Theguinea—fowlintheWestIndies，whenferal，seemstovarymorethaninthedomesticatedstate。
Withrespecttoplantsrunwild，Dr。Hooker（13/14。’FloraofAustralia’1859
Introductionpage9。）hasstronglyinsistedonwhatslightevidencethecommonbeliefintheirreversiontoaprimitivestaterests。Godron（13/15。’Del’Espece’tome2pages54，58，60。）describeswildturnips，carrots，andcelery;buttheseplantsintheircultivatedstatehardlydifferfromtheirwildprototypes，exceptinthesucculencyandenlargementofcertainparts，——
characterswhichwouldcertainlybelostbyplantsgrowinginpoorsoilandstrugglingwithotherplants。Nocultivatedplanthasrunwildonsoenormousascaleasthecardoon（Cynaracardunculus）inLaPlata。Everybotanistwhohasseenitgrowingthere，invastbeds，ashighasahorse’sback，hasbeenstruckwithitspeculiarappearance;butwhetheritdiffersinanyimportantpointfromthecultivatedSpanishform，whichissaidnottobepricklylikeitsAmericandescendant，orwhetheritdiffersfromthewildMediterraneanspecies，whichissaidnottobesocial（thoughthismaybeduemerelytothenatureoftheconditions），Idonotknow。]
REVERSIONTOCHARACTERSDERIVEDFROMACROSS，INTHECASEOFSUB—VARIETIES，RACES，ANDSPECIES。
Whenanindividualhavingsomerecognisablepeculiarityuniteswithanotherofthesamesub—variety，nothavingthepeculiarityinquestion，itoftenreappearsinthedescendantsafteranintervalofseveralgenerations。Everyonemusthavenoticed，orheardfromoldpeopleofchildrencloselyresemblinginappearanceormentaldisposition，orinsosmallandcomplexacharacterasexpression，oneoftheirgrandparents，orsomemoredistantcollateralrelation。Verymanyanomaliesofstructureanddiseases（13/16。Mr。Sedgwickgivesmanyinstancesinthe’BritishandForeignMed。—Chirurg。Review’AprilandJuly1863pages448，188。）ofwhichinstanceshavebeengiveninthelastchapter，havecomeintoafamilyfromoneparent，andhavereappearedintheprogenyafterpassingovertwoorthreegenerations。Thefollowingcasehasbeencommunicatedtomeongoodauthority，andmay，Ibelieve，befullytrusted:apointer—bitchproducedsevenpuppies;fourweremarkedwithblueandwhite，whichissounusualacolourwithpointersthatshewasthoughttohaveplayedfalsewithoneofthegreyhounds，andthewholelitterwascondemned;butthegamekeeperwaspermittedtosaveoneasacuriosity。Twoyearsafterwardsafriendoftheownersawtheyoungdog，anddeclaredthathewastheimageofhisoldpointer—bitchSappho，theonlyblueandwhitepointerofpuredescentwhichhehadeverseen。Thisledtocloseinquiry，anditwasprovedthathewasthegreat—great—grandsonofSappho;sothat，accordingtothecommonexpression，hehadonly1/16thofherbloodinhisveins。Imaygiveoneotherinstance，ontheauthorityofMr。R。Walker，alargecattle—
breederinKincardineshire。Heboughtablackbull，thesonofablackcowwithwhitelegs，whitebellyandpartofthetailwhite;andin1870acalfthegr。—gr。—gr。—gr。—grandchildofthiscowwasborncolouredinthesameverypeculiarmanner;alltheintermediateoffspringhavingbeenblack。Inthesecasestherecanhardlybeadoubtthatacharacterderivedfromacrosswithanindividualofthesamevarietyreappearedafterpassingoverthreegenerationsintheonecase，andfiveintheother。
Whentwodistinctracesarecrossed，itisnotoriousthatthetendencyintheoffspringtoreverttooneorbothparent—formsisstrong，andenduresformanygenerations。Ihavemyselfseentheclearestevidenceofthisincrossedpigeonsandwithvariousplants。Mr。Sidney（13/17。Inhiseditionof’YouattonthePig’1860page27。）statesthat，inalitterofEssexpigs，twoyoungonesappearedwhichweretheimageoftheBerkshireboarthathadbeenusedtwenty—eightyearsbeforeingivingsizeandconstitutiontothebreed。I
observedinthefarmyardatBetleyHallsomefowlsshowingastronglikenesstotheMalaybreed，andwastoldbyMr。TolletthathehadfortyyearsbeforecrossedhisbirdswithMalays;andthat，thoughhehadatfirstattemptedtogetridofthisstrain，hehadsubsequentlygivenuptheattemptindespair，astheMalaycharacterwouldreappear。
Thisstrongtendencyincrossedbreedstoreverthasgivenrisetoendlessdiscussionsinhowmanygenerationsafterasinglecross，eitherwithadistinctbreedormerelywithaninferioranimal，thebreedmaybeconsideredaspure，andfreefromalldangerofreversion。Noonesupposesthatlessthanthreegenerationssuffices，andmostbreedersthinkthatsix，seven，oreightarenecessary，andsomegotostillgreaterlengths。（13/18。Dr。P。Lucas，’Hered。Nat。’tome2pages314，892:seeagoodpracticalarticleonthesubjectin’Gardener’sChronicle’1856page620。Icouldaddavastnumberofreferences，buttheywouldbesuperfluous。）Butneitherinthecaseofabreedwhichhasbeencontaminatedbyasinglecross，norwhen，intheattempttoformanintermediatebreed，half—bredanimalshavebeenmatchedtogetherduringmanygenerations，cananyrulebelaiddownhowsoonthetendencytoreversionwillbeobliterated。Itdependsonthedifferenceinthestrengthorprepotencyoftransmissioninthetwoparent—forms，ontheiractualamountofdifference，andonthenatureoftheconditionsoflifetowhichthecrossedoffspringareexposed。Butwemustbecarefulnottoconfoundthesecasesofreversiontocharacterswhichweregainedbyacross，withthoseunderthefirstclass，inwhichcharactersoriginallycommontoBOTHparents，butlostatsomeformerperiod，reappear;forsuchcharactersmayrecurafteranalmostindefinitenumberofgenerations。
Thelawofreversionisaspowerfulwithhybrids，whentheyaresufficientlyfertiletobreedtogether，orwhentheyarerepeatedlycrossedwitheitherpureparent—form，asinthecaseofmongrels。Itisnotnecessarytogiveinstances。Withplantsalmosteveryonewhohasworkedonthissubject，fromthetimeofKolreutertothepresentday，hasinsistedonthistendency。
Gartnerhasrecordedsomegoodinstances;butnoonehasgivenmorestrikingonesthanNaudin。（13/19。Kolreutergivescuriouscasesinhis’DritteFortsetzung’1766ss。53，59;andinhiswell—known’MemoirsonLavateraandJalapa。’Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’ss。437，441，etc。Naudininhis\"Recherchessurl’Hybridite\"’NouvellesArchivesduMuseum’tome1page25。）
Thetendencydiffersindegreeorstrengthindifferentgroups，andpartlydepends，asweshallpresentlysee，onwhethertheparent—plantshavebeenlongcultivated。Althoughthetendencytoreversionisextremelygeneralwithnearlyallmongrelsandhybrids，itcannotbeconsideredasinvariablycharacteristicofthem;itmayalsobemasteredbylong—continuedselection;
butthesesubjectswillmoreproperlybediscussedinafuturechapteronCrossing。Fromwhatweseeofthepowerandscopeofreversion，bothinpureraces，andwhenvarietiesorspeciesarecrossed，wemayinferthatcharactersofalmosteverykindarecapableofreappearingafterhavingbeenlostforagreatlengthoftime。Butitdoesnotfollowfromthisthatineachparticularcasecertaincharacterswillreappear;forinstance，thiswillnotoccurwhenaraceiscrossedwithanotherendowedwithprepotencyoftransmission。
Sometimesthepowerofreversionwhollyfails，withoutourbeingabletoassignanycauseforthefailure:thusithasbeenstatedthatinaFrenchfamilyinwhich85outofabove600members，duringsixgenerations，hadbeensubjecttonight—blindness，\"therehasnotbeenasingleexampleofthisaffectioninthechildrenofparentswhowerethemselvesfreefromit。\"
（13/20。QuotedbyMr。Sedgwickin’Med。—Chirurg。Review’April1861page485。
Dr。H。Dobellin’Med。—Chirurg。Transactions’volume46givesananalogouscaseinwhich，inalargefamily，fingerswiththickenedjointsweretransmittedtoseveralmembersduringfivegenerations;butwhentheblemishoncedisappeareditneverreappeared。）
REVERSIONTHROUGHBUD—PROPAGATION——PARTIALREVERSION，BYSEGMENTSINTHESAME
FLOWERORFRUIT，ORINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEBODYINTHESAMEINDIVIDUAL
ANIMAL。
Intheeleventhchaptermanycasesofreversionbybuds，independentlyofseminalgeneration，weregiven——aswhenaleaf—budonavariegated，acurled，orlaciniatedvarietysuddenlyreassumesitspropercharacter;oraswhenaProvence—roseappearsonamoss—rose，orapeachonanectarine—tree。Insomeofthesecasesonlyhalftheflowerorfruit，orasmallersegment，ormerestripes，reassumetheirformercharacter;andherewehavereversionbysegments。Vilmorin（13/21。Verlot’DesVarietes’1865page63。）hasalsorecordedseveralcaseswithplantsderivedfromseed，offlowersrevertingbystripesorblotchestotheirprimitivecolours:hestatesthatinallsuchcasesawhiteorpale—colouredvarietymustfirstbeformed，and，whenthisispropagatedforalengthoftimebyseed，stripedseedlingsoccasionallymaketheirappearance;andthesecanafterwardsbycarebemultipliedbyseed。
Thestripesandsegmentsjustreferredtoarenotdue，asfarasisknown，toreversiontocharactersderivedfromacross，buttocharacterslostbyvariation。Thesecases，however，asNaudin（13/22。’NouvellesArchivesduMuseum’tome1page25。Alex。Braun（inhis’Rejuvenescence’RaySoc。1853
page315）apparentlyholdsasimilaropinion。）insistsinhisdiscussionondisjunctionofcharacter，arecloselyanalogouswiththosegivenintheeleventhchapter，inwhichcrossedplantshavebeenknowntoproducehalf—and—
halforstripedflowersandfruit，ordistinctkindsofflowersonthesamerootresemblingthetwoparent—forms。Manypiebaldanimalsprobablycomeunderthissamehead。Suchcases，asweshallseeinthechapteronCrossing，apparentlyresultfromcertaincharactersnotreadilyblendingtogether，and，asaconsequenceofthisincapacityforfusion，theoffspringeitherperfectlyresembleoneoftheirtwoparents，orresembleoneparentinonepart，andtheotherparentinanotherpart;orwhilstyoungareintermediateincharacter，butwithadvancingagerevertwhollyorbysegmentstoeitherparent—form，ortoboth。Thus，youngtreesoftheCytisusadamiareintermediateinfoliageandflowersbetweenthetwoparent—forms;butwhenolderthebudscontinuallyreverteitherpartiallyorwhollytobothforms。ThecasesgivenintheeleventhchapteronthechangeswhichoccurredduringgrowthincrossedplantsofTropaeolum，Cereus，Datura，andLathyrusareallanalogous。As，however，theseplantsarehybridsofthefirstgeneration，andastheirbudsafteratimecometoresembletheirparentsandnottheirgrandparents，thesecasesdonotatfirstappeartocomeunderthelawofreversionintheordinarysenseoftheword;nevertheless，asthechangeiseffectedthroughasuccessionofbud—generationsonthesameplant，theymaybethusincluded。
Analogousfactshavebeenobservedintheanimalkingdom，andaremoreremarkable，astheyoccurinthesameindividualinthestrictestsense，andnotaswithplantsthroughasuccessionofbud—generations。Withanimalstheactofreversion，ifitcanbesodesignated，doesnotpassoveratruegeneration，butmerelyovertheearlystagesofgrowthinthesameindividual。
Forinstance，Icrossedseveralwhitehenswithablackcock，andmanyofthechickenswere，duringthefirstyear，perfectlywhite，butacquiredduringthesecondyearblackfeathers;ontheotherhand，someofthechickenswhichwereatfirstblack，becameduringthesecondyearpiebaldwithwhite。Agreatbreeder（13/23。Mr。Teebayin’ThePoultryBook’byMr。Tegetmeier1866page72。）says，thataPencilledBrahmahenwhichhasanyofthebloodoftheLightBrahmainher，will\"occasionallyproduceapulletwellpencilledduringthefirstyear，butshewillmostlikelymoultbrownontheshouldersandbecomequiteunlikeheroriginalcoloursinthesecondyear。\"ThesamethingoccurswithlightBrahmasifofimpureblood。Ihaveobservedexactlysimilarcaseswiththecrossedoffspringfromdifferentlycolouredpigeons。Buthereisamoreremarkablefact:Icrossedaturbit，whichhasafrillformedbythefeathersbeingreversedonitsbreast，withatrumpeter;andoneoftheyoungpigeonsthusraisedatfirstshowednotatraceofthefrill，but，aftermoultingthrice，asmallyetunmistakablydistinctfrillappearedonitsbreast。AccordingtoGirou（13/24。QuotedbyHofacker’UeberdieEigenschaften’etc。s。98。）calvesproducedfromaredcowbyablackbull，orfromablackcowbyaredbull，arenotrarelybornred，andsubsequentlybecomeblack。Ipossessadog，thedaughterofawhiteterrierbyafox—
colouredbulldog;asapuppyshewasquitewhite，butwhenaboutsixmonthsoldablackspotappearedonhernose，andbrownspotsonherears。Whenalittleoldershewasbadlywoundedontheback，andthehairwhichgrewonthecicatrixwasofabrowncolour，apparentlyderivedfromherfather。Thisisthemoreremarkable，aswithmostanimalshavingcolouredhair，thatwhichgrowsonawoundedsurfaceiswhite。
Intheforegoingcases，thecharacterswhichwithadvancingagereappeared，werepresentintheimmediatelyprecedinggenerations;butcharacterssometimesreappearinthesamemannerafteramuchlongerintervaloftime。
ThusthecalvesofahornlessraceofcattlewhichoriginatedinCorrientes，thoughatfirstquitehornless，astheybecomeadultsometimesacquiresmall，crooked，andloosehorns;andtheseinsucceedingyearsoccasionallybecomeattachedtotheskull。（13/25。Azara’EssaisHist。Nat。deParaguay’tome2
1801page372。）WhiteandblackBantams，bothofwhichgenerallybreedtrue，sometimesassumeastheygrowoldasaffronorredplumage。Forinstance，afirst—rateblackbantamhasbeendescribed，whichduringthreeseasonswasperfectlyblack，butthenannuallybecamemoreandmorered;anditdeservesnoticethatthistendencytochange，wheneveritoccursinabantam，\"isalmostcertaintoprovehereditary。\"（13/26。ThesefactsaregivenonthehighauthorityofMr。Hewittin’ThePoultryBook’byMr。Tegetmeier1866page248。）Thecuckooorblue—mottledDorkingcock，whenold，isliabletoacquireyellowororangehacklesinplaceofhisproperbluish—greyhackles。（13/27。
’ThePoultryBook’byTegetmeier1866page97。）NowasGallusbankivaiscolouredredandorange，andasDorkingfowlsandbantamsaredescendedfromthisspecies，wecanhardlydoubtthatthechangewhichoccasionallyoccursintheplumageofthesebirdsastheirageadvances，resultsfromatendencyintheindividualtoreverttotheprimitivetype。
CROSSINGASADIRECTCAUSEOFREVERSION。
Ithaslongbeennotoriousthathybridsandmongrelsoftenreverttobothortooneoftheirparent—forms，afteranintervaloffromtwotosevenoreight，or，accordingtosomeauthorities，evenagreaternumberofgenerations。Butthattheactofcrossinginitselfgivesanimpulsetowardsreversion，asshownbythereappearanceoflong—lostcharacters，hasnever，Ibelieve，beenhithertoproved。Theproofliesincertainpeculiarities，whichdonotcharacterisetheimmediateparents，andthereforecannothavebeenderivedfromthem，frequentlyappearingintheoffspringoftwobreedswhencrossed，whichpeculiaritiesneverappear，orappearwithextremerarity，inthesesamebreeds，aslongastheyareprecludedfromcrossing。Asthisconclusionseemstomehighlycuriousandnovel，Iwillgivetheevidenceindetail。
[Myattentionwasfirstcalledtothissubject，andIwasledtomakenumerousexperiments，byMM。BoitardandCorbiehavingstatedthat，whentheycrossedcertainbreedsofpigeons，birdscolouredlikethewildC。livia，orthecommondovecote——namely，slaty—blue，withdoubleblackwing—bars，sometimeschequeredwithblack，whiteloins，thetailbarredwithblack，withtheouterfeathersedgedwithwhite，——werealmostinvariablyproduced。ThebreedswhichIcrossed，andtheremarkableresultsattained，havebeenfullydescribedinthesixthchapter。Iselectedpigeonsbelongingtotrueandancientbreeds，whichhadnotatraceofblueoranyoftheabovespecifiedmarks;butwhencrossed，andtheirmongrelsrecrossed，youngbirdswereoftenproduced，moreorlessplainlycolouredslaty—blue，withsomeorallofthepropercharacteristicmarks。Imayrecalltothereader’smemoryonecase，namely，thatofapigeon，hardlydistinguishablefromthewildShetlandspecies，thegrandchildofared—spot，whitefantail，andtwoblackbarbs，fromanyofwhich，whenpurely—bred，theproductionofapigeoncolouredlikethewildC。
liviawouldhavebeenalmostaprodigy。
Iwasthusledtomaketheexperiments，recordedintheseventhchapter，onfowls。Iselectedlong—establishedpurebreeds，inwhichtherewasnotatraceofred，yetinseveralofthemongrelsfeathersofthiscolourappeared;andonemagnificentbird，theoffspringofablackSpanishcockandwhiteSilkhen，wascolouredalmostexactlylikethewildGallusbankiva。AllwhoknowanythingofthebreedingofpoultrywilladmitthattensofthousandsofpureSpanishandofpurewhiteSilkfowlsmighthavebeenrearedwithouttheappearanceofaredfeather。Thefact，givenontheauthorityofMr。
Tegetmeier，ofthefrequentappearance，inmongrelfowls，ofpencilledortransversely—barredfeathers，likethosecommontomanygallinaceousbirds，islikewiseapparentlyacaseofreversiontoacharacterformerlypossessedbysomeancientprogenitorofthefamily。Iowetothekindnessofthisexcellentobservertheopportunityofinspectingsomeneck—hacklesandtail—feathersfromahybridbetweenthecommonfowlandaverydistinctspecies，theGallusvarius;andthesefeathersaretransverselystripedinaconspicuousmannerwithdarkmetallicblueandgrey，acharacterwhichcouldnothavebeenderivedfromeitherimmediateparent。
IhavebeeninformedbyMr。B。P。Brent，thathecrossedawhiteAylesburydrakeandablackso—calledLabradorduck，bothofwhicharetruebreeds，andheobtainedayoungdrakecloselylikethemallard（A。boschas）。Ofthemusk—
duck（Cairinamoschata，Linn。）therearetwosub—breeds，namely，whiteandslate—coloured;andtheseIaminformedbreedtrue，ornearlytrue。ButtheRev。W。D。Foxtellsmethat，byputtingawhitedraketoaslate—colouredduck，blackbirds，piedwithwhite，likethewildmusk—duck，werealwaysproduced。IhearfromMr。Blyththathybridsfromthecanaryandgold—finchalmostalwayshavestreakedfeathersontheirbacks;andthisstreakingmustbederivedfromtheoriginalwildcanary。
Wehaveseeninthefourthchapter，thattheso—calledHimalayanrabbit，withitssnow—whitebody，blackears，nose，tail，andfeet，breedsperfectlytrue。
Thisraceisknowntohavebeenformedbytheunionoftwovarietiesofsilver—greyrabbits。Now，whenaHimalayandoewascrossedbyasandy—colouredbuck，asilver—greyrabbitwasproduced;andthisisevidentlyacaseofreversiontooneoftheparentvarieties。TheyoungoftheHimalayanrabbitarebornsnow—white，andthedarkmarksdonotappearuntilsometimesubsequently;butoccasionallyyoungHimalayanrabbitsarebornofalightsilver—grey，whichcoloursoondisappears;sothatherewehaveatraceofreversion，duringanearlyperiodoflife，totheparentvarieties，independentlyofanyrecentcross。
InthethirdchapteritwasshownthatatanancientperiodsomebreedsofcattleinthewilderpartsofBritainwerewhitewithdarkears，andthatthecattlenowkepthalfwildincertainparks，andthosewhichhaverunquitewildintwodistantpartsoftheworld，arelikewisethuscoloured。Now，anexperiencedbreeder，Mr。J。Beasley，ofNorthamptonshire（13/28。’Gardener’sChronicleandAgriculturalGazette’1866page528。），crossedsomecarefullyselectedWestHighlandcowswithpurely—bredshorthornbulls。Thebullswerered，redandwhite，ordarkroan;andtheHighlandcowswereallofaredcolour，incliningtoalightoryellowshade。Butaconsiderablenumberoftheoffspring——andMr。Beasleycallsattentiontothisasaremarkablefact——werewhite，orwhitewithredears。Bearinginmindthatnoneoftheparentswerewhite，andthattheywerepurely—bredanimals，itishighlyprobablethatheretheoffspringreverted，inconsequenceofthecross，tothecolourofsomeancientandhalf—wildparent—breed。Thefollowingcase，perhaps，comesunderthesamehead:cowsintheirnaturalstatehavetheiruddersbutlittledeveloped，anddonotyieldnearlysomuchmilkasourdomesticatedanimals。
Nowthereissomereasontobelieve（13/29。Ibid1860page343。IamgladtofindthatsoexperiencedabreederofcattleasMr。WilloughbyWood，’Gardener’sChronicle’1869page1216，admitsmyprincipleofacrossgivingatendencytoreversion。）thatcross—bredanimalsbetweentwokinds，bothofwhicharegoodmilkers，suchasAlderneysandShorthorns，oftenturnoutworthlessinthisrespect。
InthechapterontheHorsereasonswereassignedforbelievingthattheprimitivestockwasstripedanddun—coloured;anddetailsweregiven，showingthatinallpartsoftheworldstripesofadarkcolourfrequentlyappearalongthespine，acrossthelegs，andontheshoulders，wheretheyareoccasionallydoubleortreble，andevensometimesonthefaceandbodyofhorsesofallbreedsandofallcolours。Butthestripesappearmostfrequentlyonthevariouskindsofduns。Infoalstheyaresometimesplainlyseen，andsubsequentlydisappear。Thedun—colourandthestripesarestronglytransmittedwhenahorsethuscharacterisediscrossedwithanyother;butI
wasnotabletoprovethatstripeddunsaregenerallyproducedfromthecrossingoftwodistinctbreeds，neitherofwhichareduns，thoughthisdoessometimesoccur。
Thelegsoftheassareoftenstriped，andthismaybeconsideredasareversiontothewildparentform，theEquustaeniopusofAbyssinia（13/30。
Sclaterin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1862page163。），whichisgenerallythusstriped。Inthedomesticanimalthestripesontheshoulderareoccasionallydouble，orforkedattheextremity，asincertainzebrinespecies。Thereisreasontobelievethatthefoalismorefrequentlystripedonthelegsthantheadultanimal。Aswiththehorse，Ihavenotacquiredanydistinctevidencethatthecrossingofdifferently—colouredvarietiesoftheassbringsoutthestripes。
Butnowletusturntotheresultofcrossingthehorseandass。AlthoughmulesarenotnearlysonumerousinEnglandasasses，Ihaveseenamuchgreaternumberwithstripedlegs，andwiththestripesfarmoreconspicuousthanineitherparent—form。Suchmulesaregenerallylight—coloured，andmightbecalledfallow—duns。Theshoulder—stripeinoneinstancewasdeeplyforkedattheextremity，andinanotherinstancewasdouble，thoughunitedinthemiddle。Mr。MartingivesafigureofaSpanishmulewithstrongzebra—likemarksonitslegs（13/31。’HistoryoftheHorse’page212。），andremarksthatmulesareparticularlyliabletobethusstripedontheirlegs。InSouthAmerica，accordingtoRoulin（13/32。’Mem。presentespardiversSavansal’Acad。Royale’tome61835page338。），suchstripesaremorefrequentandconspicuousinthemulethanintheass。IntheUnitedStates，Mr。Gosse（13/33。’LettersfromAlabama’1859page280。），speakingoftheseanimals，says，\"thatinagreatnumber，perhapsinnineoutofeveryten，thelegsarebandedwithtransversedarkstripes。\"
ManyyearsagoIsawintheZoologicalGardensacurioustriplehybrid，fromabaymare，byahybridfromamaleassandfemalezebra。Thisanimalwhenoldhadhardlyanystripes;butIwasassuredbythesuperintendent，thatwhenyoungithadshoulder—stripes，andfaintstripesonitsflanksandlegs。I
mentionthiscasemoreespeciallyasaninstanceofthestripesbeingmuchplainerduringyouththaninoldage。
Asthezebrahassuchaconspicuouslystripedbodyandlegs，itmighthavebeenexpectedthatthehybridsfromthisanimalandthecommonasswouldhavehadtheirlegsinsomedegreestriped;butitappearsfromthefiguresgiveninDr。Gray’s’KnowsleyGleanings’andstillmoreplainlyfromthatgivenbyGeoffroyandF。Cuvier（13/34。’Hist。Nat。desMammiferes’1820tome1），thatthelegsaremuchmoreconspicuouslystripedthantherestofthebody;andthisfactisintelligibleonlyonthebeliefthattheassaidsingiving，throughthepowerofreversion，thischaractertoitshybridoffspring。
Thequaggaisbandedoverthewholefrontpartofitsbodylikeazebra，buthasnostripesonitslegs，ormeretracesofthem。ButinthefamoushybridbredbyLordMorton（13/35。’Philosoph。Transact。’1821page20。）fromachestnut，nearlypurely—bred，Arabianmare，byamalequagga，thestripeswere\"morestronglydefinedanddarkerthanthoseonthelegsof\"thequagga。\"ThemarewassubsequentlyputtoablackArabianhorse，andboretwocolts，bothofwhich，asformerlystated，wereplainlystripedonthelegs，andoneofthemlikewisehadstripesontheneckandbody。
TheEquusindicus（13/36。Sclaterin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1862page163:thisspeciesistheGhor—KhurofN。W。India，andhasoftenbeencalledtheHemionusofPallas。SeealsoMr。Blyth’sexcellentpaperin’JournalofAsiaticSoc。ofBengal’volume281860page229。）ischaracterisedbyaspinalstripe，withoutshoulderorlegstripes;buttracesoftheselatterstripesmayoccasionallybeseenevenintheadult（13/37。Anotherspeciesofwildass，thetrueE。
hemionusorKiang，whichordinarilyhasnoshoulder—stripes，issaidoccasionallytohavethem;andthese，aswiththehorseandass，aresometimesdouble:seeMr。Blythinthepaperjustquotedandin’IndianSportingReview’
1856page320:andCol。HamiltonSmithin’Nat。Library，Horses’page318;and’Dict。Class。d’Hist。Nat。’tome3page563。）andColonelS。Poole，whohashadampleopportunitiesforobservation，informsmethatinthefoal，whenfirstborn，theheadandlegsareoftenstriped，buttheshoulder—stripeisnotsodistinctasinthedomesticass;allthesestripes，exceptingthatalongthespine，soondisappear。Nowahybrid，raisedatKnowsley（13/38。
Figuredinthe’GleaningsfromtheKnowsleyMenageries’byDr。J。E。Gray。）
fromafemaleofthisspeciesbyamaledomesticass，hadallfourlegstransverselyandconspicuouslystriped，hadthreeshortstripesoneachshoulderandhadevensomezebra—likestripesonitsface！Dr。Grayinformsmethathehasseenasecondhybridofthesameparentage，similarlystriped。
Fromthesefactsweseethatthecrossingoftheseveralequinespeciestendsinamarkedmannertocausestripestoappearonvariouspartsofthebody，especiallyonthelegs。Aswedonotknowwhethertheparent—formofthegenuswasstriped，theappearanceofthestripescanonlyhypotheticallybeattributedtoreversion。Butmostpersons，afterconsideringthemanyundoubtedcasesofvariouslycolouredmarksreappearingbyreversioninmyexperimentsoncrossedpigeonsandfowls，willcometothesameconclusionwithrespecttothehorse—genus;andifso，wemustadmitthattheprogenitorofthegroupwasstripedonthelegs，shoulders，face，andprobablyoverthewholebody，likeazebra。
Lastly，ProfessorJaegerhasgiven（13/39。’Darwin’scheTheorieundihreStellungzuMoralundReligion’page85。）agoodcasewithpigs。HecrossedtheJapaneseormaskedbreedwiththecommonGermanbreed，andtheoffspringwereintermediateincharacter。Hethenre—crossedoneofthesemongrelswiththepureJapanese，andinthelitterthusproducedoneoftheyoungresembledinallitscharactersawildpig;ithadalongsnoutanduprightears，andwasstripedontheback。ItshouldbeborneinmindthattheyoungoftheJapanesebreedarenotstriped，andthattheyhaveashortmuzzleandearsremarkablydependent。]
Asimilartendencytotherecoveryoflonglostcharactersholdsgoodevenwiththeinstinctsofcrossedanimals。Therearesomebreedsoffowlswhicharecalled\"everlastinglayers，\"becausetheyhavelosttheinstinctofincubation;andsorareisitforthemtoincubatethatIhaveseennoticespublishedinworksonpoultry，whenhensofsuchbreedshavetakentosit。
（13/40。CasesofbothSpanishandPolishhenssittingaregiveninthe’PoultryChronicle’1855volume3page477。）Yettheaboriginalspecieswasofcourseagoodincubator;andwithbirdsinastateofnaturehardlyanyinstinctissostrongasthis。Now，somanycaseshavebeenrecordedofthecrossedoffspringfromtworaces，neitherofwhichareincubators，becomingfirst—ratesitters，thatthereappearanceofthisinstinctmustbeattributedtoreversionfromcrossing。Oneauthorgoessofarastosay，\"thatacrossbetweentwonon—sittingvarietiesalmostinvariablyproducesamongrelthatbecomesbroody，andsitswithremarkablesteadiness。\"（13/41。’ThePoultryBook’byMr。Tegetmeier1866pages119，163。Theauthor，whoremarksonthetwonegatives（’Journ。ofHort。’1862page325），statesthattwobroodswereraisedfromaSpanishcockandSilver—pencilledHamburghhen，neitherofwhichareincubators，andnolessthansevenoutofeighthensinthesetwobroods\"showedaperfectobstinacyinsitting。\"TheRev。E。S。Dixon（’OrnamentalPoultry’1848page200）saysthatchickensrearedfromacrossbetweenGoldenandBlackPolishfowls，are\"goodandsteadybirdstosit。\"Mr。B。P。BrentinformsmethatheraisedsomegoodsittinghensbycrossingPencilledHamburghandPolishbreeds。Across—bredbirdfromaSpanishnon—incubatingcockandCochinincubatinghenismentionedinthe’PoultryChronicle’volume3page13，asan\"exemplarymother。\"Ontheotherhand，anexceptionalcaseisgiveninthe’CottageGardener’1860page388ofahenraisedfromaSpanishcockandblackPolishhenwhichdidnotincubate。）Anotherauthor，aftergivingastrikingexample，remarksthatthefactcanbeexplainedonlyontheprinciplethat\"twonegativesmakeapositive。\"Itcannot，however，bemaintainedthathensproducedfromacrossbetweentwonon—sittingbreedsinvariablyrecovertheirlostinstinct，anymorethanthatcrossedfowlsorpigeonsinvariablyrecovertheredorblueplumageoftheirprototypes。ThusI
raisedseveralchickensfromaPolishhenbyaSpanishcock，——breedswhichdonotincubate，——andnoneoftheyounghensatfirstshowedanytendencytosit;
butoneofthem——theonlyonewhichwaspreserved——inthethirdyearsatwellonhereggsandrearedabroodofchickens。Sothatherewehavethereappearancewithadvancingageofaprimitiveinstinct，inthesamemanneraswehaveseenthattheredplumageoftheGallusbankivaissometimesreacquiredbothbycrossedandpurely—bredfowlsofvariouskindsastheygrowold。
Theparentsofallourdomesticatedanimalswereofcourseaboriginallywildindisposition;andwhenadomesticatedspeciesiscrossedwithadistinctspecies，whetherthisisadomesticatedoronlyatamedanimal，thehybridsareoftenwildtosuchadegree，thatthefactisintelligibleonlyontheprinciplethatthecrosshascausedapartialreturntoaprimitivedisposition。Thus，theEarlofPowisformerlyimportedsomethoroughlydomesticatedhumpedcattlefromIndia，andcrossedthemwithEnglishbreeds，whichbelongtoadistinctspecies;andhisagentremarkedtome，withoutanyquestionhavingbeenasked，howoddlywildthecross—bredanimalswere。TheEuropeanwildboarandtheChinesedomesticatedpigarealmostcertainlyspecificallydistinct:SirF。DarwincrossedasowofthelatterbreedwithawildAlpineboarwhichhadbecomeextremelytame，buttheyoung，thoughhavinghalf—domesticatedbloodintheirveins，were\"extremelywildinconfinement，andwouldnoteatswilllikecommonEnglishpigs。\"CaptainHutton，inIndia，crossedatamegoatwithawildonefromtheHimalaya，andheremarkedtomehowsurprisinglywildtheoffspringwere。Mr。Hewitt，whohashadgreatexperienceincrossingtamecock—pheasantswithfowlsbelongingtofivebreeds，givesasthecharacterofall\"extraordinarywildness\"（13/42。’ThePoultryBook’byTegetmeier1866pages165，167。）;butIhavemyselfseenoneexceptiontothisrule。Mr。S。J。Salter（13/43。’NaturalHistoryReview’1863
Aprilpage277。）whoraisedalargenumberofhybridsfromabantam—henbyGallussonneratii，statesthat\"allwereexceedinglywild。\"Mr。Waterton（13/44。’EssaysonNaturalHistory’page917。）bredsomewildducksfromeggshatchedunderacommonduck，andtheyoungwereallowedtocrossfreelybothamongstthemselvesandwiththetameducks;theywere\"halfwildandhalftame;theycametothewindowstobefed，butstilltheyhadawarinessaboutthemquiteremarkable。\"
Ontheotherhand，mulesfromthehorseandassarecertainlynotintheleastwild，thoughnotoriousforobstinacyandvice。Mr。Brent，whohascrossedcanary—birdswithmanykindsoffinches，hasnotobserved，asheinformsme，thatthehybridswereinanywayremarkablywild:butMr。JennerWeirwhohashadstillgreaterexperience，isofadirectlyoppositeopinion。Heremarksthatthesiskinisthetamestoffinches，butitsmulesareaswild，whenyoung，asnewlycaughtbirds，andareoftenlostthroughtheircontinuedeffortstoescape。Hybridsareoftenraisedbetweenthecommonandmuskduck，andIhavebeenassuredbythreepersons，whohavekeptthesecrossedbirds，thattheywerenotwild;butMr。Garnett（13/45。AsstatedbyMr。Ortoninhis’PhysiologyofBreeding’page12。）observedthathishybridswerewild，andexhibited\"migratorypropensities\"ofwhichthereisnotavestigeinthecommonormuskduck。NocaseisknownofthislatterbirdhavingescapedandbecomewildinEuropeorAsia，except，accordingtoPallas，ontheCaspianSea;andthecommondomesticduckonlyoccasionallybecomeswildindistrictswherelargelakesandfensabound。Nevertheless，alargenumberofcaseshavebeenrecorded（13/46。M。E。deSelys—Longchampsrefers（’BulletinAcad。Roy。
deBruxelles’tome12No。10）tomorethansevenofthesehybridsshotinSwitzerlandandFrance。M。Debyasserts（’Zoologist’volume51845—46page1254）thatseveralhavebeenshotinvariouspartsofBelgiumandNorthernFrance。Audubon（’Ornitholog。Biography’volume3page168），speakingofthesehybrids，saysthat，inNorthAmerica，they\"nowandthenwanderoffandbecomequitewild。\"）ofhybridsfromthesetwoduckshavingbeenshotinacompletelywildstate，althoughsofewarerearedincomparisonwithpurely—bredbirdsofeitherspecies。Itisimprobablethatanyofthesehybridscouldhaveacquiredtheirwildnessfromthemusk—duckhavingpairedwithatrulywildduck;andthisisknownnottobethecaseinNorthAmerica;hencewemustinferthattheyhavereacquired，throughreversion，theirwildness，aswellasrenewedpowersofflight。
Theselatterfactsremindusofthestatements，sofrequentlymadebytravellersinallpartsoftheworld，onthedegradedstateandsavagedispositionofcrossedracesofman。Thatmanyexcellentandkind—heartedmulattoshaveexistednoonewilldispute;andamoremildandgentlesetofmencouldhardlybefoundthantheinhabitantsoftheislandofChiloe，whoconsistofIndianscommingledwithSpaniardsinvariousproportions。Ontheotherhand，manyyearsago，longbeforeIhadthoughtofthepresentsubject，Iwasstruckwiththefactthat，inSouthAmerica，menofcomplicateddescentbetweenNegroes，Indians，andSpaniards，seldomhad，whateverthecausemightbe，agoodexpression。（13/47。’JournalofResearches’1845page71。）
Livingstone——andamoreunimpeachableauthoritycannotbequoted，——afterspeakingofahalf—castemanontheZambesi，describedbythePortugueseasararemonsterofinhumanity，remarks，\"Itisunaccountablewhyhalf—castes，suchashe，aresomuchmorecruelthanthePortuguese，butsuchisundoubtedlythecase。\"AninhabitantremarkedtoLivingstone，\"Godmadewhitemen，andGodmadeblackmen，buttheDevilmadehalfcastes。\"（13/48。
’ExpeditiontotheZambesi’1865pages25，150。）Whentworaces，bothlowinthescale，arecrossedtheprogenyseemstobeeminentlybad。Thusthenoble—
heartedHumboldt，whofeltnoprejudiceagainsttheinferiorraces，speaksinstrongtermsofthebadandsavagedispositionofZambos，orhalf—castesbetweenIndiansandNegroes;andthisconclusionhasbeenarrivedatbyvariousobservers。（13/49。Dr。P。Brocaon’HybridityintheGenusHomo’
Englishtranslation1864page39。）Fromthesefactswemayperhapsinferthatthedegradedstateofsomanyhalf—castesisinpartduetoreversiontoaprimitiveandsavagecondition，inducedbytheactofcrossing，evenifmainlyduetotheunfavourablemoralconditionsunderwhichtheyaregenerallyreared。
SUMMARYONTHEPROXIMATECAUSESLEADINGTOREVERSION。
Whenpurely—bredanimalsorplantsreassumelong—lostcharacters，——whenthecommonass，forinstance，isbornwithstripedlegs，whenapureraceofblackorwhitepigeonsthrowsaslaty—bluebird，orwhenacultivatedheartseasewithlargeandroundedflowersproducesaseedlingwithsmallandelongatedflowers，——wearequiteunabletoassignanyproximatecause。Whenanimalsrunwild，thetendencytoreversion，which，thoughithasbeengreatlyexaggerated，nodoubtexists，issometimestoacertainextentintelligible。
Thus，withferalpigs，exposuretotheweatherwillprobablyfavourthegrowthofthebristles，asisknowntobethecasewiththehairofotherdomesticatedanimals，andthroughcorrelationthetuskswilltendtoberedeveloped。Butthereappearanceofcolouredlongitudinalstripesonyoungferalpigscannotbeattributedtothedirectactionofexternalconditions。
Inthiscase，andinmanyothers，wecanonlysaythatanychangeinthehabitsoflifeapparentlyfavouratendency，inherentorlatentinthespecies，toreturntotheprimitivestate。
Itwillbeshowninafuturechapterthatthepositionofflowersonthesummitoftheaxis，andthepositionofseedswithinthecapsule，sometimesdetermineatendencytowardsreversion;andthisapparentlydependsontheamountofsapornutrimentwhichtheflower—budsandseedsreceive。Theposition，also，ofbuds，eitheronbranchesoronroots，sometimesdetermines，aswasformerlyshown，thetransmissionofthecharacterpropertothevariety，oritsreversiontoaformerstate。
Wehaveseeninthelastsectionthatwhentworacesorspeciesarecrossedthereisthestrongesttendencytothereappearanceintheoffspringoflong—
lostcharacters，possessedbyneitherparentnorimmediateprogenitor。Whentwowhite，orred，orblackpigeons，ofwell—establishedbreeds，areunited，theoffspringarealmostsuretoinheritthesamecolours;butwhendifferently—colouredbirdsarecrossed，theopposedforcesofinheritanceapparentlycounteracteachother，andthetendencywhichisinherentinbothparentstoproduceslaty—blueoffspringbecomespredominant。Soitisinseveralothercases。Butwhen，forinstance，theassiscrossedwithE。
indicusorwiththehorse——animalswhichhavenotstripedlegs——andthehybridshaveconspicuousstripesontheirlegsandevenontheirfaces，allthatcanbesaidis，thataninherenttendencytoreversionisevolvedthroughsomedisturbanceintheorganisationcausedbytheactofcrossing。
Anotherformofreversionisfarcommoner，indeedisalmostuniversalwiththeoffspringfromacross，namely，tothecharacterspropertoeitherpureparent—form。Asageneralrule，crossedoffspringinthefirstgenerationarenearlyintermediatebetweentheirparents，butthegrandchildrenandsucceedinggenerationscontinuallyrevert，inagreaterorlesserdegree，tooneorbothoftheirprogenitors。Severalauthorshavemaintainedthathybridsandmongrelsincludeallthecharactersofbothparents，notfusedtogether，butmerelymingledindifferentproportionsindifferentpartsofthebody;
or，asNaudin（13/50。’NouvellesArchivesduMuseum’tome1page151。）hasexpressedit，ahybridisalivingmosaic—work，inwhichtheeyecannotdistinguishthediscordantelements，socompletelyaretheyintermingled。Wecanhardlydoubtthat，inacertainsense，thisistrue，aswhenwebeholdinahybridtheelementsofbothspeciessegregatingthemselvesintosegmentsinthesameflowerorfruit，byaprocessofself—attractionorself—affinity;
thissegregationtakingplaceeitherbyseminalorbud—propagation。Naudinfurtherbelievesthatthesegregationofthetwospecificelementsoressencesiseminentlyliabletooccurinthemaleandfemalereproductivematter;andhethusexplainsthealmostuniversaltendencytoreversioninsuccessivehybridgenerations。Forthiswouldbethenaturalresultoftheunionofpollenandovules，inbothofwhichtheelementsofthesamespecieshadbeensegregatedbyself—affinity。If，ontheotherhand，pollenwhichincludedtheelementsofonespecieshappenedtounitewithovulesincludingtheelementsoftheotherspecies，theintermediateorhybridstatewouldstillberetained，andtherewouldbenoreversion。Butitwould，asIsuspect，bemorecorrecttosaythattheelementsofbothparent—speciesexistineveryhybridinadoublestate，namely，blendedtogetherandcompletelyseparate。Howthisispossible，andwhatthetermspecificessenceorelementmaybesupposedtoexpress，Ishallattempttoshowinthechapteronthehypothesisofpangenesis。
ButNaudin’sview，aspropoundedbyhim，isnotapplicabletothereappearanceofcharacterslostlongagobyvariation;anditishardlyapplicabletoracesorspecieswhich，afterhavingbeencrossedatsomeformerperiodwithadistinctform，andhavingsincelostalltracesofthecross，neverthelessoccasionallyyieldanindividualwhichreverts（asinthecaseofthegreat—
great—grandchildofthepointerSappho）tothecrossingform。Themostsimplecaseofreversion，namely，ofahybridormongreltoitsgrandparents，isconnectedbyanalmostperfectserieswiththeextremecaseofapurely—bredracerecoveringcharacterswhichhadbeenlostduringmanyages;andwearethusledtoinferthatallthecasesmustberelatedbysomecommonbond。
Gartnerbelievedthatonlyhighlysterilehybridplantsexhibitanytendencytoreversiontotheirparent—forms。Thiserroneousbeliefmayperhapsbeaccountedforbythenatureofthegeneracrossedbyhim，forheadmitsthatthetendencydiffersindifferentgenera。ThestatementisalsodirectlycontradictedbyNaudin’sobservations，andbythenotoriousfactthatperfectlyfertilemongrelsexhibitthetendencyinahighdegree，——eveninahigherdegree，accordingtoGartnerhimself，thanhybrids。（13/51。
’Bastarderzeugung’s。582，438，etc。）
Gartnerfurtherstatesthatreversionsrarelyoccurwithhybridplantsraisedfromspecieswhichhavenotbeencultivated，whilst，withthosewhichhavebeenlongcultivated，theyareoffrequentoccurrence。Thisconclusionexplainsacuriousdiscrepancy:MaxWichura（13/52。’DieBastardbefruchtung……
derWeiden’1865s。23。ForGartner’sremarksonthishead，see’Bastarderzeugung’s。474，582。）whoworkedexclusivelyonwillowswhichhadnotbeensubjectedtoculture，neversawaninstanceofreversion;andhegoessofarastosuspectthatthecarefulGartnerhadnotsufficientlyprotectedhishybridsfromthepollenoftheparent—species:Naudin，ontheotherhand，whochieflyexperimentedoncucurbitaceousandothercultivatedplants，insistsmorestrenuouslythananyotherauthoronthetendencytoreversioninallhybrids。Theconclusionthattheconditionoftheparent—species，asaffectedbyculture，isoneoftheproximatecausesleadingtoreversion，agreeswellwiththeconversecaseofdomesticatedanimalsandcultivatedplantsbeingliabletoreversionwhentheybecomeferal;forinbothcasestheorganisationorconstitutionmustbedisturbed，thoughinaverydifferentway。（13/53。Prof。Weismanninhisverycuriousessayonthedifferentformsproducedbythesamespeciesofbutterflyatdifferentseasons（’Saison—
DimorphismusderSchmetterlinge’pages27，28），hascometoasimilarconclusion，namely，thatanycausewhichdisturbstheorganisation，suchastheexposureofthecocoonstoheatoreventomuchshaking，givesatendencytoreversion。）
Finally，wehaveseenthatcharactersoftenreappearinpurely—bredraceswithoutourbeingabletoassignanyproximatecause;butwhentheybecomeferalthisiseitherindirectlyordirectlyinducedbythechangeintheirconditionsoflife。Withcrossedbreeds，theactofcrossinginitselfcertainlyleadstotherecoveryoflong—lostcharacters，aswellasofthosederivedfromeitherparent—form。Changedconditions，consequentoncultivation，andtherelativepositionofbuds，flowers，andseedsontheplant，allapparentlyaidingivingthissametendency。Reversionmayoccureitherthroughseminalorbudgeneration，generallyatbirth，butsometimesonlywithanadvanceofage。Segmentsorportionsoftheindividualmayalonebethusaffected。Thatabeingshouldbebornresemblingincertaincharactersanancestorremovedbytwoorthree，andinsomecasesbyhundredsoreventhousandsofgenerations，isassuredlyawonderfulfact。Inthesecasesthechildiscommonlysaidtoinheritsuchcharactersdirectlyfromitsgrandparent，ormoreremoteancestors。Butthisviewishardlyconceivable。
If，however，wesupposethateverycharacterisderivedexclusivelyfromthefatherormother，butthatmanycharacterslielatentordormantinbothparentsduringalongsuccessionofgenerations，theforegoingfactsareintelligible。Inwhatmannercharactersmaybeconceivedtolielatent，willbeconsideredinafuturechaptertowhichIhavelatelyalluded。
LATENTCHARACTERS。
ButImustexplainwhatismeantbycharacterslyinglatent。Themostobviousillustrationisaffordedbysecondarysexualcharacters。Ineveryfemaleallthesecondarymalecharacters，andineverymaleallthesecondaryfemalecharacters，apparentlyexistinalatentstate，readytobeevolvedundercertainconditions。Itiswellknownthatalargenumberoffemalebirds，suchasfowls，variouspheasants，partridges，peahens，ducks，etc。，whenoldordiseased，orwhenoperatedon，assumemanyorallofthesecondarymalecharactersoftheirspecies。Inthecaseofthehen—pheasantthishasbeenobservedtooccurfarmorefrequentlyduringcertainyearsthanduringothers。
（13/54。Yarrell’Phil。Transact。’1827page268;Dr。Hamiltonin’Proc。
Zoolog。Soc。’1862page23。）Aducktenyearsoldhasbeenknowntoassumeboththeperfectwinterandsummerplumageofthedrake。（13/55。’Archiv。
Skand。BeitragezurNaturgesch。’8s。397—413。）Waterton（13/56。Inhis’EssaysonNat。Hist。’1838Mr。Hewittgivesanalogouscaseswithhen—
pheasantsin’JournalofHorticulture’July12，1864page37。IsidoreGeoffroySaint—Hilaireinhis’EssaisdeZoolog。Gen。’（’SuitesaBuffon’1842pages496—513），hascollectedsuchcasesintendifferentkindsofbirds。ItappearsthatAristotlewaswellawareofthechangeinmentaldispositioninoldhens。
Thecaseofthefemaledeeracquiringhornsisgivenatpage513。）givesacuriouscaseofahenwhichhadceasedlaying，andhadassumedtheplumage，voice，spurs，andwarlikedispositionofthecock;whenopposedtoanenemyshewoulderectherhacklesandshowfight。Thuseverycharacter，eventotheinstinctandmanneroffighting，musthavelaindormantinthishenaslongasherovariacontinuedtoact。Thefemalesoftwokindsofdeer，whenold，havebeenknowntoacquirehorns;and，asHunterhasremarked，weseesomethingofananalogousnatureinthehumanspecies。