[\"Whenthereisleastfear，thereisforthemostpartleastdanger。\"——Livy，xxii。5。]
Ourpeoplearetoblamewhosaythatsuchanoneisafraidofdeath，whentheywouldexpressthathethinksofitandforeseesit:foresightisequallyconvenientinwhatconcernsus，whethergoodorill。Toconsiderandjudgeofdangeris，insomesort，thereversetobeingastounded。
Idonotfindmyselfstrongenoughtosustaintheforceandimpetuosityofthispassionoffear，norofanyothervehementpassionwhatever:ifI
wasonceconqueredandbeatendownbyit，Ishouldneverriseagainverysound。Whoevershouldoncemakemysoulloseherfooting，wouldneversetheruprightagain:sheretastesandresearchesherselftooprofoundly，andtoomuchtothequick，andthereforewouldneverletthewoundshehadreceivedhealandcicatrise。Ithasbeenwellformethatnosicknesshasyetdiscomposedher:ateverychargemadeuponme，I
preservemyutmostoppositionanddefence;bywhichmeansthefirstthatshouldroutmewouldkeepmefromeverrallyingagain。Ihavenoafter—
gametoplay:onwhichsidesoevertheinundationbreaksmybanks，Ilieopen，andamdrownedwithoutremedy。Epicurussays，thatawisemancanneverbecomeafool;Ihaveanopinionreversetothissentence，whichis，thathewhohasoncebeenaveryfool，willneverafterbeverywise。
Godgrantsmecoldaccordingtomycloth，andpassionsproportionabletothemeansIhavetowithstandthem:naturehavinglaidmeopenontheoneside，hascoveredmeontheother;havingdisarmedmeofstrength，shehasarmedmewithinsensibilityandanapprehensionthatisregular，or，ifyouwill，dull。
Icannotnowlongendure（andwhenIwasyoungcouldmuchless）eithercoach，litter，orboat，andhateallotherridingbutonhorseback，bothintownandcountry。ButIcanbearalitterworsethanacoach;and，bythesamereason，aroughagitationuponthewater，whencefearisproduced，betterthanthemotionsofacalm。Atthelittlejerksofoars，stealingthevesselfromunderus，Ifind，Iknownothow，bothmyheadandmystomachdisordered;neither—canIenduretosituponatotteringchair。Whenthesailorthecurrentcarriesusequally，orthatwearetowed，theequalagitationdoesnotdisturbmeatall;’tisaninterruptedmotionthatoffendsme，andmostofallwhenmostslow:I
cannototherwiseexpressit。Thephysicianshaveorderedmetosqueezeandgirdmyselfaboutthebottomofthebellywithanapkintoremedythisevil;whichhoweverIhavenottried，beingaccustomedtowrestlewithmyowndefects，andovercomethemmyself。
Wouldmymemoryserveme，Ishouldnotthinkmytimeillspentinsettingdownheretheinfinitevarietythathistorypresentsusoftheuseofchariotsintheserviceofwar:various，accordingtothenationsandaccordingtotheage;inmyopinion，ofgreatnecessityandeffect;sothatitisawonderthatwehavelostallknowledgeofthem。Iwillonlysaythis，thatverylately，inourfathers’time，theHungariansmadeveryadvantageoususeofthemagainsttheTurks;havingineveryoneofthematargetterandamusketeer，andanumberofharquebusespiledreadyandloaded，andallcoveredwithapavesadelikeagalliot——[Canvasspreadalongthesideofashipofwar，inactiontoscreenthemovementsofthoseonboard。]——Theyformedthefrontoftheirbattlewiththreethousandsuchcoaches，andafterthecannonhadplayed，madethemallpourintheirshotupontheenemy，whohadtoswallowthatvolleybeforetheytastedoftherest，whichwasnolittleadvance;andthatdone，thesechariotschargedintotheirsquadronstobreakthemandopenawayfortherest;besidestheusetheymightmakeofthemtoflankthesoldiersinaplaceofdangerwhenmarchingtothefield，ortocoverapost，andfortifyitinhaste。Inmytime，agentlemanononeofourfrontiers，unwieldyofbody，andfindingnohorseabletocarryhisweight，havingaquarrel，rodethroughthecountryinachariotofthisfashion，andfoundgreatconvenienceinit。Butletusleavethesechariotsofwar。
Asiftheireffeminacy——[WhichCottontranslates:\"asiftheinsignificancyofcoaches。\"]——hadnotbeensufficientlyknownbybetterproofs，thelastkingsofourfirstracetravelledinachariotdrawnbyfouroxen。MarcAntonywasthefirstatRomewhocausedhimselftobedrawninacoachbylions，andasingingwenchwithhim。
[Cytheris，theRomancourtezan。——Plutarch’sLifeofAntony，c。3。
This，wasthesamepersonwhoisintroducedbyGallusunderthenameofLycoris。Gallusdoubtlessknewherpersonally。]
Heliogabalusdidsinceasmuch，callinghimselfCybele，themotherofthegods;andalsodrawnbytigers，takinguponhimthepersonofthegodBacchus;healsosometimesharnessedtwostagstohiscoach，anothertimefourdogs，andanotherfournakedwenches，causinghimselftobedrawnbytheminpomp，starknakedtoo。TheEmperorFirmuscausedhischariottobedrawnbyostrichesofaprodigioussize，sothatitseemedrathertoflythanroll。
Thestrangenessoftheseinventionsputsthisotherfancyinmyhead:
thatitisakindofpusillanimityinmonarchs，andatestimonythattheydonotsufficientlyunderstandthemselveswhattheyare，whentheystudytomakethemselveshonouredandtoappeargreatbyexcessiveexpense:itwereindeedexcusableinaforeigncountry，butamongsttheirownsubjects，wheretheyareinsovereigncommand，andmaydowhattheyplease，itderogatesfromtheirdignitythemostsupremedegreeofhonourtowhichtheycanarrive:justas，methinks，itissuperfluousinaprivategentlemantogofinelydressedathome;hishouse，hisattendants，andhiskitchensufficientlyanswerforhim。TheadvicethatIsocratesgiveshiskingseemstobegroundeduponreason:thatheshouldbesplendidinplateandfurniture;forasmuchasitisanexpenseofdurationthatdevolvesonhissuccessors;andthatheshouldavoidallmagnificencesthatwillinashorttimebeforgotten。IlovedtogofinewhenIwasayoungerbrother，forwantofotherornament;anditbecamemewell:therearesomeuponwhomtheirrichclothesweep:Wehavestrangestoriesofthefrugalityofourkingsabouttheirownpersonsandintheirgifts:kingswhoweregreatinreputation，valour，andfortune。
Demosthenesvehementlyopposesthelawofhiscitythatassignedthepublicmoneyforthepompoftheirpublicplaysandfestivals:hewouldthattheirgreatnessshouldbeseeninnumbersofshipswellequipped，andgoodarmieswellprovidedfor;andthereisgoodreasontocondemnTheophrastus，who，inhisBookonRiches，establishesacontraryopinion，andmaintainsthatsortofexpensetobethetruefruitofabundance。
Theyaredelights，saysAristotle，thataonlypleasethebasersortofthepeople，andthatvanishfromthememoryassoonasthepeoplearesatedwiththem，andforwhichnoseriousandjudiciousmancanhaveanyesteem。Thismoneywould，inmyopinion，bemuchmoreroyally，asmoreprofitably，justly，anddurably，laidoutinports，havens，walls，andfortifications;insumptuousbuildings，churches，hospitals，colleges，thereformingofstreetsandhighways:whereinPopeGregoryXIII。willleavealaudablememorytofuturetimes:andwhereinourQueenCatherinewouldtolongposteritymanifesthernaturalliberalityandmunificence，didhermeanssupplyheraffection。FortunehasdonemeagreatdespiteininterruptingthenoblestructureofthePont—Neufofourgreatcity，anddeprivingmeofthehopeofseeingitfinishedbeforeIdie。
Moreover，itseemstosubjects，whoarespectatorsofthesetriumphs，thattheirownrichesareexposedbeforethem，andthattheyareentertainedattheirownexpense:forthepeopleareapttopresumeofkings，aswedoofourservants，thattheyaretotakecaretoprovideusallthingsnecessaryinabundance，butnottouchitthemselves;andthereforetheEmperorGalba，beingpleasedwithamusicianwhoplayedtohimatsupper，calledforhismoney—box，andgavehimahandfulofcrownsthathetookoutofit，withthesewords:\"Thisisnotthepublicmoney，butmyown。\"Yetitsofallsoutthatthepeople，forthemostpart，havereasonontheirside，andthattheprincesfeedtheireyeswithwhattheyhaveneedoftofilltheirbellies。
Liberalityitselfisnotinitstruelustreinasovereignhand:privatemenhavethereinthemostright;for，totakeitexactly，akinghasnothingproperlyhisown;heoweshimselftoothers:authorityisnotgiveninfavourofthemagistrate，butofthepeople;asuperiorisnevermadesoforhisownprofit，butfortheprofitoftheinferior，andaphysicianforthesickperson，andnotforhimself:allmagistracy，aswellasallart，hasitsendoutofitselfwhereforethetutorsofyoungprinces，whomakeittheirbusinesstoimprintinthemthisvirtueofliberality，andpreachtothemtodenynothingandtothinknothingsowellspentaswhattheygive（adoctrinethatIhaveknowningreatcreditinmytime），eitherhavemoreparticularregardtotheirownprofitthantothatoftheirmaster，orillunderstandtowhomtheyspeak。Itistooeasyathingtoinculcateliberalityonhimwhohasasmuchashewilltopractiseitwithattheexpenseofothers;and，theestimatenotbeingproportionedtothemeasureofthegiftbuttothemeasureofthemeansofhimwhogivesit，itcomestonothinginsomightyhands;theyfindthemselvesprodigalbeforetheycanbereputedliberal。Anditisbutalittlerecommendation，incomparisonwithotherroyalvirtues:andtheonlyone，asthetyrantDionysiussaid，thatsuitswellwithtyrannyitself。Ishouldratherteachhimthisverseoftheancientlabourer:
[\"Thatwhoeverwillhaveagoodcropmustsowwithhishand，andnotpouroutofthesack。\"——Plutarch，Apothegms，WhethertheAncientsweremoreexcellentinArmsthaninLearning。]
hemustscatteritabroad，andnotlayitonaheapinoneplace:andthat，seeingheistogive，or，tosaybetter，topayandrestoretosomanypeopleaccordingastheyhavedeserved，heoughttobealoyalanddiscreetdisposer。Iftheliberalityofaprincebewithoutmeasureordiscretion，Ihadratherhewerecovetous。
Royalvirtueseemsmosttoconsistinjustice;andofallthepartsofjusticethatbestdenotesakingwhichaccompaniesliberality，forthistheyhaveparticularlyreservedtobeperformedbythemselves，whereasallothersortsofjusticetheyremittotheadministrationofothers。
Animmoderatebountyisaveryweakmeanstoacquireforthemgoodwill;
itchecksmorepeoplethanitallures:
\"Quoinpluresusussis，minusinmultosutipossis……
Quidautemeststultius，quam，quodlibenterfacias，curareutiddiutiusfacerenonpossis;\"
[\"Byhowmuchmoreyouuseittomany，bysomuchlesswillyoubeinacapacitytouseittomanymore。Andwhatgreaterfollycantherebethantoorderitsothatwhatyouwouldwillinglydo，youcannotdolonger。\"——Cicero，DeOffic。，ii。15。]
andifitbeconferredwithoutduerespectofmerit，itputshimoutofcountenancewhoreceivesit，andisreceivedungraciously。Tyrantshavebeensacrificedtothehatredofthepeoplebythehandsofthoseverymentheyhaveunjustlyadvanced;suchkindofmenasbuffoons，panders，fiddlers，andsuchragamuffins，thinkingtoassuretothemselvesthepossessionofbenefitsundulyreceived，iftheymanifesttohavehiminhatredanddisdainofwhomtheyholdthem，andinthisassociatethemselvestothecommonjudgmentandopinion。
Thesubjectsofaprinceexcessiveingiftsgrowexcessiveinasking，andregulatetheirdemands，notbyreason，butbyexample。Wehave，seriously，veryoftenreasontoblushatourownimpudence:weareover—
paid，accordingtojustice，whentherecompenseequalsourservice;fordoweowenothingofnaturalobligationtoourprinces？Ifhebearourcharges，hedoestoomuch;’tisenoughthathecontributetothem:theoverplusiscalledbenefit，whichcannotbeexacted:fortheverynameLiberalitysoundsofLiberty。
Inourfashionitisneverdone;weneverreckonwhatwehavereceived;
weareonlyforthefutureliberality;wherefore，themoreaprinceexhaustshimselfingiving，thepoorerhegrowsinfriends。Howshouldhesatisfyimmoderatedesires，thatstillincreaseastheyarefulfilled？
Hewhohashisthoughtsupontaking，neverthinksofwhathehastaken;
covetousnesshasnothingsoproperlyandsomuchitsownasingratitude。
TheexampleofCyruswillnotdoamissinthisplace，toservethekingsofthesetimesforatouchstonetoknowwhethertheirgiftsarewellorillbestowed，andtoseehowmuchbetterthatemperorconferredthemthantheydo，bywhichmeanstheyarereducedtoborrowofunknownsubjects，andratherofthemwhomtheyhavewrongedthanofthemonwhomtheyhaveconferredtheirbenefits，andsoreceiveaidswhereinthereisnothingofgratuitousbutthename。Croesusreproachedhimwithhisbounty，andcastuptohowmuchhistreasurewouldamountifhehadbeenalittlecloser—handed。Hehadamindtojustifyhisliberality，andthereforesentdespatchesintoallpartstothegrandeesofhisdominionswhomhehadparticularlyadvanced，entreatingeveryoneofthemtosupplyhimwithasmuchmoneyastheycould，forapressingoccasion，andtosendhimparticularsofwhateachcouldadvance。Whenalltheseanswerswerebroughttohim，everyoneofhisfriends，notthinkingitenoughbarelytoofferhimsomuchashehadreceivedfromhisbounty，andaddingtoitagreatdealofhisown，itappearedthatthesumamountedtoagreatdealmorethanCroesus’reckoning。WhereuponCyrus:\"Iamnot，\"saidhe，\"lessinlovewithrichesthanotherprinces，butratherabetterhusband;youseewithhowsmallaventureIhaveacquiredtheinestimabletreasureofsomanyfriends，andhowmuchmorefaithfultreasurerstheyaretomethanmercenarymenwithoutobligation，withoutaffection;andmymoneybetterlaidupthaninchests，bringinguponmethehatred，envy，andcontemptofotherprinces。\"
Theemperorsexcusedthesuperfluityoftheirplaysandpublicspectaclesbyreasonthattheirauthorityinsomesort（atleastinoutwardappearance）dependeduponthewillofthepeopleofRome，who，timeoutofmind，hadbeenaccustomedtobeentertainedandcaressedwithsuchshowsandexcesses。Buttheywereprivatecitizens，whohadnourishedthiscustomtogratifytheirfellow—citizensandcompanions（andchieflyoutoftheirownpurses）bysuchprofusionandmagnificenceithadquiteanothertastewhenthemasterscametoimitateit:
\"Pecuniarumtranslatioajustisdominisadalienosnondebetliberalisvideri。\"
[\"Thetransferringofmoneyfromtherightownerstostrangersoughtnottohavethetitleofliberality。\"
——Cicero，DeOffic。，i。14。]
Philip，seeingthathissonwentaboutbypresentstogaintheaffectionoftheMacedonians，reprimandedhiminaletterafterthismanner:\"What！
hastthouamindthatthysubjectsshalllookupontheeastheircash—
keeperandnotastheirking？Wiltthoutamperwiththemtowintheiraffections？Doit，then，bythebenefitsofthyvirtue，andnotbythoseofthychest。\"Andyetitwas，doubtless，afinethingtobringandplantwithintheamphitheatreagreatnumberofvasttrees，withalltheirbranchesintheirfullverdure，representingagreatshadyforest，disposedinexcellentorder;and，thefirstday，tothrowintoitathousandostrichesandathousandstags，athousandboars，andathousandfallow—deer，tobekilledanddisposedofbythepeople:thenextday，tocauseahundredgreatlions，ahundredleopards，andthreehundredbearstobekilledinhispresence;andforthethirdday，tomakethreehundredpairofgladiatorsfightitouttothelast，astheEmperorProbusdid。Itwasalsoveryfinetoseethosevastamphitheatres，allfacedwithmarblewithout，curiouslywroughtwithfiguresandstatues，andwithinglitteringwithrareenrichments:
\"Baltheusen！gemmis，enillitaporticusauro:\"
[\"Abeltglitteringwithjewels，andaporticooverlaidwithgold。\"
——Calpurnius，Eclog。，vii。47。Abaltheuswasashoulder—beltorbaldric。]
allthesidesofthisvastspacefilledandenvironed，fromthebottomtothetop，withthreeorfourscorerowsofseats，allofmarblealso，andcoveredwithcushions:
\"Exeat，inquit，Sipudorest，etdepulvinosurgatequestri，Cujusresleginonsufficit;\"
[\"Lethimgoout，hesaid，ifhehasanysenseofshame，andrisefromtheequestriancushion，whoseestatedoesnotsatisfythelaw。\"
——Juvenal，iii。153。TheEquiteswererequiredtopossessafortuneof400sestertia，andtheysatonthefirstfourteenrowsbehindtheorchestra。]
whereahundredthousandmenmightsitattheirease:and，theplacebelow，wherethegameswereplayed，tomakeit，byart，firstopenandcleaveinchasms，representingcavesthatvomitedoutthebeastsdesignedforthespectacle;andthen，secondly，tobeoverflowedbyadeepsea，fullofseamonsters，andladenwithshipsofwar，torepresentanavalbattle;and，thirdly，tomakeitdryandevenagainforthecombatofthegladiators;and，forthefourthscene，tohaveitstrownwithvermiliongrainandstorax，——[Aresinousgum。]——insteadofsand，theretomakeasolemnfeastforallthatinfinitenumberofpeople:thelastactofoneonlyday:
\"QuotiesnosdescendentisarenaeVidimusinpartes，ruptaquevoragineterraeEmersisseferas，eteisdemsaepelatebrisAureacumcroceocreveruntarbutalibro！……
NecsolumnobissilvestriacerneremonstraContigit;aequoreosegocumcertantibusursisSpectavivitulos，etequorumnominedignum，Sendeformepecus，quodinillonascituramni……\"
[\"Howoftenhaveweseenthestageofthetheatredescendandpartasunder，andfromachasmintheearthwildbeastsemerge，andthenpresentlygivebirthtoagroveofgildedtrees，thatputforthblossomsofenamelledflowers。Noryetofsylvanmarvelsalonehadwesight:Isawsea—calvesfightwithbears，andadeformedsortofcattle，wemightcallsea—horses。\"——Calpurnius，Eclog。，vii。64。]
Sometimestheymadeahighmountainadvanceitself，coveredwithfruit—
treesandotherleafytrees，sendingdownrivuletsofwaterfromthetop，asfromthemouthofafountain:otherwhiles，agreatshipwasseentocomerollingin，whichopenedanddividedofitself，andafterhavingdisgorgedfromtheholdfourorfivehundredbeastsforfight，closedagain，andvanishedwithouthelp。Atothertimes，fromthefloorofthisplace，theymadespoutsofperfumedwaterdarttheirstreamsupward，andsohighastosprinkleallthatinfinitemultitude。Todefendthemselvesfromtheinjuriesoftheweather，theyhadthatvastplaceonewhilecoveredoverwithpurplecurtainsofneedlework，andby—and—bywithsilkofoneoranothercolour，whichtheydrewofforoninamoment，astheyhadamind:
\"Quamvisnonmodicocaleantspectaculasole，Velareducuntur，cumvenitHermogenes。\"
[\"Thecurtains，thoughthesunshouldscorchthespectators，aredrawnin，whenHermogenesappears。\"—Martial，xii。29，15。M。
TigelliusHermogenes，whomHoraceandothershavesatirised。Oneeditorcallshim\"anotedthief，\"another:\"Hewasaliteraryamateurofnoability，whoexpressedhiscriticalopinionswithtoogreatafreedomtopleasethepoetsofhisday。\"D。W。]
Thenetworkalsothatwassetbeforethepeopletodefendthemfromtheviolenceoftheseturned—outbeastswaswovenofgold:
\"AuroquoquetortsrefulgentRetia。\"
[\"Thewovennetsarerefulgentwithgold。\"
——Calpurnius，ubisupra。]
Iftherebeanythingexcusableinsuchexcessesasthese，itiswherethenoveltyandinventioncreatemorewonderthantheexpense;eveninthesevanitieswediscoverhowfertilethoseageswereinotherkindofwitsthantheseofours。Itiswiththissortoffertility，aswithallotherproductsofnature:notthatshethereandthenemployedherutmostforce:wedonotgo;weratherrunupanddown，andwhirlthiswayandthat;weturnbackthewaywecame。Iamafraidourknowledgeisweakinallsenses;weneitherseefarforwardnorfarbackward;ourunderstandingcomprehendslittle，andlivesbutalittlewhile;’tisshortbothinextentoftimeandextentofmatter:
\"VixerefortesanteAgamemnonaMufti，sedomnesillacrymabilesUrgentur，ignotiquelongsNocte。\"
[ManybravemenlivedbeforeAgamemnon，butallarepressedbythelongnightunmournedandunknown。\"——Horace，Od。，iv。9，25。]
\"EtsuprabellumThebanumetfuneraTrojaeNonaliasaliiquoquerescecinerepoetae？\"
[\"WhybeforetheThebanwarandthedestructionofTroy，havenototherpoetssungotherevents？\"——Lucretius，v。327。MontaigneheredivertshimselfmgivingLucretius’wordsaconstructiondirectlycontrarytowhattheybearinthepoem。Lucretiusputsthequestion，Whyiftheearthhadexistedfromalleternity，therehadnotbeenpoets，beforetheThebanwar，tosingmen’sexploits。
——Coste。]
AndthenarrativeofSolon，ofwhathehadlearnedfromtheEgyptianpriests，touchingthelonglifeoftheirstate，andtheirmanneroflearningandpreservingforeignhistories，isnot，methinks，atestimonytoberefusedinthisconsideration:
\"Siinterminataminomnespartesmagnitudinemregionumvideremusettemporum，inquamseinjiciensanimusetintendens，italatelongequeperegrinatur，utnullamoramultimivideat，inquapossitinsistere:inhaecimmensitate……infinitavisinnumerabiliumappareretfomorum。\"
[\"Couldweseeonallpartstheunlimitedmagnitudeofregionsandoftimes，uponwhichthemindbeingintent，couldwandersofarandwide，thatnolimitistobeseen，inwhichitcanbounditseye，weshould，inthatinfiniteimmensity，discoveraninfiniteforceofinnumerableatoms。\"HerealsoMontaigneputsasensequitedifferentfromwhatthewordsbearintheoriginal;buttheapplicationhemakesofthemissohappythatonewoulddeclaretheywereactuallyputtogetheronlytoexpresshisownsentiments。\"Ettemporum\"isanadditionbyMontaigne。——Coste。]
Thoughallthathasarrived，byreport，ofourknowledgeoftimespastshouldbetrue，andknownbysomeoneperson，itwouldbelessthannothingincomparisonofwhatisunknown。Andofthissameimageoftheworld，whichglidesawaywhilstweliveuponit，howwretchedandlimitedistheknowledgeofthemostcurious;notonlyofparticularevents，whichfortuneoftenrendersexemplaryandofgreatconcern，butofthestateofgreatgovernmentsandnations，ahundredmoreescapeusthanevercometoourknowledge。Wemakeamightybusinessoftheinventionofartilleryandprinting，whichothermenattheotherendoftheworld，inChina，hadathousandyearsago。Didwebutseeasmuchoftheworldaswedonotsee，weshouldperceive，wemaywellbelieve，aperpetualmultiplicationandvicissitudeofforms。Thereisnothingsingleandrareinrespectofnature，butinrespectofourknowledge，whichisawretchedfoundationwhereontogroundourrules，andthatrepresentstousaveryfalseimageofthings。Aswenowadaysvainlyconcludethedeclensionanddecrepitudeoftheworld，bytheargumentsweextractfromourownweaknessanddecay:
\"Jamqueadeoestaffectaaetaseffoetaquetellus;\"
[\"Ourageisfeeble，andtheearthlessfertile。\"
——Lucretius，ii。1151。]
sodidhevainlyconcludeastoitsbirthandyouth，bythevigourheobservedinthewitsofhistime，aboundinginnoveltiesandtheinventionofdiversarts:
\"Verum，utopinor，habetnovitatemsumma，recensqueNaturaestmundi，nequepridemexordiacoepitQuareetiamquaedamnuncartesexpoliuntur，Nuncetiamaugescunt;nuncadditanavigiissuntMulta。\"
[\"But，asIamofopinion，thewholeoftheworldisofrecentorigin，norhaditscommencementinremotetimes;whereforeitisthatsomeartsarestillbeingrefined，andsomejustontheincrease;atpresentmanyadditionsarebeingmadetoshipping。\"
——Lucretius，v。331。]
Ourworldhaslatelydiscoveredanother（andwhowillassureusthatitisthelastofitsbrothers，sincetheDaemons，theSybils，andweourselveshavebeenignorantofthistillnow？），aslarge，well—peopled，andfruitfulasthiswhereonweliveandyetsorawandchildish，thatwearestillteachingitit’saBC:’tisnotabovefiftyyearssinceitknewneitherletters，weights，measures，vestments，corn，norvines:itwasthenquitenakedinthemother’slap，andonlyliveduponwhatshegaveit。Ifwerightlyconcludeofourend，andthispoetoftheyouthfulnessofthatageofhis，thatotherworldwillonlyenterintothelightwhenthisofoursshallmakeitsexit;theuniversewillfallintoparalysis;onememberwillbeuseless，theotherinvigour。Iamverymuchafraidthatwehavegreatlyprecipitateditsdeclensionandruinbyourcontagion;andthatwehavesolditopinionsandourartsataverydearrate。Itwasaninfantworld，andyetwehavenotwhippedandsubjectedittoourdisciplinebytheadvantageofournaturalworthandforce，neitherhavewewonitbyourjusticeandgoodness，norsubdueditbyourmagnanimity。Mostoftheiranswers，andthenegotiationswehavehadwiththem，witnessthattheywerenothingbehindusinpertinencyandclearnessofnaturalunderstanding。TheastonishingmagnificenceofthecitiesofCuscoandMexico，and，amongstmanyotherthings，thegardenoftheking，whereallthetrees，fruits，andplants，accordingtotheorderandstaturetheyhaveinagarden，wereexcellentlyformedingold;as，inhiscabinet，werealltheanimalsbreduponhisterritoryandinitsseas;andthebeautyoftheirmanufactures，injewels，feathers，cotton，andpainting，gaveampleproofthattheywereaslittleinferiortousinindustry。Butastowhatconcernsdevotion，observanceofthelaws，goodness，liberality，loyalty，andplaindealing，itwasofusetousthatwehadnotsomuchasthey;fortheyhavelost，sold，andbetrayedthemselvesbythisadvantageoverus。
Astoboldnessandcourage，stability，constancyagainstpain，hunger，anddeath，IshouldnotfeartoopposetheexamplesIfindamongstthemtothemostfamousexamplesofeldertimesthatwefindinourrecordsonthissideoftheworld。Farastothosewhosubduedthem，takebutawaythetricksandartificestheypractisedtogullthem，andthejustastonishmentitwastothosenationstoseesosuddenandunexpectedanarrivalofmenwithbeards，differinginlanguage，religion，shape，andcountenance，fromsoremoteapartoftheworld，andwheretheyhadneverheardtherewasanyhabitation，mountedupongreatunknownmonsters，againstthosewhohadnotonlyneverseenahorse，buthadneverseenanyotherbeasttraineduptocarryamanoranyotherloading;shelledinahardandshiningskin，withacuttingandglitteringweaponinhishand，againstthem，who，outofwonderatthebrightnessofalookingglassoraknife，wouldexchangegreattreasuresofgoldandpearl;andwhohadneitherknowledge，normatterwithwhich，atleisure，theycouldpenetrateoursteel:towhichmaybeaddedthelightningandthunderofourcannonandharquebuses，enoughtofrightenCaesarhimself，ifsurprised，withsolittleexperience，againstpeoplenaked，exceptwheretheinventionofalittlequiltedcottonwasinuse，withoutotherarms，atthemost，thanbows，stones，staves，andbucklersofwood;peoplesurprisedundercolouroffriendshipandgoodfaith，bythecuriosityofseeingstrangeandunknownthings;takebutaway，Isay，thisdisparityfromtheconquerors，andyoutakeawayalltheoccasionofsomanyvictories。WhenIlookuponthatinvincibleardourwherewithsomanythousandsofmen，women，andchildrensooftenpresentedandthrewthemselvesintoinevitabledangersforthedefenceoftheirgodsandliberties;thatgenerousobstinacytosufferallextremitiesanddifficulties，anddeathitself，ratherthansubmittothedominionofthosebywhomtheyhadbeensoshamefullyabused;andsomeofthemchoosingtodieofhungerandfasting，beingprisoners，ratherthantoacceptofnourishmentfromthehandsoftheirsobaselyvictoriousenemies:Isee，thatwhoeverwouldhaveattackedthemuponequaltermsofarms，experience，andnumber，wouldhavehadahard，and，peradventure，ahardergametoplaythaninanyotherwarwehaveseen。
WhydidnotsonobleaconquestfallunderAlexander，ortheancientGreeksandRomans;andsogreatarevolutionandmutationofsomanyempiresandnations，fallintohandsthatwouldhavegentlylevelled，rootedup，andmadeplainandsmoothwhateverwasroughandsavageamongstthem，andthatwouldhavecherishedandpropagatedthegoodseedsthatnaturehadthereproduced;mixingnotonlywiththecultureoflandandtheornamentofcities，theartsofthispartoftheworld，inwhatwasnecessary，butalsotheGreekandRomanvirtues，withthosethatwereoriginalofthecountry？Whatareparationhaditbeentothem，andwhatageneralgoodtothewholeworld，hadourfirstexamplesanddeportmentsinthosepartsalluredthosepeopletotheadmirationandimitationofvirtue，andhadbegottenbetwixtthemandusafraternalsocietyandintelligence？Howeasyhaditbeentohavemadeadvantageofsoulssoinnocent，andsoeagertolearn，leaving，forthemostpart，naturallysogoodinclinationsbefore？Whereas，onthecontrary，wehavetakenadvantageoftheirignoranceandinexperience，withgreatereasetoinclinethemtotreachery，luxury，avarice，andtowardsallsortsofinhumanityandcruelty，bythepatternandexampleofourmanners。Whoeverenhancedthepriceofmerchandiseatsucharate？Somanycitieslevelledwiththeground，somanynationsexterminated，somanymillionsofpeoplefallenbytheedgeofthesword，andtherichestandmostbeautifulpartoftheworldturnedupsidedown，forthetrafficofpearlandpepper？Mechanicvictories！Neverdidambition，neverdidpublicanimosities，engagemenagainstoneanotherinsuchmiserablehostilities，insuchmiserablecalamities。
CertainSpaniards，coastingtheseainquestoftheirmines，landedinafruitfulandpleasantandverywellpeopledcountry，andtheremadetotheinhabitantstheiraccustomedprofessions:\"thattheywerepeaceablemen，whowerecomefromaveryremotecountry，andsentonthebehalfoftheKingofCastile，thegreatestprinceofthehabitableworld，towhomthePope，God’svicegerentuponearth，hadgiventheprincipalityofalltheIndies;thatiftheywouldbecometributariestohim，theyshouldbeverygentlyandcourteouslyused\";atthesametimerequiringofthemvictualsfortheirnourishment，andgoldwhereoftomakesomepretendedmedicine;settingforth，moreover，thebeliefinoneonlyGod，andthetruthofourreligion，whichtheyadvisedthemtoembrace，whereuntotheyalsoaddedsomethreats。Towhichtheyreceivedthisanswer:\"Thatastotheirbeingpeaceable，theydidnotseemtobesuch，iftheywereso。
Astotheirking，sincehewasfaintobeg，hemustbenecessitousandpoor;andhewhohadmadehimthisgift，mustbeamanwholoveddissension，togivethattoanotherwhichwasnoneofhisown，tobringitintodisputeagainsttheancientpossessors。Astovictuals，theywouldsupplythem;thatofgoldtheyhadlittle;itbeingathingtheyhadinverysmallesteem，asofnousetotheserviceoflife，whereastheironlycarewastopassitoverhappilyandpleasantly:butthatwhattheycouldfindexceptingwhatwasemployedintheserviceoftheirgods，theymightfreelytake。AstooneonlyGod，thepropositionhadpleasedthemwell;butthattheywouldnotchangetheirreligion，bothbecausetheyhadsolongandhappilylivedinit，andthattheywerenotwonttotakeadviceofanybuttheirfriends，andthosetheyknew:astotheirmenaces，itwasasignofwantofjudgmenttothreatenthosewhosenatureandpowerweretothemunknown;that，therefore，theyweretomakehastetoquittheircoast，fortheywerenotusedtotakethecivilitiesandprofessionsofarmedmenandstrangersingoodpart;otherwisetheyshoulddobythemastheyhaddonebythoseothers，\"showingthemtheheadsofseveralexecutedmenroundthewallsoftheircity。Afairexampleofthebabbleofthesechildren。Butsoitis，thattheSpaniardsdidnot，eitherinthisorinseveralotherplaces，wheretheydidnotfindthemerchandisetheysought，makeanystayorattempt，whateverotherconveniencesweretheretobehad;witnessmyCANNIBALS。——
[ChapterXXX。ofBookI。]
Ofthetwomostpuissantmonarchsofthatworld，and，peradventure，ofthis，kingsofsomanykings，andthelasttheyturnedout，heofPeru，havingbeentakeninabattle，andputtosoexcessivearansomasexceedsallbelief，anditbeingfaithfullypaid，andhehaving，byhisconversation，givenmanifestsignsofafrank，liberal，andconstantspirit，andofaclearandsettledunderstanding，theconquerorshadamind，afterhavingexactedonemillionthreehundredandtwenty—fivethousandandfivehundredweightofgold，besidessilver，andotherthingswhichamountedtonoless（sothattheirhorseswereshodwithmassygold），stilltosee，atthepriceofwhatdisloyaltyandinjusticewhatever，whattheremainderofthetreasuresofthiskingmightbe，andtopossessthemselvesofthatalso。Tothisendafalseaccusationwaspreferredagainsthim，andfalsewitnessesbroughttoprovethathewentabouttoraiseaninsurrectioninhisprovinces，toprocurehisownliberty;whereupon，bythevirtuoussentenceofthoseverymenwhohadbythistreacheryconspiredhisruin，hewascondemnedtobepubliclyhangedandstrangled，afterhavingmadehimbuyoffthetormentofbeingburntalive，bythebaptismtheygavehimimmediatelybeforeexecution;ahorridandunheardofbarbarity，which，nevertheless，heunderwentwithoutgivingwayeitherinwordorlook，withatrulygraveandroyalbehaviour。Afterwhich，tocalmandappeasethepeople，arousedandastoundedatsostrangeathing，theycounterfeitedgreatsorrowforhisdeath，andappointedmostsumptuousfunerals。
TheotherkingofMexico，——[Guatimosin]——havingforalongtimedefendedhisbeleagueredcity，andhavinginthissiegemanifestedtheutmostofwhatsufferingandperseverancecando，ifeverprinceandpeopledid，andhismisfortunehavingdeliveredhimaliveintohisenemies’hands，uponarticlesofbeingtreatedlikeaking，neitherdidheinhiscaptivitydiscoveranythingunworthyofthattitle。Hisenemies，aftertheirvictory，notfindingsomuchgoldastheyexpected，whentheyhadsearchedandrifledwiththeirutmostdiligence，theywentabouttoprocurediscoveriesbythemostcrueltormentstheycouldinventupontheprisonerstheyhadtaken:buthavingprofitednothingbythese，theircouragebeinggreaterthantheirtorments，theyarrivedatlasttosuchadegreeoffury，as，contrarytotheirfaithandthelawofnations，tocondemnthekinghimself，andoneoftheprincipalnoblemenofhiscourt，totherack，inthepresenceofoneanother。Thislord，findinghimselfovercomewithpain，beingenvironedwithburningcoals，pitifullyturnedhisdyingeyestowardshismaster，asitweretoaskhimpardonthathewasabletoendurenomore;whereupontheking，dartingathimafierceandseverelook，asreproachinghiscowardiceandpusillanimity，withaharshandconstantvoicesaidtohimthusonly:\"AndwhatdostthouthinkIsuffer？amIinabath？amImoreateasethanthou？\"Whereupontheotherimmediatelyquailedunderthetormentanddieduponthespot。Theking，halfroasted，wascarriedthence;notsomuchoutofpity（forwhatcompassionevertouchedsobarbaroussouls，who，uponthedoubtfulinformationofsomevesselofgoldtobemadeapreyof，causednotonlyaman，butaking，sogreatinfortuneanddesert，tobebroiledbeforetheireyes），butbecausehisconstancyrenderedtheircrueltystillmoreshameful。Theyafterwardshangedhimforhavingnoblyattemptedtodeliverhimselfbyarmsfromsolongacaptivityandsubjection，andhediedwithacouragebecomingsomagnanimousaprince。
Anothertime，theyburntinthesamefirefourhundredandsixtymenaliveatonce，thefourhundredofthecommonpeople，thesixtytheprincipallordsofaprovince，simplyprisonersofwar。Wehavethesenarrativesfromthemselvesfortheynotonlyownit，butboastofitandpublishit。Coulditbeforatestimonyoftheirjusticeortheirzealtoreligion？Doubtlessthesearewaystoodifferingandcontrarytosoholyanend。Hadtheyproposedtothemselvestoextendourfaith，theywouldhaveconsideredthatitdoesnotamplifyinthepossessionofterritories，butinthegainingofmen;andwouldhavemorethansatisfiedthemselveswiththeslaughtersoccasionedbythenecessityofwar，withoutindifferentlymixingamassacre，asuponwildbeasts，asuniversalasfireandswordcouldmakeit;havingonly，byintention，savedsomanyastheymeanttomakemiserableslavesof，fortheworkandserviceoftheirmines;sothatmanyofthecaptainswereputtodeathupontheplaceofconquest，byorderofthekingsofCastile，justlyoffendedwiththehorroroftheirdeportment，andalmostallofthemhatedanddisesteemed。Godmeritoriouslypermittedthatallthisgreatplundershouldbeswallowedupbytheseaintransportation，orinthecivilwarswherewiththeydevouredoneanother;andmostofthementhemselveswereburiedinaforeignlandwithoutanyfruitoftheirvictory。
Thattherevenuefromthesecountries，thoughinthehandsofsoparsimoniousandsoprudentaprince，——[PhillipII。]——solittleanswerstheexpectationgivenofittohispredecessors，andtothatoriginalabundanceofricheswhichwasfoundatthefirstlandinginthosenewdiscoveredcountries（forthoughagreatdealbefetchedthence，yetwesee’tisnothingincomparisonofthatwhichmightbeexpected），isthattheuseofcoinwasthereutterlyunknown，andthatconsequentlytheirgoldwasfoundallhoardedtogether，beingofnootherusebutforornamentandshow，asafurniturereservedfromfathertosonbymanypuissantkings，whowereeverdrainingtheirminestomakethisvastheapofvesselsandstatuesforthedecorationoftheirpalacesandtemples;
whereasourgoldisalwaysinmotionandtraffic;wecutitintoathousandsmallpieces，andcastitintoathousandforms，andscatteranddisperseitinathousandways。Butsupposeourkingsshouldthushoardupallthegoldtheycouldgetinseveralagesandletitlieidlebythem。
ThoseofthekingdomofMexicowereinsomesortmorecivilisedandmoreadvancedinartsthantheothernationsaboutthem。Thereforedidtheyjudge，aswedo，thattheworldwasnearitsperiod，andlookeduponthedesolationwebroughtamongstthemasacertainsignofit。Theybelievedthattheexistenceoftheworldwasdividedintofiveages，andinthelifeoffivesuccessivesuns，ofwhichfourhadalreadyendedtheirtime，andthatthiswhichgavethemlightwasthefifth。Thefirstperished，withallothercreatures，byanuniversalinundationofwater;
thesecondbytheheavensfallinguponusandsuffocatingeverylivingthingtowhichagetheyassignedthegiants，andshowedbonestotheSpaniards，accordingtotheproportionofwhichthestatureofmenamountedtotwentyfeet;thethirdbyfire，whichburnedandconsumedall;thefourthbyanemotionoftheairandwind，whichcamewithsuchviolenceastobeatdownevenmanymountains，whereinthemendiednot，butwereturnedintobaboons。Whatimpressionswillnottheweaknessofhumanbeliefadmit？Afterthedeathofthisfourthsun，theworldwastwenty—fiveyearsinperpetualdarkness:inthefifteenthofwhichamanandawomanwerecreated，whorestoredthehumanrace:tenyearsafter，uponacertainday，thesunappearednewlycreated，andsincetheaccountoftheiryeartakesbeginningfromthatday:thethirddayafteritscreationtheancientgodsdied，andthenewonesweresinceborndaily。
Afterwhatmannertheythinkthislastsunshallperish，myauthorknowsnot;buttheirnumberofthisfourthchangeagreeswiththegreatconjunctionofstarswhicheighthundredandoddyearsago，asastrologerssuppose，producedgreatalterationsandnoveltiesintheworld。
Astopompandmagnificence，upontheaccountofwhichIengagedinthisdiscourse，neitherGreece，Rome，norEgypt，whetherforutility，difficulty，orstate，cancompareanyoftheirworkswiththehighwaytobeseeninPeru，madebythekingsofthecountry，fromthecityofQuitotothatofCusco（threehundredleagues），straight，even，five—and—twentypaceswide，paved，andprovidedonbothsideswithhighandbeautifulwalls;andclosebythem，andallalongontheinside，twoperennialstreams，borderedwithbeautifulplants，whichtheycallmoly。Inthiswork，wheretheymetwithrocksandmountains，theycutthemthrough，andmadethemeven，andfilleduppitsandvalleyswithlimeandstonetomakethemlevel。Attheendofeveryday’sjourneyarebeautifulpalaces，furnishedwithprovisions，vestments，andarms，aswellfortravellersasforthearmiesthataretopassthatway。IntheestimateofthisworkIhavereckonedthedifficultywhichisespeciallyconsiderableinthatplace;theydidnotbuildwithanystoneslessthantenfeetsquare，andhadnootherconveniencyofcarriagebutbydrawingtheirloadthemselvesbyforceofarm，andknewnotsomuchastheartofscaffolding，noranyotherwayofstandingtotheirwork，butbythrowingupearthagainstthebuildingasitrosehigher，takingitawayagainwhentheyhaddone。
Letusherereturntoourcoaches。Insteadofthese，andofallothersortsofcarriages，theycausedthemselvestobecarrieduponmen’sshoulders。ThislastkingofPeru，thedaythathewastaken，wasthuscarriedbetwixttwouponstavesofgold，andsetinachairofgoldinthemiddleofhisarmy。Asmanyofthesesedan—menaswerekilledtomakehimfall（fortheywouldtakehimalive），somanyothers（andtheycontendedforit）tooktheplaceofthosewhowereslain，sothattheycouldneverbeathimdown，whatslaughtersoevertheymadeofthesepeople，tillahorseman，seizinguponhim，broughthimtotheground。
CHAPTERVII
OFTHEINCONVENIENCEOFGREATNESS
Sincewecannotattainuntoit，letusrevengeourselvesbyrailingatit;andyetitisnotabsolutelyrailingagainstanythingtoproclaimitsdefects，becausetheyareinallthingstobefound，howbeautifulorhowmuchtobecovetedsoever。Greatnesshas，ingeneral，thismanifestadvantage，thatitcanloweritselfwhenitpleases，andhas，verynear，thechoiceofboththeoneandtheothercondition;foramandoesnotfallfromallheights;thereareseveralfromwhichonemaydescendwithoutfallingdown。Itdoes，indeed，appeartomethatwevalueitattoohigharate，andalsoovervaluetheresolutionofthosewhomwehaveeitherseenorheardhavecontemnedit，ordisplacedthemselvesoftheirownaccord:itsessenceisnotsoevidentlycommodiousthatamanmaynot，withoutamiracle，refuseit。Ifinditaveryhardthingtoundergomisfortunes，buttobecontentwithamoderatemeasureoffortune，andtoavoidgreatness，Ithinkaveryeasymatter。’Tis，methinks，avirtuetowhichI，whoamnoconjuror，couldwithoutanygreatendeavourarrive。What，then，istobeexpectedfromthemthatwouldyetputintoconsiderationthegloryattendingthisrefusal，whereintheremaylurkworseambitionthaneveninthedesireitself，andfruitionofgreatness？Forasmuchasambitionnevercomportsitselfbetter，accordingtoitself，thanwhenitproceedsbyobscureandunfrequentedways。