Time，however，continuedtoadvance，andtheAnglo—Americans，spreadingbeyondthecoastsoftheAtlanticOcean，penetratedfartherandfartherintothesolitudesoftheWest;theymetwithanewsoilandanunwontedclimate;theobstacleswhichopposedthemwereofthemostvariouscharacter;
theirracesintermingled，theinhabitantsoftheSouthwentuptowardstheNorth，thoseoftheNorthdescendedtotheSouth;butinthemidstofallthesecauses，thesameresultoccurredateverystep，andingeneral，thecoloniesinwhichtherewerenoslavesbecamemorepopulousandmorerichthanthoseinwhichslaveryflourished。Themoreprogresswasmade，themorewasitshownthatslavery，whichissocrueltotheslave，isprejudicialtothemaster。
ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartIV
ButthistruthwasmostsatisfactorilydemonstratedwhencivilizationreachedthebanksoftheOhio。ThestreamwhichtheIndianshaddistinguishedbythenameofOhio，orBeautifulRiver，watersoneofthemostmagnificentvalleysthathaseverbeenmadetheabodeofman。UndulatinglandsextenduponbothshoresoftheOhio，whosesoilaffordsinexhaustibletreasurestothelaborer;oneitherbanktheairiswholesomeandtheclimatemild，andeachofthemformstheextremefrontierofavastState:ThatwhichfollowsthenumerouswindingsoftheOhioupontheleftiscalledKentucky，thatupontherightbearsthenameoftheriver。ThesetwoStatesonlydifferinasinglerespect;
Kentuckyhasadmittedslavery，buttheStateofOhiohasprohibitedtheexistenceofslaveswithinitsborders。*h[Footnoteh:NotonlyisslaveryprohibitedinOhio，butnofreenegroesareallowedtoentertheterritoryofthatState，ortoholdpropertyinit。SeetheStatutesofOhio。]
ThusthetravellerwhofloatsdownthecurrentoftheOhiotothespotwherethatriverfallsintotheMississippi，maybesaidtosailbetweenlibertyandservitude;andatransientinspectionofthesurroundingobjectswillconvincehimastowhichofthetwoismostfavorabletomankind。Upontheleftbankofthestreamthepopulationisrare;fromtimetotimeonedescriesatroopofslavesloiteringinthehalf—desertfields;
theprimaevalforestrecursateveryturn;societyseemstobeasleep，mantobeidle，andnaturealoneoffersasceneofactivityandoflife。Fromtherightbank，onthecontrary，aconfusedhumisheardwhichproclaimsthepresenceofindustry;
thefieldsarecoveredwithabundantharvests，theeleganceofthedwellingsannouncesthetasteandactivityofthelaborer，andmanappearstobeintheenjoymentofthatwealthandcontentmentwhichistherewardoflabor。*i[Footnotei:TheactivityofOhioisnotconfinedtoindividuals，buttheundertakingsoftheStatearesurprisinglygreat;acanalhasbeenestablishedbetweenLakeErieandtheOhio，bymeansofwhichthevalleyoftheMississippicommunicateswiththeriveroftheNorth，andtheEuropeancommoditieswhicharriveatNewYorkmaybeforwardedbywatertoNewOrleansacrossfivehundredleaguesofcontinent。]
TheStateofKentuckywasfoundedin1775，theStateofOhioonlytwelveyearslater;buttwelveyearsaremoreinAmericathanhalfacenturyinEurope，and，atthepresentday，thepopulationofOhioexceedsthatofKentuckybytwohundredandfiftythousandsouls。*jTheseoppositeconsequencesofslaveryandfreedommayreadilybeunderstood，andtheysufficetoexplainmanyofthedifferenceswhichweremarkbetweenthecivilizationofantiquityandthatofourowntime。
[Footnotej:Theexactnumbersgivenbythecensusof1830were:
Kentucky，688，—844;Ohio，937，679。[In1890thepopulationofOhiowas3，672，316，thatofKentucky，1，858，635。]]
UpontheleftbankoftheOhiolaborisconfoundedwiththeideaofslavery，upontherightbankitisidentifiedwiththatofprosperityandimprovement;ontheonesideitisdegraded，ontheotheritishonored;ontheformerterritorynowhitelaborerscanbefound，fortheywouldbeafraidofassimilatingthemselvestothenegroes;onthelatternooneisidle，forthewhitepopulationextendsitsactivityanditsintelligencetoeverykindofemployment。ThusthemenwhosetaskitistocultivatetherichsoilofKentuckyareignorantandlukewarm;
whilstthosewhoareactiveandenlightenedeitherdonothingorpassoverintotheStateofOhio，wheretheymayworkwithoutdishonor。
ItistruethatinKentuckytheplantersarenotobligedtopaywagestotheslaveswhomtheyemploy;buttheyderivesmallprofitsfromtheirlabor，whilstthewagespaidtofreeworkmenwouldbereturnedwithinterestinthevalueoftheirservices。
Thefreeworkmanispaid，buthedoeshisworkquickerthantheslave，andrapidityofexecutionisoneofthegreatelementsofeconomy。Thewhitesellshisservices，buttheyareonlypurchasedatthetimesatwhichtheymaybeuseful;theblackcanclaimnoremunerationforhistoil，buttheexpenseofhismaintenanceisperpetual;hemustbesupportedinhisoldageaswellasintheprimeofmanhood，inhisprofitlessinfancyaswellasintheproductiveyearsofyouth。Paymentmustequallybemadeinordertoobtaintheservicesofeitherclassofmen:
thefreeworkmanreceiveshiswagesinmoney，theslaveineducation，infood，incare，andinclothing。Themoneywhichamasterspendsinthemaintenanceofhisslavesgoesgraduallyandindetail，sothatitisscarcelyperceived;thesalaryofthefreeworkmanispaidinaroundsum，whichappearsonlytoenrichtheindividualwhoreceivesit，butintheendtheslavehascostmorethanthefreeservant，andhislaborislessproductive。*k[Footnotek:Independentlyofthesecauses，which，whereverfreeworkmenabound，rendertheirlabormoreproductiveandmoreeconomicalthanthatofslaves，anothercausemaybepointedoutwhichispeculiartotheUnitedStates:thesugar—canehashithertobeencultivatedwithsuccessonlyuponthebanksoftheMississippi，nearthemouthofthatriverintheGulfofMexico。
InLouisianathecultivationofthesugar—caneisexceedinglylucrative，andnowheredoesalaborerearnsomuchbyhiswork，and，asthereisalwaysacertainrelationbetweenthecostofproductionandthevalueoftheproduce，thepriceofslavesisveryhighinLouisiana。ButLouisianaisoneoftheconfederatedStates，andslavesmaybecarriedthitherfromallpartsoftheUnion;thepricegivenforslavesinNewOrleansconsequentlyraisesthevalueofslavesinalltheothermarkets。Theconsequenceofthisis，thatinthecountrieswherethelandislessproductive，thecostofslavelaborisstillveryconsiderable，whichgivesanadditionaladvantagetothecompetitionoffreelabor。]
Theinfluenceofslaveryextendsstillfurther;itaffectsthecharacterofthemaster，andimpartsapeculiartendencytohisideasandhistastes。UponbothbanksoftheOhio，thecharacteroftheinhabitantsisenterprisingandenergetic;butthisvigorisverydifferentlyexercisedinthetwoStates。ThewhiteinhabitantofOhio，whoisobligedtosubsistbyhisownexertions，regardstemporalprosperityastheprincipalaimofhisexistence;andasthecountrywhichheoccupiespresentsinexhaustibleresourcestohisindustryandever—varyinglurestohisactivity，hisacquisitiveardorsurpassestheordinarylimitsofhumancupidity:heistormentedbythedesireofwealth，andheboldlyentersuponeverypathwhichfortuneopenstohim;hebecomesasailor，apioneer，anartisan，oralaborerwiththesameindifference，andhesupports，withequalconstancy，thefatiguesandthedangersincidentaltothesevariousprofessions;
theresourcesofhisintelligenceareastonishing，andhisavidityinthepursuitofgainamountstoaspeciesofheroism。
ButtheKentuckianscornsnotonlylabor，butalltheundertakingswhichlaborpromotes;ashelivesinanidleindependence，histastesarethoseofanidleman;moneylosesaportionofitsvalueinhiseyes;hecovetswealthmuchlessthanpleasureandexcitement;andtheenergywhichhisneighbordevotestogain，turnswithhimtoapassionateloveoffieldsportsandmilitaryexercises;hedelightsinviolentbodilyexertion，heisfamiliarwiththeuseofarms，andisaccustomedfromaveryearlyagetoexposehislifeinsinglecombat。Thusslaverynotonlypreventsthewhitesfrombecomingopulent，butevenfromdesiringtobecomeso。
AsthesamecauseshavebeencontinuallyproducingoppositeeffectsforthelasttwocenturiesintheBritishcoloniesofNorthAmerica，theyhaveestablishedaverystrikingdifferencebetweenthecommercialcapacityoftheinhabitantsoftheSouthandthoseoftheNorth。AtthepresentdayitisonlytheNorthernStateswhichareinpossessionofshipping，manufactures，railroads，andcanals。ThisdifferenceisperceptiblenotonlyincomparingtheNorthwiththeSouth，butincomparingtheseveralSouthernStates。Almostalltheindividualswhocarryoncommercialoperations，orwhoendeavortoturnslavelabortoaccountinthemostSoutherndistrictsoftheUnion，haveemigratedfromtheNorth。ThenativesoftheNorthernStatesareconstantlyspreadingoverthatportionoftheAmericanterritorywheretheyhavelesstofearfromcompetition;
theydiscoverresourcestherewhichescapedthenoticeoftheinhabitants;and，astheycomplywithasystemwhichtheydonotapprove，theysucceedinturningittobetteradvantagethanthosewhofirstfoundedandwhostillmaintainit。
WereIinclinedtocontinuethisparallel，IcouldeasilyprovethatalmostallthedifferenceswhichmayberemarkedbetweenthecharactersoftheAmericansintheSouthernandintheNorthernStateshaveoriginatedinslavery;butthiswoulddivertmefrommysubject，andmypresentintentionisnottopointoutalltheconsequencesofservitude，butthoseeffectswhichithasproducedupontheprosperityofthecountrieswhichhaveadmittedit。
Theinfluenceofslaveryupontheproductionofwealthmusthavebeenveryimperfectlyknowninantiquity，asslaverythenobtainedthroughoutthecivilizedworld;andthenationswhichwereunacquaintedwithitwerebarbarous。AndindeedChristianityonlyabolishedslaverybyadvocatingtheclaimsoftheslave;atthepresenttimeitmaybeattackedinthenameofthemaster，and，uponthispoint，interestisreconciledwithmorality。
AsthesetruthsbecameapparentintheUnitedStates，slaveryrecededbeforetheprogressofexperience。ServitudehadbegunintheSouth，andhadthencespreadtowardstheNorth;butitnowretiresagain。Freedom，whichstartedfromtheNorth，nowdescendsuninterruptedlytowardstheSouth。AmongstthegreatStates，PennsylvanianowconstitutestheextremelimitofslaverytotheNorth:butevenwithinthoselimitstheslavesystemisshaken:Maryland，whichisimmediatelybelowPennsylvania，ispreparingforitsabolition;andVirginia，whichcomesnexttoMaryland，isalreadydiscussingitsutilityanditsdangers。*l[Footnotel:Apeculiarreasoncontributestodetachthetwolast—mentionedStatesfromthecauseofslavery。TheformerwealthofthispartoftheUnionwasprincipallyderivedfromthecultivationoftobacco。Thiscultivationisspeciallycarriedonbyslaves;butwithinthelastfewyearsthemarket—priceoftobaccohasdiminished，whilstthevalueoftheslavesremainsthesame。Thustheratiobetweenthecostofproductionandthevalueoftheproduceischanged。ThenativesofMarylandandVirginiaarethereforemoredisposedthantheywerethirtyyearsago，togiveupslavelaborinthecultivationoftobacco，ortogiveupslaveryandtobaccoatthesametime。]
Nogreatchangetakesplaceinhumaninstitutionswithoutinvolvingamongstitscausesthelawofinheritance。WhenthelawofprimogenitureobtainedintheSouth，eachfamilywasrepresentedbyawealthyindividual，whowasneithercompellednorinducedtolabor;andhewassurrounded，asbyparasiticplants，bytheothermembersofhisfamilywhowerethenexcludedbylawfromsharingthecommoninheritance，andwholedthesamekindoflifeashimself。TheverysamethingthenoccurredinallthefamiliesoftheSouthasstillhappensinthewealthyfamiliesofsomecountriesinEurope，namely，thattheyoungersonsremaininthesamestateofidlenessastheirelderbrother，withoutbeingasrichasheis。ThisidenticalresultseemstobeproducedinEuropeandinAmericabywhollyanalogouscauses。
IntheSouthoftheUnitedStatesthewholeraceofwhitesformedanaristocraticbody，whichwasheadedbyacertainnumberofprivilegedindividuals，whosewealthwaspermanent，andwhoseleisurewashereditary。TheseleadersoftheAmericannobilitykeptalivethetraditionalprejudicesofthewhiteraceinthebodyofwhichtheyweretherepresentatives，andmaintainedthehonorofinactivelife。Thisaristocracycontainedmanywhowerepoor，butnonewhowouldwork;itsmemberspreferredwanttolabor，consequentlynocompetitionwassetonfootagainstnegrolaborersandslaves，and，whateveropinionmightbeentertainedastotheutilityoftheirefforts，itwasindispensabletoemploythem，sincetherewasnooneelsetowork。
Nosoonerwasthelawofprimogenitureabolishedthanfortunesbegantodiminish，andallthefamiliesofthecountryweresimultaneouslyreducedtoastateinwhichlaborbecamenecessarytoprocurethemeansofsubsistence:severalofthemhavesinceentirelydisappeared，andallofthemlearnedtolookforwardtothetimeatwhichitwouldbenecessaryforeveryonetoprovideforhisownwants。Wealthyindividualsarestilltobemetwith，buttheynolongerconstituteacompactandhereditarybody，norhavetheybeenabletoadoptalineofconductinwhichtheycouldpersevere，andwhichtheycouldinfuseintoallranksofsociety。Theprejudicewhichstigmatizedlaborwasinthefirstplaceabandonedbycommonconsent;thenumberofneedymenwasincreased，andtheneedywereallowedtogainalaborioussubsistencewithoutblushingfortheirexertions。Thusoneofthemostimmediateconsequencesofthepartiblequalityofestateshasbeentocreateaclassoffreelaborers。Assoonasacompetitionwassetonfootbetweenthefreelaborerandtheslave，theinferiorityofthelatterbecamemanifest，andslaverywasattackedinitsfundamentalprinciple，whichistheinterestofthemaster。
Asslaveryrecedes，theblackpopulationfollowsitsretrogradecourse，andreturnswithittowardsthosetropicalregionsfromwhichitoriginallycame。Howeversingularthisfactmayatfirstappeartobe，itmayreadilybeexplained。
AlthoughtheAmericansabolishtheprincipleofslavery，theydonotsettheirslavesfree。Toillustratethisremark，IwillquotetheexampleoftheStateofNewYork。In1788，theStateofNewYorkprohibitedthesaleofslaveswithinitslimits，whichwasanindirectmethodofprohibitingtheimportationofblacks。Thenceforwardthenumberofnegroescouldonlyincreaseaccordingtotheratioofthenaturalincreaseofpopulation。
Buteightyearslateramoredecisivemeasurewastaken，anditwasenactedthatallchildrenbornofslaveparentsafterJuly4，1799，shouldbefree。Noincreasecouldthentakeplace，andalthoughslavesstillexisted，slaverymightbesaidtobeabolished。
FromthetimeatwhichaNorthernStateprohibitedtheimportationofslaves，noslaveswerebroughtfromtheSouthtobesoldinitsmarkets。Ontheotherhand，asthesaleofslaveswasforbiddeninthatState，anownerwasnolongerabletogetridofhisslave（whothusbecameaburdensomepossession）
otherwisethanbytransportinghimtotheSouth。ButwhenaNorthernStatedeclaredthatthesonoftheslaveshouldbebornfree，theslavelostalargeportionofhismarketvalue，sincehisposteritywasnolongerincludedinthebargain，andtheownerhadthenastronginterestintransportinghimtotheSouth。ThusthesamelawpreventstheslavesoftheSouthfromcomingtotheNorthernStates，anddrivesthoseoftheNorthtotheSouth。
ThewantoffreehandsisfeltinaStateinproportionasthenumberofslavesdecreases。Butinproportionaslaborisperformedbyfreehands，slavelaborbecomeslessproductive;andtheslaveisthenauselessoronerouspossession，whomitisimportanttoexporttothoseSouthernStateswherethesamecompetitionisnottobefeared。Thustheabolitionofslaverydoesnotsettheslavefree，butitmerelytransfershimfromonemastertoanother，andfromtheNorthtotheSouth。
Theemancipatednegroes，andthosebornaftertheabolitionofslavery，donot，indeed，migratefromtheNorthtotheSouth;
buttheirsituationwithregardtotheEuropeansisnotunlikethatoftheaboriginesofAmerica;theyremainhalfcivilized，anddeprivedoftheirrightsinthemidstofapopulationwhichisfarsuperiortotheminwealthandinknowledge;wheretheyareexposedtothetyrannyofthelaws*mandtheintoleranceofthepeople。OnsomeaccountstheyarestillmoretobepitiedthantheIndians，sincetheyarehauntedbythereminiscenceofslavery，andtheycannotclaimpossessionofasingleportionofthesoil:manyofthemperishmiserably，*nandtherestcongregateinthegreattowns，wheretheyperformthemeanestoffices，andleadawretchedandprecariousexistence。
[Footnotem:TheStatesinwhichslaveryisabolishedusuallydowhattheycantorendertheirterritorydisagreeabletothenegroesasaplaceofresidence;andasakindofemulationexistsbetweenthedifferentStatesinthisrespect，theunhappyblackscanonlychoosetheleastoftheevilswhichbesetthem。]
[Footnoten:ThereisaverygreatdifferencebetweenthemortalityoftheblacksandofthewhitesintheStatesinwhichslaveryisabolished;from1820to1831onlyoneoutofforty—twoindividualsofthewhitepopulationdiedinPhiladelphia;butonenegrooutoftwenty—oneindividualsoftheblackpopulationdiedinthesamespaceoftime。Themortalityisbynomeanssogreatamongstthenegroeswhoarestillslaves。（SeeEmmerson’s\"MedicalStatistics，\"p。28。）]
Butevenifthenumberofnegroescontinuedtoincreaseasrapidlyaswhentheywerestillinastateofslavery，asthenumberofwhitesaugmentswithtwofoldrapiditysincetheabolitionofslavery，theblackswouldsoonbe，asitwere，lostinthemidstofastrangepopulation。
Adistrictwhichiscultivatedbyslavesisingeneralmorescantilypeopledthanadistrictcultivatedbyfreelabor:
moreover，Americaisstillanewcountry，andaStateisthereforenothalfpeopledatthetimewhenitabolishesslavery。
Nosoonerisanendputtoslaverythanthewantoffreelaborisfelt，andacrowdofenterprisingadventurersimmediatelyarrivefromallpartsofthecountry，whohastentoprofitbythefreshresourceswhicharethenopenedtoindustry。Thesoilissoondividedamongstthem，andafamilyofwhitesettlerstakespossessionofeachtractofcountry。Besideswhich，EuropeanemigrationisexclusivelydirectedtothefreeStates;forwhatwouldbethefateofapooremigrantwhocrossestheAtlanticinsearchofeaseandhappinessifheweretolandinacountrywherelaborisstigmatizedasdegrading？
Thusthewhitepopulationgrowsbyitsnaturalincrease，andatthesametimebytheimmenseinfluxofemigrants;whilsttheblackpopulationreceivesnoemigrants，andisuponitsdecline。
Theproportionwhichexistedbetweenthetworacesissooninverted。Thenegroesconstituteascantyremnant，apoortribeofvagrants，whichislostinthemidstofanimmensepeopleinfullpossessionoftheland;andthepresenceoftheblacksisonlymarkedbytheinjusticeandthehardshipsofwhichtheyaretheunhappyvictims。
InseveraloftheWesternStatesthenegroracenevermadeitsappearance，andinalltheNorthernStatesitisrapidlydeclining。Thusthegreatquestionofitsfutureconditionisconfinedwithinanarrowcircle，whereitbecomeslessformidable，thoughnotmoreeasyofsolution。
ThemorewedescendtowardstheSouth，themoredifficultdoesitbecometoabolishslaverywithadvantage:andthisarisesfromseveralphysicalcauseswhichitisimportanttopointout。
Thefirstofthesecausesistheclimate;itiswellknownthatinproportionasEuropeansapproachthetropicstheysuffermorefromlabor。ManyoftheAmericansevenassertthatwithinacertainlatitudetheexertionswhichanegrocanmakewithoutdangerarefataltothem;*obutIdonotthinkthatthisopinion，whichissofavorabletotheindolenceoftheinhabitantsofsouthernregions，isconfirmedbyexperience。ThesouthernpartsoftheUnionarenothotterthantheSouthofItalyandofSpain;*panditmaybeaskedwhytheEuropeancannotworkaswellthereasinthetwolattercountries。IfslaveryhasbeenabolishedinItalyandinSpainwithoutcausingthedestructionofthemasters，whyshouldnotthesamethingtakeplaceintheUnion？IcannotbelievethatnaturehasprohibitedtheEuropeansinGeorgiaandtheFloridas，underpainofdeath，fromraisingthemeansofsubsistencefromthesoil，buttheirlaborwouldunquestionablybemoreirksomeandlessproductivetothemthantotheinhabitantsofNewEngland。AsthefreeworkmanthuslosesaportionofhissuperiorityovertheslaveintheSouthernStates，therearefewerinducementstoabolishslavery。
[Footnoteo:Thisistrueofthespotsinwhichriceiscultivated;rice—grounds，whichareunwholesomeinallcountries，areparticularlydangerousinthoseregionswhichareexposedtothebeamsofatropicalsun。EuropeanswouldnotfinditeasytocultivatethesoilinthatpartoftheNewWorldifitmustbenecessarilybemadetoproducerice;butmaytheynotsubsistwithoutrice—grounds？]
[Footnotep:TheseStatesarenearertotheequatorthanItalyandSpain，butthetemperatureofthecontinentofAmericaisverymuchlowerthanthatofEurope。
TheSpanishGovernmentformerlycausedacertainnumberofpeasantsfromtheAcorestobetransportedintoadistrictofLouisianacalledAttakapas，bywayofexperiment。Thesesettlersstillcultivatethesoilwithouttheassistanceofslaves，buttheirindustryissolanguidasscarcelytosupplytheirmostnecessarywants。]
AlltheplantsofEuropegrowinthenorthernpartsoftheUnion;theSouthhasspecialproductionsofitsown。Ithasbeenobservedthatslavelaborisaveryexpensivemethodofcultivatingcorn。Thefarmerofcornlandinacountrywhereslaveryisunknownhabituallyretainsasmallnumberoflaborersinhisservice，andatseed—timeandharvesthehiresseveraladditionalhands，whoonlyliveathiscostforashortperiod。
ButtheagriculturistinaslaveStateisobligedtokeepalargenumberofslavesthewholeyearround，inordertosowhisfieldsandtogatherinhiscrops，althoughtheirservicesareonlyrequiredforafewweeks;butslavesareunabletowaittilltheyarehired，andtosubsistbytheirownlaborinthemeantimelikefreelaborers;inordertohavetheirservicestheymustbebought。Slavery，independentlyofitsgeneraldisadvantages，isthereforestillmoreinapplicabletocountriesinwhichcorniscultivatedthantothosewhichproducecropsofadifferentkind。
Thecultivationoftobacco，ofcotton，andespeciallyofthesugar—cane，demands，ontheotherhand，unremittingattention:
andwomenandchildrenareemployedinit，whoseservicesareofbutlittleuseinthecultivationofwheat。Thusslaveryisnaturallymorefittedtothecountriesfromwhichtheseproductionsarederived。Tobacco，cotton，andthesugar—caneareexclusivelygrownintheSouth，andtheyformoneoftheprincipalsourcesofthewealthofthoseStates。Ifslaverywereabolished，theinhabitantsoftheSouthwouldbeconstrainedtoadoptoneoftwoalternatives:theymusteitherchangetheirsystemofcultivation，andthentheywouldcomeintocompetitionwiththemoreactiveandmoreexperiencedinhabitantsoftheNorth;or，iftheycontinuedtocultivatethesameproducewithoutslavelabor，theywouldhavetosupportthecompetitionoftheotherStatesoftheSouth，whichmightstillretaintheirslaves。Thus，peculiarreasonsformaintainingslaveryexistintheSouthwhichdonotoperateintheNorth。
Butthereisyetanothermotivewhichismorecogentthanalltheothers:theSouthmightindeed，rigorouslyspeaking，abolishslavery;buthowshoulditriditsterritoryoftheblackpopulation？SlavesandslaveryaredrivenfromtheNorthbythesamelaw，butthistwofoldresultcannotbehopedforintheSouth。
TheargumentswhichIhaveadducedtoshowthatslaveryismorenaturalandmoreadvantageousintheSouththanintheNorth，sufficientlyprovethatthenumberofslavesmustbefargreaterintheformerdistricts。ItwastothesouthernsettlementsthatthefirstAfricanswerebrought，anditistherethatthegreatestnumberofthemhavealwaysbeenimported。AsweadvancetowardstheSouth，theprejudicewhichsanctionsidlenessincreasesinpower。IntheStatesnearesttothetropicsthereisnotasinglewhitelaborer;thenegroesareconsequentlymuchmorenumerousintheSouththanintheNorth。And，asIhavealreadyobserved，thisdisproportionincreasesdaily，sincethenegroesaretransferredtoonepartoftheUnionassoonasslaveryisabolishedintheother。ThustheblackpopulationaugmentsintheSouth，notonlybyitsnaturalfecundity，butbythecompulsoryemigrationofthenegroesfromtheNorth;andtheAfricanracehascausesofincreaseintheSouthveryanalogoustothosewhichsopowerfullyacceleratethegrowthoftheEuropeanraceintheNorth。
IntheStateofMainethereisonenegroin300inhabitants;
inMassachusetts，onein100;inNewYork，twoin100;inPennsylvania，threeinthesamenumber;inMaryland，thirty—four;
inVirginia，forty—two;andlastly，inSouthCarolina*qfifty—fivepercent。Suchwastheproportionoftheblackpopulationtothewhitesintheyear1830。Butthisproportionisperpetuallychanging，asitconstantlydecreasesintheNorthandaugmentsintheSouth。
[Footnoteq:WefinditassertedinanAmericanwork，entitled\"LettersontheColonizationSociety，\"byMr。Carey，1833，\"ThatforthelastfortyyearstheblackracehasincreasedmorerapidlythanthewhiteraceintheStateofSouthCarolina;andthatifwetaketheaveragepopulationofthefiveStatesoftheSouthintowhichslaveswerefirstintroduced，viz。，Maryland，Virginia，SouthCarolina，NorthCarolina，andGeorgia，weshallfindthatfrom1790to1830thewhiteshaveaugmentedintheproportionof80to100，andtheblacksinthatof112to100。\"
IntheUnitedStates，in1830，thepopulationofthetworacesstoodasfollows:—
Stateswhereslaveryisabolished，6，565，434whites;120，520
blacks。SlaveStates，3，960，814whites;2，208，102blacks。[In1890theUnitedStatescontainedapopulationof54，983，890
whites，and7，638，360negroes。]]
ItisevidentthatthemostSouthernStatesoftheUnioncannotabolishslaverywithoutincurringverygreatdangers，whichtheNorthhadnoreasontoapprehendwhenitemancipateditsblackpopulation。WehavealreadyshownthesystembywhichtheNorthernStatessecurethetransitionfromslaverytofreedom，bykeepingthepresentgenerationinchains，andsettingtheirdescendantsfree;bythismeansthenegroesaregraduallyintroducedintosociety;andwhilstthemenwhomightabusetheirfreedomarekeptinastateofservitude，thosewhoareemancipatedmaylearntheartofbeingfreebeforetheybecometheirownmasters。ButitwouldbedifficulttoapplythismethodintheSouth。Todeclarethatallthenegroesbornafteracertainperiodshallbefree，istointroducetheprincipleandthenotionoflibertyintotheheartofslavery;theblackswhomthelawthusmaintainsinastateofslaveryfromwhichtheirchildrenaredelivered，areastonishedatsounequalafate，andtheirastonishmentisonlythepreludetotheirimpatienceandirritation。Thenceforwardslaveryloses，intheireyes，thatkindofmoralpowerwhichitderivedfromtimeandhabit;itisreducedtoamerepalpableabuseofforce。TheNorthernStateshadnothingtofearfromthecontrast，becauseinthemtheblackswerefewinnumber，andthewhitepopulationwasveryconsiderable。Butifthisfaintdawnoffreedomweretoshowtwomillionsofmentheirtrueposition，theoppressorswouldhavereasontotremble。AfterhavingaffranchisedthechildrenoftheirslavestheEuropeansoftheSouthernStateswouldveryshortlybeobligedtoextendthesamebenefittothewholeblackpopulation。
ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartV
IntheNorth，asIhavealreadyremarked，atwofoldmigrationensuesupontheabolitionofslavery，orevenprecedesthateventwhencircumstanceshaverendereditprobable;theslavesquitthecountrytobetransportedsouthwards;andthewhitesoftheNorthernStates，aswellastheemigrantsfromEurope，hastentofilluptheirplace。ButthesetwocausescannotoperateinthesamemannerintheSouthernStates。Ontheonehand，themassofslavesistoogreatforanyexpectationoftheireverbeingremovedfromthecountrytobeentertained;andontheotherhand，theEuropeansandAnglo—AmericansoftheNorthareafraidtocometoinhabitacountryinwhichlaborhasnotyetbeenreinstatedinitsrightfulhonors。Besides，theyveryjustlylookupontheStatesinwhichtheproportionofthenegroesequalsorexceedsthatofthewhites，asexposedtoverygreatdangers;andtheyrefrainfromturningtheiractivityinthatdirection。
ThustheinhabitantsoftheSouthwouldnotbeable，liketheirNortherncountrymen，toinitiatetheslavesgraduallyintoastateoffreedombyabolishingslavery;theyhavenomeansofperceptiblydiminishingtheblackpopulation，andtheywouldremainunsupportedtorepressitsexcesses。Sothatinthecourseofafewyears，agreatpeopleoffreenegroeswouldexistintheheartofawhitenationofequalsize。
Thesameabusesofpowerwhichstillmaintainslavery，wouldthenbecomethesourceofthemostalarmingperilswhichthewhitepopulationoftheSouthmighthavetoapprehend。AtthepresenttimethedescendantsoftheEuropeansarethesoleownersoftheland;theabsolutemastersofalllabor;andtheonlypersonswhoarepossessedofwealth，knowledge，andarms。Theblackisdestituteofalltheseadvantages，buthesubsistswithoutthembecauseheisaslave。Ifhewerefree，andobligedtoprovideforhisownsubsistence，woulditbepossibleforhimtoremainwithoutthesethingsandtosupportlife？Orwouldnottheveryinstrumentsofthepresentsuperiorityofthewhite，whilstslaveryexists，exposehimtoathousanddangersifitwereabolished？
Aslongasthenegroremainsaslave，hemaybekeptinaconditionnotveryfarremovedfromthatofthebrutes;but，withhisliberty，hecannotbutacquireadegreeofinstructionwhichwillenablehimtoappreciatehismisfortunes，andtodiscernaremedyforthem。Moreover，thereexistsasingularprincipleofrelativejusticewhichisveryfirmlyimplantedinthehumanheart。Menaremuchmoreforciblystruckbythoseinequalitieswhichexistwithinthecircleofthesameclass，thanwiththosewhichmayberemarkedbetweendifferentclasses。Itismoreeasyforthemtoadmitslavery，thantoallowseveralmillionsofcitizenstoexistunderaloadofeternalinfamyandhereditarywretchedness。IntheNorththepopulationoffreednegroesfeelsthesehardshipsandresentstheseindignities;butitsnumbersanditspowersaresmall，whilstintheSouthitwouldbenumerousandstrong。
Assoonasitisadmittedthatthewhitesandtheemancipatedblacksareplaceduponthesameterritoryinthesituationoftwoaliencommunities，itwillreadilybeunderstoodthattherearebuttwoalternativesforthefuture;thenegroesandthewhitesmusteitherwhollypartorwhollymingle。IhavealreadyexpressedtheconvictionwhichIentertainastothelatterevent。*rIdonotimaginethatthewhiteandblackraceswilleverliveinanycountryuponanequalfooting。ButI
believethedifficultytobestillgreaterintheUnitedStatesthanelsewhere。Anisolatedindividualmaysurmounttheprejudicesofreligion，ofhiscountry，orofhisrace，andifthisindividualisakinghemayeffectsurprisingchangesinsociety;butawholepeoplecannotrise，asitwere，aboveitself。AdespotwhoshouldsubjecttheAmericansandtheirformerslavestothesameyoke，mightperhapssucceedincomminglingtheirraces;butaslongastheAmericandemocracyremainsattheheadofaffairs，noonewillundertakesodifficultatask;anditmaybeforeseenthatthefreerthewhitepopulationoftheUnitedStatesbecomes，themoreisolatedwillitremain。*s[Footnoter:ThisopinionissanctionedbyauthoritiesinfinitelyweightierthananythingthatIcansay:thus，forinstance，itisstatedinthe\"MemoirsofJefferson\"（ascollectedbyM。