinfalliblydestinedtobecome，inthecourseoftime，deformed，impure，perhaps，evenmonstrous。Ifonedesirestolearnatoneblow，towhatdegreeofhideousnessthefactcanattain，viewedatthedistanceofcenturies，lethimlookatMachiavelli。Machiavelliisnotanevilgenius，norademon，noramiserableandcowardlywriter；
heisnothingbutthefact。AndheisnotonlytheItalianfact；
heistheEuropeanfact，thefactofthesixteenthcentury。
Heseemshideous，andsoheis，inthepresenceofthemoralideaofthenineteenth。
Thisconflictofrightandfacthasbeengoingoneversincetheoriginofsociety。Toterminatethisduel，toamalgamatethepureideawiththehumanereality，tocauserighttopenetratepacificallyintothefactandthefactintoright，thatisthetaskofsages。
CHAPTERII
BADLYSEWED
Butthetaskofsagesisonething，thetaskofclevermenisanother。
TheRevolutionof1830cametoasuddenhalt。
Assoonasarevolutionhasmadethecoast，theskilfulmakehastetopreparetheshipwreck。
TheskilfulinourcenturyhaveconferredonthemselvesthetitleofStatesmen；sothatthisword，statesmen，hasendedbybecomingsomewhatofaslangword。Itmustbeborneinmind，infact，thatwhereverthereisnothingbutskill，thereisnecessarilypettiness。
Tosay\"theskilful\"amountstosaying\"themediocre。\"
Inthesameway，tosay\"statesmen\"issometimesequivalenttosaying\"traitors。\"If，then，wearetobelievetheskilful，revolutionsliketheRevolutionofJulyareseveredarteries；apromptligatureisindispensable。Theright，toograndlyproclaimed，isshaken。
Also，rightoncefirmlyfixed，thestatemustbestrengthened。
Libertyonceassured，attentionmustbedirectedtopower。
Herethesagesarenot，asyet，separatedfromtheskilful，buttheybegintobedistrustful。Power，verygood。But，inthefirstplace，whatispower？Inthesecond，whencecomesit？
Theskilfuldonotseemtohearthemurmuredobjection，andtheycontinuetheirmanoeuvres。
Accordingtothepoliticians，whoareingeniousinputtingthemaskofnecessityonprofitablefictions，thefirstrequirementofapeopleafterarevolution，whenthispeopleformspartofamonarchicalcontinent，istoprocureforitselfadynasty。
Inthisway，saythey，peace，thatistosay，timetodressourwounds，andtorepairthehouse，canbehadafterarevolution。
Thedynastyconcealsthescaffoldingandcoverstheambulance。
Now，itisnotalwayseasytoprocureadynasty。
Ifitisabsolutelynecessary，thefirstmanofgeniusoreventhefirstmanoffortunewhocomestohandsufficesforthemanufacturingofaking。Youhave，inthefirstcase，Napoleon；inthesecond，Iturbide。
Butthefirstfamilythatcomestohanddoesnotsufficetomakeadynasty。Thereisnecessarilyrequiredacertainmodicumofantiquityinarace，andthewrinkleofthecenturiescannotbeimprovised。
Ifweplaceourselvesatthepointofviewofthe\"statesmen，\"aftermakingallallowances，ofcourse，afterarevolution，whatarethequalitiesofthekingwhichresultfromit？Hemaybeanditisusefulforhimtobearevolutionary；thatistosay，aparticipantinhisownpersoninthatrevolution，thatheshouldhavelentahandtoit，thatheshouldhaveeithercompromisedordistinguishedhimselftherein，thatheshouldhavetouchedtheaxeorwieldedtheswordinit。
Whatarethequalitiesofadynasty？Itshouldbenational；thatistosay，revolutionaryatadistance，notthroughactscommitted，butbyreasonofideasaccepted。Itshouldbecomposedofpastandbehistoric；becomposedoffutureandbesympathetic。
Allthisexplainswhytheearlyrevolutionscontentedthemselveswithfindingaman，CromwellorNapoleon；andwhythesecondabsolutelyinsistedonfindingafamily，theHouseofBrunswickortheHouseofOrleans。
RoyalhousesresemblethoseIndianfig—trees，eachbranchofwhich，bendingovertotheearth，takesrootandbecomesafig—treeitself。
Eachbranchmaybecomeadynasty。Onthesoleconditionthatitshallbenddowntothepeople。
Suchisthetheoryoftheskilful。
Here，then，liesthegreatart:tomakealittlerendertosuccessthesoundofacatastropheinorderthatthosewhoprofitbyitmaytremblefromitalso，toseasonwithfeareverystepthatistaken，toaugmentthecurveofthetransitiontothepointofretardingprogress，todullthataurora，todenounceandretrenchtheharshnessofenthusiasm，tocutallanglesandnails，towadtriumph，tomuffleupright，toenvelopthegiant—peopleinflannel，andtoputittobedveryspeedily，toimposeadietonthatexcessofhealth，toputHerculesonthetreatmentofaconvalescent，todilutetheeventwiththeexpedient，tooffertospiritsthirstingfortheidealthatnectarthinnedoutwithapotion，totakeone’sprecautionsagainsttoomuchsuccess，togarnishtherevolutionwithashade。
1830practisedthistheory，alreadyappliedtoEnglandby1688。
1830isarevolutionarrestedmidway。Halfofprogress，quasi—right。Now，logicknowsnotthe\"almost，\"absolutelyasthesunknowsnotthecandle。
Whoarrestsrevolutionshalf—way？Thebourgeoisie？
Why？
Becausethebourgeoisieisinterestwhichhasreachedsatisfaction。
Yesterdayitwasappetite，to—dayitisplenitude，to—morrowitwillbesatiety。
Thephenomenonof1814afterNapoleonwasreproducedin1830afterCharlesX。
Theattempthasbeenmade，andwrongly，tomakeaclassofthebourgeoisie。Thebourgeoisieissimplythecontentedportionofthepeople。Thebourgeoisisthemanwhonowhastimetositdown。
Achairisnotacaste。
Butthroughadesiretositdowntoosoon，onemayarresttheverymarchofthehumanrace。Thishasoftenbeenthefaultofthebourgeoisie。
Oneisnotaclassbecauseonehascommittedafault。Selfishnessisnotoneofthedivisionsofthesocialorder。
Moreover，wemustbejusttoselfishness。Thestatetowhichthatpartofthenationwhichiscalledthebourgeoisieaspiredaftertheshockof1830wasnottheinertiawhichiscomplicatedwithindifferenceandlaziness，andwhichcontainsalittleshame；
itwasnottheslumberwhichpresupposesamomentaryforgetfulnessaccessibletodreams；itwasthehalt。
Thehaltisawordformedofasingulardoubleandalmostcontradictorysense:atrooponthemarch，thatistosay，movement；astand，thatistosay，repose。
Thehaltistherestorationofforces；itisreposearmedandonthealert；itistheaccomplishedfactwhichpostssentinelsandholdsitselfonitsguard。
Thehaltpresupposesthecombatofyesterdayandthecombatofto—morrow。
Itisthepartitionbetween1830and1848。
Whatweherecallcombatmayalsobedesignatedasprogress。
Thebourgeoisiethen，aswellasthestatesmen，requiredamanwhoshouldexpressthiswordHalt。AnAlthough—Because。
Acompositeindividuality，signifyingrevolutionandsignifyingstability，inotherterms，strengtheningthepresentbytheevidentcompatibilityofthepastwiththefuture。
Thismanwas\"alreadyfound。\"HisnamewasLouisPhilipped’Orleans。
The221madeLouisPhilippeKing。Lafayetteundertookthecoronation。
Hecalleditthebestofrepublics。Thetown—hallofParistooktheplaceoftheCathedralofRheims。
Thissubstitutionofahalf—throneforawholethronewas\"theworkof1830。\"
Whentheskilfulhadfinished，theimmenseviceoftheirsolutionbecameapparent。Allthishadbeenaccomplishedoutsidetheboundsofabsoluteright。Absoluterightcried:
\"Iprotest！\"then，terribletosay，itretiredintothedarkness。
CHAPTERIII
LOUISPHILIPPE
Revolutionshaveaterriblearmandahappyhand，theystrikefirmlyandchoosewell。Evenincomplete，evendebasedandabusedandreducedtothestateofajuniorrevolutionliketheRevolutionof1830，theynearlyalwaysretainsufficientprovidentialluciditytopreventthemfromfallingamiss。Theireclipseisneveranabdication。
Nevertheless，letusnotboasttooloudly；revolutionsalsomaybedeceived，andgraveerrorshavebeenseen。
Letusreturnto1830。1830，initsdeviation，hadgoodluck。
Intheestablishmentwhichentitleditselforderaftertherevolutionhadbeencutshort，theKingamountedtomorethanroyalty。
LouisPhilippewasarareman。
Thesonofafathertowhomhistorywillaccordcertainattenuatingcircumstances，butalsoasworthyofesteemasthatfatherhadbeenofblame；possessingallprivatevirtuesandmanypublicvirtues；
carefulofhishealth，ofhisfortune，ofhisperson，ofhisaffairs，knowingthevalueofaminuteandnotalwaysthevalueofayear；
sober，serene，peaceable，patient；agoodmanandagoodprince；
sleepingwithhiswife，andhavinginhispalacelackeyschargedwiththedutyofshowingtheconjugalbedtothebourgeois，anostentationoftheregularsleeping—apartmentwhichhadbecomeusefulaftertheformerillegitimatedisplaysoftheelderbranch；
knowingallthelanguagesofEurope，and，whatismorerare，allthelanguagesofallinterests，andspeakingthem；anadmirablerepresentativeofthe\"middleclass，\"butoutstrippingit，andineverywaygreaterthanit；possessingexcellentsense，whileappreciatingthebloodfromwhichhehadsprung，countingmostofallonhisintrinsicworth，and，onthequestionofhisrace，veryparticular，declaringhimselfOrleansandnotBourbon；thoroughlythefirstPrinceoftheBloodRoyalwhilehewasstillonlyaSereneHighness，butafrankbourgeoisfromthedayhebecameking；diffuseinpublic，conciseinprivate；reputed，butnotprovedtobeamiser；
atbottom，oneofthoseeconomistswhoarereadilyprodigalattheirownfancyorduty；lettered，butnotverysensitivetoletters；
agentleman，butnotachevalier；simple，calm，andstrong；
adoredbyhisfamilyandhishousehold；afascinatingtalker，anundeceivedstatesman，inwardlycold，dominatedbyimmediateinterest，alwaysgoverningattheshortestrange，incapableofrancorandofgratitude，makingusewithoutmercyofsuperiorityonmediocrity，cleveringettingparliamentarymajoritiestoputinthewrongthosemysteriousunanimitieswhichmutterdullyunderthrones；
unreserved，sometimesimprudentinhislackofreserve，butwithmarvellousaddressinthatimprudence；fertileinexpedients，incountenances，inmasks；makingFrancefearEuropeandEuropeFrance！
Incontestablyfondofhiscountry，butpreferringhisfamily；
assumingmoredominationthanauthorityandmoreauthoritythandignity，adispositionwhichhasthisunfortunateproperty，thatasitturnseverythingtosuccess，itadmitsofruseanddoesnotabsolutelyrepudiatebaseness，butwhichhasthisvaluableside，thatitpreservespoliticsfromviolentshocks，thestatefromfractures，andsocietyfromcatastrophes；minute，correct，vigilant，attentive，sagacious，indefatigable；contradictinghimselfattimesandgivinghimselfthelie；boldagainstAustriaatAncona，obstinateagainstEnglandinSpain，bombardingAntwerp，andpayingoffPritchard；
singingtheMarseillaisewithconviction，inaccessibletodespondency，tolassitude，tothetasteforthebeautifulandtheideal，todaringgenerosity，toUtopia，tochimeras，towrath，tovanity，tofear；possessingalltheformsofpersonalintrepidity；ageneralatValmy；asoldieratJemappes；attackedeighttimesbyregicidesandalwayssmiling。braveasagrenadier，courageousasathinker；
uneasyonlyinthefaceofthechancesofaEuropeanshakingup，andunfittedforgreatpoliticaladventures；alwaysreadytoriskhislife，neverhiswork；disguisinghiswillininfluence，inorderthathemightbeobeyedasanintelligenceratherthanasaking；
endowedwithobservationandnotwithdivination；notveryattentivetominds，butknowingmen，thatistosayrequiringtoseeinordertojudge；promptandpenetratinggoodsense，practicalwisdom，easyspeech，prodigiousmemory；drawingincessantlyonthismemory，hisonlypointofresemblancewithCaesar，Alexander，andNapoleon；
knowingdeeds，facts，details，dates，propernames，ignorantoftendencies，passions，thediversegeniusesofthecrowd，theinterioraspirations，thehiddenandobscureuprisingsofsouls，inaword，allthatcanbedesignatedastheinvisiblecurrentsofconsciences；acceptedbythesurface，butlittleinaccordwithFrancelowerdown；extricatinghimselfbydintoftact；
governingtoomuchandnotenough；hisownfirstminister；
excellentatcreatingoutofthepettinessofrealitiesanobstacletotheimmensityofideas；minglingagenuinecreativefacultyofcivilization，oforderandorganization，anindescribablespiritofproceedingsandchicanery，thefounderandlawyerofadynasty；
havingsomethingofCharlemagneandsomethingofanattorney；inshort，aloftyandoriginalfigure，aprincewhounderstoodhowtocreateauthorityinspiteoftheuneasinessofFrance，andpowerinspiteofthejealousyofEurope。LouisPhilippewillbeclassedamongtheeminentmenofhiscentury，andwouldberankedamongthemostillustriousgovernorsofhistoryhadhelovedglorybutalittle，andifhehadhadthesentimentofwhatisgreattothesamedegreeasthefeelingforwhatisuseful。
LouisPhilippehadbeenhandsome，andinhisoldageheremainedgraceful；
notalwaysapprovedbythenation，healwayswassobythemasses；
hepleased。Hehadthatgiftofcharming。Helackedmajesty；heworenocrown，althoughaking，andnowhitehair，althoughanoldman；
hismannersbelongedtotheoldregimeandhishabitstothenew；
amixtureofthenobleandthebourgeoiswhichsuited1830；
LouisPhilippewastransitionreigning；hehadpreservedtheancientpronunciationandtheancientorthographywhichheplacedattheserviceofopinionsmodern；helovedPolandandHungary，buthewrotelesPolonois，andhepronouncedlesHongrais。Heworetheuniformofthenationalguard，likeCharlesX。，andtheribbonoftheLegionofHonor，likeNapoleon。
Hewentalittletochapel，notatalltothechase，nevertotheopera。
Incorruptiblebysacristans，bywhippers—in，byballet—dancers；
thismadeapartofhisbourgeoispopularity。Hehadnoheart。
Hewentoutwithhisumbrellaunderhisarm，andthisumbrellalongformedapartofhisaureole。Hewasabitofamason，abitofagardener，somethingofadoctor；hebledapostilionwhohadtumbledfromhishorse；LouisPhilippenomorewentaboutwithouthislancet，thandidHenriIV。withouthisponiard。TheRoyalistsjeeredatthisridiculousking，thefirstwhohadevershedbloodwiththeobjectofhealing。
ForthegrievancesagainstLouisPhilippe，thereisonedeductiontobemade；thereisthatwhichaccusesroyalty，thatwhichaccusesthereign，thatwhichaccusestheKing；threecolumnswhichallgivedifferenttotals。Democraticrightconfiscated，progressbecomesamatterofsecondaryinterest，theprotestsofthestreetviolentlyrepressed，militaryexecutionofinsurrections，therisingpassedoverbyarms，theRueTransnonain，thecounselsofwar，theabsorptionoftherealcountrybythelegalcountry，onhalfshareswiththreehundredthousandprivilegedpersons，——
thesearethedeedsofroyalty；Belgiumrefused，Algeriatooharshlyconquered，and，asinthecaseofIndiabytheEnglish，withmorebarbarismthancivilization，thebreachoffaith，toAbd—el—Kader，Blaye，Deutzbought，Pritchardpaid，——thesearethedoingsofthereign；thepolicywhichwasmoredomesticthannationalwasthedoingoftheKing。
Aswillbeseen，theproperdeductionhavingbeenmade，theKing’schargeisdecreased。
Thisishisgreatfault；hewasmodestinthenameofFrance。
Whencearisesthisfault？
Wewillstateit。
LouisPhilippewasrathertoomuchofapaternalking；thatincubationofafamilywiththeobjectoffoundingadynastyisafraidofeverythinganddoesnotliketobedisturbed；henceexcessivetimidity，whichisdispleasingtothepeople，whohavethe14thofJulyintheircivilandAusterlitzintheirmilitarytradition。
Moreover，ifwedeductthepublicdutieswhichrequiretobefulfilledfirstofall，thatdeeptendernessofLouisPhilippetowardshisfamilywasdeservedbythefamily。Thatdomesticgroupwasworthyofadmiration。Virtuestheredweltsidebysidewithtalents。
OneofLouisPhilippe’sdaughters，Maried’Orleans，placedthenameofherraceamongartists，asCharlesd’Orleanshadplaceditamongpoets。ShemadeofhersoulamarblewhichshenamedJeanned’Arc。TwoofLouisPhilippe’sdaughterselicitedfromMetternichthiseulogium:\"Theyareyoungpeoplesuchasarerarelyseen，andprincessuchasareneverseen。\"
This，withoutanydissimulation，andalsowithoutanyexaggeration，isthetruthaboutLouisPhilippe。
TobePrinceEquality，tobearinhisownpersonthecontradictionoftheRestorationandtheRevolution，tohavethatdisquietingsideoftherevolutionarywhichbecomesreassuringingoverningpower，thereinlaythefortuneofLouisPhilippein1830；
neverwasthereamorecompleteadaptationofamantoanevent；
theoneenteredintotheother，andtheincarnationtookplace。
LouisPhilippeis1830mademan。Moreover，hehadinhisfavorthatgreatrecommendationtothethrone，exile。Hehadbeenproscribed，awanderer，poor。Hehadlivedbyhisownlabor。InSwitzerland，thisheirtotherichestprincelydomainsinFrancehadsoldanoldhorseinordertoobtainbread。AtReichenau，hegavelessonsinmathematics，whilehissisterAdelaidedidwoolworkandsewed。
Thesesouvenirsconnectedwithakingrenderedthebourgeoisieenthusiastic。Hehad，withhisownhands，demolishedtheironcageofMont—Saint—Michel，builtbyLouisXI，andusedbyLouisXV。
HewasthecompanionofDumouriez，hewasthefriendofLafayette；
hehadbelongedtotheJacobins’club；Mirabeauhadslappedhimontheshoulder；Dantonhadsaidtohim:\"Youngman！\"
Attheageoffourandtwenty，in’93，beingthenM。deChartres，hehadwitnessed，fromthedepthofabox，thetrialofLouisXVI。，sowellnamedthatpoortyrant。TheblindclairvoyanceoftheRevolution，breakingroyaltyintheKingandtheKingwithroyalty，didsoalmostwithoutnoticingthemaninthefiercecrushingoftheidea，thevaststormoftheAssembly—Tribunal，thepublicwrathinterrogating，Capetnotknowingwhattoreply，thealarming，stupefiedvacillationbythatroyalheadbeneaththatsombrebreath，therelativeinnocenceofallinthatcatastrophe，ofthosewhocondemnedaswellasofthemancondemned，——hehadlookedonthosethings，hehadcontemplatedthatgiddiness；hehadseenthecenturiesappearbeforethebaroftheAssembly—Convention；
hehadbeheld，behindLouisXVI。，thatunfortunatepasser—bywhowasmaderesponsible，theterribleculprit，themonarchy，risethroughtheshadows；andtherehadlingeredinhissoultherespectfulfearoftheseimmensejusticesofthepopulace，whicharealmostasimpersonalasthejusticeofGod。
ThetraceleftinhimbytheRevolutionwasprodigious。Itsmemorywaslikealivingimprintofthosegreatyears，minutebyminute。
Oneday，inthepresenceofawitnesswhomwearenotpermittedtodoubt，herectifiedfrommemorythewholeoftheletterAinthealphabeticallistoftheConstituentAssembly。
LouisPhilippewasakingofthebroaddaylight。Whilehereignedthepresswasfree，thetribunewasfree，conscienceandspeechwerefree。ThelawsofSeptemberareopentosight。
Althoughfullyawareofthegnawingpoweroflightonprivileges，helefthisthroneexposedtothelight。Historywilldojusticetohimforthisloyalty。
LouisPhilippe，likeallhistoricalmenwhohavepassedfromthescene，isto—dayputonhistrialbythehumanconscience。Hiscaseis，asyet，onlyinthelowercourt。
Thehourwhenhistoryspeakswithitsfreeandvenerableaccent，hasnotyetsoundedforhim；themomenthasnotcometopronounceadefinitejudgmentonthisking；theaustereandillustrioushistorianLouisBlanchashimselfrecentlysoftenedhisfirstverdict；
LouisPhilippewaselectedbythosetwoalmostswhicharecalledthe221and1830，thatistosay，byahalf—Parliament，andahalf—revolution；andinanycase，fromthesuperiorpointofviewwherephilosophymustplaceitself，wecannotjudgehimhere，asthereaderhasseenabove，exceptwithcertainreservationsinthenameoftheabsolutedemocraticprinciple；intheeyesoftheabsolute，outsidethesetworights，therightofmaninthefirstplace，therightofthepeopleinthesecond，allisusurpation；butwhatwecansay，evenatthepresentday，thataftermakingthesereservesis，thattosumupthewhole，andinwhatevermannerheisconsidered，LouisPhilippe，takeninhimself，andfromthepointofviewofhumangoodness，willremain，tousetheantiquelanguageofancienthistory，oneofthebestprinceswhoeversatonathrone。
Whatisthereagainsthim？Thatthrone。TakeawayLouisPhilippetheking，thereremainstheman。Andthemanisgood。Heisgoodattimeseventothepointofbeingadmirable。Often，inthemidstofhisgravestsouvenirs，afteradayofconflictwiththewholediplomacyofthecontinent，hereturnedatnighttohisapartments，andthere，exhaustedwithfatigue，overwhelmedwithsleep，whatdidhedo？
Hetookadeathsentenceandpassedthenightinrevisingacriminalsuit，consideringitsomethingtoholdhisownagainstEurope，butthatitwasastillgreatermattertorescueamanfromtheexecutioner。
Heobstinatelymaintainedhisopinionagainsthiskeeperoftheseals；
hedisputedthegroundwiththeguillotinefootbyfootagainstthecrownattorneys，thosechatterersofthelaw，ashecalledthem。
Sometimesthepileofsentencescoveredhistable；heexaminedthemall；
itwasanguishtohimtoabandonthesemiserable，condemnedheads。
Oneday，hesaidtothesamewitnesstowhomwehaverecentlyreferred:
\"Iwonsevenlastnight。\"Duringtheearlyyearsofhisreign，thedeathpenaltywasasgoodasabolished，andtheerectionofascaffoldwasaviolencecommittedagainsttheKing。TheGrevehavingdisappearedwiththeelderbranch，abourgeoisplaceofexecutionwasinstitutedunderthenameoftheBarriere—Saint—Jacques；
\"practicalmen\"feltthenecessityofaquasi—legitimateguillotine；
andthiswasoneofthevictoriesofCasimirPerier，whorepresentedthenarrowsidesofthebourgeoisie，overLouisPhilippe，whorepresenteditsliberalsides。LouisPhilippeannotatedBeccariawithhisownhand。AftertheFieschimachine，heexclaimed:
\"WhatapitythatIwasnotwounded！ThenImighthavepardoned！\"
Onanotheroccasion，alludingtotheresistanceofferedbyhisministry，hewroteinconnectionwithapoliticalcriminal，whoisoneofthemostgenerousfiguresofourday:\"Hispardonisgranted；itonlyremainsformetoobtainit。\"LouisPhilippewasasgentleasLouisIX。
andaskindlyasHenriIV。
Now，toourmind，inhistory，wherekindnessistherarestofpearls，themanwhoiskindlyalmosttakesprecedenceofthemanwhoisgreat。
LouisPhilippehavingbeenseverelyjudgedbysome，harshly，perhaps，byothers，itisquitenaturalthataman，himselfaphantomatthepresentday，whoknewthatking，shouldcomeandtestifyinhisfavorbeforehistory；thisdeposition，whateverelseitmaybe，isevidentlyandaboveallthings，entirelydisinterested；anepitaphpennedbyadeadmanissincere；oneshademayconsoleanothershade；
thesharingofthesameshadowsconferstherighttopraiseit；
itisnotgreatlytobefearedthatitwilleverbesaidoftwotombsinexile:\"Thisoneflatteredtheother。\"
CHAPTERIV
CRACKSBENEATHTHEFOUNDATION
AtthemomentwhenthedramawhichwearenarratingisonthepointofpenetratingintothedepthsofoneofthetragiccloudswhichenvelopthebeginningofLouisPhilippe’sreign，itwasnecessarythatthereshouldbenoequivoque，anditbecamerequisitethatthisbookshouldoffersomeexplanationwithregardtothisking。
LouisPhilippehadenteredintopossessionofhisroyalauthoritywithoutviolence，withoutanydirectactiononhispart，byvirtueofarevolutionarychange，evidentlyquitedistinctfromtherealaimoftheRevolution，butinwhichhe，theDucd’Orleans，exercisednopersonalinitiative。HehadbeenbornaPrince，andhebelievedhimselftohavebeenelectedKing。Hehadnotservedthismandateonhimself；hehadnottakenit；ithadbeenofferedtohim，andhehadacceptedit；convinced，wrongly，tobesure，butconvincednevertheless，thattheofferwasinaccordancewithrightandthattheacceptanceofitwasinaccordancewithduty。
Hencehispossessionwasingoodfaith。Now，wesayitingoodconscience，LouisPhilippebeinginpossessioninperfectgoodfaith，andthedemocracybeingingoodfaithinitsattack，theamountofterrordischargedbythesocialconflictsweighsneitherontheKingnoronthedemocracy。Aclashofprinciplesresemblesaclashofelements。Theoceandefendsthewater，thehurricanedefendstheair，theKingdefendsRoyalty，thedemocracydefendsthepeople；therelative，whichisthemonarchy，resiststheabsolute，whichistherepublic；societybleedsinthisconflict，butthatwhichconstitutesitssufferingto—daywillconstituteitssafetylateron；and，inanycase，thosewhocombatarenottobeblamed；
oneofthetwopartiesisevidentlymistaken；therightisnot，liketheColossusofRhodes，ontwoshoresatonce，withonefootontherepublic，andoneinRoyalty；itisindivisible，andallononeside；butthosewhoareinerroraresosincerely；
ablindmanisnomoreacriminalthanaVendeanisaruffian。
Letus，then，imputetothefatalityofthingsalonetheseformidablecollisions。Whateverthenatureofthesetempestsmaybe，humanirresponsibilityismingledwiththem。
Letuscompletethisexposition。
Thegovernmentof1840ledahardlifeimmediately。Bornyesterday，itwasobligedtofightto—day。
Hardlyinstalled，itwasalreadyeverywhereconsciousofvaguemovementsoftractionontheapparatusofJulysorecentlylaid，andsolackinginsolidity。
Resistancewasbornonthemorrow；perhapseven，itwasbornontheprecedingevening。Frommonthtomonththehostilityincreased，andfrombeingconcealeditbecamepatent。
TheRevolutionofJuly，whichgainedbutlittleacceptanceoutsideofFrancebykings，hadbeendiverselyinterpretedinFrance，aswehavesaid。
Goddeliversovertomenhisvisiblewillinevents，anobscuretextwritteninamysterioustongue。Menimmediatelymaketranslationsofit；translationshasty，incorrect，fulloferrors，ofgaps，andofnonsense。Veryfewmindscomprehendthedivinelanguage。
Themostsagacious，thecalmest，themostprofound，decipherslowly，andwhentheyarrivewiththeirtext，thetaskhaslongbeencompleted；
therearealreadytwentytranslationsonthepublicplace。
Fromeachremainingspringsaparty，andfromeachmisinterpretationafaction；andeachpartythinksthatitalonehasthetruetext，andeachfactionthinksthatitpossessesthelight。
Poweritselfisoftenafaction。
Thereare，inrevolutions，swimmerswhogoagainstthecurrent；
theyaretheoldparties。
FortheoldpartieswhoclungtohereditybythegraceofGod，thinkthatrevolutions，havingsprungfromtherighttorevolt，onehastherighttorevoltagainstthem。Error。Forintheserevolutions，theonewhorevoltsisnotthepeople；itistheking。
Revolutionispreciselythecontraryofrevolt。Everyrevolution，beinganormaloutcome，containswithinitselfitslegitimacy，whichfalserevolutionistssometimesdishonor，butwhichremainsevenwhensoiled，whichsurvivesevenwhenstainedwithblood。
Revolutionsspringnotfromanaccident，butfromnecessity。
Arevolutionisareturnfromthefictitioustothereal。Itisbecauseitmustbethatitis。
NonethelessdidtheoldlegitimistpartiesassailtheRevolutionof1830withallthevehemencewhicharisesfromfalsereasoning。
Errorsmakeexcellentprojectiles。Theystrikeitcleverlyinitsvulnerablespot，indefaultofacuirass，initslackoflogic；
theyattackedthisrevolutioninitsroyalty。Theyshoutedtoit:
\"Revolution，whythisking？\"Factionsareblindmenwhoaimcorrectly。
Thiscrywasutteredequallybytherepublicans。Butcomingfromthem，thiscrywaslogical。Whatwasblindnessinthelegitimistswasclearnessofvisioninthedemocrats。1830hadbankruptedthepeople。
Theenrageddemocracyreproacheditwiththis。
Betweentheattackofthepastandtheattackofthefuture，theestablishmentofJulystruggled。Itrepresentedtheminuteatloggerheadsontheonehandwiththemonarchicalcenturies，ontheotherhandwitheternalright。
Inaddition，andbesideallthis，asitwasnolongerrevolutionandhadbecomeamonarchy，1830wasobligedtotakeprecedenceofallEurope。
Tokeepthepeace，wasanincreaseofcomplication。Aharmonyestablishedcontrarytosenseisoftenmoreonerousthanawar。
Fromthissecretconflict，alwaysmuzzled，butalwaysgrowling，wasbornarmedpeace，thatruinousexpedientofcivilizationwhichintheharnessoftheEuropeancabinetsissuspiciousinitself。
TheRoyaltyofJulyrearedup，inspiteofthefactthatitcaughtitintheharnessofEuropeancabinets。Metternichwouldgladlyhaveputitinkicking—straps。PushedoninFrancebyprogress，itpushedonthemonarchies，thoseloiterersinEurope。Afterhavingbeentowed，itundertooktotow。
Meanwhile，withinher，pauperism，theproletariat，salary，education，penalservitude，prostitution，thefateofthewoman，wealth，misery，production，consumption，division，exchange，coin，credit，therightsofcapital，therightsoflabor，——
allthesequestionsweremultipliedabovesociety，aterribleslope。
Outsideofpoliticalpartiesproperlysocalled，anothermovementbecamemanifest。Philosophicalfermentationrepliedtodemocraticfermentation。Theelectfelttroubledaswellasthemasses；
inanothermanner，butquiteasmuch。
Thinkersmeditated，whilethesoil，thatistosay，thepeople，traversedbyrevolutionarycurrents，trembledunderthemwithindescribablyvagueepilepticshocks。Thesedreamers，someisolated，othersunitedinfamiliesandalmostincommunion，turnedoversocialquestionsinapacificbutprofoundmanner；impassiveminers，whotranquillypushedtheirgalleriesintothedepthsofavolcano，hardlydisturbedbythedullcommotionandthefurnacesofwhichtheycaughtglimpses。
Thistranquillitywasnottheleastbeautifulspectacleofthisagitatedepoch。
Thesemenlefttopoliticalpartiesthequestionofrights，theyoccupiedthemselveswiththequestionofhappiness。
Thewell—beingofman，thatwaswhattheywantedtoextractfromsociety。
Theyraisedmaterialquestions，questionsofagriculture，ofindustry，ofcommerce，almosttothedignityofareligion。Incivilization，suchasithasformeditself，alittlebythecommandofGod，agreatdealbytheagencyofman，interestscombine，unite，andamalgamateinamannertoformaveritablehardrock，inaccordancewithadynamiclaw，patientlystudiedbyeconomists，thosegeologistsofpolitics。
Thesemenwhogroupedthemselvesunderdifferentappellations，butwhomayallbedesignatedbythegenerictitleofsocialists，endeavoredtopiercethatrockandtocauseittospoutforththelivingwatersofhumanfelicity。
Fromthequestionofthescaffoldtothequestionofwar，theirworksembracedeverything。Totherightsofman，asproclaimedbytheFrenchRevolution，theyaddedtherightsofwomanandtherightsofthechild。
Thereaderwillnotbesurprisedif，forvariousreasons，wedonotheretreatinathoroughmanner，fromthetheoreticalpointofview，thequestionsraisedbysocialism。Weconfineourselvestoindicatingthem。
Alltheproblemsthatthesocialistsproposedtothemselves，cosmogonicvisions，reveryandmysticismbeingcastaside，canbereducedtotwoprincipalproblems。
Firstproblem:Toproducewealth。
Secondproblem:Toshareit。
Thefirstproblemcontainsthequestionofwork。
Thesecondcontainsthequestionofsalary。
Inthefirstproblemtheemploymentofforcesisinquestion。
Inthesecond，thedistributionofenjoyment。
Fromtheproperemploymentofforcesresultspublicpower。
Fromagooddistributionofenjoymentsresultsindividualhappiness。
Byagooddistribution，notanequalbutanequitabledistributionmustbeunderstood。
Fromthesetwothingscombined，thepublicpowerwithout，individualhappinesswithin，resultssocialprosperity。
Socialprosperitymeansthemanhappy，thecitizenfree，thenationgreat。
Englandsolvesthefirstofthesetwoproblems。Shecreateswealthadmirably，shedividesitbadly。Thissolutionwhichiscompleteononesideonlyleadsherfatallytotwoextremes:
monstrousopulence，monstrouswretchedness。Allenjoymentsforsome，allprivationsfortherest，thatistosay，forthepeople；
privilege，exception，monopoly，feudalism，bornfromtoilitself。
Afalseanddangeroussituation，whichsatespublicpowerorprivatemisery，whichsetstherootsoftheStateinthesufferingsoftheindividual。Abadlyconstitutedgrandeurinwhicharecombinedallthematerialelementsandintowhichnomoralelemententers。
Communismandagrarianlawthinkthattheysolvethesecondproblem。
Theyaremistaken。Theirdivisionkillsproduction。Equalpartitionabolishesemulation；andconsequentlylabor。Itisapartitionmadebythebutcher，whichkillsthatwhichitdivides。Itisthereforeimpossibletopauseoverthesepretendedsolutions。
Slayingwealthisnotthesamethingasdividingit。
Thetwoproblemsrequiretobesolvedtogether，tobewellsolved。
Thetwoproblemsmustbecombinedandmadebutone。
Solveonlythefirstofthetwoproblems；youwillbeVenice，youwillbeEngland。Youwillhave，likeVenice，anartificialpower，or，likeEngland，amaterialpower；youwillbethewickedrichman。Youwilldiebyanactofviolence，asVenicedied，orbybankruptcy，asEnglandwillfall。Andtheworldwillallowtodieandfallallthatismerelyselfishness，allthatdoesnotrepresentforthehumanraceeitheravirtueoranidea。
Itiswellunderstoodhere，thatbythewordsVenice，England，wedesignatenotthepeoples，butsocialstructures；theoligarchiessuperposedonnations，andnotthenationsthemselves。Thenationsalwayshaveourrespectandoursympathy。Venice，asapeople，willliveagain；England，thearistocracy，willfall，butEngland，thenation，isimmortal。Thatsaid，wecontinue。
Solvethetwoproblems，encouragethewealthy，andprotectthepoor，suppressmisery，putanendtotheunjustfarmingoutofthefeeblebythestrong，putabridleontheiniquitousjealousyofthemanwhoismakinghiswayagainstthemanwhohasreachedthegoal，adjust，mathematicallyandfraternally，salarytolabor，minglegratuitousandcompulsoryeducationwiththegrowthofchildhood，andmakeofsciencethebaseofmanliness，developmindswhilekeepingarmsbusy，beatoneandthesametimeapowerfulpeopleandafamilyofhappymen，renderpropertydemocratic，notbyabolishingit，butbymakingituniversal，sothateverycitizen，withoutexception，maybeaproprietor，aneasiermatterthanisgenerallysupposed；
intwowords，learnhowtoproducewealthandhowtodistributeit，andyouwillhaveatoncemoralandmaterialgreatness；andyouwillbeworthytocallyourselfFrance。
Thisiswhatsocialismsaidoutsideandaboveafewsectswhichhavegoneastray；thatiswhatitsoughtinfacts，thatiswhatitsketchedoutinminds。
Effortsworthyofadmiration！Sacredattempts！
Thesedoctrines，thesetheories，theseresistances，theunforeseennecessityforthestatesmantotakephilosophersintoaccount，confusedevidencesofwhichwecatchaglimpse，anewsystemofpoliticstobecreated，whichshallbeinaccordwiththeoldworldwithouttoomuchdisaccordwiththenewrevolutionaryideal，asituationinwhichitbecamenecessarytouseLafayettetodefendPolignac，theintuitionofprogresstransparentbeneaththerevolt，thechambersandstreets，thecompetitionstobebroughtintoequilibriumaroundhim，hisfaithintheRevolution，perhapsaneventualindefinableresignationbornofthevagueacceptanceofasuperiordefinitiveright，hisdesiretoremainofhisrace，hisdomesticspirit，hissincererespectforthepeople，hisownhonesty，preoccupiedLouisPhilippealmostpainfully，andthereweremomentswhenstrongandcourageousashewas，hewasoverwhelmedbythedifficultiesofbeingaking。
Hefeltunderhisfeetaformidabledisaggregation，whichwasnot，nevertheless，areductiontodust，FrancebeingmoreFrancethanever。
Pilesofshadowscoveredthehorizon。Astrangeshade，graduallydrawingnearer，extendedlittlebylittleovermen，overthings，overideas；ashadewhichcamefromwrathsandsystems。
Everythingwhichhadbeenhastilystifledwasmovingandfermenting。
Attimestheconscienceofthehonestmanresumeditsbreathing，sogreatwasthediscomfortofthatairinwhichsophismswereintermingledwithtruths。Spiritstrembledinthesocialanxietylikeleavesattheapproachofastorm。Theelectrictensionwassuchthatatcertaininstants，thefirstcomer，astranger，broughtlight。Thenthetwilightobscurityclosedinagain。
Atintervals，deepanddullmutteringsallowedajudgmenttobeformedastothequantityofthundercontainedbythecloud。
TwentymonthshadbarelyelapsedsincetheRevolutionofJuly，theyear1832hadopenedwithanaspectofsomethingimpendingandthreatening。