FRIDAYMORNING，JUNE1st）\"hisExcellencyandSuite\"（VoltaireandCollini）havetheirhorsesharnessed，carriageout，andareabouttakingtheroadagain，——whenFreytag，escortedbyaDr。Rucker，\"FrankfurtMagistrateDEMAUVAISEMINE，\"[Collini，p。77。]andaPrussianrecruitingLieutenant，presentshimselfinVoltaire’sapartment！ReadersknowVoltaire’saccountandMonSIRCollini’s；
andmaynowhearFreytag’sown，whichispaintedfromfact:——
\"Introductorycivilitiesdone（NACHGEMACHTENPOLITESSEN），ImadehimacquaintedwiththewillofyourmostAll—graciousMajesty。
Hewasmuchastonished（BESTURZT，\"nowonder）；\"heshuthiseyes，andflunghimselfbackinhischair。\"[Varnhagen，p。16。]CallsinhisfriendCollini，whom，atfirst，Ihadrequestedtowithdraw。
Twocoffersareproduced，andopened，byCollini；visitation，punctual，longandpainful，lastedfromnineA。M。tillfiveP。M。
Packetsaremade，——agreatmanyPapers，\"andonePoemwhichhewasunwillingtoquit\"（perilousLAPUCELLE）；——inventoriesaredrawn，dulysigned。Packetsaresigneted，mutuallysealed，RuckerclapsontheTown—sealfirst，FreytagandVoltairefollowingwiththeirs。
\"HemadethousandprotestationsofhisfidelitytoyourMajesty；
becameprettyweak[likefainting，thinkyou，HerrResident？]，andindeedhelookslikeaskeleton。——WethenmadedemandoftheBook，OEUVREDEPOESIES:That，hesaid，wasintheBigCase；andheknewnotwhetheratLeipzigorHamburg\"（knewverywellwhereitwas）；
andfindingnothingelsewoulddo，wroteforit，showingFreytagtheLetter；andengaged，onhiswordofhonor，nottostirhencetillitarrived。
Uponwhich，——whatisfarthertobenoted，thoughallseemsnowsettled，——Freytag，atVoltaire’searnestentreaty，\"forbehoofofMadameDenis，abelovedNiece，Monsieur，whoiswaitingformehourlyatStrasburg，whomsuchfrightmightbethedeathof！\"——putsonpaperafewwords（thefewwhichVoltairehastwistedinto\"MonSIR，\"\"PoesHies\"andsoforth），totheeffect，\"ThatwhenevertheOEUVREcomes，Voltaireshallactuallyhaveleavetogo。\"
Andso，aftereighthours，labor（nineA。M。tofiveP。M。），everythingishushedagain。Voltaire，muchshockedandastonished，poorsoul，\"sitsquietlydowntohisANNALES\"（saysCollini），——toworking，moreorless；aresourceheoftenfliesto，insuchcases。
MadameDenis，onreceivinghisbadnewsatStrasburg，setsofftowardshim:arrivessomedaysbeforetheOEUVREanditsBigCase。
KingFriedrichhadgone，May1st）forsomeweeks，tohisSilesianReviews；June1st（verydayofthisgreatsortingintheLiond’Or），heisoffagain，toutmostPrussiathistime；——andknows，hithertoandtillquitetheend，nothing，exceptthatVoltairehasnotturnedupanywhere……VoltairecannothavedonemuchathisANNALS，inthisinterimattheGoldenLion，\"wherehehaslibertytowalkintheGarden。\"
Hehasbeen，andis，secretlycorresponding，complainingandapplying，allround，atagreatrate:toCountStadiontheImperialExcellencyatMainz，toFrenchfriends，toPrincessWilhelmina，ultimatelytoFriedrichhimself。[InOEuvresdeVoltaire，lxxv。207—214，&c。，LetterstoStadion（ofstrangeenoughtenor:seeVarnhagen，pp。30，&c。）。InOEuvresdeFrederic，xxii。303，andinOEuvresdeVoltaire，lxxv。185，istheLettertoFriedrich（dateless，totallymisplaced，andrenderedunintelligible，inbothWorks）:LetterSENTthroughWilhelmina（seeherfineremarksinforwardingit，OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。
iii。234）。]Hehasbeenreceivingvisits，fromSereneHighnesses，\"DukeofMeiningen\"andthelike，whohappentobeinTown。
VisitfrominiquitousDutchBookseller，VanDuren（PrinteroftheANTI—MACHIAVEL）；withwhomwehadsuchcontroversyonce。
Iniquitous，nowopulentandprosperous，VanDuren，happeningtobehere，willhavethepleasureofcallingonanolddistinguishedfriend:distinguishedfriend，atsightofhimenteringtheGarden，stepshastilyup，giveshimaboxontheear，withoutwordsbutaninterjectionortwo；andvanisheswithindoors。Thatissomething！
\"Monsieur，\"saidCollini，strivingtoweep，butunable，\"youhavehadablowfromthegreatestmanintheworld。\"[Collini，p。182。]
Inshort，VoltairehasbeenexcitinggreatsensationinFrankfurt；
andkeepingFreytaginperpetualfearandtrouble。
MONDAY，18thJUNE，theBigCase，lumberingalong，doesarrive。
ItiscarriedstraighttoFreytag’s；andateleveninthemorning，Collinieagerlyattendstohaveitopened。Freytag，——towhomSchmidthasreturnedfromEmbden，butnoAnswerfromPotsdam，ortheleastlightaboutthoseSKRIPTUREN，——isinthedepthsofembarrassment；cannotopen，tillheknowcompletelywhatitemsandSKRIPTURENheistomakesureofonopening:\"Icannot，tilltheKing’sanswercome！\"——\"ButyourwrittenpromisetoVoltaire？\"
\"Tush，thatwasmyownprivatepromise，Monsieur；myownprivatepredictionofwhatwouldhappen；athingPROFORMA\"，andtosaveMadameDenis’slife。Patience；perhapsitwillarrivethisveryday。ComeagaintomeatthreeP。M。；——thereisBerlinposttoday；
thenagaininthreedays:——IsurelyexpecttheOrderwillcomebythispostornext；Godgrantitmaybebythis！\"Colliniattendsatthree；thereisNotefromFredersdorf:King’sMajestyabsentinPreussenallthiswhile；expectednowintwodays。Freytag’sfacevisiblybrightens:\"Waittillnextpost；threedaysmore，onlywait！\"[Varnhagen，pp。39—41。]Andinfact，bynextpost，aswefind，theOPEN—SESAMEdidpunctuallycome。Voltaire，andallthisbigcawingrookeryofmiseriesandrages，wouldhaveatoncetakenwingagain，intothesereneblue，couldVoltairebuthavehadpatiencethreedaysmore！Butthatwasdifficultforhim，tooDifficult。
PARTII。VOLTAIRE，INSPITEOFHISEFFORTS，DOESGETAWAY
（June20th—July7th）。
WEDNESDAY，JUNE20th，VoltaireandCollini（\"word。ofhonor\"fallendubioustothem，dubiousormore），——havmglaidtheirplan，strivingtothinkitfairinthecircumstances，——walkoutfromtheLiond’Or，\"Voltaireinblack—velvetcoat，\"[Ib。p。46。]withtheirvaluablesteffects（LAPUCELLEandmoney—boxincluded）；leavingMadameDenistowaitthedisimprisonmentofOEUVREDEPOESIEandwindupthegeneralbusiness。Walkout，verygingerly，——duckintoahackney—coach；andattempttoescapebytheMainzGate！
Freytag’sspyrunsbreathlesswiththenews；neverwasaFreytaginsuchtaking。TerrifiedFreytaghasto\"throwonhiscoat；\"
orderoutthreementogallopbyvariousroutes；jumpintosomeExcellency’scoach（kindExcellencylentit），whichisluckilystandingyokednearby；andshootwiththevelocityoflifeanddeathtowardsMainzGate。Voltaire，whomthewell—affectedPorter，suspectingsomething，hasratherbeenretarding，isstillthere:
\"Arrested，intheKing’sname！\"——andthereissuchascene！
ForFreytag，too，isnowraging，ignitedbysuchpercussionoftheterrors；andspeaks，notlikewhattheycall\"alearnedsergeant\"，butlikeadrilledsergeantinheatofbattle:Vol—taire’stongue，also，andCollini’s，——\"YourExcellenzneverheardsuchbrazen—facedliesthrownonaman；thatIhadoffered，for1，000thalers，toletthemgo；thatIhad\"——Inshort，thethinghascaughtfire；brokenintoflamingchaosagain。
\"Freytag[togiveonesnatchfromCollini’sside]gotintothecarriagealongwithus，andledus，inthisway，acrossthemobofpeopletoSchmidt’s[toseewhatwastobedonewithus]。
Sentrieswereputatthegatetokeepoutthemob；weareledintoakindofcounting—room；clerk，maid—andman—servantsareabout；
MadamSchmidtpassesbeforeVoltairewithadisdainfulair，tolistentoFreytag，recounting，\"inthetonenotofaLEARNED
sergeant，whatthematteris。Theyseizeoureffects；underviolentprotest，worsethanvain。\"Voltairedemandstohaveatleasthissnuffbox，cannotdowithoutsnuff；theyanswer，’Itisusualtotakeeverything。’
\"His，\"Voltaire’s，\"eyesweresparklingwithfury；fromtimetotimeheliftedthemonmine，asiftointerrogateme。Allonasudden，noticingadoorhalfopen，hedashesthroughit，andisout。MadamSchmidtformshersquad，shopmenandthreemaid—
servants；and，attheirhead，rushesafter。’What？’crieshe，（cannotIbeallowedto——tovomit，then？’\"Theyformcircleroundhim，tillhedoit；calloutCollini，whofindshim\"bentdown，withhisfingersinhisthroat，attemptingtovomit；andisterrified；’MONDIEU，areyouill，then？’Heansweredinalowvoice，tearsinhiseyes，’FINGO，FINGO（Ipretend，’\"andCollinileadshimback，REINFECTA。\"TheAuthoroftheHENRIADEandMEROPE；
whataspectacle！[Collini，pp。81，86。]……Notfortwohourshadtheydonewiththeirwritingsandarrangings。OurportfoliosandCASSETTE（money—box）werethrownintoanemptytrunk[whatelsecouldtheybethrowninto？]——whichwaslockedwithapadlock，andsealedwithapaper，Voltaire’sarmsontheoneend，andSchmidt’scipherontheother。Dorn，Freytag’sClerk，wasbiddenleadusaway。SignoftheBOUC\"（orBILLY—GOAT；therehenceforth；LIOND，OR
refusingtobeconcernedwithusfarther）；twelvesoldiers；
MadameDeniswithcurtainsofbayonets，——andotherwell—knownflagrancies……The7thofJuly，Voltairedidactuallygo；
andtheninanextremehurry，——byhisownblame，again。Thesefinalpassageswetouchonlyinthelump；Voltaire’sownNarrativeofthesebeingsocopious，flaminglyimpressive，andstillknowntoeverybody。HowmuchbetterforVoltaireandus，hadnobodyeverknownit；haditneverbeenwritten；hadthepoorhubbub，nobetterthanachancestreet—riotallofit，afteramusingoldFrankfurtforawhile，beenlefttodropintotheguttersforever！
ToVoltaireandvariousothers（meandmypoorreadersincluded），thatwasthedesirablething。
Hadtherebutbeen，amongone’sresources，alittlepatienceandpracticalcandor，insteadofallthatvituperativeeloquenceandpoweroftragi—comicdescription！Nay，inthatcase，thiswretchedstreet—riothubbubneednothavebeenatall。TrulyM。deVoltairehadatalentforspeech，butlamentablywantedthatofsilence！——
WehavenowonlythesaddutyofpointingouttheprincipalmendacitiescontainedinM。deVoltaire’sworld—famousAccount（fortheothersidehasbeenheardsincethat）；andsoofquittingapainfulbusiness。Theprincipalmendacities——deductingallthatabout\"POE’ShIE\"andthelike，whichwewilldefineaspoeticfiction——are:——
1。Thatoftheconsiderablefilesofsoldiers（almostaCompanyofMusketeers，onewouldthink）stuckuproundM。deVoltaireandParty，inTHEBILLY—GOAT；MadameDenis’sbed—curtainsbeingascreenofbayonets，andthelike。TheexactnumberofsoldiersI
cannotlearn:\"aSCHILDWACHEoftheTown—guard[meansone；
surelydoesnotmeanFour？]foreachprisoner，\"reportsthearithmeticalFreytag；which，intheextremecase，wouldhavebeentwelveinwhole（asCollinigivesit）；and\"nextdaywereducedthemtotwo\"，saysFreytag。
2。ThatoftheotherwisefrightfulnightMadameDenishad；
\"thefellowDorn[Freytag’sClerk，apoor，hard—workedfrugalcreature，withfrugalwifeandfamilynotfaroff]insistingtositintheLady’sbedroom；thereemptyingbottleafterbottle；nayatlast[asVoltairebethinkshim，afterafewdays]threateningto\"——
PlainlytoEXCELallbelief！Athingnottobespokenofpublicly:
indeed，whatLadycouldspeakofitatall，exceptinhintstoanUncleofadvancedyears？——Provedfactbeing，thatMadameDenis，allinaflutter，thatfirstnightatTHEBILLY—GOAT，hadengagedDorn，\"foralouis—d’or，\"tositinherbedroom；anddidactuallypayhimalouis—d’orfordoingso！Thisisverybadmendacity；
clearlyconsciousonM。deVoltaire’spart，andevenconstructedbydegrees。
3。VerybadalsoisthatofthemoneysstolenfromhimbythoseOfficialpeople。M。deVoltaireknowswellenoughhowhefailedtogethismoneys，andquittedFrankfurtinahurry！Here，inexorablycertainfromtheDocuments，andtestimoniesonbothparts，isthatfinalPassageofthelongFire—work:lastcrackleoftherocketbeforeitdroppedperpendicular:——
JULY6th，completeOPEN—SESAMEhavingcome，FreytagandSchmidtdulyinvitedVoltairetobepresentattheopeningofseals（hisandtheirs），andtohavehismoneysandeffectsreturnedfromthat\"oldtrunk\"hespeaksof。ButVoltairehadbythistimetakenahigherflight。July6th，VoltairewasprotestingbeforeNotaries，abouttheunheard—ofviolencedonehim，thesignalreparationsdue；
anddisdained，forthemoment，toconcernhimselfwithmoneysoropeningofseals:\"Seals，moneys？YeatrociousHighwaymen！\"
Uponwhich，theysentpoorDornwiththesealedtrunkinCORPORE，tohaveitopenedbyVoltairehimself。Collini，inTHEBILLY—GOAT，nextmorning（July7th））says，he（Collini）hadjustloadedtwojourney—pistols，partoftheusualcarriage—furniture，andtheylayonthetable。AtsightofpoorDorndarkeninghischamber—door，Voltaire，thepreyofvariousflurriesandhigh—flownvehemences，snatchedoneofthepistols（\"pistolwithoutpowder，withoutflint，withoutlock，\"saysVoltaire；\"efficientpistoljustloaded\"，testifiesCollini）；——snatchedsaidpistol；andclickingittothecock，plungedDorn—ward，withfuriousexclamations:notquiteunlikelytohaveshotDorn（inthefleshyparts），——hadnotCollinihurriedlystruckuphishand，\"MONDIEU，MONSIEUR！\"andDorn，withtrunk，instantlyvanished。Dorn，naturally，rantoaLawyer。
Voltaire，dreadingTrialforintendedHomicide，instantlygatheredhimself；andshotaway，selfandPucellewithCollini，clearoff；——
leavingNieceDenis，leavingmoneysandotherthings，towaittillto—morrow，andsettleastheycould。
Afterduelapseofdays，intheduelegalmanner，theTrunkwasopened；\"the19poundsofexpenses\"（19poundsandoddshillings，not100poundsormore，asVoltairevariouslygivesit）wasaccuratelytakenfromitbySchmidtandFreytag，tobepaidwheredue，——（inexactliquidation，\"LandlordofTHEBILLY—GOAT\"somuch，\"Hackney—Coachmen，RidingConstablessentinchase，\"somuch，asperbill）；——andtherest，76pounds10s。waspunctuallylockedupagain，tillVoltaireshouldapplyforit。\"Senditafterhim，\"
Friedrichanswered，wheninquiredof；\"senditafterhim；butnot[reflectshe]unlessthereissomebodytotakehisReceiptforit，\"——ourgentlemanbeingthemanheis。Whichcase，oranyapplicationfromVoltaire，neverturnedup。\"RobbedbythosehighwaymenofPrussianAgents！\"exclaimedVoltaireeverywhere，insteadofapplying。Neverapplied；noreverforgot。WouldfainhaveengagedCollinitoapply，——especiallywhentheFrenchArmieshadgotintoFrankfurt，——butCollinididnotseehisway。
[ThreeLetterstoCollinionthesubject（January—May，1759），Collini，pp。208—211。]
Sothat，exceptasconsolatoryscolding—stockfortherestofhislife，Voltairegotnothingofhis76pounds10s。，\"withjewelsandsnuffbox，\"alwayslyingreadyintheTrunkforhim。Andithad，I
suppose，atthelonglast，togobyRIGHTOFWINDFALLtosomebodyorother:——unless，perhaps，itstilllie，overwhelmedunderdustandlumber，inthegarretsoftheoldRathhausyonder，waitingforalegalowner？Whatbecameofit，nomanknows；butthatnodoitofiteverwentFreytag’sorKingFriedrich’sway，isabundantlyevident。Onthewhole，whatanentertainingNarrativeisthatofVoltaire’s；butwhatapityhehadeverwrittenit！
ThiswasthefinishingCatastrophe，tragicalexceedingly；
whichwentloud—soundingthroughtheworld，andstillgoes，——themoreisthepity。Catastropheduethroughouttothreecauses:
FIRST，ThatFredersdorf，notEichel，wrotetheOrder；
andintroducedtheindefinitephraseSKRIPTUREN，insteadofstickingbytheOEUVREDEPOESIES，theoneessentialpoint。
SECOND，ThatFreytagwasofheavypipe—claynature。THIRD，ThatVoltairewasofimpatientexplosrvenature；and，incalamities，waswont，nottobesilentandconsider，buttoliftuphisvoice（havingsuchavoice），andwithpassionatemelodyappealtotheUniverse，anddoworse，bywayofhelpinghimself！——
\"ThepoorVoltaire，afterall！\"ejaculatesSmelfungus。\"Lean，ofnohealth，butmelodiousextremely（inashallowsense）；andtrulyverylonely，oldandweak，inthisworld。WhatanendtoVisitFifth；beganinOlympus，terminatesintheLock—up！Hisconduct，exceptintheJewCase，hasnothingofbad，atleastofunprovokedlybad。’Lostmyteeth，’saidhe，whenthingswereatzenith。’ThoughtIshouldneverweepagain，’——nowwhentheyareatnadir。Asoreblowtoone’sVanity，inpresenceofassembledmankind；andmadestillmorepoignantbynoisesofone’sownadding。Franceforbiddentohim[byexpressivesignallings]；
miraculousGoshenofPrussiashut:（theseoldeyes，whichIthoughtwouldcontinuedrytilltheyclosedforever，werestreamingintears；’\"[Letterfrom\"Mainz，9thJuly，\"thirddayofroutorflight；ToNieceDenis，leftbehind（OEuvres，
lxxv。220）。]——butsoonbrightenedupagain:Courage！
HowVoltairenowwandersaboutforseveralyears，doinghisANNALES，andotherWorks；nowvisitingLyonCity（whichisallinGAUDEAMUSroundhim，thoughCardinalTencindoesdeclinehimasdinner—guest）；nowlodgingwithDomCalmetintheAbbeyofSenones（ultimatelyinone’sownfirst—floor，inColmarnearby），digging，inCalmet’sBenedictineLibraries，stuffforhisANNALES；——
wanderingabout（chieflyinElsass，latterlyontheSwissBorder），tillhefindrestforthesoleofhisfoot:[PurchasedLESDELICES
（TheDelights），ashenamedit，agloriousSummerResidence，ontheLake，nearGeneva（supplementedbyaWinterditto，MONRION，nearLausanne），\"inFebrnary，1755\"（OEuvres，
xvii。243n。）；——thenpurchasedFERNEY，notfaroff，\"inOctober，1758；\"andcontinuedthere，stillmoreglorious，foralmosttwentyyearsthenceforth（ib。lxxvii。398，xxxix。307:thanktheexact\"Clog。\"forboththeseNotes）。]allthismaybeknowntoreaders；
andwemustsaynothingofit。Exceptonlythat，nextyear，inhistent，orhiredlodgingsatColmar，theAngelsvisitedhim（Abraham—
like，afterasort）。Namely，thatoneevening（lateinOctober，1754），aknockcametohisdoor，\"HerSereneHighnessofBaireuthwishestoseeyou，attheInnoverthere！\"\"Inn，Baireuth，sayyou？
Heavens，what？\"——Or，totakeitintheproseform:——
\"January26th，1753，abouteightP。M。[whileVoltairesatdesolateinFrancheville’s，faraway]，thePalaceatBaireuth，——Margrafwithcandleatanopenwindow，andgauzecurtainsnear——hadcaughtfire；
inexorablyflamedup，andburntitselftoashes，itandotherfineedificesadjoining。[Holle，STADTBAYREUTH（Bayreuth，1833），p。178。]Wilhelminaisalwaysveryillinhealth；theyarenowrebuildingtheirPalace:Margrafhassuggested，’WhynottryMontpellier；letushaveawinterthere！’Onthaterrandtheyare（endofOctober，1754）gotthelengthofColmar；anddotheVoltairemiracleinpassing。Verycharmingtothepoorman，inhisrusticationhere。
\"’Eighthoursinapiece，withtheSisteroftheKingofPrussia\"
writeshe:thinkofthat，myfriends！’Sheloadedmewithbounties；
mademeamostbeautifulpresent。InsistedtoseemyNiece；
wouldhavemegowiththemtoMontpellier。’[Letters（in
OEuvres，lxxv。450，452），\"Colmar，23dOctober，&c。
1754。\"]Otherinterviewsandmeetingstheyhad，thereandfartheron:VoltairetriedfortheMontpellier；butcouldnot。[WrotetoFriedrichaboutit（oneofhisfirstLettersaftertheExplosion），applyingtoFriedrich\"foraPassport\"orLetterofProtection；
whichFriedrichanswersbyDePrades，openlylaughingatit（OEuvres，xxiii。6）。]WilhelminawinteredatMontpellier，withoutVoltaire\"Thankyourstars！’writesFriedrichtoher。TheFriedrich—WilhelminaLETTERSareattheirbestduringthisJourney；hereunfortunatelyveryfew）。[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。iii。248—273（September，1754，andonwards）。]Winterdone，WilhelminawentstillSouth，toItaly，toNaples，backbyVenice:——atNaples，undergoingtheGrottodelCaneandneighborhood，WilhelminapluckedaSprigofLaurelfromVirgil’sGrave，andsentittoherBrotherintheprettiestmanner；——ishomeatBaireuth，newPalaceready，August，1755。\"
Thesepoints，hurriedlyputdown，carefulreaderswillmark，andperhapstrytokeepinmind。Wilhelmina’sTouringsarenotwithoutinteresttoherfriends。OfherVoltaireacquaintanceship，especially，weshallhearagain。WithVoltaire，FriedrichhimselfhadnofartherCorrespondence，orasgoodasnone，forfouryearsandmore。WhatVoltairewritestohim（withGiftsofBooksandthelike，inthetenderestregretfulpatheticallyCOOINGtone，enoughtomollifyrocks），FriedrichusuallyanswersbyDePrades，ifatall，——inaquitediscouragingmanner。Intheendof1757，onwhathintweshallsee，theCorrespondencerecommenced，anddidnotceaseagainsolongastheybothlived。
VoltaireatPotsdamisafailure，then。Nothingtobemadeofthat。
Lawisreformed；EmbdenhasitsShippingCompanies；
Industryflourishes:butastotheTrismegistusoftheMusescomingtoourHearth——！SomeEightofFriedrich’syearswerefilledbytheseThreegrandHeadsofEffort；perfectPeaceinallhisborders:andin1753weseehowthecelestialoneofthemhasgonetowreck。\"Understandatlast，yourMajesty，thatthereisnoMuses’—HeavenpossibleonTelluricterms；andcastthatnotionoutofyourhead！\"
Friedrichdoescastitout，moreandmore，henceforth，——\"ACH，MEIN
LIEBERSULZER，whatwasyourknowledge，then，ofthatdamnedrace？\"
Castsitout，weperceive，——andinahandsomesilentlystoicalway。
Cherishingnowrathinhisheartagainstanypoordevil；still，insomesort，lovingthisandtheotherofthem；Chasot，Algarotti，Voltaireeven，whohavegonefromhim，tooweakfortheplace:
\"Tooweak，alas，yes；andI，wasIwisetotrythem，then？\"Withafinehumanity，newhopeinextinguishablywellingup；reallywithaloyalty，amodesty，acheerybrothermanhoodunexpectedbyreaders。
EightoftheElevenPeaceYearsaregoneinthesecourses。Thenextthree，stillsilentandsmoothtotheoutwardeye，weredefacedbysubterraneanmutterings，electricheraldsofcomingstorm。
\"Meaningbattleandwrestleagain？\"thinksFriedrich，listeningintent。AfarotherthanwelcomemessagetoFriedrich。Amessageominous；thriceunwelcome，nottosayterrible。Requirestobescannedwithallone’sfaculty；tobeinterpreted；tobeobeyed，inspiteofone’sreluctancesandlazinesses。ToplungeagainintotheMahlstrom，intotheclashofChaos，anddiveforone’sSilesia，thethirdtime；——horribletolazyhumannature:butifthefactsareso）itmustbedone！——
ChapterXIII。
ROMISH—KINGQUESTION；ENGLISH—PRIVATEERQUESTION。
ThepublicEventssocalled，whichhavebeenoccupyingmankindduringthisVoltaireVisit，requirenowmainlytobeforgotten；——
andmay，forourpurposes，beconvenientlyriddleddowntoThree。
FIRST，King—of—the—RomansQuestion；SECOND，English—PrivateerQuestion；andthen，hangingcuriouslyrelatedtotheseTwo，aTHIRD，or\"English—FrenchCanadaQuestion。\"Ofsomeimportanceallofthem；extremelyimportanttoFriedrich，especiallythatThirdandleastexpectedofthem。
WittyHanburyWilliams，theEnglishExcellencyatBerlin，busyintriguinglittlecreature，becamedistastefulthere，longsince；
andtheyhadtotakehimaway:\"recalled，\"saytheDocuments，\"22dJanuary，1751。\"Uponwhich，nodoubt，hemadeanoiseinDowningStreet；andgot，itappears，\"re—credentialstoBerlin，4thMarch，1751；\"[ManuscriptLISTinState—PaperOffice。]butIthinkdidnotmuchreside，norintendtoreside；havingallmannerofwanderingContinentaldutiestodo；andaworldofpettybusinessesandwidespreadintrigues，Russian，Germanandother，onhand。
Robinson，too，isnowhome；returned，1748（TreatyofAixinhispocket）；andanExcellencyKeith，moreandmorefamoushenceforth，hassucceededhiminthatAustrianpost。Busypeople，theseandothers；nowlegationinginForeignparts:ableintheirway；
butwhoseworkprovedtobethatofspinningropesfromsand，andmustnotdetainusatthistime。
TheerrandofalltheseBritannicExcellenciesisuponanotablescheme，whichRoyalGeorgeandhisNewcastlehavedevised，Ofgettingallmadetight，andthePeaceofAixdouble—riveted，sotospeak，andrenderedsecureagainsteverycontingency，——byhavingArchdukeJosephatonceelected\"KingoftheRomans。\"KingoftheRomansstraightway；wherebyhefollowsatonceasKaiser，shouldhisFatherdie；andisliabletonoFrenchorotherintriguing；
andwehavetakenabondofFatethattheBalancecannotbecantedagain。Excellentscheme，thinkboththeseheads；andarestirringGermanywithalltheirmight，purseinhand，toco—operate，anddoit。Inconceivablewhattroubletheseprescientmindsareat，onthisuncertainmatter。ItwasBritannicMajesty’sandNewcastle’smainprobleminthisworld，forperhapsfouryears（1749—1753）:——
\"Myownchild，\"asafondNoodleofNewcastleusedtocallit；
thoughIratherthinkitwastheotherthatbegotthewretchedobject，buthadtiredsoonerofnursingitunderdifficulties。
UnhappilythereneedsunanimityofalltheNineElectors。
Thepooreryoucanbuy；\"BavarianSubsidy，\"orannualpension，isonly45，000pounds，forthisinvaluableobject；Kolnisonly——ameretrifle:[Debateon\"BavarianSubsidy\"（inWalpole，
GeorgetheSecond，i。49）:endlessCorrespondencebetweenNewcastleandhisBrother（curioustoread，thoughofthemostlong—eareddescriptionontheDuke’spart），inCoxe’s
Pelham，ii，338—465（\"31stMay，1750—3dNovember，1752\"）:preciseAccount（ifanybodynowwantedit），in
Adelung，vii。146，149，154，etseq。]triflesall，incomparisonofthesacredBalance，anddearHanoverkeptscathless。
ButunfortunatelyFriedrich，whomwemustnotthinkofbuying，isnotenthusiasticinthecause！Farfromit。ThenowKaiserhasneveryetgothim，accordingtobargain，aReichs—GuaranteeforthePeaceofDresden；andneedsendlessflagitatingtodoit。[Doesit，atlength，bywayoffurtherancetothisRomish—KingBusiness，\"23dJanuary—14thMay，1751\"（Adelung，vii。217）。]
ThechaseofsecurityandaggrandizementtotheHouseofAustriaisbynomeansFriedrich’schiefaim！ThisofKingoftheRomansnevercouldbemanagedbyBritannicMajestyandhisNewcastle。
Itwasverytriumphant，andIthinkatitshopefulest，in1750，soonafterstarting，——whenExcellencyHanburyfirstappearedatBerlinonbehalfofit。ThatwasExcellencyHanbury’sfirstjourneyonthiserrand；andhemadeagreatmanymore，nomanreadier；
astirring，intriguingcreature（andalwayswithsuchmoneystodistribute）；hadvictorioushopesnowandthen，——whichoneandallprovedfatuous。[\"June，1750，\"HanburyforBerlin（BritannicMajestymuchanxiousHanburywerethere）:HanburytoWarsawnext（hiringPolishMajestythere）；atDresden，doesmakevictoriousTreaty，September，1751；atVienna，1753（stillontheaawequest）。
Coxe’sPelham，ii。339，196，469。]In1751
and1752，thedarlingProjectmetcrosstides，foulwinds，politicalwhirlpools（\"SuchasetarethoseGermanPrinces！\"）——andswam，indomitable，thoughneardesperate，asProjectseldomdid；
tillhappily，in1753，itsankdrowned:——andlefthisGraceofNewcastleasking，\"Well—a—day！AndisnotEnglanddrownedtoo？\"
Wehopenot。
\"OwingmainlytoFriedrich’sopposition！\"exclaimedNoodleandthePoliticalCircles。Which——（thoughitwasnotthefact；Friedrich’sopposition，oncethatReichs—Guaranteeofhisownwasgot，beingmostlypassive，\"Pushitthroughthestolidelement，then，YOU
stolidfellows，ifyoucan！\"）——awokeconsiderableoutcryinEngland。Livelysuspicionthere，oftreasonousintentionstotheCauseofLiberty，onhisPrussianMajesty’spart；and——coupledwithothercausesthathadrisen——agreatdealofill—nature，inverydarkcondition，againsthisPrussianMajesty。AnditwasnotFriedrich’sblame，chieflyoratall。IfindeedFriedrichwouldhaveforwardedtheEnterprise:——buthemerelydidnot；andtheelementwasviscous，stolid。Austriaitselfhadwishedthething；
butwithnothinglikesuchenthusiasmasKingGeorge；——towhomtherefusal，byFriedrichandFate，wasabitterdisappointment。
PoorBritannicMajesty:ArchdukeJosephcametobeKingoftheRomans，induecourse；rightenough。Andlongbeforethatevent（almostbeforeGeorgehadendedhisvainefforttohastenit），Austriaturnedonitspivot；andhadclasped，notEnglandtoitsbosom，butFrance（thankstothatexquisiteKaunitz）；andwasinarmsAGAINSTEngland，dearHanover，andtheCauseofLiberty！
Vaintolooktoofarahead，——especiallywiththosefish—eyes。
SmelfungushasaNoteonKaunitz；readable，thoughfartooirreverentofthatsuperlativeDiplomatist，andunjusttotherealhumanmeritshehad。
\"ThestrugglesofBritannicGeorgetogetaKingoftheRomanselectedweremany。FriedrichneverwouldbiteatthissalutaryschemeforstrengtheningtheHouseofAustria:’Abadman，isnothe？’Andallthewhile，theCourtofAustriaseemedindifferent，incomparison；——andGrafvonKaunitz—Rietberg，AmbassadoratParis，wassecretlybusy，wheelingAustriaroundonitsaxis，Franceroundonits；andbringingthemtoembraceinpoliticalwedlock！
FeataccomplishedbyhisExcellencyKaunitz（Paris，1752—1753）；——
accomplished，notconsummated；leftreadyforconsummatingwhenhe，Kaunitz，nowhomeasPrimeMinister，orhelmsmanonthenewtack，shouldgivesignal。ThoughttobeoneofthecleverestfeatseverdonebyDiplomaticart。
\"Admirablefeat，fortheDiplomaticartwhichitneeded；not，thatIcansee，foranyotherpropertyithad。Featwhichbrought，asitwasintendedtodo，aThirdSilesianWar；deathofaboutamillionfightingmen，andendlesswoestoFranceandAustriainparticular。
AnexquisiteDiplomatistthisKaunitz；cametobePrince，almosttobeGod—BrahmainAustria，andtoruletheHeavensandEarth（havingskillwithhisSovereignLady，too），inanexquisiteandtrulysurprisingmanner。Sitstheresublime，likeagiltcrockeryIdol，supremeoverthepopulations，fornearfortyyears。
\"OnereadsallBiographiesandHistoriesofKaunitz:[Hormayr’s（inOEsterreichischerPlutarch，iv。3tes，231—283）；&c。&c。]onecatchesevidenceofhiswellknowinghisDiplomaticelement，andhowtoruleitandimposeonit。
Traitsthereareofhumancunning，shrewdnessofeye；——oftheloftiestsilenthumanpride，stoicism，perseveranceofdetermination，——butnot，tomyremembrance，ofanyconspicuoushumanwisdomwhatever，Oneasks，Whereishiswisdom？Enumerate，then，domethepleasureofenumerating，WhathecontrivedthattheHeavensansweredYesto，andnotNoto？Allsilent！Amantogiveonethoughts。SitslikeaGod—Brahma，humanidolofgiltcrockery，withnothinginthebellyofit（butaportionofboiledchickendaily，veryill—digested）；andsuchaprostrateworship，fromthosearoundhim，aswashardlyseenelsewhere。Grave，inwardlyunhappy—
looking；butimpenetrable，uncomplaining。SeemstohavepassedprivatelyanActofParliament:’Kaunitz—Rietberghere，asyouseehim，isthegreatestnowalive；he，Iprivatelyassureyou！’——and，bycontinuedprivatedetermination，tohavegotallmenabouthimtoratifythesame，andacceptitasvalid。Muchcanbedoneinthatwaywithstupidishpopulations；norisBeauBrummeltheonlyinstanceofit，amongourselves，inthelaterepochs。
\"Kaunitzisamanoflonghollowface，nosenaturallyratherturnedintotheair，tillartificiallyitgotaltogetherturnedthither。
Rodebeautifully；butalwaysundercover；daybyday，underglassroofintheriding—school，somanyhoursorminutes，watchinhand。
Hated，ordreaded，freshairaboveeverything:sothattheKaiserinn，anobleloverofit，wouldalwaysgood—humoredlyhastentoshutherwindowswhenhemadeheravisit。Sumptuoussuppers，soirees，hehad；thepinkofNatureassemblinginhishouse；
galaxy，domesticandforeign，ofalltheViennaStars。Throughwhichhewouldwalkoneturn；glancingstoically，overhisnose，atthecircumambientwhirlpoolofnothings，——happythenothingtowhomhewoulddeignaword，andmakehimsomething。Omyfriends！——Inshort，itwashewhoturnedAustriaonitsaxis，andFranceonits，andbroughtthemtothekissingpitch。PompadourandMariaTheresakissingmutually，likeRighteousnessand——notPEACE，atanyrate！
’MACHERECOUSINE，’couldIhavebelievedit，atonetime？\"
ASECONDPrussian—Englishcauseofoffencehadarisen，yearsago，andwasnotyetsettled；nayisnow（Spring，1753）atitsheightorcrisis:OffenceinregardtoEnglishPrivateering。
Friedrich，eversinceOst—Frieslandwashis，hasaconsiderableForeignTrade，——notasformerlyfromStettinalone，intotheBalticRussianports；butfromEmbdennow，whichlooksoutintotheAtlanticandthegeneralwatersofEuropeandtheWorld。
Aboutwhichheisabundantlycareful，aswehaveseen。Anxioustogoongoodgroundsinthismatter，andbeaccuratelyneutral，andobservantoftheMaritimeLaws，hehad，in1744，directlyaftercomingtopossessionofOst—Friesland，instructedExcellencyAndrie，hisMinisterinLondon，toapplyatthefountain—head，andexpresslyaskofmyLordCarteret:\"Arehemp，flax，timbercontraband？\"\"No，\"answeredCarteret；Andriereported，No。Andonthisbasistheyacted，satisfactorily，foraboveayear。But，inOctober，1745，theEnglishbeganviolentlytotakePLANKSforcontraband；andwentonso，andeverworse，tilltheendoftheWar。[Adelung，vii。334。]ExcellencyAndriehasgonehome；andaSecretaryofLegation，HerrMichel，isnowhereinhisstead:——agoodfewdrearyoldPamphletsofMichel’spublishing（officialDeclaration，officialArguments，Documents，inFrenchandEnglish，4toand8vo，onthisextinctsubject），ifyougodeepintothedust—bins，canbedisinterredheretothisday。Treadlightly，touchingonlythechiefsummits。TheHagglestretchesthroughfiveyears，1748—1753，——andthenatlastceasesHAGGLING:——
\"JANUARY8th，1748[Warstillonfoot，butnearending]，Michelappliesaboutinjuries，aboutvarioustroublesandunjustseizuresofships；SecretaryChesterfieldanswers，’WehaveanAdmiraltyCourt；beyondquestion，rightshallbedone。’’Woulditweresoon，then！’hintsMichel。Chesterfield，whoisotherwisepolitenessitself，confidentlyhopesso；butcannotpushJudicialpeople。
\"FEBRUARY，1748。Admiraltybeingstillsilent，MichelappliesbyMemorial，inaspecificcase:’TwoStettinShips，ladenwithwinefromBordeaux，andathirdvessel，’ofsomeotherPrussianport，ladenwithcorn；takeninRamsgateRoads，whithertheyhadbeendrivenbystorm:’GivemetheseShipsback！’MemorialtohisGraceofNewcastle，this。UponwhichtheAdmiraltysits；
withdeliberation，decides（June，1748），’Yes！’And’thereishopethataTreatyofCommercewillfollow；’[Gentleman’sMagazine，xviii。（for1748），pp。64，141。]whichwasfarfrombeingtheissuejustyet！
\"Onthecontrary，hisPrussianMajesty’sMerchants，perhapsencouragedbythispieceofBritishjustice，cameforwardwithmoreandevermorecomplaintsandinstances。Towinnowthestrictlytrueoutofwhich，fromthehalf—trueornotprovable，hisPrussianMajestyhasappointeda’Commission，’\"fitpeople，andunderstrictcharges，Icanbelieve，\"Commissiontakes（toFriedrich’sownknowledge）agreatdealofpains；——anditdoesnotwantforcleancorn，afterallitswinnowing。Plentyoffacts，whichcanbeinsistedonasindisputable。’SuchandsuchMerchantShips[Schedulesofthemgivenin，witheveryparticular，time，name，cargo，value]havebeenlaidholdofontheOceanHighway，andcarriedintoEnglishPorts；——OUTofwhichhisPrussianMajestyhas，inallFriendliness，tobegthattheybenowre—delivered，andjusticedone。’’ContrabandofWar，’answertheEnglish；’sorrytohavegivenyourMajestytheleastuneasiness；buttheywerecarrying’——’No，pardonme；nothingcontrabanddiscoverableinthem；’andhandsinhisverifiedSchedules，withperfectlypolite，butmoreandmoreseriousrequest，Thatthesaidshipsberestored，anddamagesaccountedfor。’OurPrizeCourtshavesatoneveryshipofthem，’eagerlyshrieksNewcastleallalong:’whatcanwedo！’
’NayaSpecialCommissionshallnow[1751，datenotworthseekingfarther]——specialCommissionshallnowsit，tillhisPrussianMajestygeteverysatisfactionintheworld！’
\"EnglishSpecialCommission，counterpartofthatPrussianone（whichisinvacationbythistime），sitsaccordingly:butisveryslow；reportsforalongwhilenothing，except，’Oh，giveustime！’
andreports，intheend，nothingintheleastsatisfactory。
[\"Haveentirelyomittedtheessentialpointsonwhichthematterturns；andgivensuchconfusedaccount，inconsequence，thatitisnotwellpossibletogatherfromtheirReportanyclearandjustideaofitatall。\"（VerdictofthePRUSSIANCommission:whichhadbeenre—assembledbyFriedrich，onthisReportfromtheEnglishone，andadjuredtospeakonly\"whattheycouldanswertoGod，totheKingandtothewholeworld，\"concerningit:Seyfarth，ii。183。）]’PrizeCourts？SpecialCommission？’thinksFriedrich:’Imusthavemyshipsback！’And，afteragreatmanymonths，andagreatmanyhaggles，Friedrich，wearyofgivingtime，instructsMicheltosignify，inproperform（’23dNovember，1752’），’ThattheLaw’sdelayseemedtobeconsiderableinEngland；thattillthefulnessoftimedidcome，andrightweredonehispoorpeople，he，Friedrichhimself，wouldhopefullywait；butnowatlastmust，provisionally，payhispoorpeopletheirdamages；——wouldaccordingly，fromthe23ddayofAprilnext，ceasetheusualpaymenttoEnglishBondholdersontheirSilesianBonds；andwouldhenceforthpaynoportionfartherofthatDebt，principalorinterest[about250，000poundsnowowing]，butproceedtoindemnifyhisownpeoplefromit，tothejustlength，——anddeposittheremainderinBank，tillBritannicMajestyandPrussiancouldUNITE
inorderingpaymentofit；whichonetrustsmaybesoon！’\"
[Walpole，i。295；Seyfarth，ii。183，157；Adelung，vii。331—338；
Gentleman’sMagazine；&c。]
\"November23d，1752，resolvedonbyFriedrich；\"\"consummatedApril23d，1753:\"thesearethedatesofthisdecisivepassage（Michel’sbiggestPamphlet，FrenchandEnglish，issuingontheoccasion）。
February8th，1753，noredressobtainable，poorNewcastleshrieks，\"Can’t，mustn’t；astonishing！\"and\"thepeopleareingreatwrathaboutit。April12th，Friedrichreplies，inthekindestterms；
butstickingtohispoint。\"[Adelung，vii。336—338。]Andpunctuallycontinuedso，anddidashehadsaid。WithwhatrumorintheCity，commentariesintheNewspapersandfluttertohisGraceofNewcastle，maybeimagined。\"WhataNephewhaveI！\"thinksBritannicMajesty:\"Hah，andEmbden，Ost—Friesland，isnothis。
Embdenitselfismine！\"Agreatdealofill—naturewasgenerated，inEngland，bythisoneaffairofthePrivateers，hadtherebeennoother:andindarkcellarsofmen’sminds（emptyanddarkonthismatter），therearosestrangecaricaturePortraituresofFriedrich:
andverymadnotions——ofFriedrich’sperversity，astucity，injustice，malignanddangerousintentions——aremoreorlessvocalintheOldNewspapersandDistinguishedCorrespondencesofthosedays。Ofwhich，thisonesample:
TowhatheightthehumoroftheEnglishranagainstFriedrichisstillcuriouslynoticeable，inasmallTransactionoftragicEx—Jacobitenature，whichthenhappened，andinthecommentariesitawokeintheirimagination。CameronofLochiel，whoforcedhiswaythroughtheNether—BowinEdinburgh，hadbeenanotablerebel；
butgotawaytoFrance，andwassafeinsomemilitarypostthere。
Dr。ArchibaldCameron，Lochiel’sBrother，astudiouscontemplativegentleman，bredtoPhysic，butnotpractisingexceptforcharity，hadquittedhisbooks，andattendedtheRebelMarchinamedicalcapacity，——\"notfromchoice，\"ashealleged，\"butfromcompulsionofkindred；\"——andhadbeenofhelptovariousLoyalistsaswell；
afoeofHumanPain，andnotofanythingelsewhatever:infact，asappears，averymildformofJacobiteRebel。Hetoogot，toFrance；
buthadlefthisWife，ChildrenandfrugalPatrimoniesbehindhim，——andhadtoreturninproperconcealment，morethanonce，tolookafterthem。TwoVisits，Ithinktwo，hadbeensuccessfullytransacted，atintervals；butthethird，in1753，provedotherwise。
March12th，1753，windofhimbeinghad，andtheslot—houndsuncoupledandputonhistrail，poorCameronwasunearthed\"attheLairdofGlenbucket’s，\"andtherelaidholdof；lockedinEdinburghCastle，——thencetotheTower，andtoTrialforHighTreason。
Whichwentagainsthim；inspiteofhisfinepleadings，andmanfulconciliatoryappearancesandmanners。Executed7thJune，1753。
HispoorWifehadtwicesqueezedherwayintotheRoyalLeveeatKensington，withPetitionformercy；——fainted，thefirsttime，owingtothepressandtheagitation；butdid，thesecondtime，fallonherkneesbeforeRoyalGeorge，andsupplicate，——whohadtoturnadeafear，royalgentleman；Ihope，notwithoutpain。
Thetruthis，poorCameron———though，Ibelieve，hehadsomevagueJacobiteerrandswithal——neverwouldhaveharmedanybodyintherebelway；andmightwithallsafetyhavebeenletlive。ButhisGraceofNewcastle，andtheEnglishgenerally，hadgotthestrangestnotionintotheirhead。ThoseappointmentsofEarlMarischaltoParis，ofTyrconneltoBerlin；Friedrich’snefariousspoilingofthatsalutaryRomish—KingProject；andnowsimultaneouswiththat，hisnefariousoonductinourPrivateerBusiness:
allthis，doesitnotprovehim——astheHanburys，DemonNewswritersandwell—informedpersonshavetaughtus——tobeoneoftheworstmenliving，andaKingbentuponourruin？Whatiscertain，thoughnowwell—nighinconceivable，itwasthen，intheupperClassesandPoliticalCircles，universallybelieved，ThatthisDr。Cameronwasproperlyan\"EmissaryoftheKingofPrussia’s；\"thatCameron’serrandherewastorallytheJacobiteembersintonewflame；——andthat，atthefirstclearsputter，Friedrichhad15，000men，ofhisbestPrussian—Spartantroops，readytoferryover，andhelpJacobitismtodothematterthistime！[Walpole，GeorgetheSecond，i。333，353；andLetterstoHoraceMann（Summer，1753），forthebeliefheld。
Adelung，vii。338—341，forthepoorCamerontragedyitself。]
AboutaslikelyasthattheChamofTartaryhadinterferedinthe\"BangorianControversy\"（raging，Ibelieve，sometimesince，——inCremorneGardensfistofall，whichwasBishopHoadly’sPlace，——totheterrorofmitresandwigs）；orthat，theEmperorofChinawasconcernedinMeux’sPorter—Brewery，withaneyetosaleofNUX
VOMICA。AmongalltheKingsthatthenwere，orthateverwere，KingFriedrichdistinguishedhimselfbythegrandhumanvirtue（oneofthemostimportantforKingsandformen）ofkeepingwellathome，——ofalwaysmindinghisownaffairs。Thesewere，infact，theonethingheminded；andhedidthatwell。Hewasvigilant，observantallround，forweather—symptoms；thoroughlywellinformedofwhathisneighborshadonhand；readytointerfere，generallyinsomejudicioussoftway，atanymoment，ifhisownCountriesortheirinterestscametobeconcerned；certain，tillthen，tocontinueaspeculativeobservermerely。Hehadknowledge，toanextentofaccuracywhichoftensurprisedhisneighbors:butthereisnoinstanceinwhichhemeddledwherehehadnobusiness；——andfew，Ibelieve，inwhichhedidnotmeddle，andtothepurpose，whenhehad。
LaterinhisReign，inthetimeoftheAmericanWar（1777），thereis，ontheEnglishpart，inregardtoFriedrich，anequallydistractednotionofthesamekindbroughttolight。Again，aconviction，namely，ormoral—certainty，thatFriedrichisaboutassistingtheAmericanInsurgentsagainstus；——andaverystrangeandindubitablestepisorderedtobetakeninconsequence。
[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvi。394（FriedrichtoPrinceHenri，29thJune，1777。）]Asshallbenoticed，ifwehavetime。NoenlightenedPublic，gazingforfortyorfiftyyearsintoanimportantNeighborGentleman，withintentforpracticalknowledgeofhim，couldwell，thoughassistedbythecleverestHanburys，andDemonandAngelNewswriters，haveachievedless！——
QuestionTHIRDis——ButQuestionThird，soextremelyimportantwasitinthesequel，willdeserveaChaptertoitself。
ChapterXIV。
THEREISLIKETOBEANOTHERWARAHEAD。
QuestionThird，French—EnglishCanadaQuestion，isnootherthan，underanewform，ouroldfriendtheinexorableJENKINS’S—EAR
QUESTION；soulofalltheseControversies，and——exceptSilesiaandFriedrich’sQuestion——theonemeaningtheyhave！Huddledtogetherithadbeen，atthePeaceofAix—la—Chapelle，andleftforclosedunder\"NewSpanishAssientoTreaty，\"orIknownotwhat:——youthoughttocloseitbyDiplomaticputtyandvarnishinthatmanner:
andhere，bylawofNature，itcomeswellinguponyouanew。ForIT
springsfromtheCentre，asweoftensay，andisthefountainanddeterminingelementofverylargeSectionsofHumanHistory，stillhiddenintheunseenTime。
\"OceanHighwaytobefree；fortheEnglishandotherswhohavebusinessonit？\"TheEnglishhavearealandweightyerrandthere。
\"Englishtotradeandnavigate，astheLawofNatureorders，onthoseSeas；andtoponderateorpreponderatethere，accordingtotherealamountofweighttheyandtheirerrandhave？OR，Englishtohavetheirearstornoff；andimperiousFrench—SpanishBourbons，groundingonextinctPope’s—meridians，GLOIREandotherimaginarybases，totakecommand？\"TheincalculableYankeeNations，shalltheybeineffectYANGKEE（\"English\"withadifference），orFRANGCEE（\"French\"withadifference）？AQuestionnottobeclosedbyDiplomaticputty，tryasyouwill！
ByTreatyofUtrecht（1713），\"allNovaScotia[ACADIEasthencalled]，withNewfoundlandandtheadjacentIslands，\"wascededtotheEnglish，andhaseversincebeenpossessedbythemaccordingly。
UnluckilythatTreatyomittedtosettleaLineofBoundarytolandward，orwestward，fortheir\"NOVASCOTIA；\"orgenerally，aBoundaryfromNORTHTOSOUTHbetweentheBritishColoniesandtheFrenchinthoseparts。
TheTreatyofAix—la—Chapelle，eagertoconcludeitself，stipulated，withgreatdistinctness，thatCapeBreton，allitsgunsandfurnishingsentire，shouldberestoredatonce（Franceextremelyanxiousonthatpoint）；butfortheresthad，beinginsuchhaste，flungitselfaltogetherintotheprincipleofSTATUS—
QUO—ANTE，astheshortwayforgettingthrough。TheboundaryinAmericawasvaguelydefined，as\"nowtobewhatithadbeenbeforetheWar。\"Ithad，formanyyearsbeforetheWar，beenasubjectofconstantaltercation。ACADIE，forinstance，theNOVASCOTIAoftheEnglishsinceUtrechttime，theFrenchmaintainedtomeanonly\"thePeninsula\"，orNookincludedbetweentheOceanWatersandtheBayofFundy。And，moreemphaticstill，onthe\"Isthmus\"（ornarrowspace，atnorthwest，betweensaidBayandtheOceanortheGulfofSt。Lawrence）theyhadbuilt\"Forts:\"\"Stockades，\"orIknownotwhat，\"ontheMissaquish\"（HODIEMissiquash），awindingdifficultriver，northmostoftheBayofFundy’srivers，whichtheFrenchaffirmtobethereallimitinthatquarter。ThesparseFrenchColonistsoftheinterior，subjectsofEngland，arenottobeconciliatedbyperfecttolerationofreligionandthelike；
buthaveaninvincibleproclivitytojointheirCountrymenoutside，andwishwelltothoseStockadesontheMissiquash。Itmustbeowned，too，theFrenchOfficialPeoplearefarfromscrupulousorsqueamish；showenergyofmanagement；andareveryskilfulwiththeIndians，whoareanimportantitem。CanadaisallFrench；hasitsQuebecs，Montreals，aSt。LawrenceRiveroccupiedatallthegoodmilitarypoints，andservingatonceasbulwarkandhighway。
Southwardandwestward，France，initsexuberanthumor，claimsforitselfThewholeBasinoftheSt。Lawrence，andthewholeBasinoftheMississippiaswell:\"HavenotweStockades，Castles，atthemilitarypoints；FortifiedPlacesinLouisianaitself？\"Yes；——andhowmanyPloughedFieldsbearingCrophaveyou？ItistothegoodPlougher，notultimatelytothegoodCannonier，thatthoseportionsofCreationwillbelong？TheexuberantintentionoftheFrenchis，aftergettingbackCapeBreton，\"TorestrictthoseaspiringEnglishColonies，\"merePloughersandTraders，hardlynumberingaboveonemillion，\"totheSpaceeastwardoftheAlleghanyMountains，\"overwhichtheyarebeginningtoclimb，\"andsouthwardofthatMissiquash，or，atfarthest，ofthePenobscotandKennebunk\"
（riversHODIEintheStateofMaine）。[LaGallisonniere，GovernorofCanada’sDESPATCH，\"Quebec，15thJanuary，1749\"（citedinBancroft，HistoryoftheUnitedStates，
Boston，1839，etseq。）。\"TheEnglishInhabitantsarecomputedat1，051，000；French（inCanada45，000，inLouisiana7，000），inall52，000:\"HistoryofBritishDominionsinNorthAmerica（London，1773），p。13。Bancroft（i。154）countstheEnglishColonistsin\"1754about1，200，000。\"]ThatwillbeaveryprettyParallelogramforthemandtheirploughsandtrade—packs:
we，whoare50，000odd，expertwiththeriflefarbeyondthem，willoccupytherestoftheworld。SuchistheFrenchexuberantnotion:
and，October，1745，beforesignatureatAix—la—Chapelle，muchmorebeforeDeliveryofCapeBreton，theCommandantatDetroit（westendofLakeErie）hadreceivedorders，\"ToopposeperemptorilyeveryEnglishEstablishmentnotonlythereabouts，butontheOhiooritstributaries；bymonitionfirst；andthenbyforce，ifmonitiondonotserve。\"
EstablishmentsofanysolidityorregularitytheEnglishhavenotinthoseparts；beyondtheAlleghaniesallisdesert:\"fromtheCanadaLakestotheCarolinas，merehunting—groundoftheSixNations；dottedwithhereandthereanEnglishtrading—house，oradventurousSquatter’sfarm:\"——towhomnowtheFrencharetosay:
\"Homeyou，instantly；andleavetheDesertalone！\"TheFrenchhavedistinctOrdersfromCourt，andenergeticallyobeythesame；
theEnglishhaveindistinctOrdersfromNature，anddonotwantenergy，ormindtoobeythese:confusionsandcollisionsaremanifold，ubiquitous，continual。Ofwhichthehistorywouldbetiresometoeverybody；andneedonlybeindicatedherebyamarkortwoofthemainpassages。
In1749，threethingshadoccurredworthmention。FIRST，CaptainCoram，apublic—spiritedhalf—paygentlemaninLondon，originatoroftheFoundlingHospitalthere，hadturnedhisattentiontothefinecapabilitiesandquestionableconditionofNOVASCOTIA，withfewinhabitants，andthosemostlydisaffected；and，bymanyeffortsnowforgotten，hadgottheGovernmentpersuadedtodespatch（June，1749）akindofHalf—payorMilitaryColonytothoseparts:
\"morethan1，400personsdisbandedofficers，soldiersandmarines，underColonelEdwardCornwallis，\"BrotherofthesincefamousLordCornwallis。[Coxe’sPelham，ii。113。]
Wholanded，accordingly，onthatroughshore；stockadedthemselvesin，hardilyendeavoringandenduring；andnextyear，builtaTownforthemselves；TownofHALIFAX（sonamedfromthethenLordHalifax，PresidentoftheBoardofTrade）；whichstandsthere，inmoreandmoreconspicuousmanner，atthisday。Thankstoyou，CaptainCoram；thoughtheungratefulgenerations（exceptdimlyinCORAMStreet，nearyourHospital）havelostallmemoryofyou，astheirwontis。Blockheads；nevermindthem。
TheSECONDthingis，an\"OhioCompany\"hasgottogetherinVirginia；Governorthereencouraging；BritannicMajestygivingCharter（March，1749），andwhatisstilleasier，\"500，000AcresofLand\"inthoseOhioregions，sinceyouaremindedtocolonizethereinafixedmanner。BritannicMajestythinkstheCountry\"betweentheMonongahelaandtheKanahawy\"（southernfeedersofOhio）willdobest；butisnotparticular。OhioCompany，weshallfind，choseatlast，astheeligiblespot，thetopmostforkorveryHeadoftheOhio，——whereMonongahelaRiverfromsouthandAlleghanyRiverfromnorthunitetoform\"TheOhio；\"wherestands，inourday，thebigsootyTownofPittsburganditsindustries。OhioCompanywaslaudablyeageronthismatter；Land—Surveyorinit（nay，atlength，\"ColonelofaRegimentof150menraisedbytheOhioCompany\"）wasMr。GeorgeWashington，whoseFamilyhadmuchpromotedtheEnterprise；andwhowasindeedasteady—going，considerate，close—
mouthedYoungGentleman；whocametogreatdistinctionintheend。
FrenchGovernor（LaGallisonnierestilltheman），gettingwindofthisOhioCompanystillinembryo，anticipatesthebirth；sendsavigilantCommandantthitherward，\"with300men，TotraceandoccupytheValleysoftheOhioandoftheSt。Lawrence，asfarasDetroit。\"Thatofficer\"buriesplatesoflead，\"upanddowntheCountry，withinscriptionssignifyingthat\"fromthefarthestridge，whencewatertrickledtowardstheOhio，theCountrybelongedtoFrance；andnailstheBourbonLiliestotheforest—trees；
forbiddingtheIndiansalltradewiththeEnglish；expelstheEnglishtradersfromthetownsoftheMiamis；andwritestotheGovernorofPennsylvania，requestinghimtopreventallfartherintrusion。\"VigilantGovernors，theseFrench，andwellsupportedfromhome。Duquesne，thevigilantsuccessorofLaGallisonniere（whoisnowwantedathome，forstillmoreimportantpurposes，aswillappear），finding\"theleadplates\"littleregarded，sends，byandby，500newsoldiersfromDetroitintothoseOhioparts（marchof100milesorso）；——\"theFrenchGovernmenthaving，inthisyear1750，shippednofewerthan8，000menfortheirAmericanGarrisons；\"——andwheretheOhioCompanyventureonplantingaStockade，tearsittragicallyout，aswillbeseen！
TheTHIRDthingworthnotice，in1749，andstillmoreinthefollowingyearandyears，hadreferencetoNovaScotiaagain。
OneLaCorne，\"arecklesslysanguinarypartisan\"（militarygentlemanoftheTrenck，INDIGO—Trenckspecies），nestleshimself（winter，1749—50）onthatMissiquashRiver，headoftheBayofFundy；intheVillageofChignecto，whichisadmittedlyEnglishground，thoughinhabitedbyFrench。LaCornecompels，oradmits，theInhabitantstoswearallegiancetoFranceagain；andtomakethemselvesusefulinfortifying，nottosayindrilling，——withaneyetomilitarywork。Hearingofwhich，ColonelCornwallisandincipientHalifaxaremuchataloss。TheyinvainseekaidfromtheGovernorofMassachusetts（\"Assemblytobeconsultedfirst，tobeconvinced；Constitutionalrights:——Nothingpossiblejust，atonce\"）；——andcanonlysendapartyof400men，totryandrecoverChignectoatanyrate。April20th，1750，the400arrivethere；
orderLaCorneinstantlytogo。BourbonFlagiswavingonhisdikes，thissidetheMissiquash:hightimethatheanditweregone。\"VillagePriest[flaminglyorthodox，asallthesePriestsare，allpickedforthebusiness]，withhisownhands，setsfiretotheChurchinChignecto；\"inhabitantsburntheirhouses，andescapeacrosstheriver，——LaCorneasrear—guard。LaCorne，acrosstheMissiquash，declares，That，toacertainty，heisnowonFrenchground；thathewill，atallhazards，defendtheTerritoryhere；
andmaintaineveryinchofit，——\"tillregularCommissioners[dueeversincetheTreatyofAix，hadnotthatROMISH—KINGBusinessbeensopressing]havesettledwhattheBoundarybetweenthetwoCountriesis。\"——Chignectobeingashes，andtheneighboringpopulationgone，CornwallisandhisFourHundredhadtoreturntoHalifax。
ItwasnottillAutumnfollowing，thatChignectocouldbesolidlygotholdofbytheHalifaxpeople；nortillalongtimeafter，thatLaCornecouldbedislodgedfromhisstockades，andsentpacking。
[Gentleman’sMagazine，xx。539，295。]
September，1750，anewExpeditiononChignectofoundtheplacepopulousagain，Indians，French\"Peasants\"（seeminglySoldiersofasort）；whostoodveryfiercelybehindtheirdefences，andneededadeterminedon—rush，and\"volleycloseintotheirnoses，\"beforedisappearing。Thiswasreckonedthefirstmilitarybloodshed（ifthiswerereallymilitaryontheFrenchside）。AndinNovemberfollowing，somesmallBritishCruiseronthoseCoasts，fallinginwithaFrenchBrigantine，fromQuebec，evidentlycarryingmilitarystoresandsolacementsforLaCorne，seizedthesame；byforceofbattle，sincenototherwise，——threemenlosttotheBritish，fivetotheFrench，——andbroughtittoHalifax。\"Lawfulandnecessary！\"
saystheAdmiraltyCourt；\"SheerPiracy！\"shriektheFrench；——
mattersbreakingoutintoactualflashesofflame，inthismanner。
BritishCommissions，twoinnumber，namesnotworthmention，have，atlast，inthisYear1750，gonetoParis；andareholdingmanifoldconferenceswithFrenchditto，——tono\"purpose，anyofthem。OnereadsthedrearytattleoftheDukeofNewcastleuponit，intheYearsonward:\"Justgoingtoagree，\"theDukehopes；\"somedifficulties，buteverybody，FrenchandEnglish，wantingmerejustice；andourandtheirCommissionersbeinginsuchagenerousspirit，surelytheywillsoonsettleit。\"[HisLetters，inCoxe’sPelham，ii。407（\"September，1751\"），&c。]
Theyneverdidorcould；andsteadilyitwentonworsening。
ThatnotableprivateassertionoftheFrench，ThatCanadaandLouisianameanallAmericaWestoftheAlleghanies，hadnotyetoozedouttotheEnglish；butitisgraduallyoozingout，andthatEnglandwillhavetocontentitselfwiththemoderateCountrylyingeastofthatBluerange。\"Notmuchaboveamillionofyou\"，saytheFrench；\"andsurelythereisroomenoughEastoftheAlleghanies？
We，withourcoupleofColonies，aretherealAmerica；——counting，itistrue，fewsettlersasyet；butthereshallbeinnumerable；
and，inthemeanwhile，thereareArmy—Detachments，Block—houses，fortifiedPosts，commandoftheRivers，oftheIndianNations，ofthewater—highwaysandmilitarykeys（toyouunintelligible）；
andwewillmakeitgood！\"
TheexactcipheroftheFrench（guessedtobe50，000），andtheirpreciserelative—valueastillersandsubduersofthesoil，intheseTwoColoniesoftheirs，asagainsttheEnglishThirteen，wouldbeinterestingtoknow:curiousalsotheirlittlebill，oftroubletakenincreatingtheContinentofAmerica，indiscoveringit，visiting，surveying，planting，taming，makinghabitableforman:——andwhatRhadamanthuswouldhavesaidofthoseTwoDocuments！
Enough，theFrenchhavetakensometrouble，moreorless，——
especiallyinsendingsoldiersout，oflate。TheFrench，tocertainthousands，languidlytilling，huntingandadventuring，andveryskilfulinwheedlingtheIndianNations，areactuallythere；
andthey，inthesilenceofRhadamanthus，decidethatmeritshallnotmissitswagesforwantofasking。\"OursisAmericaWestoftheAlleghanies，\"saytheFrench，openlybeforelong。
\"Yours？Yours，ofallpeople’s？\"answertheEnglish；andbegin，withlethargiceffort，toawakealittletothatstupidForeignQuestion；important，thoughstupidandforeign，orlyingfaroff。
WhoreallyownedallAmerica，probablyfewEnglishmenhadeveraskedthemselves，intheirdreamiesthumors，norcouldtheynowanswer；but，thatNorthAmericadoesnotbelongtotheFrench，canbedoubtfultonoEnglishcreature。Pitt，Chathamaswenowcallhim，isperhapstheEnglishmantowhom，ofallothers，itisleastdoubtful。PittisinOfficeatlast，——insomesubalterncapacity，\"PaymasteroftheForces\"forsomeyearspast，inspiteofMajesty’sdislikeoftheoutspokenman；——andhashiseyesbentonAmerica；——whichisperhaps（littleasyouwouldguessitsuch）themainfactinthatconfusedControversyjustnow！——
In1753（28thAugustofthatYear），goesmessagefromtheHomeGovernment，\"Standonyourdefence，overthere！RepelbyforceanyForeignencroachmentsonBritishDominions。\"[Holderness，OR
Robinsonouroldfriend。]Anddirectlyontheheelofthis，November，1753，theVirginiaGovernor，——urged，Icanbelieve，bytheOhioCompany，whoarelyingwind—boundsolong，——despatchesMr。GeorgeWashingtontoinquireofficiallyoftheFrenchCommandantinthoseparts，\"Whathemeans，then，byinvadingtheBritishTerritories，whileasolidPeacesubsists？\"Mr。Georgehadalongrideupthosedesertranges，anddownagainontheotherside；watersallout，groundinaswashwithDecemberrains，nohelpordirectionbutfromwampumsandwigwams:Mr。GeorgegottoOhioHead（twobigRivers，MonongahelafromSouth，AlleghanyfromNorth，coalescingtoformadouble—bigOhiofortheFarWest）；andthoughttohimself，\"Whatanadmirablethree—leggedplace:mightbeChiefPostofthoseregions，——nest—eggofadiligentOhioCompany。！\"Mr。George，somewaydowntheOhioRiver，foundastrongishFrenchFort，log—barracks，\"200river—boats，withmorebuilding，\"andaFrenchCommandant，whocannotenterintoquestionsofadiplomaticnatureaboutPeaceandWar:\"Myordersare，TokeepthisFortandTerritoryagainstallcomers；onemustdoone’sorders，Monsieur:Adieu！\"AndthesteadfastWashingtonhadtoreturn；withoutresult，——exceptthatoftheadmirableThree—leggedPlacefordroppingyourNest—egg，inacommandinganddefencefulway！
OhioCompany，painfullyrestrainedsolonginthatoperation，tookthehintatonce。Despatched，earlyin1754，aPartyofsomeFortyorThirty—threestoutfellows，witharmsaboutthem，aswellastools，\"Gobuildus，straightway，aStockadeintheplaceindicated；youarewarrantedtosmitedown，byshotorotherwise，anygainsayer！\"Andfurthermore，directlygotonfoot，andontheroadthither，a\"regimentof150men，\"WashingtonasColoneltoit，ForperfectingsaidStockade，andmaintainingitagainstallcomers。
WashingtonandhisHundred—and—fifty——wagonage，provenderandapieceortwoofcannon，allwellattendedto——vigorouslyclimbedtheMountains；gottothetop27thMay，1754；andthereMETtheThirty—threeinretreathomewards！Stockadehadbeentornout，sixweeksago（17thAprillast）；byoverwhelmingFrenchForce，fromtheGentlemanwhosaidADIEU，andhadtheriver—boats，lastFall。
And，insteadofourStockade，theyarenowbuildingaregularFrenchFort，——FORTDUQUESNE，theycallit，inhonoroftheirGovernorDuquesne:——againstwhich，Washingtonandhisregiment，whatarethey？Washington，strictlysurveying，girdshimselfupfortheretreat；descendsdiligentlyhomewardsagain，FrenchandIndiansratherharassinghisrear。In—trencheshimself，1stJuly，atwhathecalls\"FortNecessity，\"somewaydown；andtheseconddayafter，3dJuly，1754，isattackedinvigorousmilitarymanner。
Defendshimself，whathecan，throughninehoursofheavyrain；
haslostthirty，theFrenchonlythree；——andisobligedtocapitulate:\"FreeWithdrawal\"thetermsgiven。ThisisthelastI
heardoftheOhioCompany；notthelastofWashington，byanymeans。OhioCompany，——itsjudiciousNest—eggsquelchedinthismanner，naybecomeafieryCockatriceor\"FORTDUQUESNE:\"——neednotbementionedfarther。
Bythistime，surelyhightimenow，seriousmilitarypreparationswereonfoot；especiallyinthevariousColoniesmostexposed。
But，asusual，itisathingofmostadmireddisorder；
everyGovernorhisownKingorVice—King，horsesarepullingdifferentways:smallhopethere，unlesstheHomeGovernment（wheretooIhaveknownthehorsesalittlediscrepant，unskilfulinharness！）willseriouslytakeitinhand。TheHomeGovernmentistakingitinhand；horseswilling，ifathoughtunskilful。
RoyalHighnessofCumberlandhasselectedGeneralBraddock，andTwoRegimentsoftheLine（thetwothatranawayatPrestonpans，——ABSIT
OMEN）。RoyalHighnessconsults，concocts，industriouslyprepares，completes；modestlycertainthatherenowistheeffectualremedy。