6。RupertofthePfalz，1400—1410；calledRupertKLEMM（Pincers，Smith’s_vice）；Brother—in—lawtoBurggrafFriedrichVI。
（afterwardsKurfurstFriedrichI。），whomarchedwithhimtoItalyandoftenelse—whither，BurggrafJohanntheelderBrother—
in—lawbeingthenoftenestinHungarywithSigismund，KarlIV。’ssecondSon。
7（d）。Sigismund，1410—1437，Wenzel’syoungerBrother；thefourthandlastoftheLuxemburgers，seventhandlastoftheIntercalaryKaisers。SoldBrandenburg，afterthriceoroftenerpawningit。
SigismundSUPER—GRAMMATICAM。
Super~Grammaticamdied9thDecember，1437；leftonlyaDaughter，weddedtothethenAlbertDukeofAustria；whichAlbert，onthestrengthofthis，cametotheKingshipofBohemiaandofHungary，ashisWife’sinheritance，andtotheEmpirebyelection。
Diedthereuponinfewmonths:\"threecrowns，Bohemia，Hungary，theReich，inthatoneyear，1438，\"saytheoldHistorians；\"andthennextyearhequittedthemall，forafourthandmorelastingcrown，asishoped。\"KaiserAlbertII。，1438—1439:AfterwhomallareHapsburgers，——excepting，ifthatisanexception，theunluckyKarlVII。alone（1742—1745），whodescendsfromLudwigtheBaier。
ENDSVOLUMEII
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV3
byThomasCarlyleCarlyle’s\"HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussia\"
BOOKIII。
THEHOHENZOLLERNSINBRANDENBURG。
1412—1718
CHAPTERI。
KURFURSTFRIEDRICHI。
BurggrafFriedrich，onhisfirstcomingtoBrandenburg，foundbutacoolreceptionasStatthalter。[\"Johannistage\"（24June）\"1412，\"hefirstsetfootinBrandenburg，withdueescort，induestate；onlyStatthalter（Viceregent）asyet:
Pauli，i。594，ii。58；Stenzel，GeschichtedesPreussischenStaats（Hamburg，1830，1851），i。167—169。]Hecameastherepresentativeoflawandrule；
andtherehadbeenmanyhelpingthemselvesbyarulelesslife，oflate。Industrywasatalowebb，violencewasrife；plunder，disordereverywhere；toomuchthehabitforbaronialgentlemento\"livebythesaddle，\"astheytermedit，thatisbyhighwayrobberyinmodernphrase。
TheTowns，harriedandplunderedtoskinandbone，weregladtoseeaStatthalter，anddidhomagetohimwithalltheirheart。
ButtheBaronageorSquirearchyofthecountrywereofanothermind。These，inthelateanarchies，hadsetupforakindofkingsintheirownright:theyhadtheirfeuds；madewar，madepeace，leviedtolls，transit—dues；livedmuchattheirowndiscretioninthesesolitarycountries；——rushingoutfromtheirstonetowers（\"wallsfourteenfeetthick\"），toseizeanyherdof\"sixhundredswine，\"anyconvoyofLubeckorHamburgmerchant—goods，thathadnotcontentedtheminpassing。Whatwerepedlersandmechanicfellowsmadefor，ifnottobeplunderedwhenneedful？Arbitraryrule，onthepartoftheseNobleRobber—Lords！AndthenmuchoftheCrown—Domainshadgonetothechiefofthem，——pawned（andthepawn—ticketlost，sotospeak），orsoldforwhattrifleofreadymoneywastobehad，inJobstandCompany’stime。Tothesegentlemen，aStatthaltercomingtoinquireintomatterswasnowelcomephenomenon。YourEDLEHERR（NobleLord）ofPutlitz，NobleLordsofQuitzow，Rochow，Maltitzandothers，supremeintheirgrassysolitudesthislongwhile，andaccustomedtonothinggreaterthanthemselvesinBrandenburg，howshouldtheyobeyaStatthalter？
SuchwasmoreorlesstheuniversalhumorintheSquirearchyofBrandenburg；notofgoodomentoBurggrafFriedrich。ButthechiefseatofcontumacyseemedtobeamongtheQuitzows，Putlitzes，abovespokenof；bigSquiresinthedistricttheycallthePriegnitz，intheCountryofthesluggishHavelRiver，northwestfromBerlinafiftyorfortymiles。Theserefusedhomage，verymanyofthem；saidtheywere\"incorporatedwithBohmen；\"saidthisandthat；——muchdisinclinedtohomage；andwouldnotdoit。
Stiffsurlyfellows，muchdeficientindiscernmentofwhatisabovethemandwhatisnot:——athick—skinnedset；bodiescladinbuffleather；mindsalsocasedinillhabitsoflongcontinuance。
Friedrichwasverypatientwiththem；hopedtoprevailbygentlemethods。He\"invitedthemtodinner；\"\"hadthemoftenatdinnerforayearormore:\"butcouldmakenoprogressinthatway。
\"WhoisthiswehavegotforaGovernor？\"saidthenoblelordsprivatelytoeachother:\"ANURNBERGERTAND（NurnbergPlaything，——
woodenimage，suchastheymakeatNurnberg），\"saidthey，grinning，inathick—skinnedway:\"IfitrainedBurggravesalltheyearround，noneofthemwouldcometoluckinthisCountry；\"——andcontinuedtheirfeuds，toll—levyings，plunderingsandothercontumacies。Seeingmatterscometothispassafterwaitingaboveayear，BurggrafFriedrichgatheredhisFrankishmen—at—arms；
quietlymadeleaguewiththeneighboringPotentates，Thuringenandothers；gotsomemunitions，someartillerytogether——especiallyonehugegun，thebiggesteverseen，\"atwenty—fourpounder\"noless；towhichthepeasants，draggingherwithdifficultythroughtheclayeyroads，gavethenameofFAULEGRETE（Lazy，orHeavyPeg）；aremarkablepieceofordnance。LazyPeghehadgotfromtheLandgrafofThuringen，onloanmerely；butheturnedhertoexcellentaccountofhisown。IhaveofteninquiredafterLazyPeg’sfateinsubsequenttimes；butcouldneverlearnanythingdistinct:——theGermanDryasdustisadulldog，andseldomcarriesanythinghumaninthosebigwalletsofhis！——
Equippedinthisway，BurggrafFriedrich（hewasnotyetKurfurst，onlycomingtobe）marchesfortheHavelCountry（earlydaysof1414）；[Michaelis，i。287；Stenzel，i。168（where，contrarytowont，isaninsignificanterrorortwo）。Pauli（ii。58）is，asusual，lostinwater。]makeshisappearancebeforeQuitzow’sstrong—houseofFriesack，wallsfourteenfeetthick:\"YouDietrichvonQuitzow，areyoupreparedtoliveasapeaceablesubjecthenceforth:todohomagetotheLawsandme？\"——\"Never！\"answeredQuitzow，andpulleduphisdrawbridge。WhereuponHeavyPegopeneduponhim，HeavyPegandotherguns；and，insomeeight—and—fortyhours，shookQuitzow’simpregnableFriesackabouthisears。
ThiswasinthemonthofFebruary，1414，daynotgiven:FriesackwasthenameoftheimpregnableCastle（stilldiscoverableinourtime）；anditoughttobememorableandvenerabletoeveryPrussianman。BurggrafFriedrichVI。，notyetquitebecomeKurfurstFriedrichI。，butinayear’sspacetobecomeso，heinpersonwasthebeneficentoperator；HeavyPeg，andsteadyHumanInsight，thesewereclearlythechiefimplements。
Quitzowbeingsettled，——forthecountryisinmilitaryoccupationofFriedrichandhisallies，andexceptinsomestonecastleamanhasnochance，——straightwayPutlitzoranothermutineer，withhisdrawbridgeup，wasbatteredtopieces，andhisdrawbridgebroughtslammingdown。Afterthismanner，inanincrediblyshortperiod，mutinywasquenched；anditbecameapparenttoNobleLords，andtoallmen，thathereatlengthwasamancomewhowouldhavetheLawsobeyedagain，andcouldandwouldkeepmutinydown。
Friedrichshowednocruelty；farthecontrary。Yourmutinyonceended，andalittlerepentedof，heisreadytobeyourgraciousPrinceagain:Fair—playandthesocialwine—cup，orinexorablewarandLazyPeg，itisatyourdiscretionwhich。Brandenburgsubmitted；hardlyeverrebelledmore。Brandenburg，underthewiseKurfurstithasgot，beginsinasmalldegreetobecosmicagain，orofthedomainofthegods；ceasestobechaoticandamerecockpitofthedevils。ThereisnodoubtbutthisFriedrichalso，likehisancestorFriedrichIII。，theFirstHereditaryBurggraf，wasanexcellentcitizenofhiscountry:amanconspicuouslyimportantinallGermanbusinessinhistime。Amansettingupfornoparticularmagnanimity，abilityorheroism，butunconsciouslyexhibitingagooddeal；whichbydegreesgaineduniversalrecognition。HedidnotshinemuchasReichs—Generalissimo，underKaiserSigismund，inhisexpeditionsagainstZisca；onthecontrary，hepresidedoverhugedefeatandrout，onceandagain，inthatcapacity；andindeedhadrepresentedinvainthat，withsuchaspeciesofmilitia，victorywasimpossible。Herepresentedandagainrepresented，tonopurpose；whereuponhedeclinedtheofficefarther；inwhichothersfarednobetter。[Hormayr，OEsterreichischerPlutarchvii。109—158，？Zisca。]
TheoffertobeKaiserwasmadehiminhisolddays；buthewiselydeclinedthattoo。ItwasinBrandenburg，bywhathesilentlyfoundedthere，thathedidhischiefbenefittoGermanyandmankind。Heunderstoodthenobleartofgoverningmen；hadinhimthejustice，clearness，valorandpatienceneededforthat。
Amanofsterlingprobity，foronething。Whichindeedisthefirstrequisiteinsaidart:——ifyouwillhaveyourlawsobeyedwithoutmutiny，seewellthattheybepiecesofGodAlmighty’sLaw:otherwisealltheartilleryintheworldwillnotkeepdownmutiny。
Friedrich\"travelledmuchoverBrandenburg；\"lookingintoeverythingwithhisowneyes；——making，Icanwellfancy，innumerablecrookedthingsstraight。Reducingmoreandmorethatfamishingdog—kennelofaBrandenburgintoafruitfularablefield。Hisportraitsrepresentasquareheaded，mild—lookingsolidgentleman，withacertaintwinkleofmirthintheseriouseyesofhim。ExceptinthoseHussitewarsforKaiserSigismundandtheReich，inwhichnomancouldprosper，hemaybedefinedasconstantlyprosperous。ToBrandenburghewas，veryliterally，theblessingofblessings；redemptionoutofdeathintolife。IntheruinsofthatoldFriesackCastle，battereddownbyHeavyPeg，AntiquarianScience（ifithadanyeyes）mightlookforthetap—rootofthePrussianNation，andthebeginningofallthatBrandenburghassincegrowntounderthesun。
Friedrich，inonecapacityoranother，presidedoverBrandenburgnearthirtyyears。Hecamethitherfirstofallin1412；wasnotcompletelyKurfurstinhisownrighttill1415；norpubliclyinstalled，\"with100，000lookingonfromtheroofsandwindows，\"
inConstanceyonder，till1417，——agethensomeforty—five。
HisBrandenburgresidence，whenhehappenedtohavetimeforresidingorsittingstill，wasTangermunde，theCastlebuiltbyKaiserKarlIV。Hediedthere，21stSeptember，1440；ladentolerablywithyears，andstillbetterwithmemoriesofhardworkdone。Rentschguessesbygoodinferencehewasbornabout1372。
AsIcount，heisseventhindescentfromthatConrad，BurggrafConradI。，CadetofHohenzollern，whocamedownfromtheRauheAlp，seekingservicewithKaiserRedbeard，abovetwocenturiesago:Conrad’sgenerationandsixothershadvanishedsuccessivelyfromtheworld—theatreinthatever—mysteriousmanner，andleftthestageclear，whenBurggrafFriedrichtheSixthcametobeFirstElector。Letthreecenturies，lettwelvegenerationsfarthercomeandpass，andtherewillbeanotherstillmorenotableFriedrich，——ourlittleFritz，destinedtobeThirdKingofPrussia，officiallynamedFriedrichII。，andpopularlyFredericktheGreat。ThisFirstElectorishislinealancestor，twelvetimesremoved。[Rentsch，pp。349—372；Hubner，t。176。]
ChapterII。
MATINEESDUROIDEPRUSSE。
ElevensuccessiveKurfurstsfollowedFriedrichinBrandenburg。
Ofwhomandtheirbirths，deaths，wars，marriages，negotiationsandcontinualmultitudinousstreamofsmallerorgreateradventures，muchhasbeenwritten，ofadrearyconfusednature；
nexttonothingofwhichoughttoberepeatedhere。SomelistoftheirNames，withwhatrememberablehumanfeatureorevent（ifany）stillspeakstousinthem，wemusttrytogive。TheirNames，welldated，withanyactions，incidents，orphasesoflife，whichmayinthiswaygettoadheretotheminthereader’smemory，thereadercaninsert，eachatitsrightplace，inthegrandTideofEuropeanEvents，orinsuchPictureasthereadermayhaveofthat。TherebywithdiligencehemayproduceforhimselfsomefainttwilightnotionoftheFlightofTimeinremoteBrandenburg，——
convincehimselfthatremoteBrandenburgwaspresentallalong，aliveafteritssort，andassisting，dumblyorotherwise，inthegreatWorld—Dramaasthatwenton。
Wehavetosayingeneral，thehistoryofBrandenburgundertheHohenzollernshasverylittleinittoexciteavulgarcuriosity，thoughperhapsagreatdealtointerestanintelligentone。
Haditfoundtreatmentdulyintelligent；——which，however，howcouldit，luckybeyonditsneighbors，hopetodo！CommonplaceDryasdust，andvoluminousStupidity，notworseherethanelsewhere，playtheirPart。
ItisthehistoryofaState，orSocialVitality，growingfromsmalltogreat；steadilygrowinghenceforthunderguidance:
andthecontrastbetweenguidanceandno—guidance，ormis—
guidance，insuchmatters，isagainimpressivelyillustratedthere。Thisweseewelltobethefact；andthedetailsofthiswouldbeofmoment，weretheygivenus:buttheyarenot；——howcouldvoluminousDryasdustgivethem？Then，ontheotherhand，thePhenomenonis，foralongwhile，onsosmallascale，whollywithoutimportanceinEuropeanpoliticsandaffairs，thecommonplaceHistorian，writingofitonalargescale，becomesunreadableandintolerable。WitnessgrandiloquentPauliourfatalfriend，withhisEightwateryQuartos；whichgodsandmen，unlessdrivenbynecessity，havelearnedtoavoid！[Dr。CarlFriedrichPauli，AllgemeinePreussischeStaats—Geschichte，oftenenoughcitedhere。]ThePhenomenonofBrandenburgissmall，remote；andtheessentialparticulars，toodelicatefortheeyeofDryasdust，aremostlywanting，drowneddeepindetailsoftheunessential。Sothatwearewellcontent，myreadersandI，tokeepremotefromitonthisoccasion。
OnoneotherpointImustgivethereaderwarning。Arockofoffenceonwhichifheheedlesslystrike，Ireckonhewillsplit；
atleastnohelpofminecanbenefithimtillhebegotoffagain。
Alas，offencesmustcome；andmuststand，likerocksofoffence，totheshipwreckofmany！ModernDryasdust，interpretingthemysteriouswaysofDivineProvidenceinthisUniverse，orwhathecallswritingHistory，hasdoneuncountablehavocuponthebestinterestsofmankind。Haplessgodlessdullardthatheis；
drivenanddrivingoncoursesthatleadonlydownward，forhimasforus！Butonecouldforgivehimallthings，comparedwiththisdoctrineofdevilswhichhehascontrivedtogetestablished，prettygenerally，amonghisunfortunatefellow—creaturesforthetime！——Imustinsertthefollowingquotation，readersguessfromwhatauthor:——
\"InanimpudentPamphlet，forgedbyIknownotwhom，andpublishedin1766，underthetitleofMatineesduRoidePrusse，purportingtobe’MorningConversations’ofFredericktheGreatwithhisNephewtheHeir—Apparent，everylineofwhichbetraysitselfasfalseandspurioustoareaderwhohasmadeanydirectoreffectualstudyofFrederickorhismannersoraffairs，——itissetforth，inthewayofexordiumtothesepretendedroyalconfessions，that’notremaison，’ourFamilyofHohenzollern，eversincethefirstoriginofitamongtheSwabianmountains，oritsfirstdescenttherefromintotheCastleandImperialWardenshipofNurnberg，somesixhundredyearsagoormore，hasconsistentlytravelledoneroad，andthisaverynotableone。’We，asImyselftheroyalFrederickstilldo，haveallalongproceeded，’namely，’inthewayofadroitMachiavelism，asskilfulgamblersinthisworld’sbusiness，ardentgatherersofthisworld’sgoods；andinbriefasdevoutworshippersofBeelzebub，thegrandregulatorandrewarderofmortalsherebelow。
Whichcreedwe，theHohenzollerns，havefound，andIstillfind，tobethetrueone；learnityou，myprudentNephew，andletallmenlearnit。Byholdingsteadilytothat，andworkinglateandearlyinsuchspirit，wearecometowhatyounowsee；——andshalladvancestillfarther，ifitpleaseBeelzebub，whoisgenerallykindtothosethatservehimwell。’SuchisthedoctrineofthisimpudentPamphlet；’originalManuscripts’ofwhicharestillpurchasedbysimplepersons，——whohavethennoblyofferedthemtome，thriceover，gratisornearlyso，asapricelesscuriosity。
Anewprintededitionofwhich，probablythefifth，hasappearedwithinfewyears。Simplepersons，consideritacuriousandinterestingDocument；ratherambiguousinoriginperhaps，butprobablyauthenticinsubstance，andthrowingunexpectedlightonthecharacterofFrederickwhommencalltheGreat。InwhichnewlighttheyarewillingameritoriousEditorshouldshare。
\"WhowrotethatPamphletIknownot，andaminnoconditiontoguess。Acertainsnappishvivacity（veryunlikethestyleofFrederickwhomitpersonates）；awearisomegrimacing，gesticulatingmaliceandsmartness，approachingorreachingthesaddignityofwhatiscalled’wit’inmoderntimes；ingeneraltherottennessofmatter，andtheepigrammaticunquietgraciosityofmannerinthisthing，anditselaboratelyINhumanturnbothofexpressionandofthought，arevisiblecharacteristicsofit。
Thought，wesaid，——ifthoughtitcanbecalled:thoughtallhamstrung，shrivelledbyinveteraterheumatism，onthepartofthepoorill—thriventhinker；naytied（sotospeak，forheisofepigrammaticturnwithal），asbycrossropes，rightshouldertoleftfoot；andforcedtoadvance，hobblingandjerkingalong，inthatsadguise:notinthewayofwalk，butofsaltationanddance；andthistowardsafalsenotatrueaim，ratherno—whitherthansome—whither:——HerewerefeaturesleadingonetothinkofanillustriousPrincedeLigneasperhapsconcernedintheaffair。
TheBibliographicalDictionaries，producingnoevidence，namequiteanotherperson，orseriesofpersons，[Acertain\"N。deBonneville\"（afterwardsaRevolutionaryspiritual—mountebank，forsometime）isnowthefavoriteName；——proves，oninvestigation，tobeanimpossibleone。Barbier（DictionnairedesAnonymes），inahelplessdoubtingmanner，givesstillothers。]highlyunmemorableotherwise。Whereuponyouproceedtosaidotherperson’sacknowledgedWORKS（astheyarecalled）；
andfindthereastylebearingnoresemblancewhatever；andareleftinadubiousstate，ifitwereofanymoment。Intheabsenceofproof，IamunwillingtochargehisHighnessdeLignewithsuchanaction；andindeedamlittlecarefultobeacquaintedwiththeindividualwhodidit，whocouldandwoulddoit。APrinceofCoxcombsIcandiscernhimtohavebeen；capableofshiningintheeyesofinsincerefoolishpersons，andofdoingdetrimenttothem，notbenefit；amanwithoutreverencefortruthorhumanexcellence；notknowinginfactwhatistruefromwhatisfalse，whatisexcellentfromwhatissham—excellentandatthetopofthemode；anapparentlypoliteandknowingman，butintrinsicallyanimpudent，darkandmerelymodish—insolentman；——who，ifhefellinwithRhadamanthusonhistravels，wouldnotescapeahorse—
whipping，Himwewillwillinglyleavetothatbeneficialchance，whichindeedseemsacertainonesoonerorlater；andaddressourselvestoconsiderthetheoryitself，andthefactsitpretendstobegroundedon。
\"Astothetheory，Imustneedssay，nothingcanbefalser，morehereticalormoredamnable。Myownpooropinion，anddeepconvictiononthatsubjectiswellknown，thislongwhile。And，infact，thesummaryofallIhavebelieved，andhavebeentryingasIcouldtoteachmankindtobelieveagain，iseventhatsameopinionandconviction，appliedtoallprovincesofthings。
Alas，inthishissadtheoryabouttheworld，ourpoorimpudentPamphleteerisbynomeanssingularatpresent；nayratherhehasinamannerthewholepracticalpartofmankindonhissidejustnow；themoreisthepityforusall！——
\"Itisverycertain，ifBeelzebubmadethisworld，ourPamphleteer，andthehugeportionofmankindthatfollowhim，areright。ButifGodmadetheworld；andonlyleadsBeelzebub，assomeuglymuzzledbearisled，alongerorshortertemporaryDANCE
inthisdivineworld，andalwaysdrawshimhomeagain，andpeelstheunjustgainsoffhim，andduckshiminacertainhotLake，withsureintenttolodgehimtheretoalleternityatlast，——thenourPamphleteer，andthehugeportionofmankindthatfollowhim，arewrong。
\"MoreIwillnotsay；beingindeedquitetiredofSPEAKINGonthatsubject。Notasubjectwhichitconcernsmetospeakof；muchasitconcernsme，andallmen，toknowthetruthofit，andsilentlyineveryhourandmomenttodosaidtruth。Asindeedthesacredvoiceoftheirownsoul，iftheylisten，willconclusivelyadmonishallmen；andtrulyifITdonot，therewillbelittleuseinmylogictothem。Formyownshare，Iwantnotradewithmenwhoneedtobeconvincedofthatfact。IfIamintheirpremises，anddiscoversuchathingofthem，Iwillquittheirpremises；
iftheyareinmine，Iwill，asoldSamueladvised，countmyspoons。IngeniousgentlemenwhobelievethatBeelzebubmadethisworld，arenotaclassofgentlemenIcangetprofitfrom。
Letthemkeepatadistance，lestmischieffalloutbetweenus。
Theyareofthesetdeservingtobecalled——andthisnotinthewayofprofaneswearing，butofsolemnwrathandpity，Isayofvirtuousangerandinexorablereprobation——thedamnedset。For，inverydeed，theyaredoomedanddamned，byNature’soldestActofParliament，they，andwhatsoeverthingtheydoorsayorthink；
unlesstheycanescapefromthatdevil—element。WhichIstillhopetheymay！——
\"Butwithregardtothefactsthemselves，’DENOTREMAISON，’
Itakeleavetosay，theytooarewithoutbasisoftruth。Theyarenotsofalseasthetheory，becausenothingcaninfalsityquiteequalthat。’NOTREMAISON，’thisPamphleteermaylearn，ifhepleasetomakestudyandinquirybeforespeaking，didnotrisebyworshipofBeelzebubatallinthisworld；butbyaquiteoppositelineofconduct。Itrose，infact，bythecoursewhichall，exceptfools，stockjobberstags，cheatinggamblers，forgingPamphleteersandothertemporarycreaturesofthedamnedsort，havefoundfromofoldtobetheonewayofpermanentlyrising:bysteadyservice，namely，oftheOppositeofBeelzebub。ByconformingtotheLawsofthisUniverse；insteadoftryingbypettifoggingtoevadeandprofitablycontradictthem。TheHohenzollernstoohaveaHistorystillarticulatetothehumanmind，ifyousearchsufficiently；
andthisiswhat，evenwithsomeemphasis，itwillteachusconcerningtheiradventures，andachievementsofsuccessinthefieldoflife。ResisttheDevil，goodreader，andhewillfleefromyou！\"——Soendsourindignantfriend。
HowtheHohenzollernsgottheirbigTerritories，andcametowhattheyareintheworld，willbeseen。Probablytheywerenot，anyofthem，paragonsofvirtue。TheydidnotwalkinaltogetherspecklessSundaypumps，ormuchclear—starchedintoconsciousnessofthemoralsublime；butinruggedpracticalboots，andbysuchroadsastherewere。Concerningtheirmoralities，andconformitiestotheLawsoftheRoadandoftheUniverse，therewillmuchremaintobearguedbypamphleteersandothers。Menwillhavetheiropinion，Menofmorewisdomandofless；ApesbytheDead—Seaalsowillhavetheirs。ButwhatmanthatbelievedinsuchaUniverseasthatofthisDead—SeaPamphleteercouldconsenttoliveinitatall？WhothatbelievedinsuchaUniverse，anddidnotdesigntolivelikeaPapin’s—Digester，orPORCUSEPICURI，inanextremelyuglymannerinit，couldavoidoneoftwothings:
GoingrapidlyintoBedlam，orelseblowinghisbrainsout？
\"Itwillnotdoformeatanyrate，thisinfiniteDog—house；
notforme，yeDryasdusts，andomnipotentDog—monstersandMud—gods，whoeveryouare。OnehonorablethingIcando:
takeleaveofyouandyourDog—establishment。Enough！\"——
ChapterIII。
KURFURSTFRIEDRICHII。
TheFirstFriedrich’ssuccessorwasayoungerson，FriedrichII。；
wholastedtill1471，abovethirtyyears；andprovedlikewiseanotablemanagerandgovernor。Verycapabletoasserthimself，andhisjustrights，inthisworld。HewasbutTwenty—sevenathisaccession；buttheBerlinBurghers，attemptingtotakesomelibertieswithhim，foundhewasoldenough。HegotthenameIRONTEETH。FriedrichFERRATISDENTIBUS，fromhisdecisivewaysthenandafterwards。Hehadhisshareofbrabblingwithintricatelitigantneighbors；quarrelsnowandthennottobesettledwithoutstrokes。HisworstwarwaswithPommern，——justclaimsdisputedthere，andmuchconfusedbickering，siegingandharassinginconsequence:ofwhichquarrelwemustspeakanon。ItwashewhofirstbuilttheconspicuousSchlossorPalaceatBerlin，havinggotthegroundforit（samegroundstillcoveredbytheactualfineEdifice，whichisasecondeditionofFriedrich’s）fromtherepentantBurghers；andtookuphischiefresidencethere。
[1442—1431（Nicolari，i。81）。]
ButhisprincipalachievementinBrandenburgHistoryishisrecoveryoftheProvincecalledtheNeumarktothatElectorate。
InthethriftlessSigismundtimes，theNeumarkhadbeenpledged，hadbeensold；TeutschRitterdom，towhosedominionsitlaycontiguous，hadpurchaseditwithmoneydown。TheTeutschRitterswerefallenmoneylessenoughsincethen；theyofferedtopledgetheNeumarktoFriedrich，whoaccepted，andadvancedthesum:
afterawhiletheTeutschRitters，forasmallfarthersum，agreedtosellNeumark。[Michaelis，i。301。]IntowhichTransaction，withitsdatesandcircumstances，letuscastoneglance，forourbehoofafterwards。TheTeutschRitterswereanopulentdomineeringBodyinSigismund’searlytime；buttheyarenowcomewelldowninFriedrichII。’s！Andarecomingeverlower。Sinkingsteadily，orwithdesperateattemptstorise，whichonlyincreasethespeeddownwards，eversincethatfatalTannenbergBusiness，15thJuly，1410。Hereisthesadprogressoftheirdescenttothebottom；
dividedintothreestagesorperiods:——
\"PERIODFIRSTisofThirtyyears:1410—1440。ApeacewithPolandsoonfollowedthatDefeatofTannenberg；humiliatingpeace，withmulctinmoney，andslightlyinterritory，attachedtoit。
Whichagainwassoonfollowedbywar，andeveragain；eachnewpeacemorehumiliatingthanitsforegoer。TeutschOrderissteadilysinking，——intodebt，amongotherthings；driventoseverefinance—measures（ultimatelyevento’debaseitscoin’），whichproduceirritationenough。PolandisgraduallyedgingitselfintotheterritoriesandtheinteriortroublesofPreussen；prefatorytogreateroperationsthatlieaheadthere。
\"SECONDPERIOD，ofFourteenyears。Soithadgoneon，frombadtoworse，till1440；whenthegeneralpopulation，throughitsHeads，theLandedGentryandtheTowns，weariedoutwithfiscalandotheroppressionsfromitsdomineeringRitterdombroughtnowtosuchapinch，beganeverywheretostirthemselvesintovocalcomplaint。
Complaintemphaticenough:’Wherewillyoufindamanthathasnotsufferedinjuryinhisrights，perhapsinhisperson？Ourfriendstheyhaveinvitedasguests，andundershowofhospitalityhavemurderedthem。Men，forthesakeoftheirbeautifulwives，havebeenthrownintotheriverlikedogs，’——andenoughofthelikesort。[Voigt，vii。747；quotingevidently，notanexpressmanifesto，butonemanufacturedbytheoldChroniclers。]Nowantofcomplaint，norofcomplainants:TownofThorn，TownofDantzig，Kulm，allmannerofTownsandBaronages，proceedednowtoformaBUND，orgeneralCovenantforcomplaining；torepugn，inhotterandhotterform，againstadomineeringRitterdomwithbacksobroken；infine，tocolleaguewithPoland，——whatwasmostominousofall。Baronage，Burgherage，theywereGermanmostlybyblood，andbyculturewerewhollyGerman；butpreferredPolandtoaTeutschRitterdomofthatnature。Nothingbutbrabblings，scufflings，objurgations；agreatoutbreakripeningitself。
TeutschRitterdomhastohiresoldiers；nomoneytopaythem。
ItwasinthesesadyearsthattheTeutschRitterdom，fallenmoneyless，offeredtopledgetheNeumarktoourKurfurst；1444，thatoperationwasconsummated。[Pauli，ii。187，——doesnotnamethesum。]Allthisgoeson，inhotterandhotterform，fortenyearslonger。
\"PERIODTHIRDbegins，earlyin1454，withanimportantspecialcatastrophe；andends，intheThirteenthyearafter，withastillmoreimportantuniversaloneofthesamenature。PrussianBUND，orAnti—OppressionCovenantoftheTownsandLandedGentry，risingintemperatureforfourteenyearsatthisrate，reachedatlasttheignitingpoint，andburstintofire。February4th，1454，theTownofThorn，darlingfirst—childofTeutschRitterdom，——child223
yearsoldatthistime，[\"Founded1231，asawoodenBurg，justacrosstheriver，ontheHeathenside，mainlyroundthestemofanimmenseoldOakthatgrewhandythere，——SevenBargesalwaysontheriver（Weichsel），toflytoourownsideifquiteoverwhelmed\"
OakandSevenBargesisstilltheTown’s—
ArmsofThorn。SeeKohler，Munzbelustigungen，xxii。107；quotingDusburg（aPriestoftheOrder）andhisoldChronicaTerraePrusciae，writtenin1326。]andgrownverybig，andnowveryangry，——suddenlytookitsoldparentbythethroat，sotospeak，andhurledhimouttothedogs；totheextraneousPolacksfirstofall。TownofThorn，namely，sentthatdayits’LetterofRenunciation’totheHochmeisteroveratMarienburg；seizedinadayortwomoretheHochmeister’sOfficialEnvoys，DignitariesoftheOrder；ledthemthroughthestreets，amiduniversalstormofexecrations，hootingsanduncleanprojectiles，straight，tojail；andbesiegedtheHochmeister’sBurg（BASTILLEofThorn，withafewRittersinit），alltheartilleryandallthethroatsandheartsoftheplaceragingdeliriouslyuponit。SothatthepoorBitters，whohadnochanceinresisting，wereinfewdaysobligedtosurrender；[8thFebruary，1454，saysVoigt（viii。361）；16th，saysKohler
（Munzbelustigungen，xxii。110）。]hadtocomeoutinbarejerkin；andThornignominiouslydismissedthemintospaceforevermore，——withactual’kicks，’IhavereadinsomeBooks，thoughothersveilthatsadfeature。Thornthrewoutitsoldparentinthismanner；sworefealtytotheKingofPoland；
andinvitedotherTownsandKnightagestofollowtheexample。
Towhichallwerewilling，whereverable。
\"Warhereupon，whichblazedupoverPreussenatlarge，——PrussianCovenantandKingofPolandVERSUSTeutschRitterdom，——andlastedintothethirteenthyear，beforeitcouldgooutagain；outbylackoffuelmainly。Oneofthefellestwarsonrecord，especiallyforburningandruining；above’300，000fighting—men’arecalculatedtohaveperishedinit；andoftowns，villages，farmsteads，acipherwhichmakesthefancy，asitwere，blackandashyaltogether。Ritterdomshowednolackoffightingenergy；
butthatcouldnotsaveit，inthepassthingsweregotto。
Enormouslackofwisdom，ofrealityandhumanveracity，therehadlongbeen；andthehourwasnowcome。Financewentout，tothelastcoin。Largemercenaryarmiesallalong；andintheendnotthecolorofmoneytopaythemwith；mercenariesbecamedesperate；
’besiegedtheHochmeisterandhisRittersinMarienburg；’——finallysoldtheCountrytheyheld；formallymadeitovertotheKingofPoland，togettheirpayoutofit。Hochmeisterhadtoseesuchthings，andsaylittle。Peace，orextinctionforwantoffuel，cameintheyear1466。PolandgottoitselfthewholeofthatfineGermanCountry，henceforthcalled’WESTPreussen’todistinguishit，whichgoesfromtheleftbankoftheWeichseltothebordersofBrandenburgandNeumark；——wouldhavegotNeumarktoo，hadnotKurfurstFriedrichbeentheretosaveit。TheTeutschOrderhadtogoacrosstheWeichsel，ignominiouslydriven；tocontentitselfwith’EASTPreussen，’theKonigsberg—Memelcountry，andeventodohomagetoPolandforthat。Whichlatterwasthebitterestclauseofall:butitcouldnotbehelped，morethantheothers。InthismannerdiditsrevoltedchildrenflingoutTeutschRitterdomignominiouslytothedogs，tothePolacks，firstofall，——Thorn，theeldestchild，leadingofforsettingtheexample。\"
AndsotheTeutschRittersaresunkbeyondretrieval；andWestPreussen，calledsubsequently\"RoyalPreussen，\"NOThavinghomagetopayasthe\"Ducal\"orEastPreussenhad，isGermannolonger，butPolish，Sclavic；notprosperingbythechange。[WhatThornhadsunkto，outofitspalmystate，seeinNanke’s
WanderungendurchPreussen（Hamburg&Altona，1800），ii。177—200:——apleasantlittleRook，treatingmainlyofNaturalHistory；butdrawingyou，byitsinnocentsimplicityandgeniality，toreadwiththankswhateverisinit。]AndallthatfineGermancountry，reducedtorebelagainstitsunwiseparent，wascutawaybythePolishsword，andremainedwithPoland，whichdidnotproveverywiseeither；till——till，intheYear1773，itwascutbackbytheGermansword！AllreadershaveheardofthePartitionofPoland:butofthePartitionofPreussen，307yearsbefore，allhavenotheard。
Itwasinthesecondyearofthatfinaltribulation，markedaboveasPeriodThird，thattheTeutschRitters，famishingformoney，completedtheNeumarktransactionwithKurfurstFriedrich；
Neumark，alreadypawnedtohimtenyearsbefore，theyin1455，forasmallfarthersum，agreedtosell；andhe，longcarefullysteeringtowardssuchanissue，anddexterouslykeepingoutofthemainbroil，failednottobuy。Friedrichcouldthenceforth，onhisownscore，protecttheNeumark；keepupaninvisiblebutimpenetrablewallbetweenitandtheneighboringanarchicconflagrationsofthirteenyears；andtheNeumarkhaseversinceremainedwithBrandenburg，itsoriginalowner。
AstoFriedrich’sPomeranianquarrel，thisisthefigureofit。
HereisascenefromRentsch，whichfallsoutinFriedrich’stime；
andwhichbroughtmuchbattlingandbroilingtohimandhis。
SymbolicalwithalofmuchthatbefellinBrandenburg，fromfirsttolast。UndertheHohenzollernsasbefore，Brandenburggrewbyaggregation，byassimilation；andweseeherehowdifficulttheprocessoftenwas。
Pommern（POMERANIA），longWendish，butpeaceablysosincethetimeofAlberttheBear，andgrowingevermoreGerman，had，ingoodpart，accordingtoFriedrich’snotion，iftherewereforceinhumanTreatiesandImperialLaws，fallenfairlytoBrandenburg，——
thatistosay，thehalfofit，Stettin—Pommernhadfairlyfallen，——intheyear1464，whenDukeOttoofStettin，thelastWendishDuke，diedwithoutheirs。Inthatcasebymanybargains，somewithbloodycrowns，ithadbeensettled，IftheWendishDukesdiedout，thecountrywastofalltoBrandenburg；——andheretheyweredead。\"AtDukeOtto’sburial，accordingly，intheHighChurchofStettin，whenthecoffinwasloweredintoitsplace，theStettinBurgermeister，AlbrechtGlinde，tookswordandhelmet，andthrewthesameintothegrave，intokenthattheLinewasextinct。
ButFranzvonEichsted，\"apparentlyanotherBurgherinstructedforthenonce，\"jumpedintothegrave，andpickedthemoutagain；
alleging，No，theDukesofWOLGAST—Pommernwereofkin；thesetokenswemustsendtohisGraceatWolgast，withofferofourhomage，saidFranzvonEichsted。\"[Rentsch，p。110（whoseprinterhasputhisdateawry）；Stenzel（i。233）callstheman\"LORENZ
Eikstetten，aresoluteGentleman。\"]——Andsenttheywere，andacceptedbyhisGrace。Andperhapshalf—a—scoreofbargains，withbloodycrownstosomeofthem；andyetotherchances，andcenturies，withtheextinctionofnewLines，——hadtosupervene，beforeevenStettin—Pommern，andthatinnocompletestate，couldbegot。[1648，byTreatyofWestphalia。]AstoPommernatlarge，Pommernnotdeniedtobedue，aftersuchextinctionandre—extinctionofnativeDucalLines，didnotfallhomeforcenturiesmore；andwhatstrugglesandinextricablearmed—
litigationstherewereforit，readersofBrandenburg—Historytoowearisomelyknow。Theprocessofassimilationnottheleastofaneasyone！——
ThisFriedrichwassecondson:hisFather’soutlookforhimhad，atfirst，beentowardsaPolishPrincessandthecrownofPoland，whichwasnotthensoelectiveasafterwards:andwithsuchviewhisearlybreedinghadbeenchieflyinPoland；Johann，theeldestsonandheir—apparent，helpinghisFatherathomeinthemeanwhile。ButthesePolishoutlookswenttonothing，theyoungPrincesshavingdied；sothatFriedrichcamehome；possessedmerelyofthePolishlanguage，andofwhattalentsthegodshadgivenhim，whichwereconsiderable。Andnow，inthemeanwhile，Johann，whoatonetimepromisedwellinpracticallife，hadtakentoAlchemy；andwasbusywithcruciblesandspeculations，toadegreethatseemedquestionable。FatherFriedrich，therefore，hadtointerfere，anddealwiththis\"JohanntheAlchemist\"（JOHANNES
ALCHEMISTA，sotheBooksstillnamehim）；wholoyallyrenouncedtheElectorship，athisFather’sbidding，infavorofFriedrich；
acceptedBaireuth（betterhalfoftheCulmbachTerritory）forapanage；andtherepeacefullydistilledandsublimatedatdiscretion；thegovernmenttherebeinganeasiertask，andfitterforasoftspeculativeHerr。AthirdBrother，Albertbyname，gotAnspach，ontheFather’sdecease；verycapabletodoanyfightingtheremightbeoccasionfor，inCulmbach。
AstotheBurggrafship，itwasnowdone，allbuttheTitle。
TheFirstFriedrich，oncehewasgottobeElector，wiselypartedwithit。TheFirstFriedrichfoundhisElectorshiphaddreadfullyrealdutiesforhim，andthatthisoftheBurggrafshiphadfallenmostlyobsolete；sohesoldittotheNurnbergersforaroundsum:
onlythePrincipalitiesandTerritoriesareretainedinthatquarter。Aboutwhichtoo，andtheirfeudalduties，boundariesandtolls，withajealouslitigiousNurnbergforneighbor，thereatlengthcamequarrellingenough。ButAlbertthethirdBrother，overatAnspach，tookchargeofallthat；andnothingofitfellinJohann’sway。
ThegoodAlchemistdied，——performedhislastsublimation，poorman，——sixorsevenyearsbeforehisBrotherFriedrich；agethensixty—three。[14thNovember，1464。]Friedrich，withhisIronTeethandfaculties，onlyheldouttillfifty—eight，——10thFebruary，1471。Themannerofhisendwaspeculiar。InthatWarwithPommern，hesatbesiegingaPomeraniantown，Uckermundethenameofit:whenatdinneroneday，acannon—ballplungeddownuponthetable，[Michaelis，i。303。]withsuchacrashaswecanfancy；——
whichgreatlyconfusedthenervesofFriedrich；muchinjuredhishearing，andevenhismemorythenceforth。Inafewmonthsafterwardsheresigned，infavorofhisSuccessor；retiredtoPlassenburg，andtherediedinaboutayearmore。
ChapterIV。
KURFURSTALBERTACHILLES，ANDHISSUCCESSOR。
NeitherFriedrichnorJohannleftotherthandaughters:sothattheunitedHeritage，BrandenburgandCulmbachboth，camenowtothethirdBrother，Albert；whohasbeeninCulmbaththesemanyyearsalready。Atall，fiery，tougholdgentleman，offormidabletalentforfighting，whowascalledthe\"ACHILLESOFGERMANY\"inhisday；beingthenaveryblazingfar—seencharacter，dimashehasnowgrown。[Born1414；Kurfurst，1471—1486。]ThisAlbertAchilleswastheThirdElector；AncestorheofalltheBrandenburgandCulmbachHohenzollernPrincesthathavesincefiguredintheworld。Afterhimthereisnobreakorshiftinthesuccession，downtothelittleFriedrichnowborn；——FriedrichtheoldGrandfather，FirstKING，wastheTwelfthKURFURST。
Wehavetosay，theyfollowedgenerallyintheirAncestors’steps，andhadsuccessofthelikekind，moreorless；Hohenzollernsallofthem，bycharacterandbehavioraswellasbydescent。Nolackofquietenergy，ofthrift，soundsense。Therewaslikewisesolidfair—playingeneral，nofoundingofyourselfongroundthatwillnotcarry；——andtherewasinstant，gentlebutinexorable，crushingofmutiny，ifitshoweditself；which，aftertheSecondElector，oratmosttheThird，ithadaltogetherceasedtodo。YoungFriedrichII。，uponwhomthoseBerlinBurghershadtriedtoclosetheirgates，tillheshouldsignsome\"Capitulation\"totheirmind，gotfromthem，andnotquiteinill—humor，thatnameIRONTEETH:——\"NottheleastaNose—of—wax，thisone！Nousetryinghere，then！\"——which，withthehumorattachedtoit，isitselfsymbolicalofFriedrichandtheseHohenzollernSovereigns。Albert，hisBrother，hadplentyoffightinginhistime:butitwasintheNurnbergandotherdistantregions；nofighting，orhardlyany，neededinBrandenburghenceforth。
WithNurnberg，andtheEx—Burggrafshipthere，nowwhenanewgenerationbegantotugatthelooseclausesofthatBargainwithFriedrichI。，andallFree—Townsweregoinghighupontheirprivileges，Alberthadatonetimemuchtrouble，andatlengthactualfuriousWar；——otherFree—TownscountenancingandassistingNurnbergintheaffair；numerouspettyPrinces，feudalLordsofthevicinity，doingthelikebyAlbert。Twentyyearsago，allthis；anditdidnotlast，sofuriouswasit。\"Eightvictories，\"
theycountonAlbert’spart，——furioussuccessfulskirmishes，callthem；——inoneofwhich，Iremember，Albertplungedinalone，hisRittersbeingrathershy；andlaidabouthimhugely，hangingbyastandardhehadtaken，tillhislifewasnearlybeatenout。[1449
（Rentsch，p。399）。]Eightvictories；andalsoonedefeat，whereinAlbertgotcaptured，andhadtoransomhimself。ThecaptorwasoneKunzofKauffungen，theNurnberghiredGeneralatthetime:amanknowntosomereadersforhisStealingoftheSaxonPrinces（PRINZENRAUB，theycallit）；afeatwhichcostKunzhishead。
[Carlyle’sMiscellanies（London，1869），vi。？PRINZENRAUB。]Albert，however，prevailedintheend，ashewasapttodo；andgothisNurnbergersfixedtoclausessatisfactorytohim。
InhisearlydayshehadfoughtagainstPoles，Bohemiansandothers，asImperialgeneral。Hewasmuchconcerned，allalong，inthoseabstrusearmed—litigationsoftheAustrianHousewithitsdependencies；anddiligentlyhelpedtheKaiser，——FriedrichIII。，ratheraweakish，butaneagerandgreedyKaiser，——throughmostofthem。ThatinextricableHungarian—Bohemian—PolishDONNYBROOK（sowemaycallit）whichAustriahadonhand，oneofSigismund’sbequeststoAustria；distressinglytumultuousDonnybrook，whichgoesfrom1440to1471，fightinginafierceconfusedmanner；——
theAnti—TurkHunniades，theAnti—AustrianCorvinus，theroyalMajestiesGeorgePodiebrad，LadislausPOSTHUMUS，LudwigOHNEHAUT
（LudwigNO—SKIN），andotherLudwigs，LadislausesandVladislauses，strikingandgettingstruckatsucharate:——Albertwasgenerallywhatwemaycallchief—constableinallthat；givingaknockhereandthenonethere，intheKaiser’sname。[Hormayr，ii。138，140
（？HUNYADYCORVIN）；Rentsch，pp。389—422；Michaelis，i。304—313。]
Almostfromboyhood，hehadlearnedsoldiering，whichhehadneverafterwardsleisuretoforget。Greatstoreoffightinghehad，——sayhalfacenturyofit，offandon，duringtheseventyandoddyearshelastedinthisworld。WiththeDonnybrookwespokeof；withtheNurnbergers；withtheDukesofBavaria（endlessbickeringswiththeseDukes，LudwigBEARDY，LudwigSUPERBUS，LudwigGIBBOSUSorHunchback，againstthemandaboutthem，onhisownandtheKaiser’sscore）；alsowiththeFrench，alreadyclutchingatLorraine；alsowithCharlestheRashofBurgundy；——lastlywiththeBishopofBamberg，whogothimexcommunicatedandwouldnotburythedead。
KurfurstAlbert’sLetteronthislastemergency，tohisViceregentinCulmbach，isafamedPiecestillextant（date1481）；[Rentsch，p。409。]andhisplaninsuchemergency，isasimpleandlikelyone:\"CarrythedeadbodiestotheParson’shouse；lethimseewhetherhewillnotburythembyandby！——OnemustfenceofftheDevilbytheHolyCross，\"saysAlbert，——appealtoHeavenwithwhathonestmother—witHeavenhasvouchsafedone，meansAlbert。\"Thesefellows\"（thePriests），continueshe，\"wouldfainhavethetemporalswordaswellasthespiritual。HadGodwishedthereshouldbeonlyonesword，hecouldhavecontrivedthataswellasthetwo。Hesurelydidnotwantforintellect（ErwargareinweiserMann），\"——wantofintellectitclearlywasnot！——Inshort，theyhadtoburythedead，anddoreason；andAlberthustledhimselfwellclearofthisbroil，ashehaddoneofmany。
Battleenough，poorman，withsteelandotherweapons:——andweseehediditwithsharpinsight，goodforecast；nowandtheninawildlyleonineorAQUILINEmanner。Atallhook—nosedman，oflean，sharp，rathertaciturnaspect；noseandlookareveryaquiline；
andthereisacloudysorrowinthoseoldeyes，whichseemscapableofsuddeneffulgencetoadangerousextent。Hewasaconsiderable，diplomatisttoo:verygreatwiththeKaiser，OldFriedrichIII。（Max’sfather，CharlesV。’sGreat—Grandfather）；
[HowadmirahleAlbertis，nottosay\"almostdivine，\"totheKaiser’sthenSecretary，oily—mouthedAEneasSylvius，afterwardsPope，Rentschcantestify（pp。401，586）；quotingAEneas’seulogiesandgossipries（HistoriaRerumFredericiImperatoris，Iconclude，thoughnobookisnamed）。
OilydiligentAEneas，inhisownyoungyearsandinAlbert’sprime，hadofcourseseenmuchofthis\"miracle\"ofArmsandArt，——\"miracle\"and\"almostdivine，\"sotospeak。]andmanagedmanythingsforhim。Managedtogetthethrice—lovelyHeiressoftheNetherlandsandBurgundy，DaughterofthatCharlestheRash，withherSeventeenProvinces，forMax，[1477]——whowasthoughtthereuponbyeverybodytobetheluckiestmanalive；thoughtheissuecontradicteditbeforelong。
KurfurstAlbertdiedin1486，March11，agedseventy—two。ItwassomemonthsafterBosworthFight，whereourCrookedRichardgothisquietushereinEnglandandbroughttheWarsoftheRosestotheirfinale:——alittlechubbyBoy，thesonofpoorparentsatEislebeninSaxony，MartinLutherthenameofhim，waslookingintothisabtruseUniverse，withthosestrangeeyesofhis，inwhatroughwoollenorlinsey—woolseyshort—clotheswedonotknow。
[Born10thNovember，1483]
Albert’sfuneralwasverygrand；theKaiserhimself，andalltheMagnatesoftheDietandReichattendinghimfromFrankfurttohislastresting—place，manymilesofroad。ForhediedattheDiet，inFrankfurt—on—Mayn；havingfallenilltherewhilebusy，——perhapstoobusyforthatage，intheharshspringweather，——electingPrinceMaximilian（\"luckyMax，\"whowillbeKaisertoobeforelong，andisalreadydeepinILL—luck，tragicalandothertobeKingoftheRomans。TheoldKaiserhad\"lookedinonhimatOnolzbach\"（Anspach），andbroughthimalong；suchamancouldnotbewantingonsuchanoccasion。Amanwho\"perhapsdidmorefortheGermanEmpirethanfortheElectorateofBrandenburg，\"
hintsome。TheKaiserhimself，FriedrichIII。，wasnowgettingold；anxioustoseeMaxsecure，andtosethishouseinorder。
Asomewhatanxious，creaky，close—fisted，ineffectualoldKaiser；
[SeeKohler（Munzbelustigungen，vi。393—401；
ii。89—96，&c。）foravividaccountofhim。]distinguishedbyhisluckingettingMaxsoprovidedfor，andbringingtheSeventeenProvincesoftheNetherlandstohisHouse。HeisthefirstoftheHapsburgKaiserswhohadwhathassincebeencalledthe\"Austrianlip\"——protrusiveunder—jaw，withheavylipdisinclinedtoshut。
HegotitfromhisMother，andbequeatheditinamarkedmanner；
hisposteritytothisdaybearingtracesofit。Mother’snamewasCimburgis，aPolishPrincess，\"DukeofMasovia’sdaughter；\"
aladywhohadsomethingoftheMAULTASCHEinher，incharacteraswellasmouth。——InoldAlbert，thepooroldKaiserhaslosthisrighthand；andnodoubtmusessadlyasheridesinthefuneralprocession。
AlbertisburiedatHeilsbronninFrankenland，amonghisAncestors，——burialinBrandenburgnotyetcommonforthesenewKurfursts:——hisskull，inanafter—time，usedtobeshownthere，laidonthelidofthetomb；skullmarvellousforstrength，andfor\"havingnovisiblesutures，\"saysRentsch。PiousBrandenburgOfficialityatlengthputanendtothatprofanation，andrestoredtheskulltoitsplace，——marvellousenough，withwhathadoncedweltinit，whetherithadsuturesornot。
JOHANNTHECICEROISFOURTHKURFURST，ANDLEAVESTWONOTABLESONS。
Albert’seldestSon，theFourthKurfurst，wasJohannesCicero（1486—1499）:Johanneswashisnaturalname，towhichtheepithet\"CiceroofGermany（CICEROGERMANIAE）\"wasaddedbyanadmiringpublic。HehadcommonlyadministeredtheElectorateduringhisFather’sabsences；anddoneitwithcredittohimself。Hewasanactiveman，nowisedeficientasaGovernor；creditablysevereonhighwayrobbers，foronething，——destroysyou\"fifteenbaronialrobber—towers\"atastroke；wasalsoconcernedintheHungarian—
BohemianDONNYBROOK，anddidthatalsowell。Butnothingstruckadiscerningpubliclikethetalenthehadforspeaking。Spoke\"fourhoursatastretchinKaiserMax’sDiets，inelegantlyflowingLatin；\"withafairshareofmeaning，too；——andhadburstsofparliamentaryeloquenceinhimthatwereastonishingtohear。
Atall，square—headedman，oferect，cheerfullycomposedaspect，headflungratherbackifanything:hisburstsofparliamentaryeloquence，oncegloriousastheday，procuredhimthename\"JohannesCICERO；\"andthatiswhatremainsofthem:fortheyaresunknow，irretrievableheandthey，intothebellyofeternalNight；thefinalresting—place，Idoperceive，ofmuchCiceronianwareinthisworld。Apparentlyhehad，likesomeofhisDescendants，whatwouldnowbecalled\"distinguishedliterarytalents，\"——insignificanttomankindandus。IfindhewaslikewisecalledDERGROSSE，\"JohntheGREAT；\"butoninvestigationitprovestobemere\"JohntheBIG，\"anamecomingfromhistallstatureandultimatefatnessofbody。
Fortherest，helefthisfamilywelloff，connectedwithhighPotentatesallaround；andhadincreasedhisstore，toafairdegree，inhistime。BesideshiseldestSonwhofollowedasElector，bynameJoachimI。，aburlygentlemanofwhommuchiswritteninBooks，heleftasecondSon，ArchbishopofMagdeburg，whointimebecameArchbishopofMainzandCardinalofHolyChurch，[UlrichvanHutten’sgrand\"Panegyric\"uponthisAlbertonhisfirstEntranceintoMainz（9thOctober，1514），——\"entrancewitharetinueof2，000horse，mainlyfurnishedbytheBrandenburgandCulmbachkindred，\"saytheoldBooks，——isinUlrichiabHuttenEquitisGermaniOpera（Munch’sedition；
Berlin，1821），i。276—310。]——andbyaccidentgottobeforevermemorableinChurch—History，asweshallseeanon。ArchbishopofMainzmeanswithalKUR—MAINZ，ElectorofMainz；whoisChiefoftheSevenElectors，andasitweretheirPresidentor\"Speaker。\"
Albertwasthenameofthisone；hiselderBrother，thethenKur—Brandenburg，wascalledJoachim。CardinalAlbertKur—Mainz，likehisbrotherJoachimKur—Brandenburg，figuresmuch，andblazeswidelyabroad，inthebusyreignofKarlV。，andtheinextricableLutheran—Papal，Turk—Christianbusinessithad。
ButthenotablepointinthisAlbertofMainzwasthatofLeoX。
andtheIndulgences。[Pauli，v。496—499；Rentsch，p。869。]PopeLeohadpermittedAlberttoretainhisArchbishopricofMagdeburgandotherdignitiesalongwiththatofMainz；whichwasanunusualfavor。ButthePopeexpectedtobepaidforit，——tohave30，000
ducats（15，000pounds），almostaKing’sransomatthattime，forthe\"Pallium\"toMainz；PALLIUM，orlittleBitofwoollenCloth，onsalebythePope，withoutwhichMainzcouldnotheheld。
Albert，withallhisdignities，wasdreadfullyshortofmoneyatthetime。ChapterofMainzcouldorwoulddolittleornothing，havingbeendrainedlately；Magdeburg，Halberstadt，thelike。
Alberttriedvariousshifts；triedalittlestrokeoftradeinrelics，——gatheredintheMainzdistrict\"somehundredsoffractionalsacredbones，andthreewholebodies，\"whichhesenttoHalleforpiouspurchase；——butnothingcameofthisbranch。
The15，000poundsremainedunpaid；andPopeLeo，buildingSt。Peter’s，\"furnishingasister’stoilet，\"anddoingworsethings，wasinextremeneedofit。Whatistobedone？\"IcouldborrowthemoneyfromtheFuggersofAugsburg，\"saidtheArchbishophesitatingly；\"butthen——？\"——\"Icouldhelpyoutorepayit。\"saidhisHoliness:\"Couldrepaythehalfofit，——ifonlywehad（buttheyalwaysmakesuchclamoraboutthesethings）anIndulgencepublishedinGermany！\"——\"Well；itmustbe！\"answeredAlbertatlast，agreeingtotaketheclamoronhimself，andtodothefeat；beingathiswits’—endformoney。HedrawsouthisFull—
Power，which，asfirstSpiritualKurfurst，hehastheprivilegetodo；nominates（1516）oneTetzelforChiefSalesman，aPriestwhosehardnessofface，andshiftinessofheadandhand，wereknowntohim；and——hereisoneHohenzollernthathasaplaceinHistory！
Poorman，itwasbyaccident，andfromextremetightnessformoney。HewasbynomeansaviolentChurchman；hehadhimselfinclinationstowardsLuther，evenofapracticalsort，asthethingwenton。Buttherewasnohelpforit。
CardinalAlbert，Kur—Mainz，showshimselfacopiousdexterouspublicspeakerattheDietsandelsewhereinthosetimes；amanintentonavoidingviolentmethods；——uncomfortablyfatinhislateryears，tojudgebythePortraits。Kur—Brandenburg，Kur—Mainz（theyoungernowofficiallyevengreaterthantheelder），thesenamesareperpetuallyturningupintheGermanHistoriesofthatReformation—Period；absentonnogreatoccasion；andtheyatlength，fromamidthemeaninglessbead—rollofNames，wearisomelymetwithinsuchBooks，emergeintoPersonsforusasabove。
ChapterV。
OFTHEBAIREUTH—ANSPACHBRANCH。
AlbertAchillestheThirdElectorhad，beforehisaccession，beenMargrafofAnspach，andsincehisBrothertheAlchemist’sdeath，MargrafofBaireuthtoo，orofthewholePrincipality，——\"MargrafofCulmbach\"wewillcallit，forbrevity’ssake，thoughthebewilderingoldBookshavenotsteadilyanynameforit。
[Acertainsubalternofthisexpresstitle，\"MargrafofCulmbach\"
（aCadet，withsometemporaryappanagethere，whowasonceintheserviceofhimtheycalltheWinter—King，andmayagainbetransientlyheardofbyushere），isthealtogetherMysteriousPersonagewhoprintshimself\"MARQUISDELULENBACH\"inBromley’sCollectionofRoyalLetters（London，1787），pp。52，&c。:——oneofthemostcuriousBooksontheThirty—YearsWar；\"edited\"withacomposedstupidity，andcheerfulinfinitudeofignorance，whichstillfartherdistinguishit。TheBROMLEY
Originalswellwortharealediting，turnout，oninquiry，tohavebeen\"soldasAutographs，anddispersedbeyondrecovery，aboutfiftyyearsago。\"]Afterhisaccession，AlbertAchillesnaturallyheldbothElectorateandPrincipalityduringtherestofhislife。
WhichwasanextremelyrarepredicamentforthetwoCountries，thebigandthelittle。
NootherElectorheldthemboth，fornearlyahundredyears；northen，exceptasitwereforamoment。Thetwocountries，ElectorateandPrincipality，Hohenzollernboth，andconstitutingwhattheHohenzollernshadinthisworld，continuedintimatelyconnected；withaffinityandclientshipcarefullykept，up，andthelesserstandingalwaysundertheexpressprotectionandasitwereCOUSINSHIPofthegreater。ButtheyhadtheirseparatePrinces，LinesofPrinces；andtheyonlytwice，inthetimeoftheseTwelveElectors，cameeventemporarilyunderthesamehead。
Andastoultimateunion，Brandenburg—BaireuthandBrandenburg—
AnspachwerenotincorporatedwithBrandenburg—Proper，anditsnewfortunes，tillalmostourownday，namelyin1791；northeneithertocontinue；havingfallentoBavaria，inthegrandCongressofVienna，withinthenextfive—and—twentyyears。Allwhich，withthecomplexitiesandperplexitiesresultingfromithere，wemust，insomebriefway，endeavortoelucidateforthereader。
TWOLINESINCULMBACHORBAIREUTH—ANSPACH:THEGERABONDOF1598。
CulmbachtheElectorleft，athisdeath，tohisSecondSon，——
properlytotwosons，butoneofthemsoondied，andtheotherbecamesolepossessor；——Friedrichbyname；who，asfounderoftheElderLineofBrandenburg—CulmbachPrinces，mustnotbeforgottenbyus。FounderoftheFirstorElderLine，fortherearetwoLines；thisofFriedrich’shavinggoneoutinaboutahundredyears；andtheAnspach—BaireuthterritorieshavingfallenhomeagaintoBrandenburg；——where，however，theycontinuedonlyduringthethenKurfurst’slife。；ohannGeorge（1525—1598），SeventhKurfurst，washetowhomBrandenburg—Culmbachfellhome，——nay，strictlyspeaking，itwasbutthesureprospectofitthatfellhome，thethingitselfdidnotquitefallinhistime，thoughthedisposalofitdid，[\"Disposal，\"1598；thingitself，1603，inhisSon’stime。]——tobeconjoinedagainwithBrandenburg—Proper。
Conjoinedfortheshortpotentialremainderofhisownlife；
andthentobedisposedofasanapanageagain；——whichlatteroperation，asJohannGeorgehadthree—and—twentychildren，couldbenodifficultone。
JohannGeorge，accordingly（Year1598），splittheTerritoryintwo；Brandenburg—Baireuthwasforhissecondson，Brandenburg—
Anspachforhisthird:herebyagainweretwonewprogenitorsofCulmbachPrincesintroduced，andaNewLine，Secondor\"YoungerLine\"theycallit（Linemostlysplitintwo，asheretofore）；
which——aftercomplexadventuresinitssplitcondition，Baireuthunderonehead，Anspachunderanother——continuesactivedowntoourlittleFritz’stimeandfarther。AswillbecomebuttooapparenttousinthecourseofthisHistory！——
FromofoldtheseTerritorieshadbeenfrequentlydivided:
eachhasitsownlittlecapital，TownofAnspach，TownofBaireuth，[Populationsaboutthesame；16，000to17，000inourtime。]suitableforsucharrangement。Frequentlydivided；
thoughalwaysundertheclosestcousinship，andreadyforreuniting，ifpossible。GenerallyundertheElderLinetoo，underFriedrich’sposterity，whichwasrathernumerousandofteninneedofapanages，theyhadbeeninseparatehands。Buttheunderstoodpracticewasnottodividefarther；Baireuthbyitself，Anspachbyitself（orstillluckierifonehandcouldgetholdofboth），——andespeciallyBrandenburgbyitself，uncutbyanyapanage:this，Iobserve，wasthereceivedpractice。ButJohannGeorge，wiseKurfurstashewas，wishednowtomakeitsurer；anddidsobyafamedDeed，calledtheGeraBond（GERAISCHEVERTRAG），dated1598，[Michaelis，i。345。]thelastyearofJohannGeorge’slife。
Hereby，inaFamilyConclaveheldatthatGera，alittletowninThuringen，itwassettledandindissolublyfixed，ThattheirElectorate，unlikeallothersinGermany，shallcontinueindivisible；LawofPrimogeniture，hereifnowhereelse，istobeinfullforce；andonlytheCulmbachTerritory（ifotherwiseunoccupied）canbesplitoffforyoungersons。Culmbachcanbesplitoff；andthisagainwithalcanbesplit，ifneedbe，intotwo（BaireuthandAnspach）；butnotinanycasefarther。
WhichHousehold—Lawwasstrictlyobeyedhenceforth。Dateofit1598；principalauthor，JohannGeorge，SeventhElector。This\"GeraBond\"thereadercannoteforhimselfasanexcellentpieceofHohenzollernthrift，andimportantintheBrandenburgannals。
Onthewhole，BrandenburgkeepscontinuallygrowingundertheseTwelveHohenzollerns，weperceive；slowerorfaster，justastheBurggrafdomhaddone，andbysimilarmethods。Aluckyoutlayofmoney（asinthecaseofFriedrichIronteethintheNeumark）
bringsthemoneProvince，luckyinheritanceanother:——goodmanagementisalwaysthere，whichisthemotherofgoodluck。
Andsotheregoesonagain，fromJohannGeorgedownwards，anewstreamofCulmbachPrinces，calledtheYoungerorNewLine，——
properlytwocontemporaryLines，ofBaireuthersandAnspachers；——
alwaysincloseaffinitytoBrandenburg，andwithultimatereversiontoBrandenburg，shouldbothLinesfail；butwithmutualinheritanceifonlyone。Theyhadintricatefortunes，serviceinforeignarmies，muchwanderingabout，sometimesconsiderablescarcityofcash:but，forahundredandfiftyyearstocome，neitherLinebyanymeansfailed，——ratherthecontrary，infact。
OfthislatterorNewCulmbachLine，orsplitLine，especiallyoftheBaireuthpartofit，ourlittleWilhelmina，littleFritz’sSister，whobecameMargravinethere，hasgivenalltheworldnotice。FromtheAnspachpartofit（atthattimeinsorescarcityofcash）cameQueenCaroline，famedinourGeorgetheSecond’stime。[SeeaSynopticDiagramoftheseGenealogies，infra，p。388a。]FromittoocameanunmomentousMargraf，whomarriedalittleSisterofWilhelmina’sandFritz’s；ofwhomweshallhear。
ThereislastlyastillmoreunmomentousMargraf，onlysonofsaidUnmomentousandhissaidSpouse；whoagaincombinedthetwoTerritories，Baireuthhavingfailedofheirs；andwho，himselfwithoutheirs，andwithafrailLadyCravenasMargravine，——diedatHammersmith，closebyus，in1806；andsoendedthetroublesomeaffair。Hehadalready，in1791，soldofftoPrussiaalltemporaryclaimsofhis；andletPrussiahavetheHeritageatoncewithoutwaitingfarther。Prussia，aswenoticed，didnotkeepitlong；
anditisnowpartoftheBavarianDominion；——forthesakeofeditorsandreaders，longmayitsocontinue！
OfthisYoungerLine，intrinsicallyratherinsignificanttomankind，weshallhaveenoughtowriteintimeandplace；wemustatpresentdirectourattentiontotheElderLine。
THEELDERLINEOFCULMBACH:FRIEDRICHANDHISTHREENOTABLESONSTHERE。
KurfurstAlbertAchilles’ssecondson，Friedrich（1460—1536），[Rentsch，pp。593—602。]thefounderoftheElderCulmbachLine，ruledhiscountrywellforcertainyears，andwas\"amanfamedforstrengthofbodyandmind；\"butclaimslittlenoticefromus，exceptforthesonshehad。Aquiet，commendable，honorableman，——
withacertainpatheticdignity，visibleevenintheeclipsedstatehesankinto。Pooroldgentleman，aftergrandenoughfeatsinwarandpeace，hefellmelancholy，fellimbecile，blind，soonaftermiddlelife；andcontinuedsofortwentyyears，tillhedied。Duringwhichdarkstate，saytheoldBooks，itwasapleasuretoseewithwhatattentionhisSonstreatedhim，andhowreverentlytheeldestalwaysledhimouttodinner。[Ib。p。612。]
TheyliveanddineatthathighCastleofPlassenburg，whereoldFriedrichcanbeholdtheRedorWhiteMaynnomore。Alas，alas，PlassenburgisnowaCorrection—House，wheremaleandfemalescoundrelsdobeatingofhemp；andpiousFriedrich，likeeloquentJohann，hasbecomeaforgottenobject。HewasoftheGermanReichs—Array，whomarchedtotheNetherlandstodeliverMaxfromdurance；Max，theKingoftheRomans，whom，forallhisluck，themutinousFlemingshadputunderlock—and—keyatonetime。[1482
（Pauli，ii。389）:hisbeautifulyoungWife，\"thrownfromherhorse，\"hadperishedinathrice—tragicway，shortwhilebefore；
andtheSeventeenProvinceswereunrulyundertheguardianshipofMax。]Thatishisonefeatmemorabletomeatpresent。
HewasJohannCicero’sHALF—brother，childbyasecondwife。
LikehisUncleKurfurstFriedrichII。，hehadmarriedaPolishPrincess；thesharpAchilleshavingperhapsaneyetocrownsinthatdirection，duringthatHungarian—Bohemian—PolishDonnybrook。
Butifso，thereagaincamenothingofacrownwithit；thoughitwasnotwithoutitsgoodresultsforFriedrich’schildrenbyandby。
HehadeightSonsthatreachedmanhood；fiveorsixofwhomcametosomethingconsiderableintheworld，andThreearememorabledowntothisday。OneofhisdaughtershemarriedtotheDukeofLiegnitzinSilesia；whichisamongthefirstlinksInoticeofaconnectionthatgrewstrongwiththatsovereignDuchy，andisworthremarkingbymyreadershere。OftheThreenotableSonsitisnecessarythatwesaysomething。Casimir，George，AlbertarethenamesoftheseThree。
Casimir，theeldest，[1481—1527。]whoseshareofheritageisBaireuth，wasoriginallyintendedfortheChurch；butincliningrathertosecularandmilitarythings，orhisprospectsofpromotionaltering，heearlyquittedthat；andtookvigorouslytothecareerofarmsandbusiness。Atruculent—lookingHerr，withthoughtfuleyes，andhangingunder—lip:——HATofenviablesoftness；