ThissurelyisaremarkableDialogue；farbeyondanyoftheGellertkind。AnabsoluteKingandCommander—in—Chief，andofsuchatypeinbothcharacters，gettingflatrefusalonceinhislife（thisonceonly，sofarasIknow），andhowhetakesit:——onewishesKuster，orsomebody，hadbeenabletogointomoredetails！——
DetailsontheQuintus—Iciliusprocedure，whichfollowednextday，wouldalsohavebeenratherwelcome，hadKusterseengood。Itiswellknown，QuintusIciliusandhisBattalion，onordernowgiven，wentcheerfully，nextday，inSaldern’sstead。AndsackedHubertsburgCastle，tothedueextentorfarther:100，000thalers（15，000pounds）weretoberaisedfromitfortheField—Hospitalbehoof；therestwastobeQuintus’sown；who，itwasthought，madeanexcellentthingofitforhimself。Andinhaulingoutthefurnitures，especiallyinsellingthem，Quintushavinganenterprisingsharpheadintradeaffairs，\"itiscertain，\"saysKuster，assayseverybody，\"variousSCHANDLICHKEITEN（scandals）
occurred，whichwerecontrarytotheKing’sintention，andwouldnothavehappenedunderSaldern。\"Whatthescandalsparticularlywere，isnotspecifiedtomeanywhere，thoughIhavesearchedupanddown；muchlessthenetamountofmoneyrealizedbyQuintus。
Iknowonly，poorQuintuswasbanteredaboutit，allhislifeafter，bythismercilessKing；andatPotsdam，inyearscoming，hadampletimeandadmonitionforwhatpenitencewasneedful。
\"ThecasewasmuchcanvassedintheArmy，\"sayspoorKuster；
\"itwasthetopicineverytentamongOfficersandcommonMen。
AndamongusArmy—Chaplainstoo，\"poorhonestsouls，\"thequestionofconflictingdutiesarose:YourKingorderingonething，andyourownConscienceanother，whatoughtamantodo？WhatoughtanArmy—
Chaplaintopreachoradvise？Andconsiderablemutuallightinregardtoitwestruckoutfromoneanother，andsawhowaprudentArmy—Chaplainmightsteerhisway。Ourgeneralconclusionwas，ThatneithertheKingnorSalderncouldwellbecalledwrong。
Saldernlisteningtotheinnervoice；righthe，forcertain。
ButwithaltheKing，inhisplace，mightjudgesuchathingexpedientandfit；perhapsSaldernhimselfwould，hadSaldernbeenKingofPrussiathereinJanuary，1761。\"
Saldern’sbehaviorinhisretirementwasbeautiful；andafterthePeace，hewasrecalled，andmademoreuseofthanever:
beingindeedamodelforArmyarrangementsandprocedures，andreckonedthecompletestGeneralofInfantrynowleft，farandnear。
TheoutcriesmadeaboutHubertsburg，whichstilllingerinBooks，aresoconsiderable，onefanciesthepoorSchlossmusthavebeenquiteruined，andleftstandingasnakedwalls。Such，however，webynomeansfindtobethecase；but，onthecontrary，shallourselvesseethateverythingwasgotrefittedthere，andputintoperfectorderagain，beforelong。
THEREARESOMEWAR—MOVEMENTSDURINGWINTER；GENERAL
FINANCIERINGDIFFICULTIES。CHOISEULPROPOSESPEACE。
February15th，therefellout，atLangensalza，ontheUnstrut，inGothaCountry，abitofsharpfighting；donebyFriedrich’speopleandDukeFerdinand’sinconcert；which，andstillmorewhatfollowedonit，madesomenoiseinthequietmonths。Notagreatthing，thisofLangensalza，butasudden，andsuccessfullydone；
costingBrogliosome2，000prisoners；andtheruinofaconsiderablePostofhis，whichhehadlatelypushedoutthither，\"toseizetheUnstrut，\"ashehoped。ABrogliograspingatmorethanhecouldhold，inthoseThuringenparts，aselsewhere！
And，indeed，theFightofLangensalzawasonlythebeginningofaseriesofsuch；DukeFerdinandbeingnowupononeofhisgrandWinter—Adventures:thatofsuddenlysurprisingandexplodingBroglio’sWinter—quartersaltogether，androllinghimbacktoFrankfurtforalodging。Sothat，sincethefirstdaysofFebruary，especiallysinceLangensalzaday，thererosesuddenlyagreatdealofrushingabout，inthoseregions，withhardbitsoffighting，atleastofseverecampaigning；——whichlastedtwowhole—months；——
fillingthewholeworldwithnoisethatWinter；andrequiringextremebrevityfromushere。ItwasspeciallyDukeFerdinand’sAdventure；Friedrichgoingonit，asperbargain，totheLangensalzaenterprise，butnofarther；afterwhichitdidnotmuchconcernFriedrich，norindeedcometomuchresultforanybody。
\"StrenuousFerdinand，veryimpatientoftheGottingenbusinessandprovokedtoseeBroglio’squartersextendintoHessen，sonearhand，forthefirsttime，silentlydeterminestodislodgehim。
Broglio’schainofquarters，whichgoesfromFrankfurtnorthasfarasMarburg，thenturnseasttoZiegenhayn；thencenorthagaintoCassel，toMundenwithitsDefiles；andagaineast，orsoutheast，toLangensalzaeven:thischainhasabove150milesofweaklength；
andvariousothergravefaultstotheeyeofFerdinand，——especiallythis，thatitisintheform，notofanelbowonly，orjoiner’s—
square，whichisentirelytobedisapproved，butevenoftwoelbows；infact，ofthePROFILEOFACHAIR[ifreadershadaMapathand]。FOOTofthechairisFrankfurt；SEATpartisfromMarburgtoZiegenhayn；BACKpart，nearwhereFerdinandliesinchiefforce，istheCasselregion，ontoMunden，whichisTOPoftheback，——stillbackwardsfromwhich，thereisakindofproudCURLoroverlapping，downtoLangensalzainGothaCountry，whichgreedyBrogliohaslikewisegraspedat！Broglio’sfriendssayhehimselfknewthefaultinessofthiszigzagform，buthadbeenoverruled。
Ferdinandcertainlyknowsit，andproceedstoactuponit。
\"Inprofoundsilence，namely，rankshimself（FEBRUARYlst—12th）inthreeDivisions，wideenoughasunder；burstsupsuddenaslightning，atLangensalzaandelsewhere；kickstopiecesBroglio’sChair—Profile，kicksoutespeciallythebottompartwhichruinsbothfootandback，thesebeingdisjointedthereby，andeachexposedtobetakeninrear；——andofcourseastonishesBroglionotalittle；butdoesnotstealhispresenceofmind。
\"Sothat，ineffect，BrogliohadinstantlytoquitCasselandwarmlodging，andtakethefieldinperson；toburnhisMagazines；
and，attheswiftestratepermissible，condensehimself，atfirstpartiallyaboutFulda（welldownthelegofhischair），andthengraduallyallintoonemassnearFrankfurtitself；——withconsiderablelosses，lossespeciallyofallhisMagazines，fullorhalffull。Andhasnow，exceptMarburg，ZiegenhaynandCassel，nopostbetweenGottingenandhim。Ferdinand，withhisThreeDivisions，wentstormingalonginthewildweather，Granbyasvanguard；prickingintotheskirtsofBroglio。CapturedthisandthatofCorps，ofMagazinesthathadnotbeengotburnt；laidsiegetoTassel，siegetoZiegenhayn；blockedMarburg，nothavinggunsready:and，forsomethreeorfourweeks，wasbytheGazetteerworldandgeneralpublicthoughttohavedoneaveryconsiderablefeat；——thoughtohimself，suchwerethedistances，difficultiesoftheseason，ofthelongroads，itprobablyseemedveryquestionablewhether，intheend，anyfeatatall。
\"Casselhecouldnottake，afteramonth’ssiegeunderthebestofSiege—Captains；Ziegenhaynstilllessunderoneoftheworst。
Provisions，ammunitions，werenottobehadbyforceofwagonry:
scantfoodforsoldiers，doublyscantthefoodofSieges；\"——\"theroadfromBeverungen[wheretheWeser—boatshavetostop，whichis30milesfromCassel，perhaps60fromZiegenhayn，andperhaps100
fromtheoutmostorsouthern—mostofFerdinand’sparties]ispavedwithdeadhorses，\"norhasevenCasselnearlyenoughofammunition:——inaword，Broglio，findingthetimecome，burstsupfromhisFrankfurtPosition（March14th—21st）inasharpanddeterminedmanner；drivesFerdinand’speopleback，beatstheErbprinzhimselfoneday（bysurprisal，’MycomplimentforLangensalza’），andsetshispeoplerunning。Ferdinandseestheaffairtobeover；anddeliberatelyretires；lucky，perhaps，thathestillcandeliberately:andmattersreturntotheiroldposture。
Broglioresumeshisquarters，somewhatalteredinshape，andnotquitesograspingasformerly；andbeyondhishalf—filledMagazines，haslostnothingconsiderable，ormoreconsiderablethanhasFerdinandhimself。\"[Tempelhof，v。15—45；Mauvillon，ii。
135—148。]
ThevitalelementinFerdinand’sAdventurewastheSiegeofCassel；
allhadtofail，whenthis，bydefectofmeans，underthebestofmanagement，declareditselfafailure。SiegeCaptainwasaGrafvonLippe—Buckeburg，Ferdinand’sOrdnance—Master，whoissupposedtobe\"thebestArtilleryOfficerintheworld，\"——andisamanofgreatmarkinmilitaryandothercircles。HeisSonandSuccessorofthatfantasticLippe—Buckeburg，bywhomFriedrichwasintroducedtoFree—Masonrylongsince。Hehashimselfagooddealofthefantastagain，butwithabetterbasisofsoliditybeneathit。Amanofexcellentknowledgeandfacultyinvariousdepartments；strictassteel，inregardtodiscipline，topracticeandconductofallkinds；amostpunctilious，silentlysuperciliousgentleman，ofpolitebutprivatelyirrefragableturnofmind。Atall，lean，duskyfigure；muchseentobyneighbors，ashestalksloftilythroughthispuddleofaworld，ontermsofhisown。ConcerningwhomtherecirculatesinmilitarycirclesthisAnecdote，amongmanyothers；——
whichissetdownasafact；andmaybe，whetherquitebelievableornot，asymbolofalltherest，andofamannotunimportantintheseWars。\"Twoyearsago，onKingFriedrich’sbirthday，24thJanuary，1759，theCounthadaselectdinner—partyinhistentinFerdinand’sCamp，inhonoroftheoccasion。Dinnerwaswellover，andwinehandsomelyflowing，whensomebodyatlastthoughtofasking，’Whatisit，then，HerrGraf，thatwhistlingkindofnoiseweheareverynowandthenoverhead？’’Thatisnothing，’saidtheGraf，inhiscalm，duskyway:’thatisonlymyArtillery—peoplepractising；Ihavebiddenthemhitthepoleofourtentiftheycan:unhappilythereisnottheslightestdanger。Pushthebottleson。’\"[Archenholtz，ii。356；Zimmermann，Einsamkeit，iii。461；&c。]Lippe—BuckeburgwasSiege—CaptainatCassel；
CommandantbesiegedwasComtedeBroglio，theMarshal’syoungerBrother，formerlyintheDiplomaticline；——whomwesawonce，fiveyearsago，atthePirnaBarrier，flyintofinefrenzy，andkickvainlyagainstthepricks。Friedrichsaysonce，toD’Argensorsomebody:\"IhopeweshallsoonhaveCassel，andM。leComtedeBroglioprisoner\"（deservesitforhisfinefrenzies，atPirnaandsince）；——butthatcomfortwasdeniedus。
SomecarelessBookssay，FriedrichhadatfirstgoodhopesofthisEnterprise；and\"hadhimselflent7，000mentoit:\"whichisthefact，butnotthewholefact。Friedrichhadapproved，andevenadvisedthisplanofFerdinand’s，andhadagreedtosend7，000mentoco—operateatLangensalza，——which，sofaroutinThuringen，andpointingasiftotheReichsfolk，isitselfaneye—sorrowtoFriedrich。Theissuewehaveseen。His7，000wentaccordingly，underaGeneralSyburg；mettheFerdinandpeople（GeneralSporkenheadofthese，andWalpole’s\"Conway\"oneofthem）；foundtheUnstrutinflood，butcrossednevertheless；dashedinupontheFrenchandSaxonsthere，andmadeabrilliantthingofitatLangensalza。[BerichtvonderbeyLangensalzaam15
Februar1761vorgefallenenActioninSeyfarth，Beylagen，iii。75；Tempelhof，v。22—27。]
Whichdone，Syburginstantlywithdrew，leavingSporkenandhisConwaystocompletetheAdventure；and，forhispart，sethimselfwithhiswholemight\"toraisingcontributions，recruits，horses，proviants，overThuringen；\"\"which，\"saysTempelhof，\"hadbeenhisgranderrandthere，andinwhichhesucceededwonderfully。\"
TowardstheendofFerdinand’sAffair，CasselSiegenowevidentlyliketofail，FriedrichorganizedasmallExpeditionforhisownbehoof:expeditionintoVoigtland，orFrankenland，againsttheintrusiveReichs—people，whohavenotnowaBroglioorLangensalzatolookacrossto，butaremischievousuponouroutpostsontheedgeoftheVoigtlandyonder。Theexpeditionlastedonlytendays（APRIL1stitleftquarters；APRIL11thwashomeagain）；asharp，swiftandveryprettyexpedition；[Tempelhof，v。48—57。]ofwhichwecanheresayonlythatitwasbeautifullyimpressiveontheReichsgentlemen，andsenttheirCroateriesandthemhomeagain，toBamberg，toEger，quiteoverthehorizon，inaconsiderablyflurriedstate。AfterwhichtherewasnoSmall—Warfarther，andeverybodyrestedincantonment，makingreadytilltheGreatshouldcome。
ThePrussianwoundedareallinLeipzigthisWinter；acrowdedstirringTown；youngArchenholtz，amongmanyothers，goingaboutinconvalescentstate，——notattendingGellert’scourse，thatIhearof，——butnoticingvividlytorightandleft。Muchdifficultyaboutthecontributions，Archenholtzobserves；——ofcourseanever—
increasingdifficulty，hereaseverywhere，inregardtofinance！
FromArchenholtzchiefly，Ipresentthefollowingparticulars；
which，thoughinlooseform，andwithoutdate，exceptthegeneraloneofWinter1760—1761，toanyofthem，aretobeheldsubstantiallycorrect……\"’ItisimpossibletopaythatContribution，’exclaimtheLeipzigers:’yousaid，longsince，itwastobe75，000poundsonusbytheyear；andthisyearyouriseto160，000pounds；morethandouble！’——’PerhapsthatisbecauseyoufavoredtheReichsfolkwhilehere？’answerthePrussians，iftheyansweranything:’ItistheKing’sorder。Payityoumust。’——’Cannot；simplyimpossible。’
’Possible，wetellyou，andalsocertain；wewillburnyourLeipzigifyoudon’t！’Andtheyactually，theseCollectorfellows，astony—
heartedset，whohadapercentageoftheirownonthesumslevied，gotsoldiersdrawnoutmorethanoncepitch—linkinhand，asifforimmediateburning:huttheLeipzigersthoughttothemselves，’KingFriedrichisnotaSoltikof！’andopenlylaughedatthosepitch—
links。WhereuponaboutahundredoftheirChiefMerchantswerethrownintoprison，——onehundredorso，riddleddowninadayortwotoSeventeen；whichlatterSeventeen，astheystoodout，weredetainedagoodmanydays，howmanyisnotsaid，butonlythattheywereamazinglyfirm。Black—holeforlodging，bread—and—waterfordiet，strawforbed:nothingwouldavailontheSeventeen:
’Impossible，’theyansweredalways；eachunitofthem，insightoftheothersixteen，wasuponhishonor，andcouldnotthinkofflinching。’Youshallgoforsoldiers，then；——possiblyyouwillpreferthat，youfinepowderedvelvetgentlemen？Upthen，andmarch；hereareyourfirelocks，yourseventeenknapsacks:totheroadwithus；toMagdeburg，theretogetondrill！’UponwhichtheSeventeen，horror—struckatsuchquasi—ACTUALpossibility，gavein。
\"MagnanimousGotzkowsky，whohadcometoLeipzigonbusinessatthetime[whichwillgiveusadateforthisbyandby]，andbeensolemnlyappliedtobyDeputationoftheRath，pleadedwithhisusualzealousfidelityontheirbehalf；gotvariousalleviations，abatements；gavebills:——’Neverwasseensuchmagnanimity！’saidtheLeipzigTown—Councilsolemnly，asthatofBerlin，inOctoberlast，haddone。\"[Archenholtz，ii。187—192。]
Ofcoursethedifficulties，financialandother，areincreasingeveryWinter；——notonFriedrich’ssideonly。Here，forinstance，fromtheDuchyofGottingen，aresomeitemsintheFrenchAccountcurrent，thisWinter，whicharealsofurnishedbyArchenholtz:——
\"Forbed—ticking，13，000webs；ofshirtsready—made，18，000；
shoes，\"Iforgetinwhatquantity；but\"fromthepoorlittleTownofDuderstadt600pairs，——liabilitytoinstantfloggingiftheyarenothonestshoes；flogging，andthewholeshoemakerguildsummonedouttoseeit。\"HardywomenthesameDuderstadthashadtoproduce:
300ofthem，\"eachwithbasketonback，whoarecarryingcannon—
ballsfromthefoundryatLauterbergtoGottingen，theroadbeingbad。\"[Archenholtz，ii。237。]\"TheseFrenchareinsuchnecessity，\"
continuesArchenholtz，\"theyspareneitherfriendnorfoe。
TheFrankishCircle，forexample，pleadspiteouslyinReichsDietthatithasalreadysmartedbythisWartothelengthof2，230，000
pounds，andentreatstheKaisertobidMostChristianMajestyceaseHISexactions，——butwithouttheleastresult。\"Result！IfMostChristianMajestyandhisPompadourwillcontinuethisWar，isithe，orisityou，thatcanfurnishtheMagazines？
\"Magazine—furnishings，overallHessenandthispartofHanover，areenormous。Recruitstoo，nativeHessian，nativeHanoverian，youshallfurnish，——and’Wewillhangthem，anddo，ifcaughtdeserting’[totheirownside]！\"
IaddonlyoneotheritemfromArchenholtz:\"MicebeingbusyintheseHanoverMagazines，itisdecidedtohavecats，andarequisitiongoesoutaccordingly[ciphernotgiven]:catsdoexecutionforatime，butcannotstandtheconfinement，\"areaversetothesolitarysystem，andobject（thinkwithwhatvocality！）:
\"uponwhichHanoverhastosendfoxesandweasels。\"[Ib。ii。240]
Theseguardiananimals，andthe300womenladenwithcannon—ballsfromtheforge，arethemostpeculiaritemsintheFrenchAccountcurrent，andthelastIwillmention。
Difficulty，quasi—impossibility，ontheFrenchside，thereevidentlyis，perhapsmorethanonanyother。ButChoiseulhasmanyarts；——andhisOfficialexistence，weretherenothingmore，demandsthathedotheimpossiblenowifever。ThisSpring（26thMarch，1761），tothesurpriseandjoyofmankind，therecameformalProposal，issuingfromChoiseul，towhichMariaTheresaandtheCzarinahadtoputtheirsignatures；regrettingthattheBritish—
PrussianProposaloflastYearhad，byillaccident，fallentotheground，andnowrepeatingitthemselves（real\"CongressatAugsburg，\"andallthingsfairandhandsome）toBritannicandPrussianMajesties。Whoanswered（April3d）asbefore，\"Nothingwithmorewillingness，we！\"[The\"Declaration\"（ofFrance&c。），withtheAnsweror\"Counter—Declaration，\"inSeyfarth，
Beylagen，iii。12—16。]
Andthereactuallydidensue，atParis，avividNegotiatingallSummer；whichended，notquiteinnothing，butinless，ifwemightsayso。Considerablyless，forsomeofus。Weshallhavetolookwhatendithad，andMauduitwilllook！——Mostpeople，Pittprobablyamongtheothers，cametothinkthatChoiseul，thoughhisFranceisinbeggary，hadnorealviewfromthefirst，excepttothrowpowderintheeyesofFranceandmankind，toascertainforhimselfonwhattermsthoseEnglishwouldmakePeace，andtogetSpaindrawnintohisquarrel。AChoiseulwithmanyarts。ButwewillleavehimandhisPeace—Proposals，andtheotherrumorsandfutilitiesofthisYear。TheyarepartofthesoundandsmokewhichfillallYears；
andwhichvanishintonexttonothing，oftenestintopurenothing，whentheYearshavewaitedalittle。Friedrich’sfinances，copperandother，weregotcompleted；hisArmiestoowereoncemoreputonapassablefooting；——andthisYearwillhaveitsrealitieswithal。
Gotzkowsky，inregardtothoseLeipzigFinancedifficulties，yieldsmeadate，whichissupplementarytosomeoftheArchenholtzdetails。Ifinditwas\"January20th，1761，\"——preciselywhiletheSaldernInterview，andsubsequentwreckofHubertsburg，wenton，——that\"GotzkowskyarrivedinLeipzig，\"[Rodenbeck，ii。77。]andgotthoseunfortunateSeventeenoutofward，andthecontributionssettled。
Andwithal，atParis，inthesamehours，therewentonathingworthnoting。ThatJanuaryday，whileIciliuswasbusyontheSchlossofHubertsburg，pooroldMarechaldeBelleisle，——markhim，reader！——\"intheRuedeLilleatParis，\"laysunkinputridfever；
andonthefourthdayafter，\"January26th，1761，\"thelastofthegrandoldFrenchmendied。\"Hehadbeenreporteddeadthreedaysbefore，\"saysBarbier:\"thepublicwisheditso；theylaidtheblameonhimofthisapparent\"（letacautiousmanwriteit，\"apparent）derangementinouraffairs，\"——insteadofthankinghimforallhehaddoneandsuffered（lossofsomuch，includingreputationandanonlySon）torepairandstaythesame。\"Hewasinhis77thyear。Manypeoplesay，’Wemustwaitthreemonths，toseeifweshallnotregrethim，’\"——evenhim！[Barbier，iv。373；
i。154。]SogenerousareNations。
MarechalDucdeBelleislewasverywealthy:inVernonCountry，Normandy，hehadestatesandchateauxtothevalueofabout24，000
poundsannually。Allthese，havingfirstaccuratelysettledforhisowndebts，he，inhisgrandoldway，childless，forlorn，butloftilypolitetothelast，bequeathedtotheKing。HissplendidParisMansionheexpresslyleft\"toserveinperpetuityasaresidencefortheSecretaryofStateintheDepartmentofWar:\"
amagnificentTown—Houseitis，\"HOTELMAGNIFIQUE，attheendofthePont—Royal，\"——which，Inoticefarther，isinourtimecalled\"HoteldeCHOISEUL—PRASLIN，\"——ahouselatterlybecomehorribleinmen’smemory，ifmyguessisright。
Andthusvanishes，insourdarkclouds，theoncegreatBelleisle。
Grandiose，somethingalmostofgreatinhim，ofsublime，——alas，yes，oftoosublime；andofunfortunatebeyondproportion，payingthedebtofmanyforegoers！Hetooisanotabilitygoneout，thelastofhiskind。Twentyyearsago，hecrossedtheOEil—de—BoeufwithPapers，justsettingouttocutTeutschlandinFour；andintheRuedeLille，No。54，withthatgrandioseEnterprisedrawingtoitsissueinuniversaldefeat，disgrace，discontentandpreparationfortheGeneralOverturn（CULBUTEGENERALEof1789））hecloseshiswearyoldeyes。Choiseul。succeedshimasWar—Minister；
War—MinisterandPrime—Ministerbothinone；——andbymanyartsoflegerdemain，andanotherrealspasmofeffortuponHanovertodotheimpossiblethere，isleadingFrancewithwingedstepsthesameroad。
SinceMarch17th，FriedrichwasnolongerinLeipzig。Heleftatthattime，forMeissenCountry，andtheHillCantonments，——
organizedtherehislittleExpeditionintoVoigtland，forbehoofoftheReichsfolk；——anddidnotreturn。Continued，mostlyinMeissenCountry，asthefittestforhismanybusinesses，Army—regulatingsandother。TilltheCampaigncome，wewillrememberofhimnothing，butthislittleNote，andpleasantlittleGift，tohisCHEREMAMAN，thedayafterhisarrivalinthoseparts:——
TOMADAMCAMAS（atMagdeburg，withtheQueen）。
\"MEISSEN，20thMarch，1761。
\"Isendyou，mydearMamma，alittleTrifle，bywayofkeepsakeandmemento[SnuffboxofMeissenPorcelain，withthefigureofaDogonthelid]。YoumayusetheBoxforyourrouge，foryourpatches，oryoumayputsnuffinit，orBONBONSorpills:butwhateveruseyouturnitto，thinkalways，whenyouseethisDog，theSymbolofFidelity，thathewhosendsitoutstrips，inrespectoffidelityandattachmenttoMAMAN，allthedogsintheworld；andthathisdevotiontoyouhasnothingwhateverincommonwiththefragilityofthematerialwhichismanufacturedhereabouts。
\"IhaveorderedPorcelainhereforalltheworld，forSchonhausen[foryourMistress，mypooruncomplainingWife]，formySisters—in—
law；infact，Iamrichinthisbrittlematerialonly。AndIhopethereceiverswillacceptitascurrentmoney:for，thetruthis，wearepoorascanbe，goodMamma；Ihavenothingleftbuthonor，mycoat，mysword，andporcelain。
\"Farewell，mybelovedMamma。IfHeavenwill，Ishallonedayseeyouagainfacetoface；andrepeattoyou，bywordofmouth，whatI
havealreadysaidandwritten；but，turnitandre—turnitasI
may，Ishallnever，exceptveryincompletely，expresswhatthefeelingsofmyhearttoyouare。——F。\"[GiveninRodenbeck，ii。79；
omitted，forIknownotwhatreason，inOEuvresdeFrederic，xviii。145:citedpartlyinPreuss，ii。282。]
——————
ItwasduringthisWinter，ifeveritwas，thatFriedrichreceivedthefollowingLetterfromanaspiringYoungLady，justcomingout，ageseventeen，——inaremotesphereofthings。In\"SleepyHollow\"
namely，ortheCourtofMirowinMecklenburg—Strelitz，whereweoncevisitedwithFriedrichalmostthirtyyearsago。ThepoorcollapsedDukehasceasedmakingdressing—gownsthere；andthisishisNiece，PrincessCharlotte，SistertothenowreigningDuke。
ThisLetter，inthetranslatedform，andthegloriousresultsithadforsomeofus，arefamiliartoallEnglishreadersforthelasthundredyears。OfFriedrich’sAnswertoit，ifhesentone，wehavenotracewhatever。Whichisapity，moreorless；——though，intruth，theAnswercouldonlyhavebeensomepoliteformality；theLetteritselfbeingamerebreathofsentimentalwind，absolutelywithoutsignificancetoFriedrichoranybodyelse，——exceptalwaystotheYoungLadyherself，towhomitbroughtaRoyalHusbandandQueenshipofEngland，withinayear。Signature，presumably，thisLetteroncehad；dateofplace，ofday，year，orevencentury（exceptbyimplication），thereneverwasany:butjudiciouspersons，scanningonthespot，havefoundthatthe\"Victory\"spokenofcanonlyhavemeantTorgau；andthattheaspiringYoungLady，hithertoaSchoolGirl，notsomuchas\"confirmed\"tillamonthortwoago，ageseventeeninMaylast，canonlyhaveIwrittenit，atMirow，intheWintersubsequent。[LudwigGiesebrecht，——DER
FURSTENHOFINMIROWWUHRENDDERJAHRE1708—1761，in
ProgrammdesvereinigtenKoniglichenundStadt—Gymnasiumsfor1863（Stettin，1863），pp。26—29，——entersintoaminutecriticism。]Certainitis，inSeptemberNEXT，September，1761，directlyafterGeorgeIII。’sWedding，thereappearedintheEnglishNewspapers，whatdoubtlesshadbeenmuchhandedaboutinsocietybefore，thefollowing\"TRANSLATIONOFALETTER，SAIDTOHAVEBEEN
WRITTENBYPRINCESSCHARLOTTEOFMECKLENBERGTOTHEKINGOF
PRUSSIA，ONONEOFHISVICTORIES，\"——withoutfarthercommentaryorremarkofanykind；everybodythenunderstanding，aseverybodystill。SonotableaDocumentoughttobegivenintheOriginalaswell（orinwhatpassesforsuch），andwithsomeapproachtothenecessarypreliminariesoftimeandplace:[From
Gentleman’sMagazine（forOctober，1761，xxxi。447）wetake，verbatim，theTRANSLATION；fromPREUSS（ii。186）the\"ORIGINAL，\"whodoesnotsaywherehegotit，——whetherfromanoldGermanNewspaperornot。]——
[TOHISMAJESTYTHEKINGOFPRUSSIA（inLeipzig，orSomewhere。
orSomewhere）。
MIROWINMECHLENBURG—STRELITZ，Winterof1760—1761。]
\"Sire！——Ichweissnicht，obichuberEwr。MajestatletzterenSiegfrohlichodortraurigseinsoll，weilebenderglucklicheSieg，derneueLorbeernumDeroScheitelgeflochtenhat，ubermeinVaterlandJammerundElendverbreitet。Ichweiss，Sire，indiesemunsermlasterhaftverfeinertenZeitalterwerdeichverlachtwerden，dassmeinHerzuberdasUngluckdesLandestrauert，dassichdieDrangsaledesKriegesbeweine，undvonganzerSeeledieRuckkehrdesFriedenswunsche。SelbstSie，Sire，werdenvielleichtdenken，esschickesichbesserfurmich，michinderKunstzugefallenzuuben，odermichnurumhauslicheAngelegenheitenzubekummern。
Alleindemseyewieihmwolle，sofuhltmeinHerzzusehrfurdieseUnglucklichen，umeinedringendeFurbittefurdieselbenzuruckzuhalten。
\"SeitwenigenJahrenhattediesesLanddieangenehmsteGestaltgewonnen。MantrafkeineverodeteStellenan。Alleswarangebaut。
DasLandvolksahvergnugtaus，undindenStadtenherrschteWohlstandundFreude。Aberwelch’eineVeranderunggegeneinesoangenehmeScene！IchbininpartheischenBeschreibungennichterfahren，nochwenigerkannichdieGrauelderVerwilstungmiterdichtetenSchilderungenschrecklicherdarstellen。AlleingewissselbstKrieger，welcheeinedlesHerzundGefuhlbesitzen，wurdendurchdenAnblickdieserScenenzuThranenbewegtwerden。DasganzeLand，meinwerthesVaterland，liegtdagleicheinerWuste。DerAckerbauunddieViehzuchthabenaufgehort。DerBauerundderHirtsindSoldatenworden，undindenStadtensiehtmannurGreise，Weiber，undKinder，vielleichtnochhieunddaeinenjungenMann，deraberdurchempfangeneWundeneinKruppelistunddenihnumgebendenkleinenKnabendieGeschichteeinerjedenWundemiteinemsopathetischenHeldentonerzahlt，dassihrHerzschonderTrommelfolgt，ehesierechtgehenkonnen。WasaberdasElendaufdenhochstenGipfelbringt，sinddieimmerabwechselndenVorruckungenundZuruckziehungenbeiderArmeen，daselbstdie，sosichunsreFreundenennen，beimAbzugeallesmitnehmenundverheeren，undwennsiewiederkommen，gleichvielwiederherbeigeschaffthabenwollen。VonDeroGerechtigkeit，Sire，hoffenwirHulfeindieserausserstenNoth。AnSie，Sire，mogenauchFrauen，jaselbstKinderihreKlagenbringen。Sie，diesichauchzurniedrigstenKlassegutigstherablassen，unddadurch，wennesmoglichist，nochgrosserwerden，alsselbstdurchihreSiege，werdendiemeinigennichtunerhortlassenund，zurEhreDeroeigenenRuhmes，BedruckungenundDrangsalenabhelfen，welchewideralleMenschenliebeundwideralleguteKriegszuchtstreiten。
Ichbin&c。\"
\"MAYITPLEASEYOURMAJESTY，\"IamatalosswhetherIshallcongratulateorcondolewithyouonyourlatevictory；sincethesamesuccessthathascoveredyouwithlaurelshasoverspreadtheCouutryofMecklenburgHwithdesolation。
Iknow，Sire，thatitseemsunbecomingmysex，inthisageofviciousrefinement，tofeelforone’sCountry，tolamentthehorrorsofwar，orwishforthereturnofpeace。Iknowyoumaythinkitmoreproperlymyprovincetostudytheartofpleasing，ortoturnmythoughtstosubjectsofamoredomesticnature:
but，howeverunbecomingitmaybeinme，Ican’tresistthedesireofintercedingforthisunhappypeople。
\"Itwasbutaveryfewyearsagothatthisterritoryworethemostpleasingappearance。TheCountrywascultivated，thepeasantlookedcheerful，andthetownsaboundedwithrichesandfestivity。Whatanalterationatpresentfromsuchacharmingscene！Iamnotexpertatdescription，norcanmyfancyaddanyhorrorstothepicture；
butsureevenconquerorsthemselveswouldweepatthehideousprospectnowbeforeme。ThewholeCountry，mydearCountry，liesonefrightfulwaste，presentingonlyobjectstoexciteterror，pityanddespair。Thebusinessofthehusbandmanandtheshepherdarequitediscontinued；thehusbandmanandtheshepherdarebecomesoldiersthemselves，andhelptoravagethesoiltheyformerlyoccupied。Thetownsareinhabitedonlybyoldmen，womenandchildren；perhapshereandthereawarrior，bywoundsandlossoflimbsrenderedunfitforservice，leftathisdoor；hislittlechildrenhangroundhim，askahistoryofeverywound，andgrowthemselvessoldiersbeforetheyfindstrengthforthefield。
Butthiswerenothing，didwenotfeelthealternateinsolenceofeitherarmy，asithappenstoadvanceorretreat。Itisimpossibletoexpresstheconfusion，eventhosewhocallthemselvesourfriendscreate。Eventhosefromwhomwemightexpectredress，oppressuswithnewcalamities。Fromyourjustice，therefore，itisthatwehoperelief；toyouevenchildrenandwomenmaycomplain，whosehumanitystoopstothemeanestpetition，andwhosepoweriscapableofrepressingthegreatestinjustice。
\"Iam，Sire，&c。\"
ItisremarkedthatthisYoungLady，soamiablymelodiousintone，thoughshemightaddresstoKingFriedrich，seemstobewritingtothewind；andthatshegivesnothingoffactorpictureinregardtoMecklenburg，especiallytoMecklenburg—STRELITZ，butwhatistakenfromherownbeautifulyoungbrain。Alloperatic，vague，imaginary，——someofitexpresslyuntrue。[InMecklenburg—SCHWERIN，whichhadalwaystosmartsoreforitsDukeandthelinehetook，theSwedes，thisyear，asusual（but，TILLTorgau，withmorehopethanusual），hadbeentryingforwinter—quarters:andhadbythePrussians，asusual，beenhuntedout，——EugenofWurtembergspeedingthither，directlyafterTorgau；Rostockhiswinter—quarters；——who，doubtlesswithallrigor，islevyingcontributionsforPrussianbehoof。ButastoMecklenburg—Strelitz，——see，forexample，inSCHONING，iii。30&c。，anindirectbutaltogetherconclusiveproofoftheperfectlyamicablefootingnowandalwayssubsistingthere；
Friedrichreluctanttointrudeevenwithasmallrequestorsolicitation，onEugen’sbehalf，atthistime。]Sothatlatterlytherehavebeendoubtsastoitsauthenticityaltogether。
[\"Boll，GeschichteMecklenburgsmitbesondererBerucksichtigungderCulturgeschichte（Neubrandenburg，1856），ii。303—305；\"——citedbyGiesebrecht，whohimselftakestheoppositeview。]AndinfactthePiecehasagooddealtheairofsomeSchool—Exercise，ModelofLetter—writing，PatrioticAspirationorthelike；——thrownoff，shallwesay，bytheyoungParsonofMirow（Charlotte’slateTutor），withCharlottetheretoSIGN；orbysomePatrioticSchoolmasterelsewhere，anywhere，inamomentofenthusiasm，andwithoutanyCharlottebutahypotheticone？
Certainlyitisdifficulttofancyhowamodest，rational，practicalyoungpersonlikeCharlottecanhavethoughtofsoairyafeatofarcheryintotheblue！Charlotteherselfneverdisavowedit，thatIheardof；andtoColonelGrahametheEx—Jacobite，huntingaboutamongpotentialQueensofEngland，forbehoofofButeandofacertainYoungKingandKing’sMother，theLetterdidseemabundantlyunquestionableandadorable。Perhapsauthentic，afterall；——andcertainlysmallmatterwhetherornot。
ChapterVII。
SIXTHCAMPAIGNOPENS:CAMPOFBUNZELWITZ。
TotheoutwardobserverFriedrichstandswellatpresent，andseemsagaininformidableposture。AftertwosuchVictories，andsuchalmostmiraculousrecoveryofhimself，whoshallsaywhatresistancehewillnotyetmake？Incomparisonwith1759anditsfailuresanddisasters，whataYearhas1760been！LiegnitzandTorgau，insteadofKunersdorfandMaxen，hereareunexpectedphenomena；hereisaKingrisenfromthedeepsagain，——moreincalculablethanevertocontemporarymankind。\"Howthesethingswillend？\"FancyofwhatapalpitatinginterestTHEN，whileeverybodywatchedthehugegameasitwenton；thoughitissolittleinterestingnowtoanybody，lookingatitallfinished！
Finished；nomysteryofchance，ofworld—hopeorofworld—terrornowremaininginit；allisfallenstagnant，dull，distant；——anditwillbehooveustobebriefuponit。
Contemporaries，andPosteritythatwillmakestudy，mustalikeadmitthat，amongthesonsofmen，fewinanyAgehavemadeastifferfightthanFriedrichhasdoneandcontinuestodo。ButtoFriedrichhimselfitisdismallyevident，thatyearbyyearhisresourcesaremeltingaway；thatayearmustcomewhenhewillhavenoresourcemore。Ebbingveryfast，hisresources；——fasttoo，nodoubt，thoseofhisEnemies，butnotSOfast。TheyaremightyNations，heisonesmallNation。Histhoughts，weperceive，havealways，inthebackgroundofthem，ahueofsettledblack。Easytosay，\"Resisttillwedie；\"buttogoabout，yearafteryear，practicallydoingit，undercloudyomens，noendofitvisibleahead，isnoteasy。Manymen，Kingsandother，havehadtotakethatsternposture；——fewonsternertermsthanthoseofFriedrichatpresent；andnonethatIknowofwithamoretrulystoicalandmanfulfigureofdemeanor。Heislongusedtoit！Wettothebone，youdonotregardnewshowers；theonethingis，reachthebridgebeforeITbeswumaway。
Theusualhopes，aboutTurks，aboutPeace，andthelike，havenotbeenwantingtoFriedrichthisWinter；mentionableasatraitofFriedrich’scharacter，nototherwiseworthmention。HopeofaidfromtheTurks，itisverystrangetoseehowhenursesthisfondshadow，whichnevercametoanything！Happily，itdoesnotprevent，itratherencourages，theutmosturgencyofpreparation:
\"Thereadierweare，thelikelierareTurksandeverything！\"
Peace，atleast，betweenFranceandEngland，aftersuchaProposalonChoiseul’spart，andsuchapassasFrancehasreallygotto，wasareasonableprobability。Butindeed，fromthefirstyearofthisWar，asweremarked，PeacehasseemedpossibletoFriedricheveryyear；especiallyfrom1759onward，thereisalwayseverywinteralivelyhopeofPeace:——\"Noslackeningofpreparation；
thereverse，rather；butsurelytheCampaignofnextSummerwillbecutshort，andweshallallgethomeonlyhalfexpended！\"
[Schoning（INLOCIS）。]
Practically，FriedrichhasbeenraisingnewFree—Corpspeople，beenrecruiting，refittingandequipping，withmorediligencethanever；
and，inspiteofthealmostimpossibilities，hastwoArmiesonfoot，some96，000meninall，fordefenceofSaxonyandofSilesia，——HenritoundertakeSaxony，VERSUSDaun；Silesia，withLoudonandtheRussians，tobeFriedrich’sheaviershare。
TheCampaign，ofwhich，bytheonepartyandtheother，verygreatthingshadbeenhopedandfeared，seemedonceasifitwouldbegintwomonthsearlierthanusual；butwasstavedoff，alongtime，byFriedrich’sdexterities，andotherwise；andineffectdidnotbegin，whatwecancallbeginning，tilltwomonthslaterthanusual。Essentiallyitfell，almostall，toFriedrich’sshare；
andturnedoutaslittledecisiveonhimasanyofitsforegoers。
Theonememorablepartofitnowis，Friedrich’sEncampmentatBunzelwitz；whichdidnotoccurtillfourmonthsafterFriedrich’sappearanceontheField。AndfromtheendofApril，whenLoudonmadehisfirstattempt，tilltheendofAugust，whenFriedrichtookthatCamp，therewasnothingbutaseriesofattempts，allineffectual，ofdemonstrations，marchings，manoeuvringsandsmallevents；which，inthenameofeveryreader，demandcondensationtotheutmost。Ifreaderswillbediligent，here，sofarasneedful，aretheprefatorysteps。
SinceFouquet’sdisaster，GoltzgenerallyhasSilesiaincharge；
anddoesitbetterthanexpected。HewasneverthoughttohaveFouquet’stalentinhim；butheshowsaruggedloyaltyofmind，lessegoisticthanthefieryFouquet’s；andhonestlyflingshimselfuponhistask，inawaypleasanttolookat:pleasanttotheKingespecially，whorecognizesinGoltzauseful，brave，franksoul；——
andhasgivenhim，thisSpring，theORDEROFMERIT，whichwasahighencouragementtoGoltz。InSilesia，afterKosellastYear，therehadbeentrucebetweenGoltzandLoudon；whichshouldhaveproducedreposetoboth；butdidnotaltogether，owingtomistakesthatrose。Andatanyrate，intheendofApril，Loudon，burstingsuddenlyintoSilesiawithgreatincreasetotheforcesalreadythere，gavenotice，asperbargain，That\"in96hours\"theTrucewouldexpire。Andwaitingpunctiliouslytillthelastofsaidhourswasrunout，LoudonfelluponGoltz（APRIL25th，intheSchweidnitz—LandshutCountry）withhisusualvehemence；——meaningtogetholdoftheSilesianPasses，andextinguishGoltz（only10or12，000against30，000），ashehaddoneFouquetlastYear。
ButGoltztookhismeasuresbetter；seized\"theGallows—HillofHohenfriedberg，\"seizedthisandthat；andstoodinsoforcibleanattitude，thatLoudon，carefullyconsidering，durstnotriskanassault；andtheonlyresultwas:FriedrichhastenedtoreliefofGoltz（rosefromMeissenCountryMAY3d），andappearedinSilesiasixweeksearlierthanhehadintended。ButagaintookCantonmentsthere（Schweidnitzandneighborhood）；——Loudonretiringwholly，onfirsttidingsofhim，hometoBohemiaagain。HomeinBohemia；
atBraunau，onthewesternedgeoftheGlatzMountains，——theresitsLoudonthenceforth，silentforalongtime；silentlycollectinganArmyof72，000，withstrictordersfromViennatoavoidfightingtilltheRussianscome。LoudonhasveryhighintentionsthisYear。
IntendstofinishSilesiaaltogether；——cannothe，aftersuchabeginninguponGlatzlastYear？ThatisthefirmnotionatViennaamongmenofunderstanding:ever—activeLoudonthefavoritethere，againstaCunctatorwhohasbeentoocunctatorymanytimes。
Liegnitzitself，wasnotthat（asmanyopine）adisasterduetocunctation，notofLoudon’s？
Loudonistobejoinedby60，000Russians，underaFeldmarschallButturlin，notundersulkySoltikof，thisYear；junctiontobeinUpperSilesia，inNeisseneighborhood。WetakethatFortress，\"saytheViennapeople；\"itisnextonthefileafterGlatz。Neissetaken；thencenorthward，cleaningtheCountryaswego；
Brieg，Schweidnitz，Glogau，probablyBreslauitselfinsomegoodinterim:therearebutFourFortressestodo；andthethingisfinished。LettheKing，onetothree，andLoudonincommandagainsthim，tryifhecanhinderit！\"ThisisthePrograminViennaandinPetersburg。And，accordingly，theRussianshavegotonmarchabouttheendofMay；ploddingoneversince，duehereaboutsbeforeJuneend:\"junctiontobeasnearNeisseasyoucan:andnofightingoftheKing，onanyterms，tilltheRussianscome。\"NeverweretheViennapeoplesocertainbefore。Daunistodonothing\"rash\"inSaxony（aDaunnotgiventhatway，theycancalculate），butistoguardLoudon’sgame；carefullytoreinforce，comfortandprotectthebraveLoudonandhisRussianstilltheywin；——afterwhichSaxonyasrashasyoulike。ThisistheProgramoftheSeason:——
readersfeelwhatanimmensityofpreliminaryhigglings，hitchingsandmanoeuvringswillnowdemandtobesuppressedbyus！ReadtheseessentialFractions，chieflychronological；——andthen，atonce，ToBunzelwitz，andthetimeofclosegripsinSilesiahere。
\"LastYear，\"saysalooseNote，whichwemayaswelltakewithus，\"Tottlebendidnotgohomewiththerest，butkepthoveringabout，ineasternPommern，witha10，000，allWinter；attemptingseveralkindsofmischiefinthoseCountries，especiallyattemptingtodosomethingonColberg；whichtheRussiansmeantobesiegenextSummer，withmoreintensitythanever，fortheThird，and，ifpossible，thelasttime。’Stormtheiroutpoststhere，’thinksTottleben，’especiallyBelgard，thechiefoutpost；girdletighterandtightertheobstinatelittlecrow’s—nestofaColberg，andhaveitreadyforbesiegingingoodtime。’Tottlebendidtryupontheoutposts，especiallyBelgardthechiefone（January18th，1761），butwithouttheleastsuccessatBelgard；withaseverereproofinstead，Werner’speoplebeingbroadawake:[Accountofitt，Helden—Geschichte，vi。670。]uponwhichTottlebenandtheymadeatruce，’PeaceabletillMay12th；’
tillJune1st，itproved，aboutwhichtime[whichtime，orafterwards，astheSilesiancrisismayadmit！]wewilllookinonthemagain。\"
MAY3d，asaboveintimated，FriedrichhastenedoffforSilesia，quittedMeissenthatday，withanArmyofsome50，000；
pressinglyintenttorelieveGoltzfromhisdangerouspredicamentthere。ThisisoneofFriedrich’sfamedmarches，doneinaminimumoftimeandwithamaximumofingenuity；concerningwhichIwillrememberonlythat，onenight，\"helodgedagainatRodewitz，nearHochklrch，inthesamehouseasonthatOccasion[whatathirtymonthstolookbackupon，asyousinktosleep！]——andthatnoaccidentanywherebefelltheMarch，thoughDaun’speople，allthroughSaxonyandtheLausitz，werehoveringontheflank，——
apprehensivechieflylestitmightmeanaplungeINTOBOHEMIA，forreliefofGoltz，insteadofwhatitdid。\"ForsixweeksafterthathardMarch，theKing’speoplegotCantonmentsagain，andrested。
PrinceHenriisleftinSaxony，withDauninhugeforceagainsthim，DaunandtheReich；betweenwhomandHenri，——SeidlitzbeinginthefieldagainwithHenri，Seidlitzandothersofmark，——therefelloutagreatdealofexquisitemanoeuvring，rapiddetachingandoccasionalsharpcuttingonthesmallscale；butnothingofmomenttodetainushereorafterwards，WeshallsayonlythatHenri，toawonderfulextent，maintainedhimselfagainsttheheavyoverwhelmingDaunandhisAustrianandReichsmasses；andthatNapoleon，Iknownotafterwhatdegreeofstudy，pronouncedthisCampaignof1761tobethemasterpieceofHenri，andreallyaconsiderablething，\"Lacampagnede1761estcelleoucePrinceavraimentmontredestalentssuperieurs；theBattleofFreyberg[waittillnextYear]nothingincomparison。\"[Montholon，
MemoiresdeNapoleon，vii。324。]Whichmaywelldetainsoldier—peopleuponit；butmustnotus，inanymeasure。TheresultofHenribeingwhatwesaid，——adrawngame，ornearlyso，——wewill，withoutinterferencefromhim，followFriedrichandGoltz。
FriedrichandGoltz，——or，alas，itisverysoonFriedrichalone；
thevaliantGoltzsoonperishingfromhishand！AfterbriefjunctioninSchweidnitzCountry，FriedrichdetachedGoltztohisoldfortifiedCampatGlogau，theretobeonwatch。Goltzwatchingthere，lynx—eyed，skilful，volunteeredaProposal（June22d）:
\"Reinforcemeto20，000，yourMajesty；IwillattacksoandsoofthoseadvancingRussians！\"WhichhisMajestystraightwayapprovedof，andsetgoing。[Goltz’sLettertotheKing，\"Glogau，22dJune，1761，\"isinTempelhof（v。88—90），whothinkstheplangood。]
Goltzthereupontaskedallhisenergies，perhapsovermuch；anditwasthoughtmightatlastreallyhavedonesomethingfortheKing，inthismatteroftheRussiansstillinseparateDivisions，——athingfeasibleifyouhaveenergyandvelocity；alwaysunfeasibleotherwise。But，alas，poorGoltz，justwhenreadytomarch，wastakenwithsuddenviolentfever，thefruitprobablyofoverwork；
and，inthatsadflame，blazedawayhisvaliantexistenceinthreeorfourdays:—goneforever，June30th，1761；totheregretofFriedrichandofmany。
OldZiethenwasatoncepushedon，fromGlogauoverthefrontier，toreplaceGoltz；but，Idoubt，hadnotnowtherequisitevelocity:
Ziethenmerelymanoeuvredabout，andcamehome\"attendingtheRussians，\"asHenri，Dohnaandothershaddone。TheRussiansenteredSilesia，fromthenortheastorPolishside，withoutdifficulty；and（July15th—20th）werewithinreachofBreslauandofanopenroadtosouthward，andtojunctionwithLoudon，whoisastirforthemthere。AboutBreslautheylingerandhiggle，attheirleisure，forthreeweekslonger:andiftheirjunctionwiththeAustrians\"inNeisseneighborhood\"istobepreventedorimpeded，itisFriedrich，notZiethen，thatwillhavetodoit。
JunctioninNeisseneighborhood（Oppeln，whereitshouldhavebeen，whichissome35milesfromNeisse），Friedrichdid，byvelocityanddexterity，contrivetoprevent；butjunctionsomewhereheprobablyknowstobeinevitable。TheseareamongFriedrich’sfamedmarchesandmanoeuvrings，theseagainsttheswiftLoudonandhisslowRussians；butwewillnotdwellonthem。MyreadersknowtheKing’smannerinsuchcases；havealreadybeenontwoMarcheswithhim，andeveninthesesameroutesandcountries。Wewillsayonly，thattheRussianswereandhadbeenverydilatory；Loudonmuchthereverse；andtheirandLoudon’sAdversarystillmore。That，forfivedays，theRussians，atlengthclosetoBreslau（August6th—11th），keptvaguelycannonadingandbelchingnoiseandapprehensionuponthepoorCity，butwithoutrealdamagetoit，andasifmerelytopassthetime；andhadgraduallypushedoutfore—
posts，asfarasOppeln，towardsLoudon，uptheirsaferightbankofOder。ThatLoudon，onthefirstglimpseofthese，hadmadehisbestspeedNeisse—ward；anddidamarchortwowithgoodhope；
butatMunsterberg（July22d），onthemorningofthethirdorfourthday’smarch，wasastonishedtoseeFriedrichaheadofhim，nearerNeissethanhe；andthatinNeisseCountrytherewasnothingtobedone，noRussianjunctionpossiblethere。
\"TryitinSchweidnitzCountry，then！\"saidLoudon。TheRussiansleaveoffcannonadingBreslau；crossOder，aboutAurasorLeubus（August11th—12th）；andLoudon，aftersomefinessing，marchesbackSchweidnitz—way，cautiously，skilfully；followedbyFriedrich，anxioustopreventajunctionheretoooratlowesttodosomestrokebeforeitoccur。Agreatdealofcunningmarching，shiftingandmanoeuvringthereis，fordaysroundSchweidnitzonallsides；
encampingsbyFriedrich，nowLiegnitzhead—quarter，nowWahlstadt，nowSchonbrunn，Striegau；——withouttheleastessentialharmtoLoudonorlikelihoodincreasingthatthejunctioncanbehindered。
Noofferofbattleeither；Loudonisnotsoeasytobeatassome。
TheRussianscomeonatasnail’space，soLoudonthinksit，whoisextremelyimpatient；butmakesnomistakesinconsequence，keepshimselfsafe（Kunzendorf，ontheedgeoftheGlatzHills，hismainpost），andtheroadsopenforhisheavy—footedfriends。
InNicolstadt，amarchfromWahlstadt，16thAugust，thereare60，000RussiansinfrontofFriedrich，72，000Austriansinrear:
whatcanhe，withattheveryutmost57，000，doagainstthem？
NowwasthetimetohavefallenupontheKing，andhaveconsumedhimbetweentwofires，asitisthoughtmighthavebeenpossible，hadtheybeensimultaneous，andbothofthemdoneitwithawill。
Butsimultaneitywasdifficult，andthewillitselfwaswanting，orexistedonlyonLoudon’sside。Nothingofthekindwasattemptedontheconfederatepart，stilllessonFriedrich’s，——whostandsonhisguard，and，fromtheHeightsabout，hasatlast，towitnesswhathecannothinder。SeesbothArmiesonmarch；AustriansfromthesoutheastorKunzendorf—Freybergside，RussiansfromthenortheastorKleinerwitzside，wendinginmanycolumnsbythebackofJauerandthebackofLiegnitzrespectively；till（August18th）they\"joinhands，\"asitistermed，ortouchmutuallybytheirlighttroops；andonthe19th（Friedrichnowoffonanotherscheme，andnotwitnessing），fallintooneanother’sarms，rankedallinonelineofposts。[Tempelhof，v。58—150。]\"CantheReichshofrathsayourjunctionisnotcomplete？\"AndsoendswhatwecallthePrefatorypart；andthetimeofCloseGripsseemstobecome！——
FriedrichhasnownothingforitbuttotryifhecannotpossiblygetholdofKunzendorf（readersmaylookintheirMap），andcutoffLoudon’sstaffofbread；Loudon’s，andButturlin’saswell；forthewhole130，000arenowtobefedbyLoudon，andnoslighttaskhewillfindit。ByrushingdirectonKunzendorfwithsuchavelocityasFriedrichiscapableof，itisthoughthemighthavemanagedKunzendorf；buthehadtomaskhisdesign，andmarchbytherearoreastsideofSchweidnitz，notbythewestside:\"TheywillthinkI
ammakingoffindespair，intendingforthestrongpostofPilzenthere，withSchweidnitztosheltermeinfront！\"hopedFriedrich（morningofthe19th），ashemarchedoffonthaterrand。Butonapproachinginthatmanner，bythebow，hefoundthatLoudonhadbeenquitescepticalofsuchdespair，andatanyratehad，bythestring，madesureofKunzendorfandthefood—sources。August20th，atbreakofday，scoutsreporttheKunzendorfgroundthoroughlybesetagain，andLoudoninhisplacethere。Nousemarchingthitherwardfarther:——whithernow，therefore？
FriedrichknowsPilzen，whatanadmirablepostitreallyis；
exceptonlythatSchweidnitzwillbebetweentheenemyandhim，andliabletobebesiegedbythem；whichwillneverdo！Friedrich，onthemomentofthatnewsfromKunzendorf，getsonmarch，notbytheeastside（asintendedtillthescoutscamein），butbythewestorexposedsideofSchweidnitz:——hestoodwaiting，readyforeitherroute，andlostnotamomentonhisscoutscomingin。Allupontheroadby3A。M。August20th；andencamps，stillatanearlyhour，midwaybetweenSchweidnitzandStriegau:rightwingofhimatZedlitz（ifthereaderlookonhisMap），leftwingatJauernik；
headquarters，Bunzelwitz，apoorVillage，celebratedeversinceinWar—annals。Andbegins（thatsameevening，theearlierorRESTED
partofhimbegins）diggingandtrenchingatamostextraordinaryrate，accordingtoplanformed；noenemytakingheedofhim，orgivingtheleastmolestation。Thisistheworld—famousCampofBunzelwitz，uponwhichitisworthwhiletodwellforalittle。
Tocommoneyesthegroundhereaboutshasnopeculiarmilitarystrength:awavychampaign，withnothingofabruptorhigh，muchofitactualplain，excellentforcavalryandtheirwork；——thislatter，too，isanadvantage，whichFriedrichhaswellmarked，andturnstouseinhisscheme。Theareahetakesinisperhapssomesevenoreightmileslong，byasmanybroad。Onthewestsiderunsthestill—youngStriegauWater，defensivemoreorless；andonthefartherbankofitgreenlittleHills，theirsteepestsidestream—
ward。InexpugnableSchweidnitz，withitsstoresofeverykind，especiallywithitsstoreofcannonandofbread，isontheleftoreastpartofthecircuit；intheinterveningspacearepeaceablefarm—villages，spotsofbog；knolls，someofthemwithwood。Notavillage，bog，knoll，butFriedrichhascaughtup，andisbusyprofitingby。\"Swift，BURSCHE，digourselvesinhere，andbereadyforanyquotityandquantityofthem，iftheydareattack！\"
And25，000spadesandpicksareatwork，undersuchaField—
Engineerasthereisnotintheworldwhenhetakestothatemployment。Atallhours，nightandday，25，000ofthem:halftheArmyasleep，otherhalfdigging，wheeling，shovelling；plyingtheirutmost，andconstantasTimehimself:these，inthreedays，willdoagreatdealofspade—work。Batteries，redoubts，bigandlittle；
sparenotfordigging。HereisgroundforCavalry，too；postthemhere，there，tobivouacinreadiness，shouldourBatteriesbeunfortunate。LongTrenchesthereare，andalsoshort；Batteriescommandingeveryingate，andunderthemareMines:\"WewillblowyouandourBatteriesbothintotheair，incaseofcapture！\"thinkthePrussians，thecommonmenatleast，ifFriedrichdonot。
\"Mines，andthatofbeingblownintotheair，\"saysTempelhof，\"arealwaysveryterribletothecommonman。\"Inplacesthereare\"Trenches16feetbroad，by16deep，\"saysanadmiringArchenholtz，whowasinit:\"andwehavetwoofthoseFLATTERMINEN
（scatter—mines，\"blowing—upapparatuses）\"toeachbattery。\"
[Archenholtz，ii。262&c。]
\"Bunzelwitz，Jauernik，TschechenandPeterwitz，allfortified，\"
continuesArchenholtz；\"Wurben，inthecentre，islikeacitadel，lookingdownuponStriegauWater。Heavycannon，plentyofthem，wehavebroughtfromSchweidnitz:wehave460piecesofcannoninalland182mines。Wurben，ourcitadelandcentre，isaboutfivemilesfromSchweidnitz。Ourintrenchments\"——Youalreadyheardwhatgulfssomeofthemwere！\"Beforethelinesarepalisades，storm—posts，thethingswecallSpanishHorse（CHEVAUX—DE—FRISE）；——woodswehaveinabundanceinourCircuit，andaxesbusyforcarpentriesofthatkind。Therearefourintrenchedknolls；24bigbatteries，capableofplayingbeautifully，alllikepiecesinaconcert。\"Fourknollselaboratelyintrenched，clothedwithcannon；foundeduponFLATTER—
mines:trywhereyouwilltoenter，suchtorrentsofdeath—shotwillconvergeonyou，andaconcertof24bigbatteriesbegintheirmusic！——
Onthethirdday，Loudon，lookingintothisthing，whichhehasnotmindedhitherto，findsitsuchathingasheneverdreamtofbefore。AthingstrongasGibraltar，inamanner；——whichitwillbeterriblydifficulttoattackwithsuccess！ForeightdaysmoreFriedrichdidnotrestfromhisspadework；mademanychangesandimprovements，tillhehadartificiallymadeaveryStolpenofit，aPlauen，ormore。Cogniazzo，theAUSTRIANVETERAN，says:\"Plauen，andDaun’softenridiculedprecautionsthere，werenothingtoit。
NotasifBunzelwitzhadbeensoinaccessibleasoursheerrocksthere；butbecauseitisamasterpieceofArt，inwhichtheprinciplesoftacticsarecombinedwiththoseoffield—
fortification，asneverbefore。\"Tielkegrowsquiteeloquentonit:
\"Amasterpieceofjudgmentinground，\"sayshe；\"andthetreatmentofitamodelofsound，trueandconsummatefield—engineering。\"
[Tielke，iii。？BUNZELWITZ（whichispraisedasanattractivePiece）；OESTERREICHISCHERVETERAN，iv。79:citedinPREUSS，ii。285。]
Ziethen，appointedtothatfunction，watchesontheHeightsofWurben，thecitadeloftheplace:keepsasharpeyetothesouthwest。Allround，inhugehalf—moonontheedgeoftheHillsoverthere，sixormoremilesfromZiethen，lietheangryEnemies；
Austrianssouthandnearest，aboutKunzendorfandFreyberg。
RussiansareonthetopofStriegauHills，whicharewellknowntosomeofus；Russianhead—quarterisHohenfriedberg，——whowouldhavethoughtit，HerrGeneralvonZiethen？Sixteenyearsago，wehaveseentheseHeightsinothertenancy:Austrianfield—musicanddisplayedbannerscomingdown；athousandandathousandAustrianwatch—firesblazingoutyonder，inthesilentJunenight，eveofsuchaDay！BaireuthDragoonsandtheirNo。67；——youwillfindtheBaireuthDragoonsstillhereinasense，butalsoinasensenot。
TheirfencingChasotisgonetoLubecklongsince；willperhapspayFriedrichavisitbyandby:theirfieryGesslerisgonemuchfarther，andwillnevervisitanybodymore！Manywerethereapersthen，andtheyaremostlygonetorest。Hereisanewharvest；
theoldSICKLESarestillhere；butthehandsthatwieldedthem——！
\"Steady！\"answerstheHerrGeneral；profoundlyawareofallthat，butaversetowordsuponit。
FancyLoudon’sastonishment，onthethirdday:\"Whilewehavesatconsultinghowtoattackhim，thereishe，——unattackable，shallwesay？\"Unattackable，Loudonwillnotconsenttothinkhim，thoughButturlinhasquiteconsented。\"Difficult，murderous，\"thinksLoudon；\"butpossible，certain，couldButturlinbutbepersuaded！\"
AndtriesallhisrhetoriconButturlin:\"Shameonus！\"urgestheardentLoudon:\"ImperialandCzarishMajesties；Kriegshofrath，RussianSenate；Vienna，Petersburg，Versaillesandalltheworld，——
whataretheyexpectingofus？Toourselvesitseemedcertain，andherewesithelplesslygazing！\"LoudonisverydiligentuponButturlin:\"Dobutbelievethatitispossible。Aplancanbemade；
manyplans:theproblemissolved，ifonlyyourExcellencywillbelieve。\"WhichButturlinneverquitewill。
NobodyknowsbetterthanFriedrichinwhatperilouscrisishenowstands:beatenhere，whatarmyorresourcehasheleft？Silesiaisgonefromhim；byeverylikelihood，thegameisgone。ThisofBunzelwitzishislastcard；thisisnowhisonestrongholdintheworld:——weneednotsayifheisvigilantinregardtothis。
Fromaboutthefourthday，whenhisengineeringwasonlycompleteinoutline，heparticularlyexpectstobeattacked。Onthefifthnightheconcludesitwillbe；knowingLoudon’sway。Towardssunset，thatevening（August25th），allthetentsarestruck:
tents，cookeries，everyarticleofbaggage，hisownamongtherest，aresenttoWurbenHeights（toSchweidnitz，Archenholtzsays；buthasmisremembered）:thegroundclearedforaction。Andhorseandfoot，everymanmarchesout，andstandsreadyunderarms。
Contrarytoeverybody’sexpectation，notashotwasheard，thatnight。Northenextnight，northenext:butthepracticeofvigilancewascontinued。Punctualasmathematics:atagivenhouroftheafternoon，tentsareallstruck；tentsandfurnitures，fieldsweptclear；andthe50，000intheirplaceswaitunderarms。
Nextmorning，nothinghavingfallenout，thetentscomeback；
theArmy（halfofitatonce，oralmostthewholeofit，accordingtoaspects）rests，goestosleepifitcan。Bynightthereisvigilance，iswork，andnosleep。Itisfelttobeahardlife，butanecessary。
NorintheselaborsofdetailistheKingwanting；farfromit；
theKingisthere，asearandeyeofthewhole。FortheKingalonethereis，nearthechiefBattery，\"onthePfarrberg，namely，intheclumpoftreesthere，\"asmallTent，andabundleofstrawwherehecanliedown，ifsatisfiedtodoso。Ifallissafe，hewilldoso；
butperhapsevenstillhesoonawakensagain；andstrollsaboutamonghisguard—parties，orwarmshimselfbytheirfires。
Oneevening，amongtheorders，isheardthisitem:\"Andremember，alockofstraw，willyou，——thatImaynothavetosleepontheground，aslastnight！\"[Seyfarth，ii。16n。]Manyanecdotesarecurrenttothisday，abouthispleasanthomelywaysandaffabilitieswiththesentrypeople，andtheruggedhospitalitiestheywouldshowhimattheirwatch—fires。\"Goodevening，children。\"
\"Thesametothee，Fritz。\"\"Whatisthatyouarecooking？\"——andwouldtryaspoonfulofit，insuchcompany；whiletheroughfellowswouldforbidsmoking，\"Don’tyouknowhedislikesit？\"
\"No，smokeaway！\"theKingwouldinsist。
Mythicalmainly，thesestories；butthedialectofthemtrue；
andverystrangetous。LikethatofanArabSheikamonghistribesmen；likethatofamanwhoseauthorityneedsnokeepingup，butisaLawofNaturetohimselfandeverybody。Hepermitsalittlebanteringeven；aroughjokeagainsthimself，ifitspringsincerelyfromthecomplexionofthefact。Thepoormenareterriblytiredofthiswork:suchbivouacking，packing，unpacking；
andcontinualwaitingforthetugofbattle，whichnevercomes。
Biscuits，mealareabundantenough；butflesh—meatwearinglow；
aboveall，norightsleeptobehad。Friedrich’sowntable，I
shouldthink，isverysparinglybeset（\"Acupofchocolateismydinneronmarching—days，\"wroteheonce，thisSeason）；
certainlyhisLodging，——dampground，andthestrawsometimesforgotten，——isnoneofthebest。Andthusithastolast，nightafternightanddayafterday。OnSeptember8th，GeneralBulowwentoutforalittlebutcher’s—meat；didbringhome\"200headofneatcattle[Ifear，notveryfat]and300sheep。\"[Tempelhof，v。172。]
Loudon，allthiswhile，islaboring，asmanseldomdid，tobringButturlintothestrikingplace；whocontinuesflaccid，Loudonscrewingandrescrewing，altogetherinvain。Loudondoesnotdenythedifficulty；butinsistsonthepossibility，thenecessity:
CouncilsofWararebid，remonstrances，encouragements。\"WewilllendyouaCorps，\"answersButturlin；\"butastoourArmycooperating，——exceptinthatfar—offway，itistoodangerous！\"
Meanwhileprovisionsarerunninglow；thetimepresses。AformalPlan，presentedbytheardentLoudon，——Loudonhimselftotakethedeadlierpart，——\"Markit，nobleRussiangentlemen；andyoutohavetheeasier！\"——surelythatisloyal，andnotintheoldcat’s—pawway？Butinthat，too，thereisanoffence。ButturlinandtheRussiansgrumbletothemselves:\"Andyoutotakeallthecredit，asyoudidatKunersdorf？Amereadjunct，orauxiliary，we:andweareaFeldmarschall；andyou，whatisyourrankandseniority？\"Inshort，theywillnotdoit；andintheendcoldlyanswer:\"ACorps，ifyoulike；butthewholeArmy，positivelyno。\"UponwhichLoudongoeshomehalfmad；andhasacolicforeight—and—fortyhours。
ThiswasSeptember2d；thefinalsourrefusal；——nearlyheart—
breakingtoLoudon。Provisionsarerunsolowwithal:theCampaignseasonallbutdone；result，nothing:notevenanattemptataresult。
NoPrussian，fromFriedrichdownwards，haddoubtedbuttheattackwouldbe:thegrandupshotandfieryconsummationofthesedarkcontinualhardshipsandnocturnalwatchings。Thriceover，ondifferentnights，thePrussiansimaginedLoudontohavedrawnout，intendingactualbusiness；andthriceovertohavedrawninagain，——insteadofonceonly，aswasthefact，andthentakencolic。
[Tempelhof，v。170。]Friedrich’sownnotion，that\"overdinner，glassinhand，\"thetwoGeneralshad，intheenthusiasmofsuchamoment，agreedtodoit，butonsoberinspectionfoundittoodubious，[OEuvresdeFrederic，v。125。]
appearstobeungrounded。Whethertheycouldinrealityhavestormedhim，hadtheyallbeenwilling，isstillaquestion；
andmustcontinueone。Wednesdayevening，9thSeptember，therewasmuchmovementnoticeableintheRussiancamp；alsoamongtheAustrian，thereareregiments，footandhorse，comingdownhitherward。\"Meaningtotryitthen？\"thoughtFriedrich，andgotatonceunderarms。Suppositionswerevarious；butabout10atnight，thewholeRussianCampwentupinflame；and，nextmorning，theRussianswerenotthere。