DOMINION

第2章

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第2章

DOMINION Thomas Hobbes

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DOMINION
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  VI。Furthermore,itwillnotbesufficientforthePeople,soastomaintainitssupremacy,tohavesomecertainknowntimes,andplacesofmeeting,unlessethateithertheintervalsofthetimesbeoflessedistance,thenthatanythingmayinthemeantimehappenwhereby(byreasonofthedefectofpower)theCitymaybebroughtintosomedanger,oratleastthattheexerciseofthesupremeauthoritybe,duringtheintervall,grantedtosomeoneman,orCouncell。Forunlessethisbedone,thereisnotthatwarycare,andheedtakenforthedefenceandPeaceofsinglemenwhichoughttobe,andthereforewillnotdeservethenameofaCity,becausethatinitforwantofsecurity,everymansRightofdefendinghimselfeathisownpleasure,returnstohimagain。

  VII。DemocratyisnotframedbycontractofparticularpersonswiththePeople,butbymutuallcompactsofsinglemeneachwithother。Buthenceitappearsinthefirstplace,thatthePersonscontracting,mustbeinbeingbeforethecontractitselfe。ButthePeopleisnotinbeingbeforetheconstitutionofgovernment,asnotbeinganyPerson,butamultitudeofsinglePersons;whereforetherecouldthennocontractpassebetweenthePeopleandtheSubject。Now,ifafterthatgovernmentisframed,thesubjectmakeanycontractwiththePeople,itisinvain,becausethePeoplecontainswithinitswill,thewillofthatsubjecttowhomitissupposedtobeobliged;andthereforemayatitsownwillandpleasuredisengageitselfe,andbyconsequenceisnowactuallyfree。Butinthesecondplace,thatsinglePersonsdoecontracteachwithothermaybeinferredfromhence,thatinvainsurewouldtheCityhavebeenconstituted,iftheCitizenshadbeenengagedbynocontractstodoe,oromitwhattheCityshouldcommandtobedoneoromitted。BecausethereforesuchkindofcompactsmustbeunderstoodtopasseasnecessarytothemakingupofaCity,butnonecanbemade(asisalreadyshewed)betweentheSubjectandthePeople;itfollowes,thattheymustbemadebetweensingleCitizens,namelythateachmancontracttosubmithiswilltothewillofthemajorpart,onconditionthattherestalsodoethelike,asifeveryoneshouldsaythus,IgiveupmyRightuntothePeopleforyoursake,oncondition,thatyoualsodeliverupyours,formine。

  VIII。AnAristocraty,orCouncellofNoblesenduedwithsupremeauthoritie,receivesitsoriginallfromaDemocraty,whichgivesupitsRightuntoit;wherewemustunderstandthatcertainmendistinguishtfromothers,eitherbyeminenceoftitle,blood,orsomeotherCharacter,arepropoundedtothePeople,andbypluralityofvoycesareelected;andbeingelected,thewholeRightofthePeople,orCity,isconveighedonthem,insomuchaswhatsoeverthePeoplemightdoebefore,thesamebyRightmaythisCourtofelectedNoblesnowdoe。Whichbeingdone,itisclearthatthePeople,consideredasonePerson,(itssupremeauthoritybeingalreadytransferredonthese)isnolongernowinbeing。

  IX。AsinDemocratythePeople,soinanAristocratytheCourtofNoblesisfreefromallmannerofobligation;forseeingsubjectsnotcontractingwiththePeople,butbymutuallcompactsamongthemselves,weretyedtoallthatthePeopledid,hencealsotheyweretyedtothatactofthePeopleinresigningupitsRightofgovernmentintothehandsofNobles。NeithercouldthisCourt,althoughelectedbythePeople,bebyitobligedtoanything;forbeingerected,thePeopleisatoncedissolved,aswasdeclaredabove,andtheauthorityithadasbeingaPersonutterlyvanisheth。WhereforetheobligationwhichwasduetothePersonmustalsovanish,andperishtogetherwithit。

  X。Aristocratyhaththeseconsiderations,togetherwithDemocraty;First,thatwithoutanappointmentofsomecertaintimes,andplaces,atwhichtheCourtofNoblesmaymeet,itisnolongeraCourt,oronePerson,butadissolutemultitudewithoutanysupremepower;Secondly,thatthetimesoftheirassemblingcannotbedisjoynedbylongintervalls,withoutprejudicetothesupremepower,unlesseitsadministrationbetransferredtosomeoneman:Nowthereasonswhythishappens,arethesamewhichwesetdowninthefifthArticle。

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