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　　Western1767-1844；whigM。P。，1790-1832；chiefrepresentative

　　ofagriculturalinterests；madepeerin1833。

　　AnnualRegister，1816，Chron。p。67。

　　ThedisturbancesatBrandonceasedimmediatelyontheconcessionof

　　thedemandsofrioters；flourwasreducedto2s。6d。astone，andwageswere

　　raisedfortwoweeksto2s。ahead。Therioterswerecontented，andpeace

　　wasrestored——Times，May23，1816。

　　18。Times，June26。Acuriousironyhasplacedsidebysidewith

　　theaccountintheAnnualRegisteroftheexecutionofthefivemen

　　whowerehungfortheirshareinthisspasmofstarvationanddespair，the

　　reportofameeting，withtheinevitableWilberforceinthechair，forraising

　　asubscriptionforrebuildingtheProtestantChurchatCopenhagen，which

　　hadbeendestroyedbytheBritishFleetatthebombardmentofCopenhagen

　　in1807。

　　19。AgriculturalStateoftheKingdom，p。13。

　　SeeAnnualRegister，1819，p。320。

　　Thoseassessedat&#163；100weretohavetwovotes，thoseat&#163；150

　　threevotes，andthoseat&#163；400fourvotes。Whitbreaddidnotpropose

　　tocopytheprovisionofGilbert’sAct，whichwithdrewallvotingpowerin

　　vestriesinparishesthatadoptedthatActfrompersonsassessedatless

　　than&#163；5。

　　PoliticalRegister，August29，1807，p。329。

　　LettertoSamuelWhitbread，M。P。，onhisproposedBillfortheAmendment

　　ofthePoorLaws，1807。

　　H。O。Papers，MunicipalandProvincial。

　　Ofcoursethesystemwasonlyoneofthecausesofthisdifference

　　ThetableisgivenintheReportoftheCommitteeonthePoorLaws，

　　Cobbett，PoliticalRegister，September21，1822。Cobbettwrote

　　oneofhisliveliestarticlesonthisscale，settingoutthenumberoflivings

　　heldbythefiveparsons，andvariouscircumstancesconnectedwiththeir

　　families。

　　Thefarmerswereusuallysympathetictopoachingasahabit，butit

　　wasnotsomuchfromaperceptionofitseconomictendencies，asfromageneral

　　resentmentagainsttheGameLaws。

　　SeeCobbett；LetterstoPeel；PoliticalRegister；and

　　DrHunt’sevidencebeforetheSelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitmentsand

　　Convictions，1827。

　　39。AmanifestowaspublishedinaBathpaperinreplytothisAct；it

　　isquotedbySydneySmith，Essays，p。263：’TakeNotice——Wehave

　　latelyheardandseenthatthereisanactpassed，andwhateverpoacheris

　　caughtdestroyingthegameistobetransportedforsevenyears——Thisis

　　EnglishLiberty！

　　’Nowwedosweartoeachotherthatthefirstofourcompanythatthis

　　lawisinflictedon，thatthereshallnotbeonegentleman’sseatinour

　　countryescapetherageoffire。Thefirstthatimpeachesshallbeshot。

　　Wehaveswornnottoimpeach。Youmaythinkitatreat，buttheywillfind

　　itareality。TheGameLawsweretooseverebefore。TheLordofallmensent

　　theseanimalsforthepeasantsaswellasfortheprince。Godwillnotlet

　　hispeoplebeoppressed。Hewillassistusinourundertaking，andwewill

　　executeitwithcaution。’

　　TheArchbishopofCanterburyprosecutedamanunderthisActinJanuary

　　1831，forrescuingapoacherfromagameskeeperwithoutviolence，onthe

　　groundthathethoughtithisdutytoenforcetheprovisionsoftheAct。

　　AmagistratewrotetoSirR。Peelin1827tosaythatmanymagistrates

　　sentinveryimperfectreturnsofconvictions，andthatthetruenumberfar

　　exceededtherecords——Webb，ParishandCountry，p。598note。

　　BroughamSpeeches，vol。ii，p。

　　PoliticalRegister，Marc

　　SelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitteeandConvictions，1827，p。30。

　　QuotedinTimes，September18，1830。

　　ReturnofConvictionsundertheGameLawsfrom1827to1830。Ordered

　　bytheHouseofCommonstobeprinted，February14，1831，p。4。

　　Hansard，June9，1817。

　　Scotlandwasexemptedfromtheoperationofthisstatute，forwhilst

　　theBillwasgoingthroughParliament，acaseraisedinaScottishCourt

　　endedinaunanimousdecisionbythesixJudgesoftheHighCourtofJusticiary

　　thatkillingbyaspringgunwasmurder。Hencethemilderprovisionsofthis

　　Actwerenotrequired。SeeAnnualRegister，1827，p。185，andChron。

　　p。116。

　　ThatCokeofNorfolkdidnoterronthesideofmercytowardspoachers

　　isclearfromthisrecord。HisbiographerMrsStirlingstatesthatone

　　ofhisfirsteffortsinParliamentwastointroduceaBilltopunishnight

　　poaching。

　　’Speakingnowofcountryandagriculturalparishes，Idonotknow

　　aboveoneinstanceinallmyexperience。’

　　SomeEnclosureActsprescribespecialpenaltiesforthebreakingof

　　fences。SeecasesofHauteHuntreandCroydoninAppendix。

　　SeeMrEstcourt’sevidencebeforeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，

　　1831，p。41。

　　PresentStateoftheLaw，p。41。

　　FromPloughsharestoParliament，p。186；theAnnualRegister

　　for1791recordstheexecutionoftwoboysatNewportforstealing，oneaged

　　fourteenandtheotherfifteen。

　　Romilly，Memoirs，vol。ii，p。181。

　　Itwasagainrejectedin1813bytwentytofifteen，themajorityincluding

　　fivebishops。

　　CorrespondenceontheSubjectofSecondaryPunishments，1834，

　　SeeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，1831，andSelectCommittee

　　onTransportation，1838。

　　SeeevidenceofDr。Ullathorne，RomanCatholicVicar-GeneralofNew

　　HollandandVanDiemen’sLand，beforethe1838CommitteeonTransportation。

　　ChapterEightTheIsolationofthePoorTheupperclasses，towhomthefactthatthelabourersweremorewretched

　　in1830thantheyhad，beenin1795wasareasonformakingpunishmentmore

　　severe，werenotdeliberatelycallousandcruelintheirneglectofallthis

　　growingmiseryandhunger。Mostofthosewhothoughtseriouslyaboutithad

　　learntareasonedinsensibilityfromthesternSibylofthepoliticaleconomy

　　infashion，thatstrangeandpartialinterpretationofAdamSmith，Malthus

　　andRicardowhichwastheninfullpower。Thispoliticaleconomyhadrobbed

　　povertyofitsstingfortherichbyrepresentingitasNature’smedicine，

　　bitterindeed，butlessbitterthananymedicinethatmancouldprescribe。

　　Ifpovertywassharperatonetimethananother，thisonlymeantthatsociety

　　wasmorethaneverinneedofthismedicine。Butthegoverningclassasa

　　wholedidnotthinkoutanysuchschemeororderofsociety，ormasterthe

　　newscienceofmiseryandvice。Theythoughtofthepoornotinrelation

　　tothemysteriousforcesofNature，butinrelationtotheprivilegesof

　　theirownclassinwhichtheysawnomysteryatall。Theirstateofmind

　　ispresentedinapassageinBolingbroke’sIdeaofaPatriotKing。

　　’Asmenareapttomakethemselvesthemeasureofallbeing，sotheymake

　　themselvesthefinalcauseofallcreation。Thusthereputedorthodoxphilosophers

　　inallageshavetaughtthattheworldwasmadeforman，theearthforhim

　　toinhabit，andalltheluminousbodiesintheimmenseexpansearoundus

　　forhimtogazeat。Kingsdonomore，naynotsomuch，whentheyimagine

　　themselvesthefinalcauseforwhichsocietieswereformedandgovernments

　　instituted。’Ifweread’thearistocracy’for’kings’weshallhaveacomplete

　　analysisofthesocialphilosophyoftherulingclass。Itwasfromthiscentre

　　thattheylookedoutupontheworld。Whenthemiseryofthepoorreacted

　　ontheirowncomfort，asinthecaseofpoachingorcrimeorthepressure

　　ontherates，theywereawareofitandtookmeasurestoprotecttheirproperty，

　　butofanysocialproblemoutsidetheserelationstheywereentirelyunconscious。

　　Theirphilosophyandtheirreligiontaughtthemthatitwasthedutyofthe

　　richtobebenevolent，andofthepoortobepatientandindustrious。The

　　richwerereadytodotheirpart，andalltheyaskedofthepoorwasthat

　　theyshouldlearntobeartheirlotwithresignation。Burkehadlaiddown

　　thetrueandfullphilosophyofsociallifeonceandforall。’Goodorder

　　isthefoundationofallgoodthings。Tobeenabledtoacquire，thepeople，

　　withoutbeingservile，mustbetractableandobedient。Themagistratemust

　　havehisreverence，thelawstheirauthority。Thebodyofthepeoplemust

　　notfindtheprinciplesofnaturalsubordinationbyartrootedoutoftheir

　　minds。Theymustrespectthatpropertyofwhichtheycannotpartake。They

　　mustlabourtoobtainwhatbylabourcanbeobtained；andwhentheyfind，

　　astheycommonlydo，thesuccessdisproportionedtotheendeavour，theymust

　　betaughttheirconsolationinthefinalproportionsofeternaljustice。’1*

　　Theupperclasses，lookingupontheworldinthisway，consideredthat

　　itwasthedutyofthepoormantoadapthimself，histastes，hishabits，

　　andhisambitions，tothearrangementsofasocietywhichithadpleased

　　Providencetoorganiseonthisinterestingplan。Wehaveinthepagesof

　　Edentheportraitoftheidealpoorwoman，whoselifeshowedwhatcouldbe

　　doneifpovertywerefacedintheproperspirit。’AnneHurstwasbornat

　　WitleyinSurrey：thereshelivedthewholeperiodofalonglife，andthere

　　shedied。Assoonasshewasthoughtabletowork，shewenttoservice：there，

　　beforeshewastwenty，shemarriedJamesStrudwick，who，likeherownfather，

　　wasadaylabourer。Withthishusbandshelived，aprolific，hardworking，

　　contentedwife，somewhatmorethanfiftyyears。Heworkedmorethanthreescore

　　yearsononefarm，andhiswages，summerandwinter，wereregularlyashilling

　　aday。Heneveraskedmorenorwasneverofferedless。Theyhadbetweenthem

　　sevenchildren：。andlivedtoseesixdaughtersmarriedandthreethemothers

　　ofsixteenchildren：allofwhomwerebroughtup，orarebringingup，to

　　bedaylabourers。Strudwickcontinuedtoworktillwithinsevenweeksof

　　thedayofhisdeath，andattheageoffourscore，in1787，heclosed，in

　　peace，anotingloriouslife；for，tothedayofhisdeath，heneverreceived

　　afarthinginthewayofparochialaid。Hiswifesavedhimaboutsevenyears，

　　andthoughbentwithageandinfirmities，andlittleabletowork，excepting

　　asaweederinagentleman’sgarden，shealsowastooproudtoaskorreceive

　　anyrelieffromtheparish。Forsixorsevenofthelastyearsofherlife，

　　shereceivedtwentyshillingsayearfromthepersonwhofavouredmewith

　　thisaccount，whichhedrewupfromherownmouth。Withallhervirtue，and

　　allhermerit，sheyetwasnotmuchlikedinherneighbourhood；peoplein

　　affluencethoughtherhaughty，andthePaupersoftheparish，seeing，as

　　theycouldnothelpseeing，thatherlifewasareproachtotheirs，aggravated

　　allherlittlefailings。Yet，theworstthingtheyhadtosayofherwas，

　　thatshewasproud；which，theysaid，wasmanifestedbythewayinwhich

　　sheburiedherhusband。Resolute，assheownedshewas，tohavethefuneral，

　　andeverythingthatrelatedtoit，whatshecalleddecent，nothingcould

　　dissuadeherfromhavinghandlestohiscoffinandaplateonit，mentioning

　　hisage。Shewasalsochargedwithhavingbehavedherselfcrosslyandpeevishly

　　towardsoneofhersons-in-law，whowasamasonandwentregularlyevery

　　Saturdayeveningtothealehouseashesaidjusttodrinkapotofbeer。

　　JamesStrudwickinallhislife，assheoftentoldthisungraciousson-in-law，

　　neverspentfiveshillingsinanyidleness：luckilyasshewassuretoadd

　　hehaditnottospend。Amoreseriouschargeagainstherwasthat，living