RRBook2Chapter1TheRationaleofRewardBookIIRewardsAppliedtoOfficesChapterISALARY———HOWAREWARDTherearemanyspeciesofservice，andevenservicesofapositivenature，ofwhichgovernmentsstandinconstantanduninterruptedneed：suchforthemostpartarethedutiesofthosewhoareemployedinthedifferentdepartmentsofeverygovernment。Thepoliticalstateorcondition，onaccountofwhichindividualspossessingitareconsideredliabletorendertheseservices，iscalledaplace，anoffice，oranemployment。
Totheseplacesitisbothnaturalandcustomarytoattach，underthetitleofemolument，certainportionsofthematterofwealth。Ifsuchemolumentbedeterminateinamount，andpaidatregularlyrecurringperiods，itiscalledasalary。
Itisthenatureofarewardtooperateasamotive，andinthatcapacitytogivebirthtoactswhich，bythepersonbywhomtherewardishelduptoview，areesteemedservices：thegreaterthereward，thegreateristhemotiveitconstftutes；thegreaterthemotive，themorestrenuoustheexertionithasatendencytoproduce：andifthevalueoftheservicebesusceptibleofanindefinitedegreeofperfection，themorestrenuoustheexertiontoperformit，thegreater，asfarasdependsuponthewilloftheparty，willbethevalueoftheservice。Henceitfollows，thatifsalarybereward，asfarasfundscanbefound，salariescannotbetoolarge。Howdifferentthestateofthingspresentedtouswhenweconsultexperience。Weseesmallsalaries，andtheserviceadmirablywellperformed：largesalaries，andnothingdoneforthem。Incertainlines，weseetheserviceregularlyworseandworseperformed，inproportiontothelargenessofthesalary。Wherethenliestheerror？Inexperiencetherecanbenone：intheargumentthereisnone。Theerrorliesinitsnotbeingproperlyunderstood：andthatingeneralithasnotbeenproperlyunderstood，thebadmanagementandweakmeasuressofrequentinthislinearebuttoopregnantproofs。Tounderstandtheargumentaright，twopointsmustbeobserved；Theoneis，toconsider，forillustration’ssake，thatjustinthesamemanneraspunishment，———andinnoothermanner，thoughwithlesscertaintyofeffect，———isrewardcapableofactingasamotive：theotherpointis，toconsiderwhatisreallytheserviceforwhichasalaryisareward。
What，then，istheservice，withrespecttowhichasalaryoperatesasamotive？Theanswerwhichwouldbegenerallygiventothisquestionis，thecontinuedservicebelongingtotheofficetowhichthesalaryisannexed。Obviousasthisanswermayseem，itisnotthetrueone。Theservice，andtheonlyservice，withrespecttowhichasalarycanoperateasamotive，iseitherthesimpleinstantaneousserviceoftakingupononetheoffice，orthepermanentserviceofcontinuingtostandinvestedwithit。Ifthedutiesoftheoffice———theservicesintheexpectationofwhichthesalaryannexedtotheofficeisbestowed，happentobeperformed，itcannotbeowingmerelyandimmediatelytothesalary：
itMustbeowingtosomeothermotive。Iftherewerenoothermotive，theservicewouldnotberendered。Nothingisdonewithoutamotive———what，then，isthisothermotive？Itmustbeeitherofthenatureofrewardorpunishment。Itmaybypossibilitybeofthenatureofreward；butifitbeso，Oneorotheroftheserewardswouldseemsuperfluous：incommon，itisprincipallyofthenatureOfpunishment。Inasfarasthisisthecase，theserviceforwhichthesalary，consideredasareward，isgiven，istheserviceoftakingupononetheobligationconstitutedbythepunishment———theobligationofperformingtheservicesexpectedfromhimwhopossessestheoffice。