Fromthetimewhenpowerfulministersmadeitapoliticalprincipletopreventtheconvocationofanationalassembly，oneconsequencehassucceededanother，untilthedeliberationsoftheinhabitantsofavillagearedeclarednullwhentheyhavenotbeenauthorizedbytheIntendant。Ofcourse，ifthecommunityhasanexpensiveundertakingtocarrythrough，itmustremainunderthecontrolofthesub—delegateoftheIntendant，and，consequently，followtheplanheproposes，employhisfavoriteworkmen，paythemaccordingtohispleasure;andifanactionatlawisdeemednecessary，theIntendant’spermissionmustbeobtained。Thecausemustbepleadedbeforethisfirsttribunal，previoustoitsbeingcarriedintoapubliccourt;andiftheopinionoftheIntendantisopposedtothatoftheinhabitants，oriftheiradversaryenjoyshisfavor，thecommunityisdeprivedofthepowerofdefendingitsrights。Sucharethemeans，Sire，whichhavebeenexertedtoextinguishthemunicipalspiritinFrance;andtostifle，ifpossible，theopinionsofthecitizens。
Thenationmaybesaidtolieunderaninterdict，andtobeinwardshipunderguardians。\"Whatcouldbesaidmoretothepurposeatthepresentday，whentheRevolutionhasachievedwhatarecalleditsvictoriesincentralization？
In1789，JeffersonwrotefromParistooneofhisfriends:—
\"Thereisnocountrywherethemaniaforover—governinghastakendeeperrootthaninFrance，orbeenthesourceofgreatermischief。\"（LettertoMadison，August28，1789。）Thefactis，thatforseveralcenturiespastthecentralpowerofFrancehasdoneeverythingitcouldtoextendcentraladministration;ithasacknowledgednootherlimitsthanitsownstrength。ThecentralpowertowhichtheRevolutiongavebirthmademorerapidadvancesthananyofitspredecessors，becauseitwasstrongerandwiserthantheyhadbeen;LouisXIVcommittedthewelfareofsuchcommunitiestothecapriceofanintendant;NapoleonleftthemtothatoftheMinister。Thesameprinciplegovernedboth，thoughitsconsequencesweremoreorlessremote。
AppendixL
TheimmutabilityoftheconstitutionofFranceisanecessaryconsequenceofthelawsofthatcountry。Tobeginwiththemostimportantofallthelaws，thatwhichdecidestheorderofsuccessiontothethrone;whatcanbemoreimmutableinitsprinciplethanapoliticalorderfoundeduponthenaturalsuccessionoffathertoson？In1814，LouisXVIIIhadestablishedtheperpetuallawofhereditarysuccessioninfavorofhisownfamily。TheindividualswhoregulatedtheconsequencesoftheRevolutionof1830followedhisexample;theymerelyestablishedtheperpetuityofthelawinfavorofanotherfamily。InthisrespecttheyimitatedtheChancellorMeaupou，who，whenheerectedthenewParliamentupontheruinsoftheold，tookcaretodeclareinthesameordinancethattherightsofthenewmagistratesshouldbeasinalienableasthoseoftheirpredecessorshadbeen。Thelawsof1830，likethoseof1814，pointoutnowayofchangingtheconstitution:anditisevidentthattheordinarymeansoflegislationareinsufficientforthispurpose。AstheKing，thePeers，andtheDeputies，allderivetheirauthorityfromtheconstitution，thesethreepowersunitedcannotalteralawbyvirtueofwhichalonetheygovern。Outofthepaleoftheconstitutiontheyarenothing:where，when，couldtheytaketheirstandtoeffectachangeinitsprovisions？Thealternativeisclear:eithertheireffortsarepowerlessagainstthecharter，whichcontinuestoexistinspiteofthem，inwhichcasetheyonlyreigninthenameofthecharter;ortheysucceedinchangingthecharter，andthen，thelawbywhichtheyexistedbeingannulled，theythemselvesceasetoexist。Bydestroyingthecharter，theydestroythemselves。Thisismuchmoreevidentinthelawsof1830thaninthoseof1814。In1814，theroyalprerogativetookitsstandaboveandbeyondtheconstitution;butin1830，itwasavowedlycreatedby，anddependenton，theconstitution。Apart，therefore，oftheFrenchconstitutionisimmutable，becauseitisunitedtothedestinyofafamily;andthebodyoftheconstitutionisequallyimmutable，becausethereappeartobenolegalmeansofchangingit。TheseremarksarenotapplicabletoEngland。Thatcountryhavingnowrittenconstitution，whocanassertwhenitsconstitutionischanged？
AppendixM
ThemostesteemedauthorswhohavewrittenupontheEnglishConstitutionagreewitheachotherinestablishingtheomnipotenceoftheParliament。Delolmesays:\"ItisafundamentalprinciplewiththeEnglishlawyers，thatParliamentcandoeverythingexceptmakingawomanaman，oramanawoman。\"
Blackstoneexpresseshimselfmoreindetail，ifnotmoreenergetically，thanDelolme，inthefollowingterms:—\"ThepowerandjurisdictionofParliament，saysSirEdwardCoke（4Inst。
36），issotranscendentandabsolutethatitcannotbeconfined，eitherforcausesorpersons，withinanybounds。\"AndofthisHighCourt，headds，maybetrulysaid，\"Siantiquitatemspectes，estvetustissima;sidignitatem，esthonoratissima;sijurisdictionem，estcapacissima。\"Ithathsovereignanduncontrollableauthorityinthemaking，confirming，enlarging，restraining，abrogating，repealing，reviving，andexpoundingoflaws，concerningmattersofallpossibledenominations;
ecclesiasticalortemporal;civil，military，maritime，orcriminal;thisbeingtheplacewherethatabsolutedespoticpowerwhichmust，inallgovernments，residesomewhere，isintrustedbytheconstitutionofthesekingdoms。Allmischiefsandgrievances，operationsandremedies，thattranscendtheordinarycourseofthelaws，arewithinthereachofthisextraordinarytribunal。Itcanregulateornew—modelthesuccessiontotheCrown;aswasdoneinthereignofHenryVIIIandWilliamIII。
Itcanaltertheestablishedreligionoftheland;aswasdoneinavarietyofinstancesinthereignsofKingHenryVIIIandhisthreechildren。Itcanchangeandcreateafresheventheconstitutionofthekingdom，andofparliamentsthemselves;aswasdonebytheActofUnionandtheseveralstatutesfortriennialandseptennialelections。Itcan，inshort，doeverythingthatisnotnaturallyimpossibletobedone;
and，thereforesomehavenotscrupledtocallitspower，byafigurerathertoobold，theomnipotenceofParliament。\"
AppendixN
ThereisnoquestionuponwhichtheAmericanconstitutionsagreemorefullythanuponthatofpoliticaljurisdiction。Alltheconstitutionswhichtakecognizanceofthismatter，givetotheHouseofDelegatestheexclusiverightofimpeachment;
exceptingonlytheconstitutionofNorthCarolina，whichgrantsthesameprivilegetograndjuries。（Article23。）AlmostalltheconstitutionsgivetheexclusiverightofpronouncingsentencetotheSenate，ortotheAssemblywhichoccupiesitsplace。
Theonlypunishmentswhichthepoliticaltribunalscaninflictareremoval，ortheinterdictionofpublicfunctionsforthefuture。ThereisnootherconstitutionbutthatofVirginia（p。152），whichenablesthemtoinflicteverykindofpunishment。
Thecrimeswhicharesubjecttopoliticaljurisdictionare，inthefederalconstitution（Section4，Art。1）;inthatofIndiana（Art。3，paragraphs23and24）;ofNewYork（Art。5）;ofDelaware（Art。5），hightreason，bribery，andotherhighcrimesoroffences。IntheConstitutionofMassachusetts（Chap。I，Section2）;thatofNorthCarolina（Art。23）;ofVirginia（p。252），misconductandmaladministration。IntheconstitutionofNewHampshire（p。105），corruption，intrigue，andmaladministration。
InVermont（Chap。2，Art。24），maladministration。InSouthCarolina（Art。5）;Kentucky（Art。5）;Tennessee（Art。4）;Ohio（Art。1，23，24）;Louisiana（Art。5）;Mississippi（Art。5）;
Alabama（Art。6）;Pennsylvania（Art。4），crimescommittedinthenon—performanceofofficialduties。IntheStatesofIllinois，Georgia，Maine，andConnecticut，noparticularoffencesarespecified。
AppendixO
ItistruethatthepowersofEuropemaycarryonmaritimewarswiththeUnion;butthereisalwaysgreaterfacilityandlessdangerinsupportingamaritimethanacontinentalwar。
Maritimewarfareonlyrequiresonespeciesofeffort。A
commercialpeoplewhichconsentstofurnishitsgovernmentwiththenecessaryfunds，issuretopossessafleet。Anditisfareasiertoinduceanationtopartwithitsmoney，almostunconsciously，thantoreconcileittosacrificesofmenandpersonalefforts。Moreover，defeatbyseararelycompromisestheexistenceorindependenceofthepeoplewhichenduresit。Asforcontinentalwars，itisevidentthatthenationsofEuropecannotbeformidableinthiswaytotheAmericanUnion。ItwouldbeverydifficulttotransportandmaintaininAmericamorethan25，000soldiers;anarmywhichmaybeconsideredtorepresentanationofabout2，000，000ofmen。ThemostpopulousnationofEuropecontendinginthiswayagainsttheUnion，isinthepositionofanationof2，000，000ofinhabitantsatwarwithoneof12，000，000。Addtothis，thatAmericahasallitsresourceswithinreach，whilsttheEuropeanisat4，000milesdistancefromhis;andthattheimmensityoftheAmericancontinentwouldofitselfpresentaninsurmountableobstacletoitsconquest。
AppendixP
ThefirstAmericanjournalappearedinApril，1704，andwaspublishedatBoston。See\"CollectionoftheHistoricalSocietyofMassachusetts，\"vol。vi。p。66。ItwouldbeamistaketosupposethattheperiodicalpresshasalwaysbeenentirelyfreeintheAmericancolonies:anattemptwasmadetoestablishsomethinganalogoustoacensorshipandpreliminarysecurity。
ConsulttheLegislativeDocumentsofMassachusettsofJanuary14，1722。TheCommitteeappointedbytheGeneralAssembly（thelegislativebodyoftheprovince）forthepurposeofexaminingintocircumstancesconnectedwithapaperentitled\"TheNewEnglandCourier，\"expressesitsopinionthat\"thetendencyofthesaidjournalistoturnreligionintoderisionandbringitintocontempt;thatitmentionsthesacredwritersinaprofaneandirreligiousmanner;thatitputsmaliciousinterpretationsupontheconductoftheministersoftheGospel;andthattheGovernmentofhisMajestyisinsulted，andthepeaceandtranquillityoftheprovincedisturbedbythesaidjournal。TheCommitteeisconsequentlyofopinionthattheprinterandpublisher，JamesFranklin，shouldbeforbiddentoprintandpublishthesaidjournaloranyotherworkinfuture，withouthavingpreviouslysubmittedittotheSecretaryoftheprovince;
andthatthejusticesofthepeaceforthecountyofSuffolkshouldbecommissionedtorequirebailofthesaidJamesFranklinforhisgoodconductduringtheensuingyear。\"ThesuggestionoftheCommitteewasadoptedandpassedintoalaw，buttheeffectofitwasnull，forthejournaleludedtheprohibitionbyputtingthenameofBenjaminFranklininsteadofJamesFranklinatthebottomofitscolumns，andthismanoeuvrewassupportedbypublicopinion。
AppendixQ
TheFederalConstitutionhasintroducedthejuryintothetribunalsoftheUnioninthesamewayastheStateshadintroduceditintotheirownseveralcourts;butasithasnotestablishedanyfixedrulesforthechoiceofjurors，thefederalcourtsselectthemfromtheordinaryjurylistwhicheachStatemakesforitself。ThelawsoftheStatesmustthereforebeexaminedforthetheoryoftheformationofjuries。SeeStory’s\"CommentariesontheConstitution，\"B。iii。chap。38，p。654—659;
Sergeant’s\"ConstitutionalLaw，\"p。165。SeealsotheFederalLawsoftheyears1789，1800，and1802，uponthesubject。ForthepurposeofthoroughlyunderstandingtheAmericanprincipleswithrespecttotheformationofjuries，IexaminedthelawsofStatesatadistancefromoneanother，andthefollowingobservationsweretheresultofmyinquiries。InAmerica，allthecitizenswhoexercisetheelectivefranchisehavetherightofservinguponajury。ThegreatStateofNewYork，however，hasmadeaslightdifferencebetweenthetwoprivileges，butinaspiritquitecontrarytothatofthelawsofFrance;forintheStateofNewYorktherearefewerpersonseligibleasjurymenthanthereareelectors。Itmaybesaidingeneralthattherightofformingpartofajury，liketherightofelectingrepresentatives，isopentoallthecitizens:theexerciseofthisright，however，isnotputindiscriminatelyintoanyhands。
Everyyearabodyofmunicipalorcountymagistrates—called\"selectmen\"inNewEngland，\"supervisors\"inNewYork，\"trustees\"
inOhio，and\"sheriffsoftheparish\"inLouisiana—chooseforeachcountyacertainnumberofcitizenswhohavetherightofservingasjurymen，andwhoaresupposedtobecapableofexercisingtheirfunctions。Thesemagistrates，beingthemselveselective，excitenodistrust;theirpowers，likethoseofmostrepublicanmagistrates，areveryextensiveandveryarbitrary，andtheyfrequentlymakeuseofthemtoremoveunworthyorincompetentjurymen。ThenamesofthejurymenthuschosenaretransmittedtotheCountyCourt;andthejurywhohavetodecideanyaffairaredrawnbylotfromthewholelistofnames。TheAmericanshavecontrivedineverywaytomakethecommonpeopleeligibletothejury，andtorendertheserviceaslittleonerousaspossible。Thesessionsareheldinthechieftownofeverycounty，andthejuryareindemnifiedfortheirattendanceeitherbytheStateorthepartiesconcerned。Theyreceiveingeneraladollarperday，besidestheirtravellingexpenses。InAmerica，thebeingplaceduponthejuryislookeduponasaburden，butitisaburdenwhichisverysupportable。SeeBrevard’s\"DigestofthePublicStatuteLawofSouthCarolina，\"vol。i。pp。446and454，vol。ii。pp。218and338;\"TheGeneralLawsofMassachusetts，revisedandpublishedbyauthorityoftheLegislature，\"vol。ii。pp。187and331;\"TheRevisedStatutesoftheStateofNewYork，\"vol。ii。pp。411，643，717，720;\"TheStatuteLawoftheStateofTennessee，\"vol。i。p。209;\"ActsoftheStateofOhio，\"pp。95and210;and\"DigestegeneraldesActesdelaLegislaturedelaLouisiane。\"
AppendixR
IfweattentivelyexaminetheconstitutionofthejuryasintroducedintocivilproceedingsinEngland，weshallreadilyperceivethatthejurorsareundertheimmediatecontrolofthejudge。Itistruethattheverdictofthejury，incivilaswellasincriminalcases，comprisesthequestionoffactandthequestionofrightinthesamereply;thus—ahouseisclaimedbyPeterashavingbeenpurchasedbyhim:thisisthefacttobedecided。Thedefendantputsinapleaofincompetencyonthepartofthevendor:thisisthelegalquestiontoberesolved。
Butthejurydonotenjoythesamecharacterofinfallibilityincivilcases，accordingtothepracticeoftheEnglishcourts，astheydoincriminalcases。Thejudgemayrefusetoreceivetheverdict;andevenafterthefirsttrialhastakenplace，asecondornewtrialmaybeawardedbytheCourt。SeeBlackstone’s\"Commentaries，\"bookiii。ch。24。
AppendixS
IfindinmytravellingjournalapassagewhichmayservetoconveyamorecompletenotionofthetrialstowhichthewomenofAmerica，whoconsenttofollowtheirhusbandsintothewilds，areoftensubjected。Thisdescriptionhasnothingtorecommendittothereaderbutitsstrictaccuracy:
\"……Fromtimetotimewecometofreshclearings;alltheseplacesarealike;Ishalldescribetheoneatwhichwehavehaltedto—night，foritwillservetoremindmeofalltheothers。
\"Thebellwhichthepioneershangroundthenecksoftheircattle，inordertofindthemagaininthewoods，announcedourapproachtoaclearing，whenwewereyetalongwayoff;andwesoonafterwardsheardthestrokeofthehatchet，hewingdownthetreesoftheforest。Aswecamenearer，tracesofdestructionmarkedthepresenceofcivilizedman;theroadwasstrewnwithshatteredboughs;trunksoftrees，halfconsumedbyfire，orcleftbythewedge，werestillstandinginthetrackwewerefollowing。Wecontinuedtoproceedtillwereachedawoodinwhichallthetreesseemedtohavebeensuddenlystruckdead;intheheightofsummertheirboughswereasleaflessasinwinter;
anduponcloserexaminationwefoundthatadeepcirclehadbeencutroundthebark，which，bystoppingthecirculationofthesap，soonkillsthetree。Wewereinformedthatthisiscommonlythefirstthingapioneerdoes;ashecannotinthefirstyearcutdownallthetreeswhichcoverhisnewparcelofland，hesowsIndiancornundertheirbranches，andputsthetreestodeathinordertopreventthemfrominjuringhiscrop。Beyondthisfield，atpresentimperfectlytracedout，wesuddenlycameuponthecabinofitsowner，situatedinthecentreofaplotofgroundmorecarefullycultivatedthantherest，butwheremanwasstillwagingunequalwarfarewiththeforest;therethetreeswerecutdown，buttheirrootswerenotremoved，andthetrunksstillencumberedthegroundwhichtheysorecentlyshaded。Aroundthesedryblocks，wheat，suckersoftrees，andplantsofeverykind，growandintertwineinalltheluxurianceofwild，untutorednature。Amidstthisvigorousandvariousvegetationstandsthehouseofthepioneer，or，astheycallit，theloghouse。Likethegroundaboutit，thisrusticdwellingboremarksofrecentandhastylabor;itslengthseemednottoexceedthirtyfeet，itsheightfifteen;thewallsaswellastheroofwereformedofroughtrunksoftrees，betweenwhichalittlemossandclayhadbeeninsertedtokeepoutthecoldandrain。
\"Asnightwascomingon，wedeterminedtoaskthemasteroftheloghouseforalodging。Atthesoundofourfootsteps，thechildrenwhowereplayingamongstthescatteredbranchessprangupandrantowardsthehouse，asiftheywerefrightenedatthesightofman;whilsttwolargedogs，almostwild，withearserectandoutstretchednose，camegrowlingoutoftheirhut，tocovertheretreatoftheiryoungmasters。Thepioneerhimselfmadehisappearanceatthedoorofhisdwelling;helookedatuswitharapidandinquisitiveglance，madeasigntothedogstogointothehouse，andsetthemtheexample，withoutbetrayingeithercuriosityorapprehensionatourarrival。
\"Weenteredtheloghouse:theinsideisquiteunlikethatofthecottagesofthepeasantryofEurope:itcontainsmorethanissuperfluous，lessthanisnecessary。Asinglewindowwithamuslinblind;onahearthoftroddenclayanimmensefire，whichlightsthewholestructure;abovethehearthagoodrifle，adeer’sskin，andplumesofeagles’feathers;ontherighthandofthechimneyamapoftheUnitedStates，raisedandshakenbythewindthroughthecranniesinthewall;nearthemap，uponashelfformedofaroughlyhewnplank，afewvolumesofbooks—aBible，thesixfirstbooksofMilton，andtwoofShakespeare’splays;
alongthewall，trunksinsteadofclosets;inthecentreoftheroomarudetable，withlegsofgreenwood，andwiththebarkstilluponthem，lookingasiftheygrewoutofthegroundonwhichtheystood;butonthistableatea—potofBritishware，silverspoons，crackedtea—cups，andsomenewspapers。
\"ThemasterofthisdwellinghasthestrongangularfeaturesandlanklimbspeculiartothenativeofNewEngland。Itisevidentthatthismanwasnotborninthesolitudeinwhichwehavemetwithhim:hisphysicalconstitutionsufficestoshowthathisearlieryearswerespentinthemidstofcivilizedsociety，andthathebelongstothatrestless，calculating，andadventurousraceofmen，whodowiththeutmostcoolnessthingsonlytobeaccountedforbytheardorofthepassions，andwhoendurethelifeofsavagesforatime，inordertoconquerandcivilizethebackwoods。
\"Whenthepioneerperceivedthatwewerecrossinghisthreshold，hecametomeetusandshakehands，asistheircustom;buthisfacewasquiteunmoved;heopenedtheconversationbyinquiringwhatwasgoingonintheworld;andwhenhiscuriositywassatisfied，heheldhispeace，asifheweretiredbythenoiseandimportunityofmankind。Whenwequestionedhiminourturn，hegaveusalltheinformationwerequired;hethenattendedsedulously，butwithouteagerness，toourpersonalwants。Whilsthewasengagedinprovidingthuskindlyforus，howcameitthatinspitofourselveswefeltourgratitudedieuponourlips？Itisthatourhostwhilstheperformsthedutiesofhospitality，seemstobeobeyinganirksomenecessityofhiscondition:hetreatsitasadutyimposeduponhimbyhissituation，notasapleasure。Bythesideofthehearthsitsawomanwithababyonherlap:shenodstouswithoutdisturbingherself。Likethepioneer，thiswomanisintheprimeoflife;herappearancewouldseemsuperiortohercondition，andherapparelevenbetraysalingeringtastefordress;butherdelicatelimbsappearshrunken，herfeaturesaredrawnin，hereyeismildandmelancholy;herwholephysiognomybearsmarksofadegreeofreligiousresignation，adeepquietofallpassions，andsomesortofnaturalandtranquilfirmness，readytomeetalltheillsoflife，withoutfearingandwithoutbravingthem。Herchildrenclusterabouther，fullofhealth，turbulence，andenergy:theyaretruechildrenofthewilderness;
theirmotherwatchesthemfromtimetotimewithmingledmelancholyandjoy:tolookattheirstrengthandherlanguor，onemightimaginethatthelifeshehasgiventhemhasexhaustedherown，andstillsheregretsnotwhattheyhavecosther。Thehouseinhabitedbytheseemigrantshasnointernalpartitionorloft。Intheonechamberofwhichitconsists，thewholefamilyisgatheredforthenight。Thedwellingisitselfalittleworld—anarkofcivilizationamidstanoceanoffoliage:ahundredstepsbeyondittheprimevalforestspreadsitsshades，andsolituderesumesitssway。\"
AppendixT
Itisnottheequalityofconditionswhichmakesmenimmoralandirreligious;butwhenmen，beingequal，areatthesametimeimmoralandirreligious，theeffectsofimmoralityandirreligioneasilymanifestthemselvesoutwardly，becausemenhavebutlittleinfluenceuponeachother，andnoclassexistswhichcanundertaketokeepsocietyinorder。Equalityofconditionsneverengendersprofligacyofmorals，butitsometimesallowsthatprofligacytoshowitself。
AppendixU
Settingasideallthosewhodonotthinkatall，andthosewhodarenotsaywhattheythink，theimmensemajorityoftheAmericanswillstillbefoundtoappearsatisfiedwiththepoliticalinstitutionsbywhichtheyaregoverned;and，I
believe，reallytobeso。Ilookuponthisstateofpublicopinionasanindication，butnotasademonstration，oftheabsoluteexcellenceofAmericanlaws。Theprideofanation，thegratificationofcertainrulingpassionsbythelaw，aconcourseofcircumstances，defectswhichescapenotice，andmorethanalltherest，theinfluenceofamajoritywhichshutsthemouthofallcavillers，maylongperpetuatethedelusionsofapeopleaswellasthoseofaman。LookatEnglandthroughouttheeighteenthcentury。Nonationwasevermoreprodigalofself—applause，nopeoplewasevermoreself—satisfied;theneverypartofitsconstitutionwasright—everything，eventoitsmostobviousdefects，wasirreproachable:atthepresentdayavastnumberofEnglishmenseemtohavenothingbettertodothantoprovethatthisconstitutionwasfaultyinmanyrespects。
Whichwasright？—theEnglishpeopleofthelastcentury，ortheEnglishpeopleofthepresentday？
ThesamethinghasoccurredinFrance。ItiscertainthatduringthereignofLouisXIVthegreatbulkofthenationwasdevotedlyattachedtotheformofgovernmentwhich，atthattime，governedthecommunity。ButitisavasterrortosupposethattherewasanythingdegradedinthecharacteroftheFrenchofthatage。TheremightbesomesortofservitudeinFranceatthattime，butassuredlytherewasnoservilespiritamongthepeople。Thewritersofthatagefeltaspeciesofgenuineenthusiasminextollingthepoweroftheirking;andtherewasnopeasantsoobscureinhishovelasnottotakeaprideinthegloryofhissovereign，andtodiecheerfullywiththecry\"ViveleRoi！\"uponhislips。TheseverysameformsofloyaltyarenowodioustotheFrenchpeople。Whicharewrong？—theFrenchoftheageofLouisXIV，ortheirdescendantsofthepresentday？
OurjudgmentofthelawsofapeoplemustnotthenbefoundedFutureConditionOfThreeRacesInTheUnitedStatesexclusivelyuponitsinclinations，sincethoseinclinationschangefromagetoage;butuponmoreelevatedprinciplesandamoregeneralexperience。Thelovewhichapeoplemayshowforitslawprovesonlythis:—thatweshouldnotbeintoogreatahurrytochangethem。
AppendixV
InthechaptertowhichthisnoterelatesIhavepointedoutonesourceofdanger:Iamnowabouttopointoutanotherkindofperil，morerareindeed，butfarmoreformidableifitwereevertomakeitsappearance。Iftheloveofphysicalgratificationandthetasteforwell—being，whicharenaturallysuggestedtomenbyastateofequality，weretogetentirepossessionofthemindofademocraticpeople，andtofillitcompletely，themannersofthenationwouldbecomesototallyopposedtomilitarytastes，thatperhapseventhearmywouldeventuallyacquirealoveofpeace，inspiteofthepeculiarinterestwhichleadsittodesirewar。Livinginthemidstofastateofgeneralrelaxation，thetroopswouldultimatelythinkitbettertorisewithoutefforts，bytheslowbutcommodiousadvancementofapeaceestablishment，thantopurchasemorerapidpromotionatthecostofallthetoilsandprivationsofthefield。Withthesefeelings，theywouldtakeuparmswithoutenthusiasm，andusethemwithoutenergy;theywouldallowthemselvestobeledtomeetthefoe，insteadofmarchingtoattackhim。Itmustnotbesupposedthatthispacificstateofthearmywouldrenderitadversetorevolutions;forrevolutions，andespeciallymilitaryrevolutions，whicharegenerallyveryrapid，areattendedindeedwithgreatdangers，butnotwithprotractedtoil;theygratifyambitionatlesscostthanwar;lifeonlyisatstake，andthemenofdemocraciescarelessfortheirlivesthanfortheircomforts。Nothingismoredangerousforthefreedomandthetranquillityofapeoplethananarmyafraidofwar，because，assuchanarmynolongerseekstomaintainitsimportanceanditsinfluenceonthefieldofbattle，itseekstoassertthemelsewhere。Thusitmighthappenthatthemenofwhomademocraticarmyconsistsshouldlosetheinterestsofcitizenswithoutacquiringthevirtuesofsoldiers;andthatthearmyshouldceasetobefitforwarwithoutceasingtobeturbulent。
IshallhererepeatwhatIhavesaidinthetext:theremedyforthesedangersisnottobefoundinthearmy，butinthecountry:
ademocraticpeoplewhichhaspreservedthemanlinessofitscharacterwillneverbeatalossformilitaryprowessinitssoldiers。
AppendixW
Menconnectthegreatnessoftheirideaofunitywithmeans，Godwithends:hencethisideaofgreatness，asmenconceiveit，leadsusintoinfinitelittleness。Tocompelallmentofollowthesamecoursetowardsthesameobjectisahumannotion;—tointroduceinfinitevarietyofaction，butsocombinedthatalltheseactsleadbyamultitudeofdifferentcoursestotheaccomplishmentofonegreatdesign，isaconceptionoftheDeity。
Thehumanideaofunityisalmostalwaysbarren;thedivineideapregnantwithabundantresults。Menthinktheymanifesttheirgreatnessbysimplifyingthemeanstheyuse;butitisthepurposeofGodwhichissimple—hismeansareinfinitelyvaried。
AppendixX
Ademocraticpeopleisnotonlyledbyitsowntastestocentralizeitsgovernment，butthepassionsofallthemenbywhomitisgovernedconstantlyurgeitinthesamedirection。Itmayeasilybeforeseenthatalmostalltheableandambitiousmembersofademocraticcommunitywilllaborwithout2ceasingtoextendthepowersofgovernment，becausetheyallhopeatsometimeorothertowieldthosepowers。ItisawasteoftimetoattempttoprovetothemthatextremecentralizationmaybeinjurioustotheState，sincetheyarecentralizingfortheirownbenefit。Amongstthepublicmenofdemocraciestherearehardlyanybutmenofgreatdisinterestednessorextrememediocritywhoseektoopposethecentralizationofgovernment:theformerarescarce，thelatterpowerless。
AppendixY
Ihaveoftenaskedmyselfwhatwouldhappenif，amidsttherelaxationofdemocraticmanners，andasaconsequenceoftherestlessspiritofthearmy，amilitarygovernmentwereevertobefoundedamongstanyofthenationsofthepresentage。I
thinkthatevensuchagovernmentwouldnotdifferverymuchfromtheoutlineIhavedrawninthechaptertowhichthisnotebelongs，andthatitwouldretainnoneofthefiercecharacteristicsofamilitaryoligarchy。Iampersuadedthat，insuchacase，asortoffusionwouldtakeplacebetweenthehabitsofofficialmenandthoseofthemilitaryservice。Theadministrationwouldassumesomethingofamilitarycharacter，andthearmysomeoftheusagesoftheciviladministration。Theresultwouldbearegular，clear，exact，andabsolutesystemofgovernment;thepeoplewouldbecomethereflectionofthearmy，andthecommunitybedrilledlikeagarrison。
AppendixZ
Itcannotbeabsolutelyorgenerallyaffirmedthatthegreatestdangerofthepresentageislicenseortyranny，anarchyordespotism。Bothareequallytobefeared;andtheonemayaseasilyproceedastheotherfromtheselfsamecause，namely，that\"generalapathy，\"whichistheconsequenceofwhatIhavetermed\"individualism\":itisbecausethisapathyexists，thattheexecutivegovernment，havingmusteredafewtroops，isabletocommitactsofoppressiononeday，andthenextdayaparty，whichhasmusteredsomethirtymeninitsranks，canalsocommitactsofoppression。Neitheronenortheothercanfoundanythingtolast;andthecauseswhichenablethemtosucceedeasily，preventthemfromsucceedinglong:theyrisebecausenothingopposesthem，andtheysinkbecausenothingsupportsthem。Theproperobjectthereforeofourmoststrenuousresistance，isfarlesseitheranarchyordespotismthantheapathywhichmayalmostindifferentlybegeteithertheoneortheother。
ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStatesOfAmericaWeThePeopleoftheUnitedStates，inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion，establishJustice，insuredomesticTranquillity，provideforthecommondefence，promotethegeneralwelfare，andsecuretheblessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity，doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica:
ArticleI
Section1。AlllegislativePowershereingrantedshallbevestedinaCongressoftheUnitedStates，whichshallconsistofaSenateandHouseofRepresentatives。
Section2。TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofMembersofchoseneverysecondYearbythePeopleoftheseveralStates，andtheElectorsineachStatesshallhavetheQualificationsrequisiteforElectorsofthemostnumerousBranchoftheStateLegislature。
NoPersonshallbeaRepresentativewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeoftwenty—fiveYears，andbeensevenYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beanInhabitantofthatStateinwhichheshallbechosen。