PopeUrbanIIIreiteratedthedeclarationthatthepassageinSt。

　　Lukeforbadethetakingofanyinterestwhatever。PopeAlexanderIIIdeclaredthattheprohibitioninthismattercouldneverbesuspendedbydispensation。

　　InthethirteenthcenturyPopeGregoryIXdealtanespeciallysevereblowatcommercebyhisdeclarationthateventoadvanceoninterestthemoneynecessaryinmaritimetradewasdamnableusury；andthiswasfitlyfollowedbyGregoryX，whoforbadeChristianburialtothoseguiltyofthispractice；theCouncilofLyonsmetedoutthesamepenalty。Thisideawasstillmorefirmlyfastenedupontheworldbythetwogreatestthinkersofthetime：first，bySt。ThomasAquinas，whoknititintothemindoftheChurchbytheuseoftheScripturesandofAristotle；andnextbyDante，whopicturedmoney-lendersinoneoftheworstregionsofhell。

　　Aboutthebeginningofthefourteenthcenturythe“SubtileDoctor“oftheMiddleAges，DunsScotus，gavetotheworldanexquisitepieceofreasoninginevasionoftheaccepteddoctrine；

　　butalltonopurpose：theCouncilofVienne，presidedoverbyPopeClementV，declaredthatifanyone“shallpertinaciouslypresumetoaffirmthatthetakingofinterestformoneyisnotasin，wedecreehimtobeaheretic，fitforpunishment。”ThisinfallibleutteranceboundthedogmawithadditionalforceontheconscienceoftheuniversalChurch。

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