AmongKingOttocar’sesquiresorsubalternjuniorofficialsonthisoccasion，isoneRUDOLF，heirofapoorSwissLordshipandgrayHill—Castle，calledHAPSBURG，ratherinreducedcircumstances，whomOttocarlikesforhisprudenthardyways；
astout，modest，wiseyoungman，——whomaychancetoredeemHapsburgalittle，ifhelive？Howtheshuttlesfly，andthelife—threads，always，inthis\"loud—roaringLoomofTime！\"——
AlongwithOttocartoo，asanallyintheCrusade，wasOttoIII。
AscanierMarkgrafandElectorofBrandenburg，great—grandsonofAlberttheBear；——nameOttoTHEPIOUSinconsequence。HetoofoundedaTowninPrussia，onthisoccasion，andcalleditBRANDENBURG；whichisstillextantthere，asmallBrandenburgtheSecond；fortheseproceduresheiscalledOttoTHEPIOUSinHistory。HisWife，withal，wasasisterofOttocar’s；[Michaelis，i。270；Hubner，t。174。]——which，exceptinthewayofdomesticfelicity，didnotintheendamounttomuchforhim；thisOttocarhavingflowntoohigh，andmeltedhiswingsatthesun，inasadway，asweshallseeelsewhere。
NoneoftheOrdersrosesohighastheTeutonicinfavorwithmankind。IthadbydegreeslandedpossessionsfarandwideoverGermanyandbeyond:IknownothowmanydozensofBALLEYS（richBailliwicks，eachagainwithitsdozensofCOMTHUREIS，Commanderies，orsubordinategroupsofestates），andBailliesandCommanderstomatch；——andwasthoughttodeservefavorfromabove。
Valiantservants，these；towhomHeavenhadvouchsafedgreatlaborsandunspeakableblessings。Insomefiftyorfifty—threeyearstheyhadgotPrussianHeathenismbroughttotheground；
andtheyendeavoredtotieitwelldowntherebybargainandarrangement。Butitwouldnotyetliequiet，norforacenturytocome；beingstillsecretlyHeathen；revolting，conspiringeveragain，everonweakerterms，tilltheSatanicelementhadburntitselfout，andconversionandcomposurecouldensue。
Conversionandcompleteconquestoncecome，therewasahappytimeforPrussia:ploughshareinsteadofsword；busysea—havens，Germantowns，gettingbuilt；churcheseverywhererising；grassgrowing，andpeaceablecows，whereformerlyhadbeenquagmireandsnakes。
AndfortheOrderahappytime？Arich，notahappy。TheOrderwasvictorious；Livonian\"Sword—Brothers，\"\"KnightsofDobryn，\"minorOrdersandAuthoritiesallround，werelongsincesubordinatedtoitorincorporatedwithit；Livonia，Courland，Lithuania，areallgottamedunderitsinfluence，ortieddownandevidentlytamable。
ButitwasinthesetimesthattheOrdergotintoitswidertroublesoutwardandinward；quarrels，jealousies，withChristianneighbors，Poland，Pommern，whodidnotloveitandforcause；
——widertroubles，andbynomeanssoevidentlyusefultomankind。TheOrder’swages，inthisworld，flowedhigherthanever，onlyperhapsitsworkwasbeginningtorunlow！Butwewillnotanticipate。
Onthewhole，thisTeutschRitterdom，forthefirstcenturyandmore，wasagrandphenomenon；andflamedlikeabrightblessedbeaconthroughthenightofthings，inthoseNorthernCountries。
Foraboveacentury，weperceive，itwastherallyingplaceofallbravemenwhohadacareertoseekontermsotherthanvulgar。
Thenoblesoul，aimingbeyondmoney，andsensibletomorethanhungerinthisworld，hadabeaconburning（aswesay），ifthenightchancedtoovertakeit，andtheearthtogrowtoointricate，asisnotuncommon。Betterthanthecareerofstump—oratory，Ishouldfancy，andITSHesperidesApples，goldenandofgilthorse—dung。Betterthanpuddlingawayone’spoorspiritualgiftofGod（LOAN，notgift），suchasitmaybe，inbuildingtheloftyrhyme，theloftyReview—Article，foradiscerningpublicthathassixpencetospare！Timesaltergreatly。——WillthereadertakeaglimpseofConradvonThuringen’sbiography，asasampleoftheoldwaysofproceeding？ConradsucceededHermannvonderSalzaasGrand—Master，andhishistoryismemorableasaTeutonicKnight。
THESTUFFTEUTSCHRITTERSWEREMADEOF。CONRADOFTHURINGEN:
SAINTELIZABETH；TOWNOFMARBURG。
Conrad，youngerbrotheroftheLandgrafofThuringen，——whichPrincelivedchieflyintheWartburg，romanticoldHill—Castle，nowaWeimar—Eisenachpropertyandshow—place，thenanabodeofveryearnestpeople，——wasprobablyachild—in—arms，inthatsameWartburg，whileRichardCoeur—de—LionwasgettinghomefromPalestineandintotroublesbytheroad:thiswilldateConradforus。HisworthyelderbrotherwasHusbandoftheladysincecalledSAINTElizabeth，averypiousbutalsoveryfancifulyoungwoman；
——andIalwaysguesshisgoingontheCrusade，wherehediedstraightway，waspartlythefruitofthelifesheledhim；lodgingbeggars，sometimesinhisverybed，continuallybreakinghisnight’srestforprayer，anddevotionalexerciseofunduelength；
\"weepingonemoment，thensmilinginjoythenext；\"meanderingabout，capricious，melodious，weak，atthewillofdevoutwhimmainly！However，thatdoesnotconcernus。[ManyLIVESoftheSaint。See，inparticular，LibellusdeDictisQuatuorAncillarum，&c。——（thatis，ReportoftheevidencegotfromElizabeth’sFourMaids，byanOfficialPerson，Devil’s—
Advocateorwhateverhewas，missionedbythePopetoquestionthem，whenherCanonizationcametobetalkedof。Acuriouspiece）:——inMeuckeniiScriptoresRexumGermanicarum（Lipsia，1728—1730），ii。dd。；wherealsoareotherdetails。]SureenoughherpoorLandgrafwentcrusading，Year1227
（KaiserFriedrichII。’sCrusade，whocouldnotputitofflonger）；
poorLandgraffellillbytheroad，atBrindisi，anddied，——nottobedrivenfartherbyanycause。
Conrad，leftguardiantohisdeceasedBrother’schildren，hadatfirstmuchquarrelwithSaintElizabeth，thoughheafterwardstookfarotherthoughts。Meanwhilehehadhisownapanage，\"Landgraf\"
byrankhetoo；andhadtroublesenoughwiththatofitself。
Forinstance:oncetheArchbishopofanMainz，beingindebt，laidaheavytaxonallAbbeysunderhim；onReichartsbronn，anAbbeyofConrad’s，amongothers。\"Don’tpayit！\"saidConradtotheAbbot。Abbotrefusedaccordingly；butwasputunderbanbythePope；——obligedtocomply，andeventobe\"whiptthrice\"beforethemoneycouldbeaccepted。TwowhippingsatErfurt，fromtheArchbishop，therehadbeen；andathirdwasjustgoingonthere，onemorning，whenConrad，travellingthatway，accidentallysteptintomatins。Conradflamesintoablazingwhirlwindatthephenomenondisclosed。\"WhipmyAbbot？AndheIStopay，then，——
ArchbishopofBeelzebub？\"——andtookthepoorArchbishopbytherochets，andspunhimhitherandthither；naywasforcuttinghimintwo，hadhotfriendshystericallybusiedthemselves，andgotthesworddetainedinitsscabbardandtheArchbishopaway。
Hereisafinecoilliketobe，forConrad。
Anothersoonfollows；fromaquarrelhehadwithFritzlar，ImperialFree—Towninthoseparts，perhapsalittlestiffuponitsprivileges，andhightowardsaLandgraf。Conradmarches，onemorning（Year1232）uponinsolentFritzlar；burnstheenvirons；
butonlookingpracticallyattherampartsoftheplace，thinkstheyaretoohigh，andturnstogohomeagain。WhereupontheidlewomenofFritzlar，whoareupontherampartsgazinginfearandhope，burstintoshrilluniversaljubilationofvoice，——andevenintogestures，andlibertieswiththeirdress，whicharenotdescribableinHistory！Conrad，suddenlyoncemoreallflame，whirlsround；stormstheramparts，slayswhathemeets，plundersFritzlarwithawill，andleavesitblazinginageneralfire，whichhadbrokenoutinthebusiness。HereisapairofcoilsforConrad；thelikeofwhichcanissueonlyinPapalbanorworse。
Conradisgrimandobstinateundertheseaspects；butsecretlyfeelshimselfverywicked；knowsnotwellwhatwillcomeofit。
Saunteringonedayinhisoutercourts，henoticesacertainfemalebeggar；necessitousfemaleoflooselife，whotremulouslysolicitscharityofhim。Necessitousfemalegetssomefractionofcoin，butalongwithitbullyingrebukeinveryliberalmeasure；
andgoesawayweepingbitterly，andmurmuringabout\"wantthatdrovemetothosecourses。\"Conradretiresintohimself:\"Whatisherrealsin，perhaps，tomine？\"Conrad\"liesawakeallthatnight；\"mopesabout，inintricatedarkness，daysandnights；
risesonemorninganalteredman。Hemakes\"pilgrimagetoGladbach，\"barefoot；kneelsdownatthechurch—doorofFritzlarwithbareback，andabundleofrodsbesidehim。\"Whipme，goodinjuredChristiansfortheloveofJesus！\"——inbrief，reconcileshimselftoChristianmankind，thePopeincluded；takestheTeutsch—Rittervowsuponhim；[A。D。1234（Voigt，ii。375—423）。]
andhastensofftoPreussen，theretospendhimself，lifeandlife’sresourcesthenceforth，faithfully，tillhedie。TheonecourseleftforConrad。Whichhefollowswithagreatstrongstep，——withathoughtstillaudibletome。ItwasofsuchstuffthatTeutschRitterswerethenmade；Rittersevidentlycapableofsomething。
SaintElizabeth，whowenttoliveatMarburg，inHessen—Cassel，afterherHusband’sdeath，andsoondiedthere，inamostmelodiouslypioussort，[A。D。1231，age24。]madetheTeutschOrderguardianofherSon。ItwasfromherandtheGrand—
MastershipofConradthatMarburgbecamesuchametropolisoftheOrder；theGrand—Mastersoftenresidingthere，manyofthemcovetingburialthere，andmuchbusinessbearingdateoftheplace。AplacestillnotabletotheingenuousTourist，whoknowshiswhereabout。PhiliptheMagnanimous，Luther’sfriend，memorabletosomeasPhilipwiththeTwoWives，livedthere，inthatoldCastle，——whichisnowakindofCorrection—HouseandGarrison，idleblueuniformsstrollingabout，andunlovelyphysiognomieswithajingleofironattheirankles，——whereLutherhasdebatedwiththeZwinglianSacramentersandothers，andmuchhashappenedinitstime。SaintElizabethandhermiracles（considerable，surely，oftheirkind）werethefirstoriginofMarburgasaTown:
amereCastle，withadjoiningHamlet，beforethat。
StrangegrayoldsilentTown，richinsomanymemories；itstandsthere，stragglingupitsrockyhill—edge，towardsitsoldCastlesandedificesonthetop，inanotunpicturesquemanner；flankedbytheriverLahnanditsfertileplains:verysilent，exceptforthedeliriousscreech，atrareintervals，ofarailwaytrainpassingthatwayfromFrankfurt—on—MayntoCassel。\"ChurchofSt。
Elizabeth，\"——high，grandChurch，builtbyConradourHochmeister，inreverenceofhisonceterrestrialSister—in—law，——standsconspicuousintheplainbelow，wheretheTownisjustending。
St。Elizabeth’sShrinewasoncethere，andpilgrimswendingtoitfromalllands。Conradhimselfisburiedthere，asaremanyHochmeisters；theirnames，andshieldsofarms，Hermann’sforemost，thoughHermann’sdustisnotthere，arecarved，carefullykeptlegible，ontheshaftsoftheGothicarches，——fromfloortogroin，longrowsofthem；——andproduce，withtheothertombs，tomb—paintingsbyDurerandthelike，thoughtsimpressivealmosttopain。St。Elizabeth’sLOCULUSwasputintoitsshrinehere，byKaiserFriedrichII。andallmannerofprincesandgrandeesoftheEmpire，\"onemilliontwohundredthousandpeoplelookingon，\"saytheoldrecords，perhapsnotquiteexactintheirarithmetic。PhiliptheMagnanimous，wishingtostop\"pilgrimagesno—whither，\"buriedtheLOCULUSaway，itwasneverknownwhere；
underthefloorofthatChurchsomewhere，asislikeliest。
EnoughnowofMarburg，andofitsTeutschRitterstoo。
TheyhadoneortwomemorableHochmeistersandTeutschmeisters；
whomwehavenotnamedhere，norshall。[InourexcellentKohler’sMuntzbelustigungen（Nurnberg，1729etseqq。
ii。382；v。102；viii。380；&c。）arevaluableglimpsesintotheTeutonicOrder，——asintohundredsofotherthings。ThespecialBookuponitisVoigt’s，oftencitedhere:NineheavyVolumes；
groundedonfaithfulreading，butwithafataldefectofalmosteveryotherquality。]ThereisoneHochmeister，somewhereaboutthefiftiethonthelist，andproperlythelastrealHochmeister，AlbertofHohenzollern—Culmbachbyname，whowillbeverymemorabletousbyandby。
OrwillthereadercaretoknowhowCulmbachcameintothepossessionoftheHohenzollerns，BurggravesofNurnberg？Thestorymaybeillustrative，andwillnotoccupyuslong。
ChapterVII。
MARGRAVIATEOFCULMBACH:BAIREUTH，ANSPACH。
IntheYear1248，inhisCastleofPlassenburg，——whichisnowaCorrection—House，lookingdownuponthejunctionoftheRedandWhiteMayn，——OttoDukeofMeran，averygreatpotentate，morelikeaKingthanaDuke，wassuddenlyclutchedholdofbyacertainweddedgentleman，namenotgiven，\"oneofhisdomesticsordependents，\"whomhehadenragedbeyondforgiveness（signallyviolatingtheSeventhCommandmentathisexpense）；andwasbythesaidweddedgentlemanthereandthencutdown，anddonetodeath。
\"Lamentablykilled，jammerlicherstochen，\"
saysoldRentsch。[P。293。Kohler，Reichs—Historie，p。245。Holle，AlteGeschichtederStadtBaireuth（Baireuth，1833），pp。34—37。]Othersgiveadifferentcolortothehomicide，andevenadifferentplace；acontroversynotinterestingtous。Slainatanyrateheis；stillayoungman；
thelastmaleofhisline。WherebytherenownedDukesofMeranfallextinct，andimmensepropertiescometobedividedamongconnectionsandclaimants。
Meran，weremark，isstillaTown，oldCastlenowabolished，intheTyrol，towardsthesourcesoftheEtsch（calledADIGEbyItalianneighbors）。TheMeranshadbeenlordsnotonlyofmostoftheTyrol；butDukesof\"theVoigtland；\"——Voigtland，thatisBAILLIE—LAND，widecountrybetweenNurnbergandtheFichtelwald；
whyspeciallysocalled，Dryasdustdimlyexplains，deducingitfromcertainCountsvonReuss，thosestrangeReusseswhoalwayscallthemselvesHENRY，andnowamounttoHENRYTHEEIGHTIETHAND
ODD，withside—brancheslikewisecalledHenry；whosenomenclatureisthedespairofmankind，andworsethanthatoftheNaplesLazzaroniwhocandidlyhavenonames！——DukesofVoigtland，Isay；
likewiseofDalmatia；thenalsoMarkgravesofAustria；alsoCountsofAndechs，inwhichlatterfinecountry（northofMunchenaday’sride），andnotatPlassenburg，somesay，themanwasslain。
Theseimmensepossessions，whichnow（A。D。1248）allfallasunderbythestrokeofthatsword，cometobedividedamongtheslainman’sconnections，ortobesnatchedupbyactiveneighbors，andotherwisedisposedof。
ActiveWurzburg，activeBamberg，withoutmuchconnection，snatchedupagooddeal:CountofOrlamunde，marriedtotheeldestSisteroftheslainDuke，gotPlassenburgandmostoftheVoigtland:
aTyrolesemagnate，whoseWifewasanAuntoftheDuke’s，laidholdoftheTyrol，andtransmittedittodaughtersandtheirspouses，——thefinishofwhichlineweshallseebyandby:——
inshort，therewasmuchpropertyinadisposablecondition。
TheHohenzollernBurggrafofNurnberg，whohadmarriedayoungerSisteroftheDuke’stwoyearsbeforethisaccident，managedtogetatleastBAIREUTHandsomeadjacencies；bigOrlamunde，whohadnotmuchbetterright，takingthelion’sshare。ThisofBaireuthprovedanotablepossessiontotheHohenzollernfamily:itwasConradthefirstBurggraf’sgreat—grandson，Friedrich，counted\"FriedrichIII。\"amongtheBurggraves，whomadetheacquisitioninthismanner，A。D。1248。
Onolzbach（On’z—BACHor\"—brook，\"nowcalledANSPACH）theygot，somefourscoreyearsafter，bypurchaseandhardmoneydown（\"24，000poundsoffarthings，\"whateverthatmaybe），[A。D。1331:
StadtAnspach，byJ。B。Fischer（Anspach，1786），p。196。]whichprovedanotabletwinpossessionofthefamily。Andthen，insomesevenyearsmore（A。D。1338），thebigOrlamundepeople，havingatlength，aswastoousual，fallenconsiderablyinsolvent，soldPlassenburgCastleitself，thePlassenburgwithitsTownofCulmbachanddependencies，totheHohenzollernBurggraves，[Rentsch，p。157。]whohadalwaysreadymoneyaboutthem。WhointhiswaygotmostoftheVoigtland，withafineFortress，intohand；andhad，independentlyofNurnberganditsImperialproperties，animportantPrincelyTerritoryoftheirown。MargraviateorPrincipalityofCULMBACH（PlassenburgbeingonlytheCastle）wasthegeneraltitle；butmorefrequentlyinlatertimes，beingoftenestsplitintwobetweenbrothersunacquaintedwithprimogeniture，thereweretwoMargraviatesmadeofit:oneofBaireuth，calledalso\"MargraviateOntheHill；\"andoneofAnspach，\"MargraviateUndertheHill:\"ofwhich，intheirmoderndesignations，weshallbyandbyhearmorethanenough。
ThusaretheHohenzollerngrowing，andneverdeclining:bythesefewinstancesjudgeofmany。Oftheirhardlabors，andthestormstheyhadtokeepundercontrol，wecouldalsosaysomething:
HowthetwoyoungSonsoftheBurggrafonceridingoutwiththeirTutor，abighoundoftheirsinoneofthestreetsofNurnbergaccidentallytoreachild；andtherearosewildmother’s—wail；
and\"alltheScythe—smithsturnedout，\"fire—breathing，deaftoapoorTutor’spleadingsandexplainings；andhowtheTutor，whohadriddenforthincalmhumorwithtwoPrinces，camegallopinghomewithonlyone，——theSmithshavingdrivenanotherintoboggyground，andtherecaughtandkilledhim；[Rentsch，p。306（Datenotgiven；guess，about1270）。]withtheBurggraf’scommentaryonthatsadproceeding（thesameFriedrichIII。whohadmarriedMeran’sSister）；andtheamendsexactedbyhim，strictandsevere，notpassionateorinhuman。OragainhowtheNurnbergersonce，intheBurggraf’sabsence，builtaring—wallroundhisCastle；
entranceandexitnowtodependontheNurnbergerswithal！AndhowtheBurggrafdidnotflyoutintobattleinconsequence，butremedieditbyimperturbablecountenanceandpowerofdriving。
Withenoughofthelikesort；whichreaderscanconceive。
BURGGRAFFRIEDRICHIII。；ANDTHEANARCHYOFNINETEENYEARS。
ThissameFriedrichIII。，Great—grandsonofConradthefirstBurggraf，washethatgottheBurggraviatemadehereditaryinhisfamily（A。D。1273）；whichtherebyrosetothefixedrankofPrinces，amongotheradvantagesitwasgaining。Nordidthisacquisitioncomegratisatall，butasthefruitofgoodserviceadroitlydone；serviceofendlessimportanceasitproved。
Friedrich’slifehadfallenintimesofhugeanarchy；theHohenstauffenlinegonemiserablyout，——BoyConradin，itslastrepresentative，perishingonthescaffoldeven（byadesperatePopeandadesperateDukeofAnjou）；[AtNaples，25thOctober，1268。]Germans，SicilianNormans，PopeandReich，allatdaggers—
drawnwithoneanother；noKaiser，nayasmanyasThreeatonce！
Whichlastedfrom1254onwards；andiscalled\"theInterregnum，\"
orAnarchy\"ofNineteenYears，\"inGermanHistory。
LetusatleastnametheThreeKaisers，orTriple—elixirofNo—Kaiser；though，exceptaschronologicallandmarks，wehavenotmuchtodowiththem。FirstKaiserisWilliamCountofHolland，aroughfellow，Pope’sprotege，Popeevenraisingcashforhim；
tillWilliamperishedintheDutchpeat—bogs（horseandman，furiouslypursuing，insomefightthere，andgettingswallowedupinthatmanner）；whichhappilyreducesourfalseKaiserstotwo:
SecondandThird，whoarebothforeigntoGermany。
SecondKaiserisAlphonsoKingofCastille，AlphonsotheWise，whosesayingaboutPtolemy’sAstronomy，\"Thatitseemedacrankmachine；thatitwaspitytheCreatorhadnottakenadvice！\"isstillrememberedbymankind；——thisandnootherofhismanysayingsanddoings。Hewaswiseenoughtostayathome；andexceptwearingthetitle，whichcostnothing，toconcernhimselfverylittleabouttheHolyRomanEmpire，——someclerkortwodating\"TOLETI（atToledo），\"didlanguidlyabitofofficialwritingnowandthen，andthatwasall。ConfusedcrankmachinethisoftheGermanEmpiretoo，yourMajesty？Betterstayathome，anddate\"TOLETI。\"
TheThirdfalseKaiser——futilecallhimrather，wantingclearmajority——wastheEnglishRichardofCornwall；youngerSonofJohnLackland；andlittlewiserthanhisFather，tojudgebythosesymptoms。Hehadplentyofmoney，andwasliberalwithit；——noothercalltoGermany，youwouldsay，excepttogetridofhismoney；——inwhichhesucceeded。HelivedactuallyinGermany，twiceoverforayearortwo:——AlphonseandhewerealikeshyofthePope，asUmpire；andRichard，sofarashismoneywent，foundsomegleamsofauthorityandcomfortableflatteryintheRhenishprovinces:atlength，in1263，moneyandpatiencebeingbothprobablyout，hequittedGermanyforthesecondandlasttime；
camehometoBerkhamsteadinHertfordshirehere，[Gough’s
Camden，i。339。]morefoolthanhewent。Tillhisdeath（A。D。1271），hecontinuedtocallhimself，andwasbymanypersonscalled，KaiseroftheHolyRomanEmpire；——neededaGermanclerkortwoatBerkhamstead，wecansuppose:butneverwentback；
preferringpleasantBerkhamstead，withtroublesofSimondeMontfortorwhatevertroublestheremightbe，toanythingGermanyhadtoofferhim。
TheseweretheThreefutileKaisers:andtheLATEKaiserConrad’syoungBoy，whoonedaymighthavesweptthegroundclearofthem，perished，——brightyoungConradin，brightandbrave，butonlysixteen，andPope’scaptivebyillluck，——perishedonthescaffold；\"throwingouthisglove\"（insymbolicalprotest）amidthedarkmuteNeapolitanmultitudes，thatwintrymorning。ItwasOctober25th，1268，——DanteAlighierithenalittleboyatFlorence，notthreeyearsold；gazingwithstrangeeyesastheelderstalkedofsuchaperformancebyChrist’sVicaronEarth。
Averytragicperformanceindeed，whichbroughtontheSicilianVespersbyandby；fortheHeavensneverfailtopaydebts，yourHoliness！——
Germanywasrockingdowntowardsonesawnotwhat，——anAnarchicRepublicofPrinces，perhaps，andofFreeBaronsfastvergingtowardsrobbery？SovereigntyofmultiplexPrinces，withaPeerageofintermediateRobberBarons？Thingsarevergingthatway。
SuchPrinces，bigandlittle，eachwrenchingoffforhimselfwhatlayloosestandhandiesttohim，founditastirringgame，andnotsomuchamiss。Ontheotherhand，somevoiceofthePeople，infeeblewhimperingsofastrangeintensity，totheoppositeeffect，areaudibletothisday。HereareThreeoldMinstrels（MINNESANGER）pickedfromManesse’sCollectionbyanobliginghand，whoareofthisdate，andshallspeakeachaword:——
No。1LOQUITOR（incrampdoggerel，doneintospeech）:\"Tothee，OLord，wepoorfolkmakemoan；theDevilhassownhisseedsinthisland！Lawthyhandcreatedforprotectionofthychildren:
butwherenowisLaw？WidowsandorphansweepthatthePrincesdonotunitetohaveaKaiser。\"
No。2:\"ThePrincesgrindintheKaiser’smill:totheReichtheyflingthesiftings；andkeeptothemselvesthemeal。Notmuchinhaste，they，togiveusaKaiser。\"
No。3:\"LikethePlagueofFrogs，theretheyarecomeout；
defilingtheReich’shonor。Stork，whenwiltthouappear，then，\"
andwiththystiffmandiblesactuponthemalittle？[Mentzel，GeschichtederDeutschen，p。345。]
Itwasinsuchcircumstances，thatFriedrichIII。，BurggrafofNurnberg，whohadlongmoanedandstrivenoverthesewoesofhiscountry，cametopaythatvisit，lateinthenight（1stor2dofOctober，1273），tohisCousinRudolfLordofHapsburg，underthewallsofBasel；anotablesceneinHistory。RudolfwasbesiegingBasel，beinginsomefeudwiththeBishopthere，ofwhichFriedrichandanotherhadbeenproposedasumpires；andFriedrichnowwaitedonhisCousin，inthishastymanner，——notabouttheBaselfeud，butonafarhigherquiteunexpectederrand，——tosay，ThatheRudolfwaselectedKaiser，andthatbettertimesfortheHolyRomanEmpirewerenowprobable，withHeaven’shelp。[Rentsch，pp。299，285，298。]WecallhimCousin；thoughwhatthekindredactuallywas，akindredbymothers，remains，exceptthegeneralfactofit，disputablebyDryasdust。Theactualvisit，underthewallsofBasel，isbysomeconsideredromantic。ButthatRudolf，toughsteel—grayman，besiegingBaselonhisownquarrel，onthetermsjuststated，wasaltogetherunexpectedlyapprisedofthisgreatnews，andthatCousinFriedrichofNurnberghadmainlycontributedtosuchissue，isbeyondquestioh。[Kohler，pp。249，251。]Theeventwassalutary，likelifeinsteadofdeath，toanarchicGermany；anddideminenthonortoFriedrich’sjudgmentinmen。
RichardofCornwallhavingatlastdied，andhisfutileGermanclerkshavingquittedBerkhamsteadforever，——AlphonsoofCastille，notnowurgedbyrivalry，andseeinglongsincewhatacrankmachinethethingwas，hadnoobjectiontogiveitup；saidsotothePope，——whowashimselfanxiousforasettledKaiser，thesuppliesofPapalGermancashhavingrunalmostdryduringthesetroubles。WhereuponensuedearnestconsultationsamongleadingGermanmen；DietoftheEmpire，sternlypractical（wemaywellperceive），andwithaminimumoftalk，thePopetoobeingheldratherwellatadistance:theresultofwhichwaswhatwesee。
[29thSeptember，1273。]MainlyduetoFriedrichofNurnberg，sayallHistorians；conjoiningwithhimthethenArchbishopofMainz，whoisofficiallyPresidentElector（literallyCONVENERofElectors）:theytwodidit。ArchbishopofMainzhadhimselfapleasantaccidentalacquaintancewithRudolf，——anight’slodgingonceatHapsburg，withescortovertheHills，indangerouscircumstances；——andmightthemorereadilybemadetounderstandwhatqualitiesthemannowhad；andhow，injustnessofinsight，toughnessofcharacter，andgeneralstrengthofbridle—hand，thisactuallymightbetheadequateman。
KAISERRUDOLFANDBURGGRAFFRIEDRICHIII。
LasttimewesawRudolf，nearthirtyyearsago，hewassomeequerryorsubalterndignitaryamongtheRittersofKingOttocar，doingaCrusadeagainstthePrussianHeathen，andseeinghismasterfoundKonigsberginthatcountry。Changedtimesnow！
OttocarKingofBohemia，who（bythestronghandmainly，andmoneytoRichardofCornwall，inthelatetroubles）hasbecomeDukeofAustriaandmuchelse，hadhimselfexpectedtheKaisership；andofallastonishedmen，KingOttocarwasprobablythemostastonishedatthechoicemade。Adreadsovereign，fierce，andterriblyopulent，andeverywayresplendenttosuchdegree；andthisthreadbareSwissgentleman—at—arms，once\"mydomestic\"（asOttocarlovedtotermit），preferredtome！Flatinsanity，KingOttocarthought；refusedtoacknowledgesuchaKaiser；wouldnotintheleastgiveuphisunjustproperties，orevendohomageforthemortheothers。
ButtherealsoRudolfcontrivedtobereadyforhim。RudolfinvadedhisrichAustrianterritories；smotedownVienna，andallresistancethattherewas；[1276（Kohler，p。253）。]forcedOttocartobegpardonandpeace。\"Nopardon，noranyspeechofpeace，tillyoufirstdohomageforallthoselandsofyours，whateverwemayfindthemtobe！\"Ottocarwasveryloath；
butcouldnothelphimself。OttocarquittedPragwitharesplendentretinue，tocomeintotheDanubecountry，anddohomageto\"mydomestic\"thatoncewas。Hebargainedthatthesadceremonyshouldbeatleastprivate；onanIslandintheDanube，betweenthetworetinuesorarmies；andinatent，sothatonlyofficialselectpersonsmightseeit。TheIslandiscalledCAMBERG
（nearVienna，Iconclude），inthemiddleoftheDonauRiver:
thereOttocaraccordinglyknelt；heingreatpompoftailorage，Rudolfinmerebuffjerkin，practicalleatherandiron；——hideit，charitablecanvas，fromallbutafew！Alas，preciselyatthismoment，thetreacherouscanvasrushesdown，——hungsoonpurpose，thinksOttocar；anditisatentindeed；butatentwithoutwalls；
andalltheworldseesmeinthisscandalousplight！
Ottocarrodehomeindeepgloom；hispoorWife，too，upbraidedhim:hestraightwayralliedintoWaragain；Rudolfagainveryreadytomeethim。Rudolfmethim，FriedrichofNurnbergthereamongtherestundertheReichs—Banner；ontheMarchfeldbytheDonau（modernWAGRAMnearby）；andentirelybeatandevenslewandruinedOttocar。[26thAugust，1278（Kohler，p。253。）]WherebyAustriafellnowtoRudolf，whomadehissonsDukesofit；which，orevenArchdukes，theyaretothisday。Bohemia，Moravia，ofthesealsoRudolfwouldhavebeenglad；butofthesethereisanheirofOttocar’sleft；thesewillrequiretimeandluck。
ProsperousthoughtoilsomedaysforRudolf；whoprovedanexcellentbitofstuffforaKaiser；andfoundnorest，provingwhatstuffhewas。Inwhichprosperities，asindeedhecontinuedtodointheperilsandtoils，BurggrafFriedrichIII。ofNurnbergnaturallypartook:hence，andnotgratisatall，theHereditaryBurggrafdom，andmanyotherfavorsandaccessionshegot。ForhecontinuedRudolf’ssteadyhelper，friendandfirst—maninallthings，totheveryend。EvidentlyoneofthemostimportantmeninGermany，andcandorwillleadustoguessoneoftheworthiest，duringthosebadyearsofInterregnum，andthebetteronesofKaisership。AfterConradhisgreat—grandfatherheisthesecondnotablearchitectoftheFamilyHouse；——foundedbyConrad；
conspicuouslybuiltupbythisFriedrichIII。，andthefirstSTORY
ofitfinished，sotospeak。ThencometwoFriedrichsasBurggrafs，hissonandhisgrandson’sgrandson，\"FriedrichIV。\"
and\"FriedrichVI。，\"bywhomitwasraisedtothesecondstoryandthethird，——thenceforthoneofthehighhousesoftheworld。
ThatistheglimpsewecangiveofFriedrichfirstHereditaryBurggraf，andofhisCousinRudolffirstHapsburgKaiser。
ThelatestAustrianKaisers，thelatestKingsofPrussia，theyaresonsofthesetwomen。
ChapterVIII。
ASCANIERMARKGRAVESINBRANDENBURG。
WehavesaidnothingoftheAscanierMarkgraves，ElectorsofBrandenburg，allthiswhile；nor，intheselimits，canwenoworhenceforthsayalmostanything。Aproudenough，valiantanddiligentlineofMarkgraves；whohadmuchfightingandotherstruggleintheworld，——steadilyenlargingtheirborderupontheWendstothenorth；andadjustingit，withmixedsuccess，againsttheWETTINgentlemen，whoareMarkgravesfarthereast（intheLAUSITZnow），whoboundustothesouthtoo（MEISSEN，Misnia），andwhoinfactcameinforthewholeofmodernSaxonyintheend。
Muchfighting，too，therewaswiththeArchbishopsofMagdeburg，nowthattheWendsaredown:standingquarrelthere，onthesmallscale，likethatofKaiserandPopeonthegreat；suchquarrelasistobeseeninallplaces，andonallmannerofscales，inthateraoftheChristianWorld。
NoneofourMarkgravesrosetotheheightoftheirProgenitor，AlberttheBear；norindeed，exceptmassedup，as\"Albert’sLine，\"
andwithaHistoryevermorecondensingitselfalmosttotheformofLABEL，cantheypretendtomemorabilitywithus。WhatcanDryasdusthimselfdowiththem？ThatwholesomeDutchcabbagescontinuedtobemoreandmoreplanted，andpeat—mire，blendingitselfwithwastesand，becameavailableforChristianmankind，——
intrusiveChaos，andespeciallyDivineTRIGLAPHandhisferocitiesbeingwellheldaloof:——this，afterall，istherealHistoryofourMarkgraves；andofthis，bythenatureofthecase，Dryasdustcansaynothing。\"NewMark，\"whichoncemeantBrandenburgatlarge，isgettingsubdividedintoMid—Mark，intoUCKERmark（closesttotheWends）；andinOldMarkandNewmuchisspreading，muchgettingplantedandfounded。Inthecourseofcenturiestherewillgrowgraduallytobe\"sevencities；andasmanytowns，\"saysoneoldjubilantTopographer，\"astherearedaysintheyear，\"——
strugglingtocountup365ofthem。
OFBERLINCITY。
Intheyear（guessedtobe）1240，oneAscanierMarkgraf\"fortifiesBerlin；\"thatis，firstmakesBerlinaGermanBURGandinhabitedoutpostinthoseparts:——theveryname，somethink，means\"LittleRampart\"（WEHRlin），builtthere，onthebanksoftheSpree，againsttheWends，andpeopledwithDutch；ofwhichlatterfact，itseems，theolddialectoftheplaceyieldstraces。[Nicolai，BeschreibungderKoniglichenResidenzstadteBerlinundPotsdam（Berlin，1786），i。pp。16，17of\"Einleitung。\"NicolairejectstheWEHRLINetymology；admitsthatthenamewasevidentlyappellative，notproper，\"TheBerlin，\"
\"TotheBerlin；\"findsintheworldtwoobjects，oneofthematHalle，stillcalled\"TheBerlin；\"andthinksitmusthavemeant（insomelanguageofextinctmortals）\"WildPasture—ground，\"——
\"TheSCRUBS，\"asweshouldcallit。——Possible；perhapslikely。]
HowitroseafterwardstobechosenforMetropolis，onecannotsay，exceptthatithadacentralsituationforthenowwidenedprincipalitiesofBrandenburg:theplaceotherwiseissandybynature，sandandswamptheconstituentsofit；andstandsonasluggishriverthecolorofoil。Wendishfishermenhadfoundedsomefirstnucleusofitlongbefore；andcalledtheirfishing—
hamletCOLN，whichissaidtobethegeneralWendishtitleforplacesFOUNDEDONPILES，aneedfulmethodwhereyourbasisisswamp。Atallevents，\"Coln\"stilldesignatestheoldestquarterinBerlin；and\"ColnontheSpree\"（Cologne，orColnontheRhine，beingverydifferent）continued，almosttomoderntimes，tobetheOfficialnameoftheCapital。
HowtheDutchandWendsagreedtogether，withintheirrampart，inclusiveofboth，isnotsaid。Theriverlaybetween；theyhadtwolanguages；peacewasnecessary:itisprobabletheywerelongratheronataciturnfooting！Butintheoilyriveryoudocatchvariousfish；Coln，amiditsquagmiresandstragglingsluggishwaters，canberenderedverystrong。Somehusbandry，wetordry，ispossibletodiligentDutchmen。Thereisroomfortradealso；
SpreeHavelElbeisadirectwater—roadtoHamburgandtheOcean；
bytheOder，whichisnotveryfar，youcommunicatewiththeBalticonthishand，andwithPolandandtheuttermostpartsofSilesiaonthat。Enough，Berlingrows；becomes，inabout300
years，foronereasonandanother，CapitalCityofthecountry，ofthesemanycountries。TheMarkgravesorElectors，afterquittingBrandenburg，didnotcomeimmediatelytoBerlin；theirnextResidencewasTangermunde（MOUTHoftheTANGER，wherelittleTangerissuesintoElbe）；amuchgrassierplacethanBerlin，andwhichstandsonaHill，clay—and—sandHill，likewiseadvantageousforstrength。ThatBerlinshouldhavegrown，afteritoncebecameCapital，isnotamystery。Ithasquadrupleditself，andmore，withinthelasthundredyears，andIthinkdoubleditselfwithinthelastthirty。
MARKGRAFOTTOIV。，OROTTOWITHTHEARROW
OneAscanierMarkgraf，andoneonly，OttoIV。bytitle，wasaPoetwithal；hadanactualhabitofdoingverse。Therearecertainso—calledPoemsofhis，stillextant，readbyDryasdust，withsuchenthusiasmashecangetup，intheoldCollectionofMinne—singers，madebyMANESSEtheZurichBurgermeister，whilethematterwasmuchfresherthanitnowis。
[RudigervonManesse，whofoughttheAustrians，too，madehisSammlung（Collection）inthelatterhalfofthefourteenthcentury；itwasprinted，aftermanynarrowrisksofdestructionintheinterim，in1758，——BodmerandBreitingerediting；——atZurich，2vols。4to。]Madrigalsall；MINNE—Songs，describingthepassionoflove；howOttofeltunderit，——wellandalsoill；withlittlepeculiarityofsymptom，asappears。Oneofhislinesis，\"Ichwunschichweretot，
IwishthatIweredead:\"
——theothersshallremainsafeinManesse’sCollection。
ThissameMarkgrafOttoIV。，Year1278，hadadreadfulquarrelwiththeSeeofMagdeburg，aboutelectingaBrotherofhis。
TheChapterhadchosenanotherthanOtto’sBrother；OttomakeswarupontheChapter。Comesstormingalong；\"willstablemyhorsesinyourCathedral，\"onsuchandsuchaday！ButtheArchbishopchosen，whohadbeenafighterformerly，stirsuptheMagdeburgers，bypreaching（\"Horsestobestabledhere，myChristianbrethren\"），byrelics，andquasi—miracles，toafuriouscondition；leadsthemoutagainstOtto，beatsOttoutterly；bringshimincaptive，amidhootingjubilationsoftheconceivablekind:
\"Stableready；butwherearethehorses，——SerenechildofSatanas！\"ArchbishopmakesaWoodenCageforOtto（bigbeams，sparsstoutenough，merestrawtolieon），andlockshimupthere。
InapublicsituationintheCityofMagdeburg；——visibletomankindso，duringcertainmonthsofthatyear1278。ItwasintheverytimewhileOttocarwasgettingfinishedintheMarchfeld；
muchmutinystillabroad，andthenewKaiserRudolfverybusy。
Otto’sWife，allstreamingintears，andflaminginzeal，whatshallshedo？\"Sellyourjewels，\"soadvisesacertainoldJohannvonBuch，discardedEx—official:\"Sellyourjewels，Madam；bribetheCanonsofMagdeburgwithextremesecrecy，noneknowingofhisneighbor；theywillconsenttoransomontermspossible。PoorWifebribedaswasbidden；Canonsvotedastheyundertook；unanimousforransom，——high，buthumanlypossible。MarkgrafOttogetsoutonparole。Butnow，Howraisesucharansom，ourveryjewelsbeingsold？OldJohannvonBuchagainindicateswaysandmeans，——
miraculousoldgentleman:——MarkgrafOttoreturns，moneyinhand；
pays，andissolemnlydischarged。ThetitleofthesumIcouldgiveexact；butasnonewillintheleasttellmewhatthevalueis，Ihumblyforbear。
\"Weareclear，then，atthisdate？\"saidMarkgrafOttofromhishorse，justtakingleaveoftheMagdeburgCanonry。\"Yes，\"answeredthey。——\"Pshaw，youdon’tknowthevalueofaMarkgraf！\"saidOtto。
\"Whatisit，then？\"——\"Raingoldducatsonhiswar—horseandhim，\"
saidOtto，lookingupwithasatiricalgrin，\"tillhorseandMarkgrafareburiedinthem，andyoucannotseethepointofhisspearatop！\"——Thatwouldbeaconeofgoldcoinsequaltothearticle，thinksourMarkgraf；andridesgrinningaway。[Michaelis，i。271；Pauli，i。316；Kloss；&c。]——ThepoorArchbishop，avaliantpiousman，findingoutthatlatestrangelyunanimousvoteofhisChapterforransomingtheMarkgraf，tookitsoill，thathesoondiedofabrokenheart，saytheoldBooks。Diehedid，beforelong；——andstillOtto’sBrotherwasrefusedassuccessor。Brother，however，againsurvived；behavedalwayswisely；andOttoatlasthadhisway。\"MakesanexcellentArchbishop，afterall！\"saidtheMagdeburgers。Thosewereraretimes，Mr。Rigmarole。
ThesameOtto，besiegingsomestrongholdofhisMagdeburgorotherenemies，gotanarrowshotintotheskullofhim；into，notthrough；whichnosurgerycouldextract，notforayeartocome。
Ottowentabout，siegingmuchthesame，withtheironinhishead；
andiscalledOttoMITDEMPFOILE，OttoSAGITTARIUS，orOttowiththeArrow，inconsequence。AMarkgrafwhowritesMadrigals；
whodoessiegeswithanarrowinhishead；wholiesinawoodencage，jeeredbytheMagdeburgers，andproposessuchaconeofducats:IthoughthimthememorablestofthoseforgottenMarkgraves；andthathisjoltingLife—pilgrimagemightstandasthegeneralsample。MultiplyayearofOttoby200，youhave，oneasyconditions，someimaginationofaHistoryoftheAscanierMarkgraves。Forgettableotherwise；oritcanbereadinthegross，darkenedwithendlessdetails，andthrice—dreary，half—
intelligibletraditions，inPauli’sfatalQuartos，andelsewhere，ifanyoneneeds。——TheyearofthatMagdeburgspeechabouttheconeofducatsis1278:KingEdwardtheFirst，inthiscountry，waswalkingabout，aprosperousmanofforty，withveryLONG
SHANKS，andalsowithaheadofgoodlength。
Otto，ashadbeenthecaseintheformerLine，wasafrequentnameamongthoseMarkgraves:\"OttothePious\"（whomwesawcrusadingonceinPreussen，withKingOttocarhisBrother—in—law），\"OttotheTall，\"\"OttotheShort（PARVUS）；\"IknownothowmanyOttosbesideshim\"withtheArrow。\"HalfacenturyafterthisoneoftheARROW（underhisGrand—Nephewitwas），theAscanierMarkgravesended，theirLinealsodyingout。
NotthesuccessfulestofMarkgraves，especiallyinlatertimes。
BrandenburgwasindeedsteadilyanElectorate，itsMarkgrafaKURFURST，orElectoroftheEmpire；andalwaysratherontheincreasethanotherwise。ButtheTerritorieswereapttobemuchsplituptoyoungersons；twoormoreMarkgravesatonce，theeldestforElector，withotherarrangements；whichseldomanswer。
Theyhadalsofallenintothehabitofborrowingmoney；pawning，redeeming，agooddeal，withTeutschRittersandothers。Thentheypuddledconsiderably，——andtotheirloss，seldomchoosingthesidethatprovedwinner，——inthegeneralbroilsoftheReich，whichatthattime，aswehaveseen，wasunusuallyanarchic。NoneofthesuccessfulestofMarkgraveslatterly。Buttheywereregrettedbeyondmeasureincomparisonwiththenextsetthatcame；asweshallsee。
ChapterIX。
BURGGRAFFRIEDRICHIV。
BrandenburgandtheHohenzollernFamilyofNurnberghavehithertonomutualacquaintanceshipwhatever:theygo，eachitsowncourse，wideenoughapartintheworld；——littledreamingthattheyaretomeetbyandby，andcoalesce，wedforbetterandworse，andbecomeoneflesh。Asisthewayinallromance。\"Marriages，\"amongmen，andotherentitiesofimportance，\"are，evidently，madeinHeaven。\"
FriedrichIV。ofNurnberg，SonofthatFriedrichIII。，KaiserRudolf’ssuccessfulfriend，wasagainanotableincreaserofhisHouse；whichfinally，underhisGreat—grandson，namedFriedrichVI。，attainedtheElectoralheight。Ofwhichtherewasalreadysomehint。Well；underthefirstofthesetwoFriedrichs，someslightapproximation，andunderhisSon，atransientexpressintroduction（sotospeak）ofBrandenburgtoHohenzollerntookplace，withoutimmediateresultofconsequence；butunderthesecondofthemoccurredthewedding，aswemaycallit，orunion\"forbetterorworse，tilldeathdouspart。\"——Howitcameabout？
Easytoask，How！ThereaderwillhavetocastsomeglancesintotheconfusedREICHS—Historyofthetime；——timidglances，fortheelementisofdangerous，extensivesort，mostlyjungleandshakingbog；——andwemusttravelthroughthiscornerofit，asonshoesofswiftness，treadinglightly。
CONTESTEDELECTIONSINTHEREICH:KAISERALBERTI。；
AFTERWHOMSIXNON—HAPSBURGKAISERS。
TheLineofRudolfofHapsburgdidnotatoncesucceedcontinuouslytotheEmpire，asthewonthadbeeninsuchcases，wherethesonswerewillingandofgoodlikelihood。Aftersuchaspellofanarchy，partiesstillranhigherthanusualintheHolyRomanEmpire；andwide—yawningsplitswouldnotyetcoalescetotheoldpitch。ItappearstootheposterityofRudolf，stiff，inarticulate，proudmen，andofaturnforengrossingandamassing，werenotalwayslovelytothepublic。Albert，Rudolf’seldestson，forinstance，KaiserAlbertI。，——whodidsucceed，thoughnotatonce，ortillafterkillingRudolf’simmediatesuccessor，[AdolfofNassau；slainbyAlbert’sownhand；\"Battle\"
ofHasenbuhel\"nearWorms，2dJuly，1298\"（Kohler，p。265）。]——
Albertwasbynomeansaprepossessingman，thoughatoughandhungryone。Itmustbeowned，hehadaharshuglycharacter；
andfacetomatch:big—nosed，loose—lipped，blindofaneye:
notKaiser—likeatalltoanElectoralBody。\"Esthomomonoculus，etvulturustico；nonpotestesseImperator（Aone—eyedfellow，andlookslikeaclown；hecannotbeEmperor）！\"saidPopeBonifaceVIII。，whenconsultedabouthim。
[Kohler，pp。267—273；andMuntzbelustigungen，xix。
156—160。]
Enough，fromthedeathofRudolf，A。D。1291，thereintervenedahundredaudfiftyyears，andeightsuccessiveKaiserssinglyorinline，onlyoneofwhom（thissameAlbertoftheunlovelycountenance）wasaHapsburger，——beforetheFamily，oftentryingitallalong，couldgetathirdtimeintotheImperialsaddle。
Where，afterthat，itdidsitsteady。Onceinforthethirdtime，theHapsburgersgotthemselves\"elected\"（astheystillcalledit）
timeaftertime；alwayselected，——withbutonepoorexception，whichwillmuchconcernmyreadersbyandby，——totheveryendofthematter。AndsawtheHolyRomanEmpireitselfexpire，andasitwerebothsaddleandhorsevanishoutofNature，beforetheywoulddismount。Naytheystillridethereontheshadowofasaddle，sotospeak；andare\"KaisersofAUSTRIA\"atthishour。Steadyenoughofseatatlast，aftermanyvaintrials！
Forduringthosehundredandfiftyyears，——amongthosesixintercalaryKaisers，too，whofollowedAlbert，——theywerealwaystrying；alwaysthinkingtheyhadakindofquasirighttoit；
wherebytheEmpireoftenfellintotroubleatElection—time。
Fortheywereproudstoutmen，ourHapsburgers，thoughoftaciturnunconciliatoryways；andRudolfhadsofittedthemoutwithfruitfulAustrianDukedoms，whichtheymuchincreasedbymarriagesandotherwise，——Styria，Carinthia，theTyrol，bydegrees，nottospeakoftheirnativeHAPSBURGmuchenlarged，andclaimsonSwitzerlandallroundit，——theyhadexcellentmeansofbattlingfortheirpretensionsanddisputableelections。Noneofthemsucceeded，however，forahundredandfiftyyears，exceptthatsameone—eyed，loose—lippedunbeautifulAlbertI。；aKaiserdreadfullyfondofearthlygoods，too。Whoindeedgraspedallroundhim，atpropertyhalfhis，orwhollynothis:Rhine—tolls，CrownofBohemia，LandgraviateofThuringen，SwissForestCantons，CrownofHungary，CrownofFranceeven:——gettingendlessquarrelsonhishands，andmuchdefeatmixedwithanyvictorytherewas。
Poorsoul，hehadsix—and—twentychildrenbyonewife；andfeltthattherewasneedofapanages！Heisunderstood（guessed，notproved）tohaveinstigatedtwoassassinationsinpursuitoftheseobjects；andheveryclearlyunderwentONEinhisownperson。
AssassinationfirstwasofDietzmantheThuringianLandgraf，anAnti—Albertchampion，whorefusedtoberobbedbyAlbert，——forwhomthegreatDanteis（withalmostpalpableabsurdity）fabledtohavewrittenanEpitaphstilllegibleintheChurchatLeipzig。
[MenckeniiScriptores，i。？？
FredericusAdmorsus（byTentsel）。]AssassinationsecondwasofWenzel，thepooryoungBohemianKing，Ottocar’sGrandsonandlastheir。Sureenough，thisimportantyounggentleman\"wasmurderedbysomeoneatOlmutznextyear\"（1306，apromisingeventforAlbertthen），\"butnoneyetknowswhoitwas。\"
[Kohler，p。270。]
NeitherofwhichsuspicioustransactionscametoanyresultforAlbert；asindeedmostofhisunjustgraspingsprovedfailures。
HeatonetimehadthoughtsoftheCrownofFrance；\"Yours_I_
solemnlydeclare！\"saidthePope。Butthatcametonothing；——onlytoFrance’sshiftingofthePopestoAvignon，moreunderthethumbofFrance。WhathisultimatesuccesswithTellandtheForestCantonswas，weallknow！Amostclutching，strong—fisted，dreadfullyhungry，toughandunbeautifulman。WhomhisownNephew，atlast，hadtoassassinate，attheFordoftheReus（nearWindischVillage，meetingoftheReusandAar；1stMay，1308）:
\"ScandalousJewpawnbrokerofanUncle，wiltthouflatlykeepfrommemyFather’sheritage，then，intrustedtotheeinhishourofdeath？RegardlessofGodandman，andofthelastlookofadyingBrother？Uncleworsethanpawnbroker；foritisaheritagewithNO
pawnonit，withmuchthereverse！\"thoughttheNephew，——andstabbedsaidUncledowndead；havinggoneacrosswithhimintheboat；attendantslookingonindistractionfromtheothersideoftheriver。WascalledJohannesPARRICIDAinconsequence；fledoutofhumansightthatday，heandhishenchmen，nevertoturnupagaintillDoomsday。Forthepursuitwastranscendent，regardlessofexpense；thecryforlegalvengeanceverygreat（onthepartofAlbert’sdaughterschiefly），thoughinvain，ornearlyso，inthisworld。[Kohler，p。272。Hormayr，OEsterreichischerPlutarch，oderLebenundBildnisse，&c。（12
Bandchen；Wien，1807，——asuperiorBook），i。65。]
OFKAISERHENRYVII。ANDTHELUXEMBURGKAISERS。
OftheothersixKaisersnotHapsburgersweareboundtomentionone，anddwellalittleonhisfortunesandthoseofthefamilyhefounded；bothBrandenburgandourHohenzollernscomingtobemuchconnectedtherewith，astimewenton。ThisisAlbert’snextsuccessor，HenryCountofLuxemburg；calledamongKaisersHenryVII。Heisfounder，healoneamongtheseNon—Hapsburgers，ofasmallintercalaryLINEofKaisers，\"theLuxemburgLine；\"whoamountindeedonlytoFour，himselfincluded；andarenototherwiseofmuchmemorability，ifweexcepthimself；thoughstragglingaboutlikewell—rootedbriers，inthatfavorableground，theyhaveaccidentallyhookedthemselvesuponWorld—
Historyinoneortwopoints。Byaccidentasomewhatnoteworthyline，thoseLuxemburgKaisers:——acelebratedplace，too，ornameofaplace，that\"LUXEMBOURG\"oftheirs，withitsFrenchMarshals，grandParisianEdifices，lendingitnewlustre:what，thinksthereader，isthemeaningofLuzzenburg，Luxemburg，Luxembourg？
MerelyLUTZELburg，wrongpronounced；andthatagainisnothingbutLITTLEborough:suchistheluckofnames！——
HeinrichGrafvonLuxemburgwas，aftersomepauseontheparricideofAlbert，chosenKaiser，\"onaccountofhisrenownedvalor，\"saytheoldBooks，——andalso，addtheshrewderofthem，becausehisBrother，ArchbishopofTrier，wasoneoftheElectors，andthePopedidnotlikeeithertheAustrianortheFrenchcandidatetheninthefield。Chosen，atallevents，hewas，27thNovember，1308；
[Kohler，p。274。]clearly，andbymuch，thebestKaiserthatcouldbehad。Apuissantsoul，whomighthavedonegreatthings，hadhelived。Hesettledfeuds；cutoffoppressionsfromtheREICHSTADTE
（FreeTowns）；hadawillofjustsort，andfoundormadeawayforit。Bohemialapsedtohim，theoldraceofKingshavingperishedout，——thelastofthemfartoosuddenly\"atOlmutz，\"aswesawlately！Someoppositiontherewas，butmuchmorefavorespeciallybytheBohemianPeople；andthepoint，aftersomesmall\"SiegeofPrag\"andthelike，wasdefinitelycarriedbytheKaiser。ThenowBurggrafofNurnberg，FriedrichIV。，sonofRudolf’sfriend，waspresentatthisSiegeofPrag；[1310（Rentsch，p。311）。]aBurggrafmuchattachedtoKaiserHenry，asallgoodGermanswere。
ButtheKaiserdidnotlive。
HewenttoItaly，ourBurggrafofNurnbergandmanymorealongwithhim，topullthecrookedGuelf—GhibellineFactsandAvignonPopealittlestraight，ifpossible；andwasvigorouslydoingit，whenhediedonasudden；\"poisonedinsacramentalwine，\"saytheGermans！Oneofthecrowningsummitsofhumanscoundrelism，whichpainfullystickinthemind。ItiscertainhearrivedwellatBuonconventonearSienna，onthe24thSeptember，1313，infullmarchtowardstherebelliousKingofNaples，whomthePopemuchcountenanced。AtBuonconvento，KaiserHenrywishedtoenjoythecommunion；andaDominicanmonk，whosedarkrat—eyedlookmenafterwardsbethoughtthemof，administeredittohiminbothspecies（CouncilofTrentnotyetquiteprohibitingtheliquidspecies，leastofalltoKaisers，whoarebytheoryakindof\"DeaconstothePope，\"orsomethingelse[Voltaire，EssaisurlesMoeurs，c。67，？？HenriVII。（
UEuvres，xxi。184）。]）；——administereditinbothspecies:thatiscertain，andalsothatonthemorrowHenrywasdead。TheDominicansendeavoredafterwardstodeny；which，forthecreditofhumannature，onewishestheyhaddonewitheffect。
[Kohler，p。281（PtolemyofLucca，himselfaDominican，isoneoftheACCUSINGspirits:Muratori，l。xi。？？PtolomaeusLucensis，A。D。1313）。]Buttherewasneveranytrialhad；thedenialwasconsideredlame；andGermanHistorycontinuestoshudder，inthatpassage，andassert。Poisonedinthewineofhissacrament:theFlorentines，itissaid，wereatthebottomofit，andhadhiredtherat—eyedDominican；——\"OItalia，OFirenze！\"ThatisnotthewaytoachieveItalianLiberty，orObediencetoGod；thatisthewaytoconfirm，asbyfrightfulstygianoath，ItalianSlavery，orcontinualObedience，undervaryingforms，totheOtherParty！ThevoiceofDante，thenaliveamongmen，proclaims，sadandlovingasamother’svoice，andimplacableasavoiceofDoom，thatyouarewandering，andhavewandered，inaterriblemanner！——
Peter，thethenArchbishopofMainz，saystherehadnotforhundredsofyearssuchadeathbefallentheGermanEmpire；
towhichKohler，oneofthewisestmoderns，giveshisassent:
\"Itcouldnotenoughbelamented，\"sayshe，\"thatsovigilantaKaiser，intheflowerofhisyears，shouldhavebeentornfromtheworldinsodevilishamanner:who，ifhehadlivedlonger，mighthavedoneTeutschlandunspeakablebenefit。\"[Kohler，pp。282—285。]
HENRY’SSONJOHANNISKINGOFBOHEMIA；ANDLUDWIGTHEBAVARIAN，WITHACONTESTEDELECTION，ISKAISER。
HenryVII。havingthusperishedsuddenly，hisSonJohann，scarcelyyetcomeofage，couldnotfollowhimasKaiser，accordingtotheFather’sthought；thoughinduetimeheprosecutedhisadvancementotherwisetogoodpurpose，andprovedaverystirringmanintheworld。ByhisFather’sappointment，towhomasKaiserthechancehadfallen，hewasalreadyKingofBohemia，stronginhisrightandinthefavorofthenatives；thoughatitularCompetitor，HenryoftheTyrol，beatenoffbythelateKaiser，wasstillextant:whom，however，andallotherperilsJohanncontrivedtoweather；growinguptobeafar—sightedstout—heartedman，andpotentBohemianKing，widelyrenownedinhisday。HehadaSon，andthentwoGrandsons，whoweresuccessivelyKaisers，afterasort；makingupthe\"LuxemburgFour\"wespokeof。HedidCrusades，oneormore，fortheTeutschRitters，inashiningmanner；——
unhappilywithlossofaneye；nayultimately，bytheaidofquackoculists，withlossofbotheyes。Anambitiousman，nottobequelledbyblindness；manwithmuchnegotiationinhim；withaheavystrokeoffighttoo，andtompernothingloathatit；
ofwhichweshallseesomeglimpsebyandby。
Thepitywas，fortheReichifnotforhim，hecouldnothimselfbecomeKaiser。PerhapswehadnotthenseenHenryVII。’sfineenterprises，likeafleetofhalf—builtships，gomostlytoplanksagain，onthewastesea，hadhisSonfollowedhim。Buttherewas，onthecontrary，acontestedelection；Austriainagain，asusual，andagainunsuccessful。ThelateKaiser’sAustriancompetitor，\"FriedrichtheFair，DukeofAustria，\"theparricidedAlbert’sSon，wasagainoneoftheparties。Againstwhom，withrealbutnotquiteindisputablemajority，stoodLudwigDukeofBavaria:\"LudwigIV。，\"\"LudwigDERBAIER（theBavarian）\"astheycallhimamongKaisers。Contestattendedwiththeusualelectionexpenses；
war—wrestle，namely，betweenthepartiestillonethrewtheother。
Therewasmuchconfusedwrestlingandthrottlingforsevenyearsormore（1315—1322）。OurNurnbergBurggraf，FriedrichIV。，heldwithLudwig，asdidtherealmajority，thoughinalanguidmanner，andwasbusyheasfewwere；theAustrianHapsburgsalsodoingtheirbest，nowunder，nowabove。JohannKingofBohemiawasonLudwig’ssideasyet。Ludwig’sownBrother，Kur—Pfalz（ancestorofalltheElectors，andtheirnumerousBranches，sinceknownthere），anelderBrother，was，\"outofspiteasmenthought，decidedlyagainstLudwig。
IntheeighthyearcameaFightthatproveddecisive。FightatMuhldorfontheInn，23thSeptember，1322，——fardowninthoseDanubeCountries，beyondwhereMarlborougheverwas，wheretherehasbeenmuchfightingfirstandlast；BurggrafFriedrichwasconspicuouslythere。AverygreatBattle，saytheoldBooks，——saysHormayr，inanewreadableBook，[Hormayr，
OEsterreichischerPlutarch，ii。31—37。]givingminuteaccountofit。Ludwigratherheldaloofrearward；committedhisbusinesstotheHohenzollernBurggrafandtooneSchweppermann，aidedbyanoblelordcalledRindsmaul（\"COWMOUTH，\"noless），andbyothersexperiencedinsuchwork。FriedrichtheHapsburgerDER
SCHONE，DukeofAustria，andself—styledKaiser，agallanthandsomeman，breathedmeremartialfury，theysay:heknewthathisBrotherLeopoldwasonmarchwithareinforcementtohimfromtheStrasburgquarter，andmightarriveanymoment；buthecouldnotwait，——perhapsafraidLudwigmightrun；——herashlydeterminedtobeatLudwigwithoutreinforcement。OurruggedfervidHormayr（thoughimitatingTacitusandJohannesvonMullerovermuch）willinstructfullyanymodernthatiscuriousaboutthisbigBattle:
whatfuriouscharging，worrying；howit\"lastedtenhours；\"howtheblazingHandsomeFriedrichstormedabout，and\"slewabovefiftywithhisownhand。\"Tousthisistheinterestingpoint:
AtoneturnoftheBattle，tenthhourofitnowending，andthetugofwarstilldesperate，therearoseacryofjoyoveralltheAustrianranks，\"Helpcoming！Help！\"——andFriedrichnoticedabodyofHorse，\"inAustriancognizance\"（suchthecunningofacertainman），cominginuponhisrear。AustriansandFriedrichneverdoubtedbutitwasBrotherLeopoldjustgettingontheground；andrushedforwarddoublyfierce。Doublyfierce；andweredoublyastonishedwhenitplungedinuponthem，sharp—edged，asBurggrafFriedrichofNurnberg，——andquiteruinedAustrianFriedrich。AustrianFriedrichfoughtpersonallylikealionatbay；butitavailednothing。Rindsmaul（notlovelyoflip，COWMOUTH，so—called）disarmedhim:\"IwillnotsurrenderexcepttoaPrince！\"——soBurggrafFriedrichwasgottotakesurrenderofhim；andtheFight，andwholeControversywithit，wascompletelywon。[JedemManneinEy（Oneeggtoeveryman），DemfrommenSchweppermannzwey（TwototheexcellentSchweppermann}:
Traditionstillrepeatsthisoldrhyme，astheKaiser’sAddresstohisArmy，orhisHeadCaptains，atsupper，aftersuchaday’swork，——inacountryalreadytothebone。]
PoorLeopold，theAustrianBrother，didnotarrivetillthemorrow；andsawasadsight，beforeflyingoffagain。FriedrichtheFairsatprisonerintheoldCastleofTraussnitz（OBERPFALZ，UpperPalatinate，orNurnbergcountry）forthreeyears；whittlingsticks:——Tourists，ifcurious，canstillprocurespecimensofthemattheplace，foraconsideration。TheresatFriedrich，BrotherLeopoldmovingHeavenandEarth，——andinfacttheysaid，theveryDevilbyartmagic，[Kohler，p。288。]——tonopurpose，todeliverhim。AndhispoorSpanishWifecriedhereyes，tooliterally，out，——sightgoneinsadfact。
LudwigtheBavarianreignedthenceforth，——thoughneveroneasyterms。HowgratefultoFriedrichofNurnbergweneednotsay。
Foronething，hegavehimalltheAustrianPrisoners；
whomFriedrich，judiciouslygenerous，dismissedwithoutransomexceptthattheyshouldbefeudallysubjecttohimhenceforth。
ThisisthethirdHohenzollernwhomwemarkasaconspicuousacquirerintheHohenzollernfamily，thisFriedrichIV。，builderofthesecondstoryoftheHouse。IfConrad，originalBurggraf，foundedtheHouse，then（figurativelyspeaking）theableFriedrichIII。，whowasRudolfofHapsburg’sfriend，builtitonestoryhigh；andhereisanewFriedrich，hisSon，whohasaddedasecondstory。Itisastonishing，saysDryasdust，howmanyfeudalsuperioritiestheAnspachandBaireuthpeoplestillhaveinAustria；——theymaintaintheirownLEHNPROBST，orOfficialManagerforfief—casualties，inthatcountry:——allwhichproceedfromthisBattleofMuhldorf。[Rentsch，p。313；Pauli；&c。]Battlefoughtonthe28thofSeptember，1322:——eightyearsafterBABBOCKBURN；whileourpoorEdwardII。andEnglandwithhimwereinsuchawelterwiththeirSpencersandtheirGavestons:eightyearsafterBannockburn，andfour—and—twentybeforeCrecy。ThatwilldateitforEnglishreaders。
KaiserLudwigreignedsometwenty—fiveyearsmore，inabusyandevenstrenuous，butnotasuccessfulway。Hehadgoodwindfalls，too；forexample，Brandenburg，asweshallsee。Hemadefriends；
reconciledhimselftohisBrotherKur—PfalzandjuniorCousinrythere，settlinghandsomely，andwithfinality，thedebatablepointsbetweenthem。Enemies，too，hemade；especiallyJohanntheLuxemburger，KingofBohemia，onwhatgroundwillbeseenshortly，whobecameatlastinveteratetoahighdegree。Buttherewasonesupremelysoreelementinhislot:aPopeatAvignontowhomhecouldbynomethodmakehimselfagreeable。Popewhoputhimunderban，notlongafterthatMuhldorfvictory；andkepthimso；
inexorable，letpoorLudwigturnashemight。Ludwig’sGermanPrincesstoodtruetohim；declared，insolemnDiet，thePope’sbantobemerespentshot，ofnoavailinImperialPolitics。
Ludwigwent，vigorouslytoItaly；triedsettingupaPopeofhisown；butthatdidnotanswer；norofcoursetendtomollifytheHolinessatAvignon。
Infine，Ludwighadtocarrythiscrossonhisback，inasorrowfulmanner，allhisdays。ThePopeatlast，findingJohannofBohemiainadulyirritatedstate，persuadedhimintosettingupanAnti—Kaiser，——Johann’ssecondSonasAnti—Kaiser，——who，thoughoflittleaccount，andcalledPFAFFEN—KAISER（Parsons’
Kaiser）bythepublic，mighthavebroughtnewtroubles，hadthatlasted。Weshallseesomeultimateglimpsesofitfartheron。
ChapterX。
BRANDENBURGLAPSESTOTHEKAISER。
TwoyearsbeforethevictoryatMuhldorf，abadchancebefellinBrandenburg:theASCANIERLineofMarkgravesorElectorsended。
MagniloquentOttowiththeArrow，OttotheShort，HermanntheTall，alltheOttos，Hermannsandothers，diedbycourseofnature；nephewWaldemarhimself，astirringman，diedprematurely（A。D。1319），andleftonlyayoungcousinforsuccessor，whodiedfewmonthsafter:[September，1320（Pauli，i。391）。Michaelis，i。
260—277。]theLineofAlberttheBearwentoutinBrandenburg。
Theyhadlastedthereabouttwohundredyears。Theyhadnotbeen，inlatetimes，thesuccessfulestMarkgraves:territoriesmuchsplitupamongyoungersons，jointMarkgravesreigning，whichseldomanswers；yettothelasttheyalwaysmadestoutfightforthemselves；walkedthestageinahighmanner；andsurelymightbesaidtoquititcreditably，leavingsuchaBrandenburgbehindthem，chieflyoftheirmaking，duringtheTwoCenturiesthathadbeengiventhembeforethenightcame。