\"HERAN！\"stormtheotherswithhottears；AdjutantvonPlatentakestheflag；Platen，too，isinstantlyshot；butanothertakesit。
\"HERAN，On！\"inwildstormofrageandgrief:——inaword，theymanagetodotheworkatSterbohol，theyandtherest。Firstline，Secondline，Infantry，Cavalry（andeventheveryHorses，I
suppose），fightinginexpressibly；conqueringoneoftheworstproblemseverseeninWar。FortheAustrianstoo，especiallytheirgrenadiersthere，stoodtoittoughly，andfoughtlikemen；——and\"everygrenadierthatsurvivedofthem，\"asIreadafterwards，\"gotdoublepayforlife。\"
Done，thatSterboholwork；——thoseFoot—chargings，Horse—chargings；
thatbatteryofHomolyHill；and，hanginguponthat，allmannerofredoubtsandbatteriestotherightwardandrearward:——buthowitwasdonenopencandescribe，noranyintellectinclearsequenceunderstand。AnenormousMELEEthere:newPrussianbattalionscharging，andevernew，irrepressiblebycase—shot，astheysuccessivelygetup；MarshalBrownetoosendingfornewbattalionsatdouble—quickfromhisleft，disputingstifflyeveryinchofhisground。Tillatlength（hournotgiven），acannon—shottoreawayhisfoot；andhehadtobecarriedintoPrag，mortallywounded。
Whichprobablywasamostimportantcircumstance，orthemostimportantofall。
Importanttoo，Igraduallysee，wasthatofthePrussianHorseoftheLeftWing。PrussianHorseoftheextremeleft，asalreadynoticed，had，inthemeanwhile，fallenin，wellsouthward，roundbycertainlakeletsaboutMichelup，onBrowne’sextremeright；
furiouslychargingtheAustrianHorse，whichstoodrankedthereinmanylines；breakingit，thenagainhalfbrokenbyit；butagainrallying，chargingitasecondtime，thenathirdtime，\"bothtofrontandflank，amidwhirlwindsofdust\"（Ziethenbusythere，nottomentionindignantWarneryandothers）；——andatlength，drivingitwhollytothewinds:\"beyondNussel，towardstheSazawaCountry；\"neverseenagainthatday。PrinceKarl（afterBrowne’sdeath—wound，orbefore，Ineverknow）camegallopingtorallythatimportantRightWingofhorse。PrinceKarldidhisveryutmostthere；obtesting，praying，raging，threatening:——buttonopurpose；
theZiethenersandotherssoheavyontherearofthem:——andatlasttherecameacramp，orintolerabletwingeofspasm，throughPrinceKarl’sownperson（breastorheart），liketotakethelifeofhim:sothathetoohadtobecarriedintoPragtothedoctors。
AndhisCavalryfledatdiscretion；chasedbyZiethen，onFriedrich’sexpressorder，andsentquiteoverthehorizon。
Enough，\"byabouthalf—pastone，\"Sterboholworkisthoroughlydone:andtheAustrianBattle，bothitsCommandersgone，hasheeledfairlydownwards，andisinanominousway。
ThewholeofthisAustrianRightWing，horseandfoot，batteriesandredoubts，whichwasputENPOTENCE，orsquare—wise，tothemainbattle，isbecomearuin；gonetoconfusion；hoversindistractedclouds，seekingroadstorunawayby，whichitultimatelyfound。
Doneallthissurelywas；andpoorBrowne，mortallywounded，isbeingcarriedofftheground；butinwhatsequencedone，underwhatexactvicissitudesofaspect，specialstepsofcauseandeffect，nomancansay；andonlyimagination，guidedbythesefewdata，canpainttoitself。Suchachaoticwhirlwindofblood，dust，mud，artillery—thunder，sulphurousrage，andhumandeathandvictory，——
whoshallpretendtodescribeit，ordraw，exceptinthegross，thescientificplanofit？
For，inthemeantime，——IthinkwhilethedisputeatSterbohol，ontheextremeoftheAustrianrightwing\"injoiner’s—squareform，\"
waspastthehottest（butnobodywillgivethehour），——therehasoccurredanotherthing，muchcalculatedtosettlethat。
And，indeed，tosettleeverything；——asitdid。Thiswasavolunteerexploit，upontheveryelboworangleofsaid\"joiner’s—square；\"inthewetgroundsbetweenHlaupetinandKyge，agoodwaynorthofSterbohol。Volunteerexploit；onthepartofGeneralMannstein，ouroldRussianfriend；whichFriedrich，alongwayofffromit，blamesasarashfaultofMannstein’s，madegoodbyPrinceHenriandFerdinandofBrunswickrunninguptomendit；butwhichWinterfeld，andsubsequentgoodjudges，admittohavebeenhighlysalutary，andtohavefinishedeverything。Itwent，ifIreadright，somewhatasfollows。
IntheKyge—Hlaupetinquarter，atthecornerofthatAustrianrightwingENPOTENCE，therehad，muchcontrarytoBrowne’sintention，aperceptiblegapoccurred；thecornerisopenthere；nothinginitbutbatteriesandswamps。TheAustrianrightwing，wheelingsouthward，theretoformPOTENCE；andscramblingandmarching，thenandsubsequently，throughsuchgroundatdouble—quick，hadgonetoofar（hadthinnedandlengtheneditself，asiscommon，insuchscrambling，anddouble—quickmovement，thinksTempelhof），andleftalittlegapatelbow；whichalwaysratherwidenedasthestressatSterboholwenton。Certainenough，agapthereis，coveredonlybysomehalf—moonbatteryinadvance:intothis，GeneralMannsteinhasbeenlookingwistfullyalongtime:\"AustrianLinefallenoutatelbowyonder；cloutedbysomebatteryinadvance？\"——andatlengthcannothelpdashinglooseonitwithhisDivision。Amanliabletoberash，andalwaystooimpetuousinbattle—time。
Hewouldhavefaredill，thinksFriedrich，hadnotHenriandFerdinand，inpainforMannstein（somethink，privatelyinpreconcertwithhim），hastenedintohelp；anddoneitaltogetherinashiningway；surmountingperilousdifficultiesnotafew。
Hardfightinginthatcorner，partlyontheSterboholterms；
batteries，mud—tanks；chargings，rechargings:\"Comrades，youhavegothonorenough，KAMERADEN，IHRHABTEHREGENUG[thesecondmanofyoulyingdead]；letusnowtry！\"saidacertainRegimenttoacertainother，inthisbusiness。[Archenholtz，i。75；Tempelhof，&c。]PrinceHenrishoneespecially，thegallantlittlegentleman:
comingupononeofthosemud—tankswithbatterybeyond，hismenwerespreadingfile—wise，tocrossitonthedams；\"BURSCHE，thisway！\"criedthePrince，andplungedinmiddle—deep，rightuponthebattery；andoverit，andvictoriouslytookpossessionofit。Inaword，theyallplungeforward，inashiningmanner；rushonthosehalf—moonbatteries，regardlessofresults；rushoverthem，seizeandsecurethem。Rush，inaword，fairlyintothatAustrianhole—
at—elbow，torrentsmorefollowingthem，——andirretrievablyruinbothfore—armandshoulder—armoftheAustriansthereby。
Fore—arm（Austrianrightwing，ifstillstrugglingandwrigglingaboutSterbohol）istakeninflank；shoulder—arm，ormainline，thelike；wehavethembothinflank；withtheirownbatteriestoscourthemtodestructionhere:——theAustrianLine，throughout，isbecomearuin。Hastohurlitselfrapidlytorightwards，torearwards，saysTempelhof，behindwhatredoubtsandstrongpointsitmayhaveinthoseparts；andthen，bysurestages（Tempelhofguessesthree，orperhapsfour），asoneredoubtafteranotheristornfromtheloosegraspofit，andthestandmadebecomeseverweaker，andtheconfusionworse，——torollpell—mellintoPrag，andhastilyclosethedoorbehindit。ThePrussians，Sterboholpeople，Mannstein—
Henripeople，leftwingandright，arequiteacrosstheZiscaBack，onbyNussel（PrinceEarl’shead—quarterthatwas），andattheMoldauBrinkagain，whenthethingends。Ziethen’sHussarshavebeenatNussel，verybusyplunderingthere，eversincethatfinalchargeandchasefromSterbohol。Plundering；and，Iamashamedtosay，mostlydrunk:\"YourMajesty，Icannotrankahundredsober，\"
answeredZiethen（doubtlesswithakindofblush），whentheKingappliedforthem。TheKinghimselfhasgottoBranik，fartherupstream。PartoftheAustrianfootfled，leftwards，southwards，astheirrightwingofhorsehadalldone，uptheMoldau。About16，000
Austriansaredistractedlyonflightthatway。Towards，theSazawaCountry；tounitewithDaun，asthenowadvisablething。
Near40，000ofthemaregettingcrammedintoPrag；inspiteofPrinceKarl，nowrecoveredofhiscramp，andrisentothefranticpitch；whovainlystrugglesattheGateagainstsuchinrush，andhadevengotthroughtheGate，conjuringandcommauding，butwashimselfswuminagainbythosepanictorrentsofebb—tide。
Rallyingwithin，heagainattempted，twiceover，attwodifferentpoints，togetout，anduptheMoldau，withhisbrokenpeople；
butthePrussians，Nussel—Branikway，wereawaketohim:
\"NoretreatuptheMoldauforyou，Austriangentlemen！\"TheytriedbyanotherGate，ontheothersideoftheRiver；butKeithwasawaketoo:\"Inagain，yeAustriangentlemen！Closedgatesheretoo。
Whatelse？\"Browne，fromhisbedofpain（death—bed，asitproved），wasforamuchmoredeterminedoutrush:\"Inthedeadofnight，rank，deliberatelyadjustyourselves；stormout，oneandall，andcutyourway，nightfavoring！\"ThatwasBrowne’slastcounsel；
butthatalsowasnottaken。AreallynobleBrowne，sayalljudges；
diedhereinaboutsixweeks，——andgotawayfromKriegs—HofrathsandPrinceKarls，andthestupidityofneighbors，andtheotherillsthatfleshisheirto，altogether。
AtBranikthevictoriousKinghadonegreatdisappointment:
PrinceMoritzofDessau，whoshouldhavebeenherelonghoursago，withKeith’srightwing，afresh15，000，tofallupontheenemy’srear；——noMoritzvisible；notevennow，whenthebusinessistochase！\"Howisthis？\"\"Illluck，yourMajesty！\"Moritz’sPontoonBridgewouldnotreachacross，whenhetriedit。Thatiscertain:
\"justthreepoorpontoonswanting，\"Rumorsays:——threeormore；
spoiled，Iamtold，insomenarrowroad，someshort—cutwhichMoritzhadcommandedforthem:andnowtheyarenot；anditisasifthreehundredhadbeenspoiled。Moritz，wouldhedieforit，cannotgethisBridgetoreach:hisfresh15，000standfutilethere；notevenSeidlitzwithhislighthorsecouldreallyswimacross，thoughhetriedhard，andisfabledtohavedoneso。
Bewareofshort—cuts，myPrince:yourFatherthatisgone，whatwouldhesayofyouhere！ItwastheworstmistakePrinceMoritzevermade。TheAustrianArmymighthavebeenannihilated，sayjudges（ofasanguinetemper），hadMoritzbeenready，athishour，tofallonfromrearward；——andwherehadtheirretreatbeen？Asitis，theAustrianArmyisnotannihilated；onlybottledintoPrag，andwillneedsieging。Thebrightesttriumphhasabarofblackinit，andmightalwayshavebeenbrighter。HereisaflyingNote，whichIwillsubjoin:——
Friedrich’sdispositionsfortheBattle，thisday，areallowedtohavebeenmasterly；buttherewasonesignalfault，thinksRetzow:
Thathedidnot，asSchwerincounselled，waittillthemorrow。
Faultwhichbroughtmanyinthetrainofit；thatofhis\"tiredsoldiers，\"saysRetzow，beingonlyafirstitem，andsmallincomparison。\"Hadhewaitedtillthemorrow，thosefish—pondsofSterbohol，examinedintheinterim，neednothavebeenmistakenforgreenmeadows；PrinceMoritz，withhis15，000，wouldhavebeenafact，insteadofafalsehope；theKingmighthavedonehismarchingdownuponSterboholinthenight—time，andbeenreadyfortheAustrians，flank，orevenrear，atdaybreak:theKingmight\"——
Inreality，thisfaultseemstohavebeenconsiderable；tohavemadethevictoryfarmorecostlytohim，andfarlesscomplete。
Nodoubthehadhisreasonsformakinghaste:Daun，advancingPrag—
wardwith30，000，waswithinthreemarchesofhim；GeneralBeck，Daun’svanguard，witha10，000ofirregulars，didakindoffeatatBrandeis，onthePrussianpostthere（ourSaxonsdesertingtohim，intheheatofaction），thisveryday，May6th；andmight，iflucky，havetakenpartatZiscabergnextday。Andbesidesthesesolidreasons，therewasperhapsanother。Retzow，whoissecretlyoftheOpposition—party，andwellworthhearing，knowspersonallyacuriousthing。Hesays:——
\"Beingthen[inMarchorApril，weeksbeforeweleftSaxony]
employedtotranslatethePLANOFOPERATIONSintoFrench，forMarshalKeith’suse，whodidnotunderstandGerman，Iwellknowthatitcontainedthefollowingthreemainobjects:1。’AllRegimentscantoninginSilesiaaswellasSaxonymarchforBohemiaononeandthesameday。2。WholeArmyarrivesatPragMay4th[Schwerinwasadaylater，andgotscoldedinconsequence]；iftheEnemystand，heisattackedMay6th，andbeaten。3。SosoonasPragisgot，Schwerin，withthegrossoftheArmy，pushesintoMahren，’
andtheheartofAustriaitself；’Kinghastenswith40，000tohelpoftheAlliedArmy，’\"——RoyalHighnessofCumberland’s；whowillmuchneeditbythattime！[Retzow，i。84n。]
Hereisaverycuriousfactandconsideration。ThattheKinghadsoprophesiedandpreordained:\"May4th，FourColumnsarriveatPrag；
May6th，attacktheAustrians，beatthem，\"——andnowwishedtokeephisword！Thisisanaerialreason，whichIcansuspecttohavehaditsweightamongothers。ThereweretwirlsofthatkindinFriedrich；intricateweakplaces；knotsinthesoundstraight—
fibredmindhehad（asinwhosemindaretheynot？），——whichnowandthencosthimdear！TheAnecdote—Bookssayhewasveryillofbody，thatday，May6th；andcalledforsomethingofdrugnature，andswallowedit（drugnotnamed），aftergettingonhorseback。
TheEveningAnecdoteisprettier:How，intherushingabout，Austriansnowflying，hegoteyeonBrotherHenri（clayeytoadegree）；andsatdownwithhim，intheblessedsunset，foraminuteortwo，andbewailedhissadlossesofSchwerinandothers。
Certainitis，thevictorywasboughtbyhardfighting；andbutforthequalityofhistroops，hadnotbeenthere。ButthebraveryofthePrussianswasexemplary，andcoveredallmistakesthatweremade。Noblerfire，whendiditburninanyArmy？MoreperfectsoldiersIhavenotreadof。Platt—Teutschfire——whichIlikentoanthracite，incontradistinctiontoGaelicblazeofkindledstraw——
isthricenoble，when，bystrictsterndiscipline，youareaboveitwithal；andwieldyourfire—element，asJovehisthunder，byrule！
Otherwiseitisbuthalf—admirable:Turk—Janissarieshaveitotherwise；anditcomestocomparativelylittle。
ThisisthefamedBattleofPrag；foughtMay6th，1757；
whichsoundedthroughalltheworld，——andusedtodeafenusindrawing—roomswithinman’smemory。Resultsofitwere:OnthePrussianside，killed，woundedandmissing，12，500men；ontheAustrian，13，000（prisonersincluded），withmanyflags，cannon，tents，muchwar—geargonethewrongroad；——andaverygreathumiliationanddispiritment；thoughtheyhadfoughtwell:
\"NolongertheoldAustrians，byanymeans，\"asFriedrichsees；
buthaveironramrods，allmannerofPrussianimprovements，andare\"learningtomarch，\"asheoncesays，withsurprisenotquitepleasant。
Friedrichgivesthecipherofloss，onbothsides，muchhigher:
\"ThisBattle，\"sayshe，\"whichbegantowardsnineinthemorning，andlasted，chaseincluded，tilleightatnight，wasoneofthebloodiestoftheage。TheEnemylost24，000men，ofwhomwere5，000
prisoners；thePrussianlossamountedto18，000fightingmen，——
withoutcountingMarshalSchwerin，whoalonewasworthabove10，000。\"\"ThisdaysawthepillarsofthePrussianInfantrycutdown，\"sayshemournfully，seemingalmosttothinkthe\"laurelsofvictory\"werepurchasedtoodear。HisaccountoftheBattle，asifithadbeenapainfulobject，ratheravoidedinhisafter—thoughts，isunusuallyindistinct；——andhelpsuslittleintheextremeconfusionthatreignsotherwise，bothinthethingitselfandinthereportersofthething。HereisawordfromWinterfeld，someprivateLetter，twodaysafter；whichiswellworthreadingforthosewhowouldunderstandthisBattle。
\"TheenemyhadhisLeftWingleaningontheCity，closebytheMoldau，\"atNussel；\"andstretchedwithhisRightWingacrossthehighHill[ofZisca]tothevillageofLieben[soheHADstood，lookingintoPrag；butfacedabout，onhearingthatFriedrichwasacrosstheRiver]；havingbeforehimthoseterribleDefiles[DIE
TERRIBLENDEFILEES，\"Horse—shoeoftheMoldau，\"aswecallit]，andthevillageofProssik，whichwascrammedwithPandours。Itwasabouthalf—pastsixinthemorning，whenourSchwerinArmy[myselfpartofit，atthistime]joinedwiththetwentybattalionsandtwentysquadrons，whichtheKinghadbroughtacrosstounitewithus，andwhichformedourrightwingofbattlethatday[ourleftwingwereSchweriners，SterboholandthefightingdonebySchwerinersaftertheirlongmarch]。TheKingwasatoncedeterminedtoattacktheEnemy；asalsowereSchwerin[saynothingofthearguing]andyourhumbleservant（MEINEWENIGKEIT）:butthefirstthingwas，tofindaholewherebytogetathim。
\"Thistoowasselected，anddecidedon，myproposalbeingfoundgood；andtookeffectinmannerfollowing:We[Schweriners]hadmarchedoffleft—wise，foremost；andwenow，withouthalt，continuedmarchingsowiththeLeftWing\"ofhorse，\"whichhadthevan（TETE）；andmovedon，keepingtheroadforHlaupetin，andeverthenceonwardsalongforKyge，roundthePondsofUnter—
Podschernitz，withoutneedingtopassthese，andsoastogettheminourrear。
\"TheEnemy，whoatfirsthadexpectednothingbad，andneversupposedthatwewouldattackhimatonce，FLAGRANTEDELICTO，andleastofallinthispoint；anddidnotbelieveitpossible，asweshouldhavetowade，breast—deepinpart，throughtheditches，anddragourcannon，——wasatfirstquitetranquil。Butashebegantoperceiveourrealdesign（inwhich，theysay，PrinceKarlwasthefirsttoopenMarshalBrowne’seyes），hedrewhiswholeCavalryovertowardsus，asfastasitcouldbedone，andstretchedthemoutasRightWing；tocompletewhich，hisGrenadiersandHungarianRegularsofFootrankedthemselvesastheygotup[makeshisPOTENCE，HAKEN，orjoiner’s—square，outmostendofitHorse。]
\"TheEnemy’sintentionwastoholdwiththeRightWingofhisinfantryontheFarmsteadwhichtheycallSterbaholy[Sterbohol，averydirtyFarmsteadatthisday]；I，however，hadthegoodluck，plungingon，headforemost，withsixbattalionsofourLeftWingandtwooftheFlank，togettoitbeforehim。AlthoughourSecondLinewasnotyetcomeforward，yet，asthebattalionsoftheFirstweretolerablywelltogether，Idecided，withGeneralFouquet，whohadchargeoftheFlank，tobeginatonce；and，thattheEnemymightnothavetimetoposthimselfstillbetter，Ipushedforward，quickstep，outoftheFarmstead\"ofSterbohol\"tomeethim，——sofast，thatevenourcannonhadnottimetofollow。Hedid，accordingly，begintowaver；andIcouldobservethathispeoplehere，onthisWing，weremakingright—about。
\"Meanwhile，hisfireofcase—shotopened[fromHomolyHill，onourleft]，andwewerestillpushingon，——mightnowbeabouttwohundredstepsfromtheEnemy’sLine，whenIhadthemisfortune，attheheadofRegimentSchwerin，togetwounded，and，swooningaway（VORTOD），fellfrommyhorsetotheground。Awakeningaftersomeminutes，andraisingmyheadtolookabout，Ifoundnobodyofourpeoplenowherebesideorroundme；butallwerealreadybehind，infullfloodofretreat（HOCHANSCHLAGEN）。TheEnemy’sGrenadierswereperhapseightypacesfromme；buthadhalted，andhadnottheconfidencetofollowus。Istruggledtomyfeet，asfastas，forweakness，Ipossiblycould；andgotuptoourconfusedmass[CONFUSENKLUMPEN，——exactplace，where？]:butcouldnot，byentreatiesorbythreats，persuadeasinglemanofthemtoturnhisfaceontheEnemy，muchlesstohaltandtryagain。
\"InthisembarrassmentthedeceasedFeldmarschallfoundme，andnoticedthatthebloodwasflowingstream—wisefrommyneck。AsI
wasonfoot，andnoneofmypeoplenownear，hebadegivemehisledhorsewhichhestillhad[andsentmehomeforsurgery？
Winterfeld，handsomelyeffacinghimselfwhennolongergoodforanything，hurriesontotheCatastrophe，leavingustoguessthathewasNOTaneye—witnessfarther]——badegivemetheledhorsewhichhestillhad；AND[asifthathadhappeneddirectlyafter，whichsurelyitdidnot？AND]snatchedtheflagfromCaptainRohr，whohadtakenituptomaketheBurscheturn，androdeforwardwithithimself。’Butbeforehecouldsucceedintheattempt，thisexcellentman，almostinaminute，washitwithfivecase—shotballs，andfelldeadontheground；asalsohisbraveAdjutantvonPlatenwassowoundedthathediednextday。
\"Duringthisconfusionandrepulse，bywhich，asalreadymentioned，theEnemyhadnotthehearttoprofit，notonlywasourSecondLinecomeon，butthoseoftheFirst，whohadnotsuffered，wentvigorously（FRISCH）attheEnemy，\"——andincourseoftime（perhapstwohoursyet），andbydintofeffort，wedidmanageSterboholanditsbatteries:——\"Likeas[stillinonesentence，andwithouttheleastpunctuation；Winterfeldbeinglittleofagrammarian，andinhastefortheclose]，LikeasPrinceHenri’sRoyalHighnesswithourRightWing，\"Mannsteinandhe，\"withoutwaitingfororder，attackedsoPROMPTandwithsuchFERMOTE，\"inthatelbow—holefarnorthofUS，\"thateverywheretheEnemy’sLinebegantogiveway；
andinsteadofcontinuingasLine，soughtcorps—wisetogaintheHeights，andtherepostitself。Andas，withoutwinningsaidHeights，wecouldnotwintheBattle，wehadtostormthemall，oneaftertheother；andthisitwasthatcostusthebest，mostandbravestpeople。
\"ThelateColonelvonGoltz[ifweglancebacktoSterboholitself]，who，withtheregimentFouquet，wasadvancing，right—handofSchwerinregiment\"andyourservant，\"hadlikewisegotquiteclosetotheEnemy；andhadhenot，attheveryinstantwhenhewaslevellingbayonets，beenshotdown，Ithinkthathe，withmyselfandtheSchwerinregiment，wouldhavegotin，\"——andperhapshavetheredonethejob，specialandgeneral，withmuchlessexpense，andsooner！[Preuss，ii。45—47（inWinterfeld’shand；dated\"CampatPrag，8thMay，1757:\"addressedtooneknowsnotwhom；
firstprintedbyPreuss）。]
ThisiswhatwegetfromWinterfeld；arugged，notmuchgrammaticalman，but（asIcanperceive）withexcellenteyesinhishead，andinteriortalentfortwentygrammaticalpeople，hadthatbeenhisline。These，faithfullyrenderedhere，withoutchangebutofpointing，aretheonlywordsIeversawofhis:tomyregret，——
whichsurelythePrussianDryasdustmightstillamendalittle？——inrespectofsodistinguishedaperson，andchosenPeerofFriedrich’s。ThishisbrieftheoryofPragBattle，ifintenselyread，Ifindtobeofapiecewithhispracticethere。
SchwerinwasmuchlamentedintheArmy；andhasbeendulyhonoredeversince。HisbodyliesinSchwerinsburg，athome，faraway；
hisMonument，finaleofaseriesofMonuments，stands，nowunderspecialguardianship，nearSterboholonthespotwherehefell。
AlateTouristsays:——
\"Atfirsttherewasamonumentofwood[TREEplanted，Iwillhope]，whichisnowallgone；roundthisKaiserJosephII。once，intheyear1776，holdingsomereviewthere，madehisgrenadierbattalionsandartilleriesformcircle，frontingtheskyallround，andgivethreevolleysofgreatarmsandsmall，Kaiserinthecentredoffinghatateachvolley，inhonorofthehero。WhichwasthoughtaveryprettythingontheKaiser’spart。In1824，thetree，Isuppose，beinggonetoastump，certainsubscribingPrussianOfficershaditrootedout，andamodestPyramidofred—veinedmarblebuiltinitsroom。WhichlatterthethenKingofPrussia，FriedrichWilhelmIII。，determinedtoimproveupon；andso，in1839，builtasecondPyramidcloseby，bigger，finer，andofPrussianiron，thisone；——
purchasingalso，fromtheAustrianGovernment，aroodortwoofgroundforsite；andappointingsomeperpetualPeculium，orincreaseofPensiontoanAustrianVeteranofmeritfortakingchargethere。Allwhich，perfectlyinorder，isinitsplaceatthisday。TheactualAustrianPensionerofmeritisaloud—voiced，hard—faced，verylimited，buthonestlittlefellow；whohasworkedalittlepolygonditchandminiaturehedgeroundthetwoMonuments；
keepshisowncottage，littlegarden，andself，respectablyclean；
andleadsstoicallyalonelife，——nocompany，Ishouldthink，buttheSterboholhinds，whoprobablyareCzechsandcannotspeaktohim。Hewasonce’oftheregimentHohenlohe；’sufferssomewhatfromcold，inthewinter—time，inthoseuplandparts（the’cordsofwood’allowedhimbeinglimited）；butcomplainsofnothingelse。
TwoEnglishnameswereinhisAlbum，amilitarytwo，andnomore。
’EHRETDENHELD（HonortheHero）！’wesaidtohim，atparting。
’Don’tI？’answeredhe；glancingathismuddybarelegsandlittlespade，withwhichhehadbeenworkinginthePolygonDitchwhenwearrived。Icouldwishhimanadditional’KLAFTERHOLZ’（cordmoreoffirewood）nowandthen，inthecoldmonths！——
\"SterboholFarmsteadhasbeennewbuilt，inman’smemory，butisdirtyasever。Agriculture，alloverthistable—landoftheZiscaberg，Ishouldjudgetobebad。Notsotheprospect；whichischeerfullyextensive，picturesqueinparts，andtothestudentofFriedrichoffersgoodcommentary。Roads，mansions，villages:
Prossik，Kyge，Podschernitz，fromtheHeightsofChaberroundtoNusselandbeyond:fromanyknoll，allFriedrich’sVillages，andmanymore，lieroundyouasonamap，——theirdirtallhidden，nothingwantingtothelandscape，wereitbettercarpetedwithgreen（greeninsteadofrusset），andshadedhereandtherewithwood。Asmallwildpink，bright—red，andofthesizeofastar，growsextensivelyabout；ofwhichyouaretemptedtopluckspecimens，asmemorialofaFieldsofamousinWar。\"[Tourist’sNote（September，1858）。]
ChapterIII。
PRAGCANNOTBEGOTATONCE。
WhatFriedrich’semotionsaftertheBattleofPragwere，wedonotmuchknow。Theyarenotinconceivable，ifwereadhissituationwell；butinthewayofspeech，thereis，asusual，nexttonothing。Herearetwostrayutterances，worthgatheringfromamansouncommunicativeinthatform。
FRIEDRICHAMONTHBEFOREPRAG（FromLockwitz，25thMarch，toPrincessAmelia，atBerlin）。——\"MydearestSister，IgiveyouathousandthanksforthehintsyouhavegotmefromDr。EllerontheillnessofourdearMother。Thrice—welcomethis；andreassuresme[alas，notongoodbasis！]againstamisfortunewhichIshouldhaveconsideredverygreatforme。
\"Astousandourpostureofaffairs，politicalandmilitary，——
placeyourself，Iconjureyou，aboveeveryevent。ThinkofourCountryandrememberthatone’sfirstdutyistodefendit。Ifyoulearnthatamisfortunehappenstooneofus，ask，’Didhediefighting？’andifYes，givethankstoGod。Victoryorelsedeath，thereisnothingelseforus；oneortheotherwemusthave。
Alltheworldhereisofthattemper。What！youwouldeverybodysacrificehislifefortheState，andyouwouldnothaveyourBrothersgivetheexample？Ah，mydearSister，atthiscrisis，thereisnoroomforbargaining。Eitheratthesummitofglorioussuccess，orelseabolishedaltogether。ThisCampaignnowcomingislikethatofPharsaliaforRome，orthatofLeuctrafortheGreeks，\"——aCampaignweverilyshallhavetowin，orgotowreckupon！[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。i。391。]
FRIEDERICHSHORTLYAFTERPRAG（TohisMother，LetterstillextantinAutograph，withoutdate）。——\"MyBrothersandIarestillwell。
ThewholeCampaignrunsriskofbeinglosttotheAustrians；andI
findmyselffree，with150，000men。Addtothis，thatwearemastersofaKingdom[Bohemiahere]，whichisobligedtofurnishuswithtroopsandmoney。TheAustriansaredispersedlikestrawbeforethewind。IwillsendapartofmytroopstocomplimentMessieurstheFrench；andamgoing[ifIoncehadPrag！]topursuetheAustrianswiththerestofmyArmy。\"[Ib。xxvi。75。]
Friedrich，whokeepshisemotionsgenerallytohimself，doesnot，aswillbeseen，remainquitesilenttousthroughoutthisgreatYear；but，byaccident，hasleftussomeratherimpressivegleaningsinthatkind；——andcertainlyinnoyearcouldsuchaccidenthavebeenluckiertous；thisof1757being，inseveralrespects，thegreatestofhisLife。Fromnearlythetopmostheightsdowntothelowestdeeps，hisfortunesoscillatedthisyear；
andprobably，ofallthesonsofAdam，nobody’soutlooksandreflectionshadinthem，successiveandsimultaneous，moregiganticformsoffearandofhope。Heisonaveryhighpeakatthismoment；suddenlyemergingfromhisthickcloud，intothunderousvictoryofthatkind；andwarningallPythonswhattheygetbymeddlingwiththeSun—god！Loudenough，far—clanging，isthesoundofthesilverbow；gazetteersandmenallonpauseatsuchnewPhoebusApolloriseninhiswrath；——theVictoryatPragconsideredtobemuchmoreannihilativethanitreallywas。AtLondon，LordHoldernesshadhisTower—gunsinreadiness，waitingforsomethingofthekind；and\"thejoyofthepeoplewasfrantic。\"
[MitchellPapersandMemoirs（i。ethePRINTEDSelection，2vols。London，1850；——whichwillbetheoftenestcitedbyus，\"PapersANDMEMOIRS\"），i。249:\"HoldernesstoMitchell，20thMay，1757。\"MitchellisnowattendingFriedrich；
hisLetterfromKeith’sCamp，duringthethunderof\"Friday，May6th，\"isgiven，ib。i。248。]
Verydominant，our\"ProtestantChampion\"yonder，onhisZiscaberg；
biddingtheenormousPompadour—Theresacombinations，theFrench，Austrian，Swedish，Russianpopulationsanddreadsovereigns，checktheirproudwaves，andholdatmid—flood。Itisthought，hadheineffect，\"annihilated\"theAustrianforceatPrag，thatday（Friday，6thMay，ashemighthavedonebywaitingtillSaturday，7th），hecouldthen，withtheduerapidity，rapiditybeingindispensableintheaffair，havebecomemasterofPrag，whichmeantofBohemiaaltogether；andhavestormedforward，ashisprogrambore，intotheheart，ofanAustriastillterror—stricken，unrallied；——inwhichcase，itiscalculated，theFrench，theRussians，Swedes，muchmoretheReichandsuchlike，wouldallhavedrawnbridle；andAustriaitselfhavecondescendedtomakePeacewithaNeighborofsuchquality，andconsenttohisreallymodestdesireofbeingletalone！Possible，allthis，——thinkRetzowandothers。[SeeRETZOW，i。100—108；&c。]ButtheKinghadnotwaitedtillto—morrow；
nopersuasioncouldmakehimwait:anditisidlespeculatingonthesmallturnswhichhere，aseverywhere，canproducesuchdeflectionsofcourse。
Beyondquestion，Pragisnotcaptured，andmay，asnowgarrisoned，requireagreatdealofcapturing:——andperhapsitisbutaPEAK，thishighdominancyofFriedrich’s，notasolidtable—land，tillmuchmorehavebeendone！FriedrichhasnothingoftheGascon:
buttheremaywellbeconceivableatthistimeacertainglowofinternalpride，likethatofPhoebusamidthepiledtempests，——likethatoftheOneManprevailing，ifbutforashortseason，againsttheDevilandAllMen:\"Ihavemadegoodmybit，ofresolutionsofar:herearetheAustriansbeatenatthesetday，andPragsummonedtosurrender，asperprogram！\"——
Intrinsically，PragisnotastrongCity:wehaveseenit，takeninfewdays；inonenight；——andagain，asinBelleisle’stime，wehaveseenitmakingtoughdefenceforaseriesofweeks。Itdependsonthegarrison，whatextentofgarrison（thecircuitofitbeingsoimmense），andwhatheightofhumor。Therearenow46，000mencagedinit，knowntohaveconsiderablemagazines；andFriedrich，awarethatitwillcosttrouble，bendsallhisstrengthuponit，andfromhistwocamps，Ziscaberg，Weissenberg，dueBridgesuniting，Keithandhebatterit，violently，aimingchieflyattheMagazines（whicharenotallbomb—proof）；andhopetheymaysucceedbeforeitistoolate。
TheViennapeopleareinthedepthsofamazementanddiscouragement；almostofterror，haditnotbeenforafew，orespeciallyforonehighheartamongthem。FeldmarschallDaun，onthenewsofMay6th，hastilyfellback，joinedbythewrecksoftherightwing，whichfledSazawaway。Brunswick—Bevern，witha20，000，isdetachedtolookafterDaun；findsDaunstillontheretreat；
greedilycollectingreinforcementsfromthehomewardquarter；
andhangingback，thoughnowdoubleorsoofBevern’sstrength。
AmazementanddiscouragementarethegeneralfeelingamongFriedrich’senemies。Notabletoseehowthewholehostileworldmarchinginuponhim，——French，Russians，muchmoretheReich，poorfalteringentity，——pauses，aswithitsbreathtakenaway，atnewsofPrag；and，arrestedonthesudden，withliftedfoot，ceasestostrideforward；andmerelytramp—trampsonthesameplace（nayinpart，intheReichpart，visiblytrampsbackward），foraboveamonthensuing！Whoknowswhether，practically，anyofthemwillcomeon；[SeeCORRESPONDANCEDUCOMTEDESAINT—GERMAIN，anEye—witness，i。108（citedinPreuss，ii。50）；&c。&c。]andnotleaveAustriabyitselftodotheduelwithFriedrich？IfPragwerebutgot，andthe46，000welllockedaway，itwouldbeverysalutaryforFriedrich’saffairs！——Weekafterweek，theCityholdsout；
andthereseemsnohopeofit，exceptbyhunger，andburningtheirMagazinesbyred—hotballs。
COLONELMAYERWITHHIS\"FREE—CORPS\"PARTYMAKESAVISIT，OFDIDACTICNATURE，TOTHEREICH。
Friedrich，aswesaw，onenteringBohmen，hadshotoffaLightDetachmentunderColonelMayer，southward，toseizeanyAustrianMagazinestherewere，especiallyonebigMagazineatPilsen:——whichMayerhashandsomelydone，May2d（Pilsen\"abiggerMagazinethanJung—Bunzlau，even\"）；afterwhichMayerisnowoffwestward，intotheOber—Pfalz，intotheNurnbergCountries；toteachtheReichasmalllesson，sincetheywillnotlistentoPlotho。PragBattle，ashappens，hadalreadymuchchilledtheardoroftheReich！MayerhastwoFree—Corps，hisownandanother；about1，300offoot；towhichareaddeda200ofhussars。Theyhave5cannon，carryotherwiseaminimumofbaggage；areswiftwildfellows，sharpofstroke；
anddo，forthetime，provedidactictotheReich；bringinghometoitsverybosomthelategreatlessonoftheZiscaberg，inanappliedform。Mayermadeaprettycourseofit，intotheOber—PfalzCountries；scatteringthepoorExecutionDrill—Sergeantsandincipienciesofpreparation，thedeliberativeCountyMeetings，KREIS—Convents:ransomingCities，Nurnbergforonecity，whosecrieswenttoFriedrichontheZiscaberg，andwideovertheworld。
[InHelden—Geschichte，iv。360—367，theNurnbergLetterandResponse（3lstMay—5thJune，1757）:inPauli，LebengrosserHelden（iii。159etseq。），AccountoftheMayerExpedition；alsoinMilitair—Lexikon，iii。29（quotingfromPauli）。]Nurnbergwouldhavebeenbuttoohappyto\"refuseitscontingenttotheReich’sArmy，\"
asmanyotherswouldhavebeen（poorKur—BaiernhurryingoffakindofEmbassytoFriedrich，greatterrorreigningamongthewigsofRegensburg，andeverybodydrawingbackthatcould），——hadnotImperialmenaces，andanEventthatfelloutbyandbyinPragCountry，forcedcompliance。
Mayer’sExpeditionmadealoudnoiseintheNewspapers；andwastrulyofashiningnatureinitskind；veryperfectlymanagedonMayer’spart，andhastraitsinitwhichareamusingtoread，hadonetime。TakeonesmallglancefromPauli:——
\"AtFurthinAnspach，1stJune[aftersixdays’screwingofNurnbergfromwithout，whichwehadnocannontotake]，aGratuityforthePrussiantroops[amountnotstated]wasdemandedandgiven:
atSchwabach，fartheruptheRegnitzRiver，theytookquarters；
noexemptionmade，clergyandlaityalikegettingsoldiersbilleted。Meatanddrinkhadtobegiventhem:asalso100
carolines[guineasandbetter]，andtwentynewuniforms。
Uponwhich，nextday，theymarchedtoZirndorf，andtheReichsgrafPuckler’sMansion，theSchlossofFarrenbachthere。MayertookquarterintheSchlossitself。HerethenobleownersgotupaballforMayer’sentertainment；anddidalltheycouldcontrivetoinducealighttreatmentfromhim。\"Figureit，theneighboringnobilityandgentryingala；Mayertooinhisbestuniform，andsmilingpolitely，withthose\"brightlittleblackeyes\"ofhis！
Forhewasabrilliantairykindoffellow，andhadmuchofthechevalier，aswellasofthepartisan，whenrequisite！
\"OutofFarrenbach，theMayerpeoplecirculateduponalltheneighboringLordships；atWilhelmsdorf，theReichs—FurstvonHohenlohe[atoobusyAnti—Prussian]hadtheworstbrunttobear。
TheadjacentBaireuthlands[dearWilhelmina，fancyhertooinsuchneighborhood！]weretotheutmostsparedallbilleting，andevenalltransit，\"——thoughwanderingsergeantsoftheReich’sForce，\"onesergeantwiththeWurzburgHerrCommissariusandeightcommonmen，didgetpickeduponBaireuthground:andthisortheotherAnspachOfficial（Anspachbeingdisaffected），toobusyonthewrongside，foundhimselfsuddenlyPrisonerofWar；butwasgivenup，atWilhelmina？sgraciousrequest。OnBamberghewassharpasflint；
andhadtobe；theBambergers，reinforcedatlastby’Circle—
Militias（KREIS—TRUPPEN）’inquantity，beingcalledoutinmassagainsthim；andatVachanactualPassageofFighthadoccurred。\"
Ofthe\"AffairatVach，\"prettylittleDrawn—Battle（mostlyanaffairofart），MayerVERSUS\"Kreis—troopstotheamountof6，000，withtwelvecannon，orsomesaytwenty—four\"（whichtheycouldn’thandle）；andhowMayercunninglytookapositionunassailable，\"burntBridgesoftheRegnitzRiver，\"and，plyinghisfivecannonagainsttheseardentawkwardpeople，stoodcheerfulontheotherside；andthenatlast，ingoodtime，whiskedhimselfofftotheHillofCulmbach，withallhisbaggage，inexpugnablethereforthreedays:——ofallthis，thoughitissetdownatfulllength，wecansaynothing。[Pauli，iii。159，&c。（whogivesMayer’sownLETTER，andothers，uponVach）。]Andwilladdonly，that，havinggirthimselfandmadehispackages，MayerlefttheHillofCulmbach；anddeliberatelywendedhome，byCoburgandotherCountrieswherehehadbusiness，eatinghisway；andearlyinJulywassafeintheMetalMountainsagain；havingflutteredtheVolsciansintheirFrankenlandCoriolitoanunexpectedextent。
ItisoneoffiveorsixsuchsalliesFriedrichmadeupontheReich，sometimesupontheAustriansandReichtogether，totumbleuptheirmagazinesandpreparations。Rapidunexpectedinroads，yearafteryear；donechieflybytheFree—Corps；andfamousenoughtothethenGazetteers。Ofwhich，oroftheirdoers，aswecanintimecomingaffordlittleornonotice，letusaddthissmallNoteontheFree—Corpstopic，whichisalargeoneintheBooks，butmustnotinterruptusagain:——
\"BeforethisWarwasdone，\"saymyAuthorities，\"therecamegraduallytobetwenty—onePrussianFree—Corps，\"——footalmostall；
therebeingalreadyHussarsinquantity，eversincethefirstSilesianexperiences。\"NotableAggregatestheywereofloosewanderingfellows，brokenSaxons，Prussians，French；’Hungarian—
Protestant’someofthem，’DesertersfromalltheArmies’notafew；attractedbythefameofFriedrich，——astheColonelsenlistingthemhadbeen；Mayerhimself，forinstance，wasbybirthaViennaman；andhadbeeninmanyservicesandwars，fromhisfifteenthyearandonwards。Mostmiscellaneous，thesePrussianFree—Corps；
aswiftfacultytheindispensablething，bynomeansaparticularcharacter:butwell—disciplined，well—captained；whogenerallymanagedtheirworkwell。
\"Theywere，byorigin，ofAnti—Tolpatchnature，gotuponthediamond—cut—diamondprinciple；theystoleagooddeal，withordersometimes，andoftenerwithout；buttherewasnothingoftheoldMentzel—Trenckatrocitypermittedthem，oreverimputedtothem；
andtheydid，usuallywithgoodmilitarytalent，sometimesconspicuouslygood，whatwasrequiredofthem。RegularGenerals，ofahighmerit，oneortwooftheirCaptainscametobe:Wunsch，forexample；Werner，insomesort；and，butforhissuddendeath，thisMayerhimself。Othersofthem，asVonHordt（HardishisSwedishname）；and’QuintusIcilius’（bynatureGUICHARD，ofwhomweshallhearagreatdealintheFriedrichcirclebyandby），aredistinguishedashonorablyintellectualandcultivatedpersons。
[CountdeHordt’sMemoirs（autobiographical，orinthefirstperson:EnglishTranslation，London，1806；
TWOFrenchOriginals，aworsein1789，andabetternowatlast），Preface，i—xii。InHelden—Geschichte，
v。102—104，93，adetailed\"ListoftheFree—Corpsin1758\"（twelveoffoot，twoofhorse，atthattime）:seePreuss，ii。372n。；
Pauli（ubisupra），LifeofMayer。]
\"PoorMayerdiedwithintwoyearshence（5thJanuary，1759）；offever，caughtbyunheard—ofexertionsandoverfatigues；aftermanyexploits，andwiththehighestprospect，openingonhim。Amanofmanyadventures，ofmanyqualities；awilddashofchivalryinhimallalong，andmuchmilitaryandothertalentcrossedinthegrowing。InthedulloldBooksIreadoneotherfactwhichisvividtome，ThatWilhelmina，assequelofthosefirstFranconianexploitsandprocedures，’hadgivenhimherOrderofKnighthood，ORDEROFSINCERITYANDFIDELITY，’\"——poordearPrincess，whataninteresttoWilhelmina，thisflashofherBrother’sthunderthrownintothoseFranconianparts，andacrossherownpungentanxietiesandsorrowfullyaffectionatethoughts，intheseweeks！——
ShortlyafterMayer，aboutthetimewhenMayerwaswendinghomeward，GeneralvonOldenburg，averyvaliantpunctualoldGeneral，waspushedoutwestwarduponErfurt，aCityofKur—
Mainz’s，togiveKur—Mainzasimilarmonition。Anddidithandsomely，impressivelyupontheGazetteerworldatleastandtheErfurtpopulations，——thoughwecanafforditnoroominthisplace。
Oldenburg’sforcewasbutsome2，000；PirnaSaxonsmostofthem:
——suchawinterOldenburghashadwiththeseSaxons；burstingoutintoactualmusketryuponhimonce；Oldenburg，volcanicallysteady，summoningthePrussianpart，\"Tome，truePrussianBursche！\"——andhangingnineofthemutinousSaxons。Andhascoercedandcompescedthem（allthatdidnotcontrivetodesert）intosoldierlyobedience；and，20thJune，appearsattheGateofErfurtwiththem，todohisdelicateerrandthere。Sharplyconclusive，thoughpoliteandpunctual。\"SendtoKur—Mainzsayyou？Well，astoyourCitadel，andthose1，400soldiersallmovingpeaceablyoffthither，——Yes。
AstoyourCity:withinonehour，Gateopentous，orweopenit！\"
[InHelden—Geschichte（v。371—384）copiousAccount，withtheMissivestoandfrom，theReichs—Pleadingsthatfollowed，the&c。&c。Militair—Lexikon，？
Oldenburg。]AndOldenburgmarchesin，asvice—sovereignforthetime:——but，indeed，hassoontoleaveagain；owingtowhatEventinthedistancewillbeseen！
IfPragSiegegowell，theseMayer—OldenburgexpeditionswillhaveaneffectontheReich:butifitgoill，whatarethey，againstAustriawithitsforceofsteadypressure？AllturnsontheissueofPragSiege:——afactextremelyevidenttoFriedrichtoo！
Butthesearewhatintheinterimcanbedone。Oneneglectsnoopportunity，triesbyeverymethod。
OFTHESINGULARQUASI—BEWITCHEDCONDITIONOFENGLAND；
ANDWHATISTOBEHOPEDFROMITFORTHECOMMONCAUSE，IFPRAGGOAMISS。
OntheBritannicside，too，theoutlooksarenotgood；——muchneedFriedrichwerethroughhisPragaffair，and\"hasteningwithfortythousandtohelphisAllies，\"——thatis，RoyalHighnessofCumberlandandBritannicPurse，hisonlyalliesatthismoment。
RoyalHighnessandArmyofObservation（shouldhavebeen67，000，are50to60，000，hiredGermans；troopsgoodenough，weretheytolerablyled）findstheHanoverProgramasbadasSchmettauandFriedricheverrepresentedit；and，already，——unlessPraggowell，——wears，totheunderstandingeye，averycontingentaspect。
D’Estreesoutnumbershim；D’Estrees，too，issomethingofasoldier，——averyconsiderableadvantageinaffairsofwar。
D’Estrees，sinceApril，isinWesel；gatheringintherevenues，changingtheOfficialities:muchoutofdiscipline，theysay；——\"hanging\"gradually\"1，000marauders；\"inroundnumbers1，000
thisYear。[Stenzel，v。65；Retzow，i。173。]D’Estreesdoesnotyetpushforward，owingtoPrag。Ifhedo——ItiswellknownhowRoyalHighnessfaredwhenhedid，andwhataCampaignRoyalHighnessmadeofitthisYear1757！HowtheWeserdidprovewadable，asSchmettauhadsaidtonopurpose；wadable，bridgable；andRoyalHighnesshadtowriggleback，everback；nostandtobemade，orfarworsethannone:back，everback，tillhegotintotheSea，forthatmatter，andtotheENDofmorethanonething！Poorman，friendssayhehasanincurableHanoverMinistry，aProgramthatisinexecutable。
Asyethehasnotlosthead，anyheadheeverhad:butheiswonderful，he；——andhisEnglandis！Weshallhavetolookathimonceagain；andhappilyonceonly。Here，frommyConstitutionalHistorian，aresomePassageswhichwemayaswellreadinthepresentinterimofexpectation。Ilabel，andtrytoarrange:——
1。ENGLANDINCRISIS。\"EnglandisindignantwithitsHeroofCullodenandhisCampaign1757；butreallyhasnobusinesstocomplain。RoyalHighnessofCumberland，wrigglinghelplesslyinthatmanner，isafairrepresentativeoftheEnglandthatnowis。
Foryearsback，therehasbeen，inregardtoallthingsForeignorDomestic，inthatCountry，bywayofNationalaction，themiserablesthagglingastowhichofvariouslittle—competentpersonsshallactfortheNation。Amelancholyconditionindeed！——
\"Butthefactis，hisGraceofNewcastle，eversincehispoorBrotherPelhamdied（whowasalwaysasolid，loyalkindofman，thoughadull；andhadalways，withpatientaffection，furnishedhisGrace，muchUNsuppliedotherwise，withCommonsensehitherto），isquiteinsecureinParliament，andknowsnotwhathandtoturnto。Foxiscontemptuousofhim；Pittentirelyimpatientofhim；
DukeofCumberland（greatinthegloryofCulloden）isaimingtoousthim，andbearrulewithhisYoungNephew，thenewRisingSun，asthepoorPapaandGrandfathergetsold。EvenCarteret（EarlGranvilleastheynowcallhim，aCarteretmuchchangedsincethosehigh—soaringWorms—Hanautimes！）wasappliedto。Buttheanswerwas——whatcouldtheanswerbe？High—soaringCarteret，scandalouslyoversetandhurledoutinthatHanautime，hadalreadytriedonce（longago，andwithsuchresult！）tospringinagain，and’deliverhisMajestyfromfactions；’andactuallyhadmadea’GranvilleMinistry；’Ministrywhichfellagaininoneday。[\"11thFebruary，1746\"（Thackeray，LifeofChatham，i。146）。]
TothecompletedisgustofCarteret—Granville；——who，eversince，sitsponderouslydormant（kindofFixtureinthePrivyCouncil，thislongwhileback）；andisresigned，inabigcontemptuousway，tohavehadhisreallyconsiderablecareercloseduponhimbythesmallestofmankind；and，exceptoccasionalblurtsofstrongruggedspeechwhichcomefromhim，andagooddealofwinetakenintohim，disdainsmakingfartherdebatewiththeworldanditselectNewcastles。Carteret，atthiscrisis，wasagainappliedto，’Cannotyou？InbehalfofanafflictedoldKing？’ButCarteretanswered，No。[Ib。i。464。]
\"Inshort，itisadmittedandbewailedbyeverybody，seldomwasthereseensuchaGovernmentofEngland（andEnglandhasseensomestrangeGovernments），asintheselastThreeYears。
ChaoticImbecilityreigningprettysupreme。Ruler’sWork，——policy，administration，governance，guidance，performanceinanykind，——
whereisittobefound？ForifevenaWalpole，whenhisTalking—
Apparatusgetsoutofgearuponhim，isreducedtoextremities，thoughthestoutestofmen，——fancywhatitwillbe，inlikecase，andhowtheActing—ApparatusesandAffairsgenerallywillgo，withapoorhystericalNewcastle，nowwhenhisCommonSenseisfatallywithdrawn！Thepoormanhasnoresourcebuttoshuffleaboutinaimlessperpetualfidget；endeavoringvainlytosayYesandNotoallquestions，ForeignandDomestic，thatmayrise。Whereby，intheAffairsofEngland，therehas，asitwere，universalSt。—Vitus’sdancesupervened，atanimportantcrisis:andthePreparationsforAmerica，andforadownrightLife—and—DeathWrestlewithFranceontheJENKINS’S—EARQUESTION，arequiteinabadway。Inanominouslybad。Whycannotwedrawaveiloverthesethings！\"——
2。PITT，ANDTHEHOUROFTIDE。\"Thefidgetingsandshufflings，thesubtleties，inanetrickeries，andfutilehitheringsandthitheringsofNewcastlemaybeimagined:amannotincapableoftrick；
butanxioustobewellwitheverybody；andtoanswerYesandNotoalmosteverything，——andnotalittlepuzzled，poorsoul，togetthrough，inthatimpossibleway！SuchaparalysisofwrigglingimbecilityfallenoverEngland，inthisgreatcrisisofitsfortunes，asisstillpainfultocontemplate:andindeedithasbeenmostlyshakenoutofmindbythemodernEnglishman；whotriestolaughatit，insteadofweepingandconsidering，whichwouldbetterbeseem。Pittspeakswithatragicalvivacity，inallingeniousdialects，livelythoughserious；andwithadepthofsadconviction，whichisapttobeslurredoverandmissedaltogetherbyamodernreader。SpeaksasifthisbraveEnglishNationwereaboutended；littleornohopeleftforit；hereagleamofpossibility，andthereagleam，whichsoonvanishesagaininthefatalmurkofimpotencies，do—nothingisms。VerysadtotheheartofPitt。AoncebraveNationarrivedatitscriticalpoint，anddoomedtohiggleandpuddletheretillitdrowninthegutters:
considerablytragicaltoPitt；whoislively，ingenious，and，thoughnotquittingtheParliamentarytonefortheHebrew—
Prophetic，farmoreseriousthanthemodernreaderthinks。
\"InWalpole’sBook[MemoirsoftheLastTenYearsofGeorgeII。]thereistheliveliestPictureofthisdismalParliamentaryHellbroth，——suchaMotherofDeadDogsasonehasseldomlookedinto！FortheHourisgreat；andtheHonorableGentlemen，Imustsay，aresmall。Thehour，littleasyoudreamofit，myHonorableFriends，ispregnantwithquestionsthatareimmense。WideContinents，longEpochsandAEonshangonthispoorjargoningofyours；theEternalDestiniesareaskingtheirmuch—
favoredNation，’Willyou，canyou？’——much—favoredNationisansweringinthatmanner。Astonishedatitsownstupidity，andtakingrefugeinlaughter。TheEternalDestiniesareverypatientwithsomeNations；andcandisregardtheirfollies，foralongwhile；andhavetheirCromwell，havetheirPitt，orwhatelseisessential，readyforthepoorNation，inagrandlysilentway！
\"Certainitis，——thoughhowcouldpoorNewcastleknowitatall！——
hereisagainthehouroftideforEngland。Tideisfullagain；
hasbeenflowinglonghundredsofyears，andisfull:certain，too，thattimeandtidewaitonnomanornation。InadialectdifferentfromCromwell’sorPitt’s，butwithasensetruetotheirs，IcallittheEternalDestiniesknockingatEngland’sdooragain:’Areyoureadyforthecrisis，birth—pointoflongAgestoyou，whichisnowcome？’Greaterquestionhadnotbeen，forcenturiespast。NonetobenamedwithitsincethathighSpiritualQuestion（trulyamuchhigher，andwhichwasinfactthePARENTofthisandofallofhighandgreatthatlayahead），whichEnglandandOliverCromwellweretheretoanswer:’WillyouholdbyConsecratedFormulas，then，youEnglish，andexpectsalvationfromtraditionsoftheelders；orareyouforDivineRealities，astheonesacredandindispensablething？’Whichtheydidanswer，inwhatwayweknow。TrulytheHighestQuestion；whichifaNationcananswerWELL，itwillgrowinthisworld，andmaycometobeconsiderable，andtohavemanyhighQuestionstoanswer，——thisofPitt’s，forexample。AndtheAnswersgivendoalwaysextendthroughcomingages；anddoalwaysbearharvests，accursedorelseblessed，accordingastheAnswerswere。Athingawfullytrue，ifyouhaveeyeforit；——athingtomakeHonorableGentlemenserious，evenintheageofpercussion—
caps！No，myfriend，Newcastleisms，impiousPoltrooneries，inaNation，donotdie:——neither（thankGod）doCromwellismsandpiousHeroisms；butarealiveforthepoorNation，eveninitssomnambulancies，initsstupidestdreams。ForNationshavetheirsomnambulancies；and，atanyrate，thequestionsputtoNations，indifferentages，varymuch。Notinanyage，orturning—pointinHistory，hadEnglandansweredtheDestiniesinsuchadialectasnowunderitsNewcastleandNationalPalaver。\"
3。OFWALPOLE，ASRECORDINGANGEL。\"Walpole’sGeorgetheSecondisaBookoffarmoreworththaniscommonlyascribedtoit；almosttheoneoriginalEnglishBookyetwrittenonthosetimes，——which，bytheaccidentofPitt，arestillmemorabletous。ButforWalpole，——burninglikeasmallsteadylightthere，shiningfaithfully，ifstingily，ontheevilandthegood，——thatsordidmuddleofthePelhamParliaments，whichchancedtobetheelementofthingsnowrecognizableenoughasgreat，wouldbeforeverunintelligible。Heisunusuallyaccurate，punctual，lucid；
anirrefragableauthorityonEnglishpoints。Andif，inregardtoForeign，hecannotbecalledanunderstandingwitness，hehasreadthebestDocumentsaccessible，hasconversedwithselectAmbassadors（Mitchellandthelike，aswecanguess）；andhasinformedhimselftoadegreefarbeyondmostofhiscontemporaries。
InregardtoPitt’sSpeeches，inparticular，hisbriefjottings，donerapidlywhilethematterwasstillshiningtohim，aretheonlyReportsthathavetheleasthumanresemblance。WemaythankWalpolethatPittisnotdumbtous，aswellasdark。Verycuriouslittlescratchingsandetchings，thoseofWalpole；frugal，swift，butpunctualandexact；hastypen—and—inkoutlines；atfirstview，allbarren；baldasaninvoice，seemingly；butwhichyieldyou，afterlongstudythereandelsewhere，aconceivablenotionofwhatandhowexcellentthesePittSpeechesmayhavebeen。Airy，winged，likearrow—flightsofPhoebusApollo；verysuperlativeSpeechesindeed。Walpole’sBookiscarefullyprinted，——fewerrorsinitlikethat’Chapeau’forCHASOT，\"whichreadersremember:——\"but，inrespecttoediting，maybecharacterizedasstillwantinganEditor。ABookUNedited；littlebutlazyignoranceofaveryhopelesstype，thickcontenteddarkness，traceablethroughoutinthemarginalpart。NoattemptatanIndex，oratanyofthenaturalhelpstoareadernowatsuchdistancefromit。Nay，tillyouhaveatleastmarked，onthetopofeachpage，whatMonthandYearitactuallyis，theBookcannotbereadatall，——exceptbyanidlecreature，doingworsethannothingunderthenameofreading！\"
4。PITT’SSPEECHES，FORESHADOWINGWHAT。\"ItisakindofepochinyourstudiesofmodernEnglishHistorywhenyougettounderstandofPitt’sSpeeches，thattheyarenotParliamentaryEloquences，butthingswhichwithhiswholesoulhemeans，andisintenttoDO。
Thissurprisingcircumstance，whenatlastbecomeundeniable，makes，onthesudden，animmensedifferencefortheSpeechesandyou！SpeechesarenotathingofhighmomenttothisEditor；itistheThingspoken，andhowfarthespeakermeanstodoit，thatthisEditorinquiresfor。ToomanySpeechesthereare，whichhehearsadmiredallround，andhasprivatelytoentertainaveryhorridnotionof！Speeches，thefinestinquality（werequalityreally’fine’conceivableinsuchcase），whichWANTacorrespondingfinenessofsourceandintention，correspondingnoblenessofpurport，conviction，tendency；these，ifwewillreflect，arefrightfulinsteadofbeautiful。Yes；——andalwaysthefrightfuler，the’finer’theyare；andthefasterandfarthertheygo，sowingthemselvesinthedimvacancyofmen’sminds。ForSpeeches，likeallhumanthings，thoughthefactisnowlittleremembered，doalwaysrankthemselvesasforeverblessed，orasforeverunblessed。
Sheeporgoats；ontherighthandoftheFinalJudge，orelseontheleft。ThereareSpeecheswhichcanbecalledtrue；and，again，Speecheswhicharenottrue:——Heavens，onlythinkwhattheselatterare！Sackedwind，whichyouareintendedtoSOW，——thatyoumayreapthewhirlwind！Afterlongreading，IfindChatham’sSpeechestobewhathepretendstheyare:true，andworthspeakingthenandthere。
Nobleindeed，Icancallthemwithyou:thehighlynobleForeshadow，necessaryprefaceandaccompanimentofActionswhicharestillnobler。Averysingularphenomenonwithinthosewalls，orwithout！
\"Pitt，thoughnoblyeloquent，isaManofAction，notofSpeech；
anauthenticallyRoyalkindofMan。AndiftherewereaPlutarchinthesetimes，withagooddealofleisureonhishands，hemightrunaParallelbetweenFriedrichandChatham。TworadiantKings:veryshiningMenofActionboth；bothofthemhardbested，asthecaseoftenis。ForyourbornKingwillgenerallyhave，ifnot\"allEuropeagainsthim，\"atleastprettymuchalltheUniverse。
Chatham’scoursetoKingshipwasnotstraightorsmooth，——asFriedrich，too，hadhiswell—nighfataldifficultiesontheroad。
Again，saysthePlutarch，theyareverybravemenboth；andofaclearnessandveracitypeculiaramongtheircontemporaries。
InChatham，too，thereissomethingoftheflashofsteel；averysharp—cutting，penetrative，rapidindividual，hetoo；andshapedforaction，firstofall，thoughhehastotalksomuchintheworld。Fastidious，proud，noKingcouldbeprouder，thoughhiselementisthatofFree—SenateandDemocracy。Andhehasabeautifulpoeticdelicacy，withal；greattendernessinhim，playfulness，grace；inallways，anairyaswellasasolidloftinessofmind。NotbornaKing，——alas，no，notofficiallyso，onlynaturallyso；hashiskingdomtoseek。TheConqueringofSilesia，theConqueringofthePelhamParliaments——ButwewillshutupthePlutarchwithtimeonhishands。
\"Pitt’sSpeeches，asIspellthemfromWalpoleandtheotherfainttracingsleft，arefullofgeniusinthevocalkind，farbeyondanySpeechesdeliveredinParliament:seriousalways，andtheverytruth，suchashehasit；butgoinginmanydialectsandmodes；
fullofairyflashings，twinklesandcoruscations。Sport，asofsheet—lightningglancingabout，theboltlyingunderthehorizon；
boltHIDDEN，asisfit，undersuchahorizonashehad。
Asingularlyradiantman。CouldhavebeenaPoet，too，insomesmallmeasure，hadhegoneonthatline。Therearemanytouchesofgenius，comic，tragic，lyric，somethingofhumoreven，tobereadinthoseShadowsofSpeechestakendownforusbyWalpole……
\"Inoneword，Pitt，shininglikeagleamofsharpsteelinthatmurkofcontemptibilities，iscarefullysteeringhiswaytowardsKingshipoverit。Tragicalitis（especiallyinPitt’scase，firstandlast）toseeaRoyalMan，orBornKing，wadingtowardshisthroneinsuchanelement。But，alas，theBornKing（evenwhenhetries，whichItaketobetherarercase）soseldomcanarrivethereatall；——sinfulEpochsthereare，whenHeaven’scursehasbeenspoken，anditisthatawfulBeing，theBornSham—King，thatarrives！Pitt，however，doesit。Yes；andthemorewestudyPitt，themoreweshallfindhedoesitinapeculiarlyhigh，manfulandhonorableaswellasdexterousmanner；andthatEnglishHistoryhasarighttocallhim’theacmeandhighestmanofConstitutionalParliaments；thelikeofwhomwasnotinanyParliamentcalledConstitutional，norwillagainbe。’\"
Well，probablyenough；tooprobably！Butwhatitmoreconcernsustorememberhere，isthefact，Thatinthesedismalshufflingswhichhavebeen，Pitt——inspiteofRoyaldislikesandNewcastlepeddlingsandchicaneries——hasbeenactuallyinOffice，intheduetopmostplace，thepoorEnglishNationardentlydemandinghim，inwhatwaysitcould。BeeninOffice；——andisactuallyoutagain，inspiteoftheNation。WaswithoutrealpowerintheRoyalCouncils；
thoughofnoblepromise，andplantinghimselfdown，hero—like，evidentlybentonwork，andonendingthatunutterable\"St。—Vitus’s—dance\"thathadgonesohighallroundhim。
Withoutrealpower，wesay；andhashadnopermanency。Cameinllth—19thNovember，1756；thrownout5thApril，1757。Aftersixmonths’trial，theSt。Vitusfindsthatitcannotdowithhim；
andwillprefergoingonagain。ThelastacthisRoyalHighnessofCumberlanddidinEnglandwastodisplacePitt:\"Downyou，Iamtheman！\"saidRoyalHighness；andwenttotheWeserCountriesonthoseterms。
Wouldthereaderwishtosee，insummary，whatPitt’sOfficeshavebeen，sinceheenteredonthiscareeraboutthirtyyearsago？
Here，fromourHistorian，istheListoftheminorderoftime；
STAGESOFPITT’SCOURSE，hecallsit:——
1。\"DECEMBER，1734，ComesintoParliament，agenowtwenty—six；
CornetintheBluesaswell；beingpoor，andinabsoluteneedofsomecareerthatwillsuit。APRIL，1736，makeshisFirstSpeech:——
PrinceFrederickthesubject，——whowasmuchusedasbattering—rambytheOpposition；whomperhapsPittadmiredforhismadrigals，forhisLiterarypatronizings，andfavortotheWest—Wickhamset。
Speech，fullofairylightning，wasmuchadmired。Followedbymany，withthelightninggettingdenseranddenser；alwaysontheOppositionside[onceontheJENKINS’S—EARQUESTION，aswesaw，whentheGazetteerEditorspelthimMr。Pitts]:sothatMajestywasveryangry，sulkyPublicmuchapplausive；andWalpolewasheardtosay，’Wemustmuzzle，insomeway，thatterribleCornetofHorse！’
——butcouldnot，ontrial；thisman’s’price，’aswouldseem，beingawfullyhigh！AUGUST—OCTOBER，1744，SarahDuchessofMarlboroughbequeathedhim10，000poundsasCommissariatequipmentinthishisCampaignagainsttheMud—gods，[Thackeray，i。138。]——glorytotheoldHeroineforsodoing！WhichliftedPittoutoftheCornetcyorHorse—guardselement，Ifancy；andwasasthenailingofhisParliamentarycolorstothemast。
2。\"FEBRUARY14th，1746，Vice—TreasurerforIreland:onoccasionofthatPelham—Granville’As—you—were！’（CarteretMinistry，whichlastedOneDay），andtheslightshufflingsthatwerenecessary。
NowfirstinOffice，——aftersuchTenYearsofcollidingandconflicting，andfinesteeringindifficultwaters。
Vice—TreasurerforIreland:and’soonafter，onLordWilmington’sdeath，’PAYMASTEROFTHEFORCES。ContinuedPaymasteraboutnineyears。Rejects，quietlyandtotally，thebigincomederivablefromInterestofGovernmentMoneyslyingdelayedinthePaymaster’shand（’Dishonest，Itellyou！’）——andwillnoneofit，thoughpoor。
Notyethigh，stilllowoverthehorizon，butshiningbrighterandbrighter。GreatlycontemptuousofNewcastleandthePlatitudesandPoltrooneries；andstillagooddealintheOppositionstrain，andNOTalwaystemperingthewindtotheshornlamb。Forexample，Pitt（stillPaymaster）toNewcastleonKingoftheRomansQuestion（1752
orso）:’YouengageforSubsidies，notknowingtheirextent；
forTreaties，notknowingtheterms！’——’Whatabashaw！’moanNewcastleandthetopOfficials。’Bestwayis，don’tmindit，’saidMr。Stone[oneoftheirterriers，——ahard—headedfellow，whosebrotherbecamePrimateofIrelandbyandby]。
3。\"NOVEMBER20th，1755，Thrownout:——onPelham’sdeath，andthegeneralhurly—burlyinOfficialregions，andchangeofpartnerswithnolittledifficulty，whichhadthenensued！SirThomasRobinson，\"ouroldfriend，\"madeSecretary，——notfoundtoanswer。
PittsulkilylookingonAmerica，onMinorca；onthingsGerman，onthingsingeneral；warilysetonreturning，asisthought；butHow？
FOXtoPitt:’WillyoujoinME？’——PITT:’No，’——withsuchpoliteness，butinanunmistakableway！TenmonthsofconsummatesteeringonthepartofPitt；ChancellorHardwickecomingasmessenger，heamongothers；Pitt’sanswertohimdexterous，modestlyroyal。Pitt’sbearing，inthisgrandjunctureandcrisis，isroyal，hisspeakingsandalsohissilencesnotablyfine。
OCTOBER20th，1756:toNewcastlefacetoface，’IwillacceptnosituationunderyourGrace！’——and，aboutthatdaymonth，comesIN，onhisownfooting。Thatistosay，\"NOVEMBER19th，1756，toEngland’sgreatcomfort，SeeshimselfSecretaryofState（agenowjustforty—eight）。HasprettymuchallEnglandathisback；buthas，infaceofhim，Fox，NewcastleandCompany，offeringmereimpedimentanddiscouragement；
RoyalHighnessofCumberlandlookingdeadlysour。Tillfinally，\"APRIL5th，1757，Kingbidshimresign；RoyalHighnesssettingoffforGermanytheseconddayafter。PitthadbeenINrathermorethanFourmonths。England，atthattimeasilentCountryincomparison，knewnotwellwhattodo；tooktoofferinghimFreedomsofCorporationsinverygreatquantity。TownafterTown，fromallthefourwinds，sympatheticallyfiringoff，uponamisguidedSacredMajesty，itslittleBox，inthisobliqueway，withextraordinarydiligence。Whereby，aftersixmonthsbombardmentbyBoxes，andalsobyEvents，JUNE29th，1757\"——WewillexpectJune29th。
[Thackeray，i。231，264；Almon，AnecdotesofPitt（London，1810），i。151，182，218。]
Inthesesadcircumstances，PreparationssocalledhavebeenmakingforHanover，forAmerica；——suchpreparationsaswereneverseenbefore。Takeonlyoneinstance；letonebeenough:——
\"BytheLondonGazette，welloninFebruary，1756，welearnthatLordLoudon，amilitarygentlemanofsmallfaculty，butofgoodconnections，hasbeennominatedtocommandtheForcesinAmerica；