ThelatterkindofrestraintbyPubliqueAuthority，iswhenthatwhichseemethbytheLawetobefreetoallisbysomePatentorProclamationofthePrince，prohibitedtoall，savingsomecertaineCorporations，orpersonsspeciallyexceptedandauthorizedinthesamePatentorProclamation。OfthiskindaregenerallyreputedallCorporationsofMerchants，whicharenotconfirmedbyActofParliament。Whicharegenerallyreputedtocarrywiththemarestrainttoothers，ofthatliberty，whichtheLawdothseemetooffertoallinpointofCommerce。WhenceitisthatsomanypleadetheFreedomeofsubjects，andpresse，orratheroppressethatpleaofequity，hatitisequallthatallsubjectsshouldbeealikefreetobeMerchantsinallTrades。TowhomIanswere，thatfirstthereisnogoodEqualityinit，becauseitisagainstthePubliqueUtilitythatallshouldbeeMerchantsattheirpleasure。Forthat’snotequall，thatmayseemeprofitabletoone，andbeehurtfultomany。Atqueipsoutilitasiustipropmatter&aequi，asHoracespeaketh。Andyetwhatpointofequityisbroken，whenthefreedomeofSocietiesissocarried，thatitisopentoallmenuponequalltermes；thatistosay，eitherbyserviceorpurchase？Otherwiseitwereveryunequall，thatonemanshouldserveforhisfreedome，orbuythesame：andanothermanshouldhaveitfornothing。Ifthispointwerewellthoughtupon，IprosumetheGraciousGrantsandpriviledgesofHisMajestie，conferreduponSocieties，wouldnotseemesomucharestraintoftheCommonliberty，asaprudentorderingandaccommodatingthereofuntothePubliqueUtility。ForithatheverbeeneaPolicyofthisState，toreducetheTradesofMerchantsofthisKingdomeintoCorporationsandSocieties，fortheadvancementofTrade，bythebenefitoforderandgovernment：wellforeseeingthattherecannotbeanygreaterBanetoaWell-governedCommon-wealth，thenIll-governedanddisorderlyTrade。WhereofIshallhavefitteroccasiontospeakeinthenextChapter，whenIcometotreatoftheIncoveniencesofthewantofgovernmentinTrade。Sothatinthiscasethegenerallrulemustbethis；thatsucharestraintofthePubliqueLiberty，asisbeforementioned，isalwayestobeallowed，whenthesameisrecompencedwithaPubliqueUtility。AccordingtothatofTacitus，Omnemagnumexemplumhabetissealiquidiniqui，quodutilitatepublicacontrasinguloscompensatur。AlsothelibertythattheLawseemethtogivethesubjectsinTrade，istobeunderstood，ofimploymentWithintheKingdome，notWithouttheKingdome。ForwhatlibertycanaNationallLaw，givetoaForreinTradeunderaForreineJurisdiction，whenthelibertyorrestraintthereofdependethuponthoseForreinePrincesandStateswherethatTradeistollerated？TherforetheLawmaygivethesubjectLibertyWithintheLand，butitistheKingthatmustenablementotradeWithouttheLand。ForalltheTradeoftheMerchantsofthisKingdomeintoForreineCountries，isgroundedupontheAmityoftheKing，andtheTreatiesofPeacecontractedbytheKing，withtheKingsandRulersofthoseforreineparts，athisownecharge，andbyHisowneAuthoritie，withouttheassistanceofHisParliament。Andthereforeitholdethgoodconguity，thattheKingbyHislikeAuthority，mayhavethedisposingandorderingofsuchHiscontractsathisownepleasure。
ThesecondpartofMonopolyremaineth，ofthesettingofthepriceatthepleasureoftheMonopolist，tohisprivategaine，andthepubliquelosse。ThisGothofreduscalleththeformeofaMonopoly。AndintruthitistheverySouleandAccomplishmentthereof。Andheortheythathavethispoweroverthepriceofthethingtheynegotiate，maywellbesaidaccordingtothenotationofMonopoly，from{Greekwordomitted}and{Greekwordomitted}，toconversealone。Forinsodoing，theysolive，asnonecanlivebythem，inrespectoftheirsingulargaineinthiskinde：ContrarytothathonestPoverbiallruleoftheDutch，thatmenmustLeuenendelaetenLeuen：SoliveasothermenmayLivebythem。ButhereIcannotbutdischargeallthoseCorporationsofthisKingdome，ofthispartofMonopoly，whichaffordtoeveryparticulartraderthereof，themanagingofhisownestocke，inbuyingandsellingasheecan，withoutanycombinationwithothers。Inwhichitisanimpossibleasunusual，foranytohavecommandofthericeoftheirCommodities：becausethereissuchamultitudeofTradersofthem；andeverymanisatlibertytobuyorsell，withoutanyrulebyanygenerallorder，ormeanestoholdoneprice。ButthegreatestsuspitionofMonopolyinCorporations，isinsuchasTrade，inJointStockes。WhereofiftherebeanythattradethinaJointStocke，andhaththeSolebuyingorsellingofanyCommodity，andbuyandsellthesameJointly，asbyonepersonorcommonfactor，suchisguiltyofMonopoly。
Forparticularmen，theymayalsocommitMonopolizing：eitherbyprocuringPatentsbymisinformationoftheState，fortheSoleImportingorExporting，buyingorsellingattheirowneprises，totherestraintoftheCommonLiberty，andthePubliqueUtilityoftheKingdome：orelsewhensomeoneorfew，withoutanyAuthority，doejoinetogethertoengrosseandbuyinaCommodity，andsellitoutagaineattheirowneprice。Oftheformerkinde，arethoseCatalogueofcryingMonopolies，whichhisMajestieinHishighWisdomeandGracedamnedinHisPrincelyProclamationofthetenthofJulylast，intheXIXyearofHisMajestiesmosthappyReigneoverthisKingdome：ManyofwhichwereabusedinthePractice，fromwhichtheyappearedtobeintheInstitution。Andhereaprettyquestionoccurreth。WhenaPatentisgrantedtoacertainepersonorpersons，soasheeortheyhavepowertolicenceotherstoexercisesomekindeofCommercesolely，andconsequentlywithcommandoftheprice：thatquestionis，whoisthentheMonopolian，whetherthePatentees，ortheirAssignes？InthiscaseIsuppose，thatboththeoneandtheothercommitMonopoly。Forfirst，thePatenteesmaketheirpriceattheirpleasureupontheirAssignes，andtheyagaineupontheSubjects。
SothathereisMnnopolyuponMonopoly：likeyourSaltuponSalt，InterestuponInterest，ortheDecomposituminGrammer。
Inthelatter，somesortsofTrades-meninLondon，aresaidtooffend。WhichbeingmattersofGenerallnote，andwillingtoavoidoffence，Iwillpassebysuchparticulars。AndthisshallsufficefortheDefinitionandDistributionofMonopoly。